c1121e - a strategy for sustainable fisheries and
TRANSCRIPT
FAO Fisheries and
Aquaculture Circular
FIAM/C1121 (En)
ISSN 2070-6065
A STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE INTHE VOLTA BASIN RIPARIAN COUNTRIES’ POST-HARVEST CHAINS AND REGIONAL TRADE
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1121 FIAM/C1121 (En)
A STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE INTHE VOLTA BASIN RIPARIAN COUNTRIES’ POST-HARVEST CHAINS AND REGIONAL TRADE
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2016
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PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT Following the completion of the post-harvest loss assessment (PHLA) activities by the participating countries of the Volta Basin, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) Planning and Coordinating Agency (NPCA) and FAO, through the NEPAD-FAO Fish Programme (NFFP), with the support of the Directorate of Fisheries of Burkina Faso, organized the regional workshop “Improvement of post-harvest chains and regional trade in countries bordering the Volta Basin”, which took place from 18 to 20 February 2014 in Ouagadougou. The workshop was attended by: participants from public administrations of Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mali and Togo; professional organizations; fisheries and post-harvest experts; NFFP and FAO experts; and representatives of the authorities of the basins of the Volta and Lake Chad. The aim of the workshop was to draw lessons and key elements from the PHLA reports to then generate the informed “A Strategy for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture in the Volta Basin riparian countries’ post-harvest chains and regional trade”. The Strategy was developed during a consultative process led by the NPCA and FAO, through NFFP and with the support of the beneficiary countries. Following highly interactive deliberations, the Strategy was drafted by a core of experts from the workshop, reviewed during a final workshop held on 13 and 14 May 2015 in Grand Bassam, Côte d’Ivoire and is presented here.
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FAO. 2016. A Strategy for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture in the Volta Basin riparian countries’ post-harvest chains and regional trade. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1121. Rome, Italy.
ABSTRACT
Fisheries and aquaculture are essential for food and nutrition security, employment, income generation and improved livelihoods. The Volta Basin provides a significant number of fisheries and fisheries-related jobs. However, operations face significant challenges including multifaceted issues, with inefficiencies at the upstream and downstream levels. In order to understand how to improve this situation sustainably, the NEPAD-FAO Fish Programme (NFFP) conducted pilot studies on post-harvest fisheries losses in the riparian countries of the Volta Basin. The main objective was to gauge the performance of the post-harvest chain by assessing the causes, nature, contextual patterns and extent of these losses within this shared waterbody. The NFFP thus developed the capacity of fisheries officers and fishers in carrying out loss assessments and in designing sustainable loss-reduction cost-effective interventions. This comprised building a sound understanding of fish losses and their intricate dimensions, including a knowledge-sharing gender analysis process, and generating lessons and elements for an informed strategy for sustainable reduction of post-harvest losses and greater regional trade in fishery products. This strategy was developed following the regional workshop “Improvement of post-harvest chains and regional trade in countries bordering the Volta Basin”, which took place from 18 to 20 February 2014 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, organized by the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NPCA) and FAO, through the NFFP with the support of the Directorate of Fisheries of Burkina Faso. This consultative meeting of stakeholders identified drivers and determinants of post-harvest fish losses and trade barriers in the Volta region.
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CONTENTS
Preparation of this document iii Acknowledgements vi Abbreviations and acronyms vii
1. PURPOSE OF THE STRATEGY 1
1.1 Objectives 1
1.2 Context 2
2. RESULTS OF THE NFFP ASSESSMENTS ON CAPTURE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE POST-HARVEST LOSSES 4
2.1 Common challenges in the six riparian countries of the Volta Basin 42.1.1 Specific gender issues in fish handling, processing and trade 42.1.2 Critical strategic issues in the fisheries and aquaculture post-harvest
chains and regional trade in the riparian countries of the Volta Basin 52.1.3 Assessment of cross-border trade 6
2.2 National results 62.2.1 Benin 62.2.2 Burkina Faso 62.2.3 Ghana 82.2.4 Côte d’Ivoire 112.2.5 Mali 122.2.6 Togo 12
2.3 Determinants and drivers of post-harvest losses and trade barriers in the six riparian countries of the Volta Basin 13
3. STRATEGIC PRIORITY AREAS OF INTERVENTION ON FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE POST-HARVEST CHAIN AND REGIONAL TRADE 23
3.1 Prioritization of key areas of intervention 23
3.2 Guidelines for a subregional programme and national action plans addressing priority areas of intervention 343.2.1 The role of the government 353.2.2 The role of the private sector 363.2.3 The overarching supporting umbrella: coordination, collaboration and
partnership 363.2.4 First cross-cutting beam: resilience and social protection 373.2.5 Second cross-cutting beam: gender concerns 373.2.6 Priority Area 1: Capacity development 383.2.7 Priority Area 2: Policy/regulations 383.2.8 Priority Area 3: Infrastructure/services 383.2.9 Priority Area 4: Technology/techniques 393.2.10 Priority Area 5: Market access 393.2.11 Priority Area 6: Consumer-level intervention 39
3.3 Coordination and monitoring of implementation 40
4. REFERENCES 41
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FAO and NPCA thank all those who contributed to the contents of this product, particularly: Patience Adabadzi, Paul Anoh, Emmanuel Nii Aryee, Julienne Bado Kabore, Charles Biney, Donikpo Coulibaly, Séraphin Nadjé Dedi, Ousmane Diallo, Yvette Diei-Ouadi, Hamady Diop, Labla Jérémie Diomande, Micheline Somplehi Dion, Tanah Djankla Modjosso, Ali Domatani, Akande R. Gbola, Olivia Gnakalé, Katrien Holvoet, David Gbetogo Houngue, Jackson Kangethe, Madi Maténé Keita, Serge Kinhebgede, Angèle Bokobosso Kissem, Allou Koffi, N’Gandi Jean-Serge Kouadio, Kokou Koudouvor, Fatimata Maiga, Sakchai McDonough, A. Séraphin N’Dri, Frieda Adjoa Oduro, Yacouba Ouedraogo, Matilda Quist, Illia Rosenthal, Emmanuel Sanou, Kouassi Franck Eric Sehi, David Signa, Gnandi Tabe, Kennely Wongla, Henri Zerbo and Antoinette Ziehi. Special gratitude goes to the various institutions responsible for fisheries in the Volta Basin riparian countries for their genuine cooperation. Their unwavering support in the process from capacity development and field studies to pilot interventions and the development of a common strategy was decisive in the attainment of this result. FAO and NPCA hereby acknowledge the immense contribution and diligence of the different country teams that were asked to participate in the NFFP for this purpose. FAO and NPCA would also like to thank the Volta Basin Authority for embracing the spirit of the work carried out and all those who, through their objective comments and recommendations, have contributed to consolidating this report.
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AFPF & RS African Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy Framework and Reform Strategy CAMFA Conference of African Ministers of Fisheries and Aquaculture Code FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAPHC & RT fisheries and aquaculture post-harvest chain and regional trade FCWC Fisheries Committee for the West Central Gulf of Guinea GAP good aquaculture practice GHP good hygiene practice GMP good manufacturing practice HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points IUU Illegal, unreported and unregulated NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NFFP NEPAD-FAO Fish Programme NGO non-governmental organization NPCA NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency PAF International Partnership for African Fisheries Governance and Trade PHLA post-harvest loss assessment WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union VBA Volta Basin Authority
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1. PURPOSE OF THE STRATEGY
Fisheries and aquaculture are essential for food and nutrition security, employment, income generation and improved livelihoods. The Volta Basin provides a significant number of fisheries and fisheries-related jobs. However, operations face significant challenges, with inefficiencies at the upstream and downstream levels that include multifaceted issues. In order to understand how to improve this situation sustainably, the NEPAD-FAO Fish Programme (NFFP) conducted pilot studies on post-harvest fisheries losses in the riparian countries of the Volta Basin. The main objective was to gauge the performance of the post-harvest chain by assessing the causes, nature, contextual patterns and extent of these losses within this shared waterbody. The NFFP thus developed the capacity of fisheries officers and fishers in carrying out loss assessment and in designing sustainable loss-reduction cost-effective interventions. This comprised building a sound understanding of fish losses and their intricate dimensions, including a knowledge-sharing gender analysis process, and generating lessons and elements for an informed strategy for sustainable reduction of post-harvest losses and greater regional trade in fishery products. This strategy was developed following the regional workshop “Improvement of post-harvest chains and regional trade in countries bordering the Volta Basin”, which took place from 18 to 20 February 2014 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The workshop was organized by the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NPCA) and FAO, through the NFFP with the support of the Directorate of Fisheries of Burkina Faso. This consultative meeting of stakeholders identified drivers and determinants of post-harvest fish losses and trade barriers in the Volta region. The elements that were mapped out as well as the priority areas for interventions partially informed the meeting of senior fisheries and aquaculture officials, held on 28–29 April 2014, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, prior to the Second Conference of Africa Ministers of Fisheries and Aquaculture (CAMFA II), during which the African Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy Framework and Reform Strategy (AFPF & RS) was endorsed. This strategy is specifically consistent with its Section 4.4 on “Responsible and equitable fish trade and marketing”, as well as with other chapters regarding small-scale fisheries development, sustainable resource use, strengthening of resilience, vulnerability reduction and gender mainstreaming. It is therefore also in line with the principles and objectives of the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication endorsed by FAO Members at the Thirty-first Session of the Committee on Fisheries, held in Rome, Italy, from 9 to 13 June 2014. 1.1 Objectives
Above all, this strategy is aligned with the objectives of the Malabo Declaration, in which the African Union Heads of State and Governments committed to reducing the existing level of post-harvest losses by at least 50 percent by 20251 as part of the continental challenge in the fight against food and nutrition insecurity. More precisely, this strategy aims to guide the actions to be undertaken at the level of the Volta Basin in order to improve the performance of the fisheries and aquaculture post-harvest chain and regional trade, based on the results of the post-harvest loss assessments (PHLAs) conducted in the riparian countries, which allowed the causes, nature, contextual patterns and extent of these losses within this shared waterbody to be gauged. Finally, the strategy and the actions that may result from it, such as a subregional programme, action plans and/or national projects, are intended as examples of good practice in reducing post-harvest losses to enable implementation of the same type of process in other geographical contexts.
1 The African Union Heads of State and Governments of the African Union met in June 2014 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea.
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1.2 Context
In order to improve food security and livelihoods in the continent through proper management of African fish resources, NEPAD aims to strengthen Africa’s capacity to consider, determine and implement responsive reforms in fisheries governance and trade through the NEPAD Fisheries and Aquaculture Programme. In 2013, the Trade Working Group, under the International Partnership for African Fisheries Governance and Trade (PAF) initiative, published studies and implementation plans on: updated data on cross-border and international trade; the identification of obstacles (time and cost increase, trade governance, code of practices, hampering smooth imports and exports of fish, especially intra-regional trade); and loss reduction and value addition for better market access for fish and fisheries products. These were the essential components of the PAF programme, which ended in 2014. Securing post-harvest benefits through fish loss control has long been a concern of development practitioners committed to improving the livelihoods of fishers, processors and traders, and the contribution of fish products to food security. Cost-effective loss reduction would improve income, contributing to poverty eradication and improved food security. Article 11.1 Responsible fish utilization of FAO’s Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (1998) (the “Code”), recognized the important problem of fish losses and places an emphasis on loss reduction: Sub-article 11.1.5. States should give due consideration to the economic and social role of the
post-harvest fisheries sector when formulating national policies for the sustainable development and utilization of fishery resources.
Sub-article 11.1.6. States and relevant organizations should sponsor research in fish technology and quality assurance and support projects to improve post-harvest handling of fish, taking into account the economic, social, environmental and nutritional impact of such projects.
Sub-article 11.1.7. States, noting the existence of different production methods, should through cooperation and by facilitating the development and transfer of appropriate technologies, ensure that processing, transporting and storage methods are environmentally sound.
Sub-article 11.1.8. States should encourage those involved in fish processing, distribution and marketing to: a. reduce post-harvest losses and waste; b. improve the use of by-catch to the extent that this is consistent with responsible fisheries
management practices; and c. use the resources, especially water and energy, in particular wood, in an environmentally sound
manner. The most obvious means to increase fish supply, even without increased landings, is to reduce losses of what is currently caught. Yet, a rational use of already scarce development resources, together with planning and implementation of effective loss reduction strategies, requires that losses be thoroughly assessed and due attention be given to reducing those that are significant (Akande and Diei-Ouadi, 2010). Post-harvest losses pose not only a threat to food and nutrition security, but also to the livelihoods of the value chain actors involved and to natural resources sustainability. Because of their structural limitations, small-scale fisheries are the most affected. Addressing the multifaceted dimensions of post-harvest losses compounded by the dispersed nature of small-scale operations requires a holistic approach. This entails first understanding their contextual occurrence in order to then set baselines (including priority losses) and establish milestones to gauge progress in loss reduction efforts. Between 2006 and 2008, under an FAO initiative, assessments were undertaken in five sub-Saharan countries, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania (Akande and Diei-Ouadi, 2010) as part of the validation process of the PHLA methods and capacity building. This led to the publication of a manual for extension workers (Diei-Ouadi and Mgawe, 2011). The work of the NFFP in the Volta Basin has centred on applying these validated loss assessment methods to take stock of mainstreaming important gender considerations, climate changes and any other eventual vulnerability factor in order to then identify the key drivers of losses that affect trade within the riparian countries.
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This has been a collaborative effort between fisheries institutions providing logistical support and the teams of fish loss assessors, while NFFP has provided capacity building and support to all the activities in the field. This work has been consistent with Section 4.4 Responsible and equitable fish trade and marketing of the African Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy Framework and Reform Strategy (AFPF & RS)2 and other chapters regarding small-scale fisheries development, sustainable resource use, gender issues, strengthening of resilience and vulnerability reduction. This strategy, which is one of NFFP’s final outputs, will help consolidate the efforts of the riparian countries of the Volta Basin in effectively implementing the reforms endorsed by CAMFA II in Addis Ababa, on 1 and 2 May 2014. It reflects the buy-in of both high-level officials and representatives of fishers, processors and traders during the assessment process, from the desk review to the field data collection and sharing. In addition, the involvement of the Volta Basin Authority (VBA) during the final workshop, where the elements of a common strategy were developed, is a clear indication of their level of ownership, which is essential to implementing the AFPF & RS in the context of the Volta Basin.
2 www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/documents/30266-doc-au-ibar_-_fisheries_policy_framework_and_ reform_strategy.pdf
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2. RESULTS OF THE NFFP ASSESSMENTS ON CAPTURE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE POST-HARVEST LOSSES
Estimates of Volta Lake’s fishery potential range from 40 000 to 271 000 tonnes, but there is no consensus on what the most accurate figures may be within this broad range (Béné and Russell, 2007). However, fisheries-related activities make a substantial contribution to the livelihoods of Volta Basin households and are the primary income-generating activity for most families in the area, contributing more than 70 percent of revenue on average and reflecting that fishing is a major activity for communities along the shores of the basin. Fishing is mostly carried out by men, and the processing, chiefly by women. Post-harvest fisheries losses are of great concern because they equate to a loss of valuable animal protein and nutrients for consumers and lost income for fishers, processors and traders. Therefore, reducing losses is an important development goal for the fisheries sector. Three types of losses have been identified in the supply chain of fresh wild tilapia that are of importance according to the NFFP study conducted in 2013 (FAO, 2015). The study showed that losses in quality and those due to market forces are significant, while losses in quantity (fish removed from the supply chain, also known as physical losses) are generally very low. As shown in Figure 1, total cumulative losses over a year of production average 27 percent, with levels ranging from 13.5 to 45.5 percent depending on the country. However, these average figures mask significant differences that exist between fishing sites, stakeholder groups and countries (FAO, 2015). Figure 1. Total post-harvest losses in Volta Basin fisheries (%)
Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. 2.1 Common challenges in the six riparian countries of the Volta Basin
2.1.1 Specific gender issues in fish handling, processing and trade
The country studies showed that post-harvest operations conducted by women and members of vulnerable groups are hampered by a number of factors that lead to a significant differences between men and women, and between marginalized and well-off value chain actors. Figure 2 illustrates these dimensions of losses – losses in quality, losses in quantity and losses due to market forces.
024681012141618
Physicallosses Qualitylosses Lossesduetomarketforces
1.19
17.34
8.53
%
Losses in quantity Losses in Quality Losses due to market forces
5
Figure 2. Main gender issues in processing and sale
Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. 2.1.2 Critical strategic issues in the fisheries and aquaculture post-harvest chains and regional trade in the riparian countries of the Volta Basin
The pilot study identified three major types of losses in the region: physical losses, quality losses, and losses due to market forces. A number of factors contributing to these losses were identified during the study: Basic amenities and infrastructures are almost non-existent and/or in poor condition at fishing,
processing and marketing sites. There is a prevalence of high rates of illiteracy, poor group dynamics and individualism among the
major actors. There is also a gender imbalance in the fish trade, which is predominantly carried out by women, who constitute 95 percent of fish processors and often combine running the household with fish smoking activities and trade. This results in losses incurred because of divided interest between processing activities and household tasks, especially regarding child care.
Marketing is mostly local but also takes place in major cities in the basinwhich triggers losses incurred during transit due to armed robbery attacks, and vehicle breakdowns due to poor road conditions and poor communication infrastructure.
The lack of flexibility in the market structure/institutional set-up within a context of difficult preservation and storage conditions of both fresh and processed fish also contributes to increasing eventual losses.
Trade volumes are rarely documented. The three types of losses differ between countries and fishing sites to varying levels and have
different degrees of impacts on livelihoods and food security. There is a relationship between the operators’ precarious financial resources and their access to
technology.
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There is a link between vulnerability to losses and coping strategies and the sustainability of the natural resources.
Climate/environment change affects not only the type and volume of landings, but also downstream activities.
There are significant impacts of human activities such as pollution of the river banks. There are regional trade dynamics and barriers.
2.1.3 Assessment of cross-border trade
Trade within the riparian countries has been informal, with little documentation or no data recording the types of products, the volume of trade, or the issues linked to difficulties with authorities. Pittaluga et al. (2003) estimated that 30 percent of fish caught are sold by local fish traders (female intermediaries): 15 percent by the young and small-scale fish traders on the beach, and 15 percent sold by the wives of fishers directly to fish traders distant from markets. Wholesale fish traders purchase about 40 percent. A large proportion of the fish is sold wholesale. Wholesale traders travel to fishing villages to purchase processed fish and return to the lakeside market within the next 2–3 days with the fish to prepare its transport to urban centres. At times, multiple intermediaries may be involved in handling the fish before it reaches markets. The volume of fish bought by the distant fish traders (not the local female intermediaries who can grant credit and other services) is a function of two dominant variables: financial and social assets. Successful experienced traders can benefit from the trust they have acquired during their long relationships with the fishers. This facilitates their purchase on credit, which is then paid on subsequent visits. In addition, some wholesale fish traders own a number of fishing winch-net and gillnet fishing boats, and hire them out to fishers to work for them and take over the control of fish caught by these fishers. 2.2 National results
2.2.1 Benin
Fish production is an important para-agricultural activity in the basin. Although fish are abundant in the Oti River in Benin, fisheries activities in this country are limited compared with those in Ghana and Burkina Faso. Further studies are needed on the fisheries activities in the Volta Basin in Benin. 2.2.2 Burkina Faso
Losses in Burkina Faso are essentially caused by: the inadequate cold chain; poor handling practices; the long fish collection time; inefficient smoking techniques; and ill-timed and mismanaged imports of tilapia during the local peak fishing season. The major losses incurred by dealers of fresh fish are due to inadequate preservation prior to marketing, given insufficient icing or the lack of proper storage conditions; fish is improperly stowed in makeshift poorly insulated containers. On average, the various losses are 60 percent of the total tonnage sold by wholesalers, of which losses due to market forces represent 40 percent; quality losses, 14 percent; and physical losses, 6 percent, as shown in Figure 3.
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Figure 3. Post-harvest losses in financial terms, Burkina Faso
Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. As a result of the above, fishmongers lose about 23 percent of expected annual sales. The monetary impact of physical losses and those due to market forces represent 6 and 5 percent, respectively, of wholesalers’ turnover. Quality losses drain wholesalers’ financial gains by 12 percent. Losses due to market forces are more important in terms of tonnage, but the financial impact is less compared to quality losses. For fishers, qualitative losses occur predominantly during the setting of gillnet gear, which is used on every site, and during transport of fish ashore. The main causes of losses in quality for fishers are poor water quality, the capture of small-sized tilapia (constituting the average weight of catches), and unavailability of storage devices on board. Adverse weather conditions, especially in March, April and May, also amplify the level of losses during this period. Water pollution leading to poor water quality and the use of prohibited fishing gear and methods are telling examples of how regulations and proper fisheries governance are not enforced. Poor water quality every year in October and November is the cause of 35 percent of the annual quality losses incurred by fishers in Tounga. In Gouran, 94 percent of respondents to the survey believe that the use of non-regulatory nets with small mesh sizes is responsible for the high number of small tilapia in fishers’ catches. This practice is responsible for 73 percent of quality losses at the Gouran and Di sites, where these types of nets are mostly used, and fishers in Tounga, Gouran and Di are most affected by these losses. The PHLA found that, in Tounga, these losses represent 24.4 percent of the annual production, amount to about US$61 million/year, and correspond to 86 percent of the total value of losses incurred by fishers, whose livelihoods are affected given the little involvement of women in post-harvest activities. Annual quality losses of landings at the Gouran, Di and Bama sites are 24.2, 22.1 and 13.2 percent, respectively. In Bama, the use of cast nets instead of gillnets partially explains the relatively low occurrence of quality losses. Most of the fishers affected by quality losses are over 50 years old, since they lack the physical strength needed to deploy cast nets that generate fewer losses than gillnets. Losses due to market forces are significant in Gouran and Di, where small tilapia production is between 73 and 80 percent. Losses due to market forces in Gouran and Di represent 24.9 percent (US$9.5 million) and 25.4 percent (US$11.5 million) of annual production, respectively.
40%
14%
6%
Lossesduetomarketforces40% Qualitylosses14% Physicallosses6%
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In Gouran and Di, retailers recorded qualitative losses and losses due to market forces from the fish bought locally from wholesalers. In terms of consignments, quality losses average 8 percent and losses due to market forces can be as high as 72 percent. Quality losses are more recurrent throughout the year. For an annual supply of 3 600 kg per dealer, physical losses are estimated at 288 kg, and 2 592 kg are sold under the impact of market forces. The annual monetary value of losses varies between US$1 762.56 and US$1 799.28 for each retailer, which represents 14 percent of turnover. Losses due to market forces have a monetary impact of 10 percent on turnover, and 4 percent may be attributed to quality losses. Losses due to market forces may be attributed to low competitiveness of locally produced over imported tilapia. In Kompienga, this is exacerbated by fishers increasing their prices because of incidental and operating expenses, and competition between different groups of fishmongers. The amount associated with losses incurred by fishmongers due to market forces is estimated at 25 percent of annual traded fish. Qualitative losses are the most important for smoked fish processors and wholesalers. For smokers in Di, these losses are due to the low quality (freshness conditions, size) of raw materials and inefficient smoking techniques. As a result, qualitative losses are estimated at 12 220 kg of smoked fish, or 17 percent of annual production, and valued at US$21 012, or 11.4 percent, of the annual smoked fish turnover. 2.2.3 Ghana
Most fishing villages do not have their own markets and depend on a few larger lakeside towns for marketing their catch. As a consequence, a large number of fishing communities channel their products through market towns outside their administrative boundaries. While a few markets are accessible by paved roads (Asuogyaman, Jasikan and Kpando), most roads in rural areas are unpaved, and in the rainy season, their conditions make fish trading very difficult. The PHLA found that this, combined with usually poor handling and processing operations, resulted in losses at the four study sites (Buipe, Yeji, Dzemeni and Tapa Abatoase) that can be traced back to fishing locations where the products originated and where losses are considered to be higher. Processing methods comprise smoking, salting, sun-drying and fermentation. Fishers’ wives (and relatives), who predominantly process the fish, sell it weekly at a local market and hand over the sales revenues to their husbands. Significant losses due to market forces occur at different stages by value chain actors, fish smokers, salt dryers and traders respectively, amounting to up to 20 percent. The threat of armed robbers along major roads and highways has slowed the pace of trading activities in all the visited markets, which has led to an “artificial glut”, with subsequent high records of losses due to market forces. The markets observed are also in dire need of renovation given their rundown state. Quality losses and physical losses make up 5 and 4 percent of total fish supply, respectively. According to the post-harvest loss assessment report (FAO, 2015),), markets operated one to a maximum of twice a week; hence, they lack flexibility because they are not coordinated with fishing seasons nor with the expected volume of products. This contributes to quality losses and, at times, physical losses, and is not conducive for regular fresh fish sales from fishing centres. Inadequate storage capacity and conditions have also been identified as factors influencing the level of losses. Women incur losses while processing fish because they have to combine this task with household and child care tasks. They have less access to the best-quality raw material, because of delays at home while the first auction or sale is taking place. The post-harvest loss assessment case study focused on four categories of fish operators – traders, smokers, salt dryers and fermenters – in the four study sites 1(ibid.). Figure 4 shows the market share of different categories of fish operators in Ghana.
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Figure 4. Market share for the different categories of fish operators in Ghana
Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. Different types of losses that occur for each category of operator at the study sites are summarized in Figures 5–8. Generally, losses due to market forces were the highest of total losses (74 percent), followed by physical losses (14 percent), while quality losses were minimal (12 percent), as shown in Figure 5. The contribution of losses in percentage terms is presented in Figure 7 and 8 for each category of operator at the study sites. Traders recorded the highest losses due to market forces (53 percent) followed by smokers (15 percent). Traders had the highest physical losses (10 percent) in contrast to smokers, with 3 percent. This comparative analysis shows that smokers had higher physical losses (3 percent) and quality losses (3 percent) than salt dryers, who had 1 percent physical losses but no quality loss due to the nature of the product. In Dzemeni, the quality losses (4 percent) were higher than the physical losses (3 percent). Smokers incurred the highest quality losses. In Tapa Abotoase, quality losses (3 percent) were also higher than physical losses (2 percent); fermenters only faced losses due to market forces (7.4 percent). In general, the level and the nature of the losses reported on the Ghana side of the basin are lower than those of other countries. The main reason cited was that the assessment focused mainly on the markets where products are sold, rather than the original fishing sites where handling and processing occur. It did not cover areas where losses would be higher such as in the camps and in the villages where operations that supply markets are carried out, because this is usually where the products are sorted just before they are brought to the market.
30.40%,
20.27%,
15.20%
10.13%,
Smokingprocessors Traders Fermentingprocessors Saltdryingprocessors
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Figure 5. Total percentages of losses for all study sites, Ghana
Note: QL = quality losses; MFL = market forces losses; PL = physical losses. Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. Figure 6. Comparative percentage of losses for each study site, Ghana
Note: QL = quality losses; MFL = market forces losses; PL = physical losses. Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105.
19%
29%
20%
8%
4% 4% 4%2%1%
3%5%
3%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Buipe Yeji Dzemeni Abatoase
MFL PL QL
12%,
74%,
14%,
QL MFL PL
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Figure 7. Total percentages of losses for each category of operators, Ghana
Note: QL = quality losses; MFL = market forces losses; PL = physical losses. Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. Figure 8. Types of losses for each category of operator, Ghana
Note: QL = quality losses; MFL = market forces losses; PL = physical losses. Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. 2.2.4 Côte d’Ivoire
In Côte d’Ivoire, the contribution of fisheries is not optimized because of inefficiencies along the supply chain, including post-harvest losses. The contribution of the Volta Basin is minimal, but the result of the pilot study carried out by the NFFP in 2013 in the Abobodoume processing centre, located in a suburb of Abidjan, showed that critical losses occurred at the handling stage of fresh fish and the storage of processed fish. The losses are due to microbial growth and survival because of the inability to maintain the cold chain. For dried products, losses are also due to rancidity and attack by insects. Quality losses make up to one-third of the average annual amount of fish purchased primarily during the good season and were identified as the major loss. Losses due to market forces are significant because of missed market opportunities (supply and demand, lack of market information and lack of infrastructure). Products rejected by fishmongers are sold directly by fishermen to women processors who ferment and smoke them. This processing compensates for the physical loss. The average annual financial loss as a result of quality losses is about US$97 913.88 per fishmonger. The causes identified by the post-harvest loss assessment case study are inadequate infrastructure (non-equipped landing sites), lack of equipment (cold rooms and ice plants) and lack of drinking water.
21%,
72%,
7%,
Smokeprocessors Traders Dryingprocessors
15%
3% 3%
53%
10% 9%6%
1% 0%0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
MFL PL QL
Smokeprocessors Traders Dryingprocessors
12
2.2.5 Mali
Quality losses, losses due to market forces and physical losses were recorded for fresh fish and smoked fish during the NFFP study in 2013. The average quality and physical losses were 10.87 and 1.28 percent, respectively. Fresh fish losses on the Konna site constituted 6.4 percent of overall catches. Identified causes of losses are generally: vehicles breaking down; lack of ice; poor handling and weak management capacity during peak periods; and poor preservation and storage conditions. In addition, prices of products are often reduced for fear of poor sales due to the lack of infrastructure and equipment; weak knowledge of good hygiene practices (GHPs) and good manufacturing practices (GMPs); inadequate processing capability; robbery attacks; and use of inappropriate fishing gear or set nets. 2.2.6 Togo
All three types of losses were observed. The NFFP 2013 study sites comprised a total of 61 013 kg in production, out of which 86.25 percent (52 625 kg) were of good quality when sold, while losses due to market forces accounted for 8.46 percent (5 162 kg), quality losses for 3.65 percent (2 226 kg) and physical losses for 1.64 percent (1 000 kg), as summarized in Figure 9. Figure 9. Distribution of fish sales and losses in Togo (%)
Source: FAO (2015) Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular C1105. At the fishing stage, the main causes of losses include inadequate or dormant fishing gillnets, longlines and beach seine, which bring in about 7 percent of total fish production. Losses during the peak harvest season were also due to poor storage facilities and the poor availability of ice to adequately preserve fresh catches. Losses due to improper processing for smoking and frying equipment also contributed to about 7 percent losses of total catches during the peak harvest season. Poor packaging and poor infrastructural facilities such as poor road conditions, poor communication technology and inadequate market information, singly or collectively, contribute to quality losses, physical losses, and losses due to market forces.
86%
2%
4%8%
Fisheriesproductssoldasgood Physicallosses Qualitylosses Lossesduetomarketforces
13
2.3 Determinants and drivers of post-harvest losses and trade barriers in the six riparian countries of the Volta Basin
According to the results of the NFFP studies, Table 1 describes the identified specific and common determinants of post-harvest losses and trade barriers. They are categorized according to their level of relevance and their link to policies and regulations as well as policy-related and developmental issues such stakeholders’ capacity development, infrastructure and services, technology and techniques, and consumer-level interventions, while integrating gender dimensions.
Tab
le 1
. Fac
tors
th
at in
flu
ence
pos
t-h
arve
st lo
sses
an
d t
rad
e, is
sues
, cat
egor
y an
d le
vel o
f re
leva
nce
an
d g
end
er c
once
rns
Fac
tors
th
at m
ay
infl
uen
ce p
ost-
har
vest
lo
sses
an
d tr
ade
of f
ish
Key
issu
es
Cat
egor
y*
Gen
der
con
cern
s L
evel
of
rele
van
ce
Su
bre
gion
al
Cou
ntr
y-sp
ecif
ic
(nam
e of
cou
ntr
y)
1.C
hang
es in
sp
ecie
sd
istr
ibut
ion
and
th
e li
nk
wit
h t
he
pre
serv
atio
n a
nd
p
roce
ssin
g of
fis
h
T
he h
ydro
elec
tric
dam
bei
ng c
onst
ruct
ed
at th
e en
d of
the
Vol
ta B
asin
has
red
uced
th
e nu
mbe
r of
the
prev
ailin
g sp
ecie
s; th
is
has
affe
cted
the
mar
ket a
nd u
tiliz
atio
n,
resu
lting
in th
e ne
ed to
cha
nge
proc
essi
ng te
chni
ques
fro
m s
altin
g to
sm
okin
g or
vic
e ve
rsa.
The
refo
re,
tech
nolo
gy a
nd m
arke
ts a
s w
ell a
s ch
ange
in s
peci
es d
istr
ibut
ion
have
an
impa
ct o
n co
mm
unit
y re
sili
ence
: m
igra
tion
may
be
nece
ssar
y an
d m
ay
also
occ
ur in
goo
d fi
shin
g ar
eas.
The
com
petit
ive
situ
atio
n m
ay c
hang
e fo
r so
me
fish
erm
en w
ho m
igra
te to
this
ar
ea.
N
o ch
ange
has
bee
n re
port
ed in
oth
er
coun
trie
s.
T, I
, IM
, C
I, C
D
W
omen
and
oth
er v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
are
ca
pabl
e of
res
pond
ing
to th
e ch
alle
nges
of
cha
ngin
g m
arke
ts a
nd c
hang
ing
tech
nolo
gies
.
Tra
inin
g is
req
uire
d.
A
cces
s to
land
for
the
cons
truc
tion
of
kiln
s (o
r dr
ying
fac
ilitie
s de
pend
ing
on
the
situ
atio
n) a
nd a
cces
s to
cap
ital
for
in
vest
men
t can
be
a pr
oble
m.
N
ew m
arke
ting
sys
tem
s m
ay r
equi
re
inve
stm
ent.
T
here
is a
nee
d to
impr
ove
wom
en’s
and
ot
her
vuln
erab
le g
roup
s’ a
cces
s to
ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing,
dev
elop
men
t pr
ogra
mm
es a
nd m
arke
t inf
orm
atio
n.
T
here
are
loss
es in
term
s of
inco
me
and
fish
qua
lity,
whi
ch e
spec
ially
aff
ect
fish
ers
who
in tu
rn a
ffec
t oth
er
hous
ehol
d m
embe
rs.
T
here
is a
ris
k of
mor
e co
mpe
titi
on a
nd,
at ti
mes
, con
flic
t bet
wee
n m
igra
nts
and
non-
mig
rant
s.
T
he h
ealth
ris
ks f
or w
omen
and
oth
er
vuln
erab
le g
roup
s (l
ung
dise
ase
and
eyes
) in
crea
se w
hen
smok
ing
inst
ead
of
dryi
ng f
ish
usi
ng in
appr
opri
ate
tech
nolo
gy..
Gha
na f
or th
e da
m
issu
e.
14
2.P
ollu
tion
or
deg
rada
tion
of
the
envi
ron
men
t in
th
e fi
shin
g zo
ne
S
iltin
g oc
curs
in f
ishi
ng a
reas
, whi
ch
also
impa
cts
on s
paw
ning
gro
unds
.
W
ater
qua
lity
is a
ffec
ted
by s
ever
al
fact
ors.
Riv
erba
nks
are
occu
pied
by
vege
tabl
e gr
ower
s in
Sou
rou
(cre
atin
g si
lting
and
po
llutin
g w
ith f
ertil
izer
s/m
anur
e an
d pe
stic
ides
).
P
ollu
tion
is c
ause
d by
wom
en w
ho w
ash
dish
es a
nd c
loth
es o
n th
e ba
nks.
In
Bur
kina
Fas
o: T
he g
rass
that
gro
ws
at
cert
ain
times
of
the
year
on
Lak
e K
ompi
enga
and
sea
sona
l flo
odin
g ca
use
rotte
n fi
sh a
nd h
ighe
r fi
sh m
orta
lity
in
thes
e fi
shin
g ar
eas.
In T
ogo:
The
wat
er le
vel h
as b
een
affe
cted
by
the
Kom
pien
ga d
am, a
nd
prev
ious
ly f
lood
ed h
abita
t pla
ins
are
no
long
er r
ecei
ving
eno
ugh
wat
er a
nd
ther
efor
e ha
ve lo
st th
eir
spaw
ning
fu
nctio
n.
S
ince
the
fuel
suc
h as
fue
lwoo
d is
sc
arce
, tec
hnol
ogy
mus
t be
used
, suc
h as
im
prov
ed o
vens
to p
rese
rve
the
fish
.
T, P
, R
M
en a
nd w
omen
are
aff
ecte
d by
the
decl
ine
in h
arve
st.
W
omen
and
oth
er v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
are
m
ore
affe
cted
by
the
decl
ine
in p
rofi
t m
argi
n be
caus
e of
incr
easi
ng ti
mbe
r pr
ices
.
If r
egul
atio
ns p
rohi
bit w
ashi
ng p
ract
ices
on
the
rive
rban
ks, w
ater
sup
ply
and
filte
ring
infr
astr
uctu
re m
ust b
e pr
ovid
ed.
Reg
iona
l pr
oble
m
Bur
kina
Fas
o an
d M
ali
Tog
o, B
urki
na F
aso
Bur
kina
Fas
o
Tog
o
3.F
ish
ing
pra
ctic
esco
pin
g w
ith
incr
ease
d
pre
ssu
re o
n t
he
reso
urc
e/ t
he
vici
ous
cycl
e of
vu
lner
abili
ty
and
loss
an
d f
ish
ing
effo
rts
F
ishe
rmen
use
str
ateg
ies
of c
hang
ing
fish
ing
tech
niqu
es s
uch
as u
sing
fin
er
mes
h ne
ts a
nd il
lega
l pra
ctic
es to
cop
e w
ith th
e de
clin
e in
har
vest
, but
thes
e ar
e ha
rmfu
l to
the
reso
urce
, inc
ludi
ng f
ish
habi
tat d
estr
uctio
n.
L
onge
r pe
riod
s be
fore
hau
ling
the
nets
(r
esul
ting
in a
lteri
ng th
e qu
ality
and
als
o m
arke
t los
ses
due
to q
ualit
y/fi
sh s
ize)
.
Poo
r fi
shin
g pr
actic
es s
uch
as u
sing
dy
nam
ite le
ad to
fis
h sk
in b
ruis
ing
and
brea
king
; che
mic
als
are
used
.
Fis
h fa
ll ou
t of
the
net w
hen
haul
ing
bac.
P, R
W
omen
’s w
ork
tim
e ne
eded
for
pr
oces
sing
and
mar
ketin
g is
not
w
orth
whi
le c
onsi
deri
ng th
e si
ze a
nd th
e qu
ality
of
the
fish
.
The
re is
mor
e co
mpe
titi
on b
etw
een
wom
en a
nd o
ther
vul
nera
ble
grou
ps, a
nd
mor
e m
igra
tion.
Reg
iona
l pr
oble
m
15
P
oor
hand
ling
caus
es b
ruis
ing.
Fis
h ar
e le
ft in
the
nets
too
long
and
rot
.
No
chill
ing
on b
oard
; fis
h ar
e ex
pose
d to
hi
gh a
mbi
ent t
empe
ratu
res
in th
e bo
ats.
Insu
late
d bo
xes
are
rare
ly u
sed.
The
col
d ch
ain
is n
ot e
nsur
ed.
4.A
dve
rse
wea
ther
con
dit
ion
s / c
limat
e ch
ange
C
lim
ate
chan
ge a
ffec
ts s
easo
nal
vari
atio
ns, m
akin
g it
diff
icul
t to
plan
fi
shin
g ac
tivit
ies.
P, T
, MI,
C
D, C
I
Alt
houg
h ev
eryo
ne is
aff
ecte
d, s
peci
fic
adap
tatio
n st
rate
gies
that
take
into
ac
coun
t gen
der
(e.g
. wom
en a
nd o
ther
vu
lner
able
gro
ups
affe
cted
in th
eir
wor
k,
dire
ct a
nd in
dire
ct p
roce
ssin
g) a
re
nece
ssar
y.
Reg
iona
l
5.O
fflo
adin
g an
dh
and
ling
of f
ish
Infr
astr
uctu
re is
not
con
sist
ent w
ith
good
hy
gien
e pr
acti
ces
(GH
Ps)
(e.
g. u
se o
f ba
sket
s) (
Bur
kina
Fas
o, M
ali)
The
re a
re h
uge
loss
es d
ue to
poo
r ha
ndlin
g an
d st
orag
e co
nditi
ons
(qua
lity
loss
):
oF
ish
drop
fro
m c
onta
iner
s du
ring
unlo
adin
g an
d tr
ansp
ort o
n sh
ore.
oS
poila
ge o
ccur
s as
fis
h ar
e le
ft o
n th
ebe
ach
and
no ic
e is
use
d.o
The
re is
a d
elay
ret
urni
ng to
land
ing
afte
r fi
shin
g, a
nd e
xpos
ure
of f
ish
tohi
gh a
mbi
ent t
empe
ratu
res.
oS
tepp
ing
on f
ish
caus
es p
hysi
cal
dam
age.
oP
oor
hygi
ene
prac
tice
s ca
use
cont
amin
atio
n.o
The
re is
a v
ery
long
bar
gain
ing
tim
e at
firs
t poi
nt-o
f-sa
le, w
hile
fis
h ar
e ke
pton
the
grou
nd a
nd e
xpos
ed to
am
bien
tte
mpe
ratu
re.
T
heft
occ
urs
at th
e la
ndin
g si
te d
urin
g of
floa
ding
of
fish
.
P, R
, I, C
D
In
fras
truc
ture
sho
uld
be p
rovi
ded
by
loca
l and
cen
tral
gov
ernm
ent
inst
itutio
ns.
A
ctor
s ar
e no
t wel
l org
aniz
ed a
nd
ther
efor
e la
ck lo
bbyi
ng c
apac
ity to
im
prov
e co
nditi
ons
for
land
ing.
A
ll a
ctor
s ar
e ne
gati
vely
aff
ecte
d by
the
lack
of
man
agem
ent b
ecau
se th
e co
mm
unity
-bas
ed f
ishe
ries
man
agem
ent
com
mit
tees
are
not
act
ive.
Reg
iona
l B
urki
na F
aso,
Mal
i
Gha
na
16
6.F
resh
fis
h s
ales
T
here
inad
equa
te a
pplic
atio
n of
ice;
m
akes
hift
insu
late
d co
ntai
ners
are
use
d.
T
here
is li
mite
d pr
eser
vatio
n ca
paci
ty
duri
ng b
umpe
r ca
tche
s.
T
here
is n
o ac
cess
to, o
r th
ere
is a
lack
of
mar
ketin
g in
form
atio
n, w
ith o
vers
uppl
y of
mar
ket l
eadi
ng to
mar
ket f
orce
loss
es.
DC
, I, T
Wom
en a
re m
ore
affe
cted
than
men
; in
90%
of
the
case
s, th
ey a
re th
e on
es w
ho
do th
e se
lling
.
7.A
cces
s to
fis
hp
rese
rvat
ion
an
d
pro
cess
ing
tech
niq
ues
or
tec
hno
logi
es
M
ore
inpu
t in
the
fish
pro
cess
ing,
hen
ce
incr
easi
ng th
e op
erat
ion
cost
s.
T
rain
ing
of p
roce
ssor
s ta
kes
time
and
is
high
ly in
form
al.
T
rain
ees
star
t out
as
appr
entic
es a
nd
lear
n th
roug
h ob
serv
atio
n, in
stru
ctio
ns
and
self
-mas
tery
to th
en a
dvan
ce to
the
prof
essi
onal
leve
l.
T
here
is a
lack
of
acce
ss to
cap
ital
for
po
st-t
rain
ing
inve
stm
ents
(i.e
. new
te
chno
logi
es a
re k
now
n, b
ut la
ck o
f fu
nds
to m
ake
the
nece
ssar
y in
vest
men
t).
T
here
is a
lack
of
drin
king
wat
er a
t som
e si
tes
(Tog
o).
T
here
is a
loss
of
qual
ity d
ue to
the
use
of in
adeq
uate
tech
nolo
gies
.
The
re a
re p
oor
hygi
ene
prac
tice
s –
pers
onal
and
in th
e w
orkp
lace
.
Fis
h ha
ndli
ng p
ract
ices
are
inad
equa
te.
T
here
is n
o bu
sine
ss p
lann
ing.
Cap
acity
to a
bsor
b ra
w m
ater
ial l
andi
ngs
is in
adeq
uate
, esp
ecia
lly
duri
ng th
e gl
ut
seas
on.
A
dver
se w
eath
er c
ondi
tions
mak
e dr
ying
di
ffic
ult.
In
sect
infe
stat
ion
is a
pro
blem
.
Tec
hnol
ogy
adop
tion
is a
pro
blem
.
Pro
cess
ing
met
hods
are
inef
fici
ent.
A
lrea
dy s
poil
ed f
ish
are
som
etim
es
proc
esse
d.
T, I
, CD
, R
, P, C
I,
MI
W
omen
and
oth
er v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
are
m
ore
affe
cted
. The
dif
fere
nce
in li
tera
cy
and
scho
ol e
nrol
men
t rat
es
disa
dvan
tage
s w
omen
in m
anag
emen
t ca
paci
ty.
V
illa
ges
are
ofte
n di
ffic
ult t
o ac
cess
, and
w
omen
’s tr
aini
ng n
eeds
are
not
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt.
Reg
iona
l
17
T
here
is a
n in
adeq
uate
con
trol
of
heat
in
tens
ity d
urin
g sm
okin
g le
ads
to o
verl
y sm
oked
fis
h an
d po
ssib
le b
urni
ng.
D
ryin
g on
the
grou
nd o
r co
olin
g of
fis
h is
uns
uper
vise
d; th
ere
is b
reak
age
or
dam
age
due
to in
adeq
uate
pac
kagi
ng
met
hod
and
mat
eria
ls.
8.W
aste
of
oth
er
nat
ura
l res
ourc
es (
e.g.
w
ood)
T
here
is a
n ex
cess
ive
use
of w
ood
duri
ng
smok
ing
oper
atio
ns.
T
here
is a
lack
of
acce
ss to
new
te
chno
logi
es.
R
esea
rch
outc
omes
are
not
ada
ptab
le to
w
omen
pro
cess
ors.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
e re
sear
ch f
aile
d to
con
side
r th
eir
inpu
ts a
t th
e pl
anni
ng s
tage
.
The
re is
a la
ck o
f kn
owle
dge
abou
t the
co
rrec
t met
hods
for
pro
cess
ing
diff
eren
t sp
ecie
s; f
or e
xam
ple,
sal
t is
was
ted
whe
n pr
oces
sing
the
fish
.
T, C
D, I
, R
, P
W
omen
are
mor
e af
fect
ed th
an m
en
sinc
e th
ey d
o m
ost o
f th
e sm
okin
g an
d ot
her
type
s of
pro
duct
pro
cess
ing.
W
omen
mak
e lo
w p
rofi
ts (
econ
omic
s).
Reg
iona
l
9.P
ack
agin
g an
dst
orag
e of
fis
h
Qua
lity
and
quan
tity
of p
acka
ging
and
st
orag
e fa
cilit
ies
are
inad
equa
te, l
eadi
ng
to s
poila
ge.
P
roce
ssor
s la
ck s
kills
.
Gro
wth
of
mou
ld c
ause
s sp
oila
ge a
nd
mak
es th
e fi
sh d
amp.
Inse
ct in
fest
atio
n is
a p
robl
em. I
nsec
ts
cons
ume
fish
dur
ing
stor
age.
Dis
colo
ratio
n oc
curs
ow
ing
to c
hem
ical
ch
ange
s du
ring
long
sto
rage
.
T
heft
of
fish
lead
s to
fin
anci
al lo
sses
.
R, C
D, I
, T
M
en a
nd w
omen
. R
egio
nal
18
10.R
esis
tan
ce f
rom
fish
erm
en (
or p
ost-
har
vest
op
erat
ors)
to
chan
ge t
o ad
opt
good
p
ract
ices
T
here
is a
low
leve
l of
regu
latio
n en
forc
emen
t.
T
here
are
adj
ustm
ent d
iffi
culti
es (
lack
of
reso
urce
s, s
kill
s, in
form
atio
n, il
lite
racy
, et
c.).
Age
is a
neg
ativ
e fa
ctor
(es
peci
ally
whe
n fi
sher
s ar
e 50
yea
rs o
ld a
nd o
ver)
.
R, C
D, I
, T
M
en a
nd w
omen
. R
egio
nal
11.C
omp
reh
ensi
vek
now
ledg
e on
fis
h
han
dli
ng
and
sk
ills
of
fish
ers
T
here
is a
lack
of
know
ledg
e of
goo
d ha
ndlin
g pr
actic
es.
T
here
is a
lack
of
fina
ncia
l res
ourc
es.
CD
, I, T
Men
and
wom
en.
Reg
iona
l
12.N
o re
cord
-kee
pin
gan
d ig
nora
nce
of
the
reas
ons
for
loss
D
ue to
illit
erac
y, r
ecor
ds c
anno
t be
kept
.
The
re is
a la
ck o
f en
trep
rene
ursh
ip.
T
here
is a
low
leve
l of
orga
niza
tion.
T
here
is a
low
leve
l of
tech
nica
l sup
port
.
Con
sum
ers
are
poor
ly a
war
e of
qua
lity.
P, C
D
M
en a
nd w
omen
R
egio
nal
13.M
anag
emen
tca
pac
ity
of f
ish
erm
en
du
rin
g ex
cep
tion
al
har
vest
(fa
cilit
ies
and
ex
per
tise
, in
form
atio
n)
T
here
are
pro
blem
s of
pre
serv
atio
n,
proc
essi
ng a
nd s
tora
ge e
quip
men
t and
in
fras
truc
ture
.
The
re is
a la
ck o
f m
arke
t inf
orm
atio
n.
CD
, I, T
, IM
Men
and
wom
en.
Reg
iona
l
14.Q
ues
tion
of
tran
sfer
of lo
ss (
to d
own
stre
am
oper
ator
in t
he c
hai
n –
gen
der
per
spec
tive
– o
r fr
aud
ule
nt m
ixtu
re o
f d
iffe
ren
t q
ual
ity
pro
duct
s or
wei
ght
incr
ease
for
th
e co
nsu
mer
/bu
yer)
U
se o
f ty
pes
of f
ishi
ng g
ear/
tech
niqu
e th
at in
cur
mor
e lo
sses
.
use
of p
rohi
bite
d m
etho
ds (
chem
ical
s,
dyna
mite
).
m
ixtu
re o
f fr
esh
and
alte
red
fish
.
P, R
, CI
W
omen
and
oth
er v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
S
ubre
gion
al
Gha
na, T
ogo,
B
urki
na F
aso
19
15.L
ogis
tics
infr
astr
uct
ure
/ co
mm
un
icat
ion
(ro
ads,
tr
uck
s)
Pro
blem
s in
clud
e:
ph
ysic
al d
amag
e to
fis
h;
dela
ys o
win
g to
bre
akdo
wn
ofin
adeq
uate
and
def
ectiv
e tr
ansp
ort
vehi
cles
and
inac
cess
ibil
ity
ofpr
oduc
tion
area
s;
impa
ssab
le r
oads
;
poor
roa
d co
nditi
ons;
il
l-ad
apte
d ve
hicl
es r
esul
ting
inlo
nger
tran
sit t
imes
and
spo
ilage
.
P, R
, I, T
Wom
en a
nd o
ther
vul
nera
ble
grou
ps.
Reg
iona
l B
urki
na F
aso,
Tog
o
16.I
nse
curi
ty a
nd
un
reli
able
tr
ansp
orta
tion
A
rmed
rob
beri
es o
ccur
s (l
oss
of s
uppl
y ca
paci
ty b
y fi
shm
onge
rs /
artif
icia
l glu
t in
sup
ply
site
s w
ith e
vent
ual l
osse
s).
V
ehic
les
are
defe
ctiv
e.
P, I
, T, R
Wom
en a
nd o
ther
vul
nera
ble
grou
ps.
Sub
regi
onal
G
hana
17.M
ark
et d
eman
d(e
.g. s
ocia
l sta
tus
and
d
eman
d f
or s
pec
ific
ty
pes
of f
ish
ery
pro
duct
s or
por
tion
si
zes)
T
here
is lo
w a
war
enes
s of
qua
lity.
Pur
chas
ing
pow
er i
s w
eak
and
the
pove
rty
leve
l may
lead
to s
peci
al
requ
ests
, con
trib
utin
g to
the
use
of
proh
ibite
d m
eans
of
harv
est.
R, C
D, I
, T
, P, C
I
Men
and
wom
en.
Sub
regi
onal
Bur
kina
Fas
o 18
.Mar
ket
ing:
mar
ket
acc
ess
(ph
ysic
al
faci
litie
s, t
he
avai
lab
le
info
rmat
ion
an
d
man
agem
ent,
th
e lo
cal
orga
niz
atio
n a
nd
ar
ran
gem
ents
for
sal
es
per
form
ance
)
Pro
blem
s in
clud
e:
in
sect
infe
stat
ion;
in
adeq
uate
/in
cons
iste
nt s
uppl
y an
d de
man
d;
inad
equa
te c
old-
stor
age
faci
litie
s an
dw
areh
ouse
s;
unw
illin
gnes
s;
low
leve
l of
regu
latio
n en
forc
emen
t;
age
(50
year
s an
d ol
der)
;
lack
of
info
rmat
ion
on m
arke
t and
of
the
prof
essi
onal
izat
ion
of a
ctor
s.
supp
ly to
the
mar
ket a
t ino
ppor
tune
tim
es;
th
e w
eak
purc
hasi
ng p
ower
of
buye
rs/c
onsu
mer
s;
lack
of
mar
ket i
nfor
mat
ion
avai
labi
lity
and
man
agem
ent;
R, C
D, I
, T
I, P
, R
CD
, I, I
M
M
en a
nd w
omen
.
W
omen
and
oth
er v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oups
are
th
e m
ore
affe
cted
by
the
loss
es li
nked
to
thes
e is
sues
.
Sub
regi
onal
20
po
orly
syn
chro
nize
d co
mpe
titiv
enes
sof
impo
rts
of th
e sa
me
spec
ies
va
riou
s in
cide
nts
of h
aras
smen
ts.
19.W
eek
ly o
r b
i-w
eek
ly m
ark
et d
ays
are
pre
-est
abli
shed
an
d d
o n
ot c
han
ge, e
ven
in
tim
es o
f ex
cep
tion
al
har
vest
L
ow c
apac
ity
of th
e lo
cal/
cent
ral
gove
rnm
ent t
o se
t up
an in
form
ed o
r ev
iden
ce-b
ased
mar
ket m
anag
emen
t st
ruct
ure
(adj
ustin
g th
e fr
eque
ncy
to th
e pr
oduc
tion
seas
ons)
.
The
reg
ular
rem
oval
of
catc
hes
is
prob
lem
atic
, esp
ecia
lly
for
fres
h fi
sh, o
r in
adeq
uate
sto
rage
of
prod
ucts
, yet
this
is
req
uire
d fo
r w
eekl
y m
arke
t day
s,
resu
lting
in lo
sses
.
CD
, I, T
Bot
h m
en a
nd w
omen
.
Dep
end
on th
e m
arke
t reg
ulat
ion
in
spec
ific
cou
ntri
es.
Sub
regi
onal
20.B
arri
ers
to r
egio
nal
trad
e
Bar
rier
s in
clud
e:
R
egio
nal t
rade
bot
tlene
cks.
Il
lite
racy
.
Lac
k of
ent
repr
eneu
rshi
p.
Low
leve
l of
orga
niza
tion.
L
ow le
vel o
f te
chni
cal s
uppo
rt.
L
ow q
ualit
y aw
aren
ess
of c
onsu
mer
s.
P
olic
e ha
rass
men
t and
inop
port
une
orle
ngth
y cu
stom
s an
d he
alth
che
cks
resu
lting
in lo
nger
per
iods
of
tran
sact
ions
with
an
impa
ct o
n qu
alit
yof
per
isha
ble
prod
uct l
ike
fish
. At
tim
es, t
here
is a
mis
hand
ling
ofpr
oduc
ts a
nd p
hysi
cal r
emov
al o
fso
me
prod
ucts
fro
m th
e ch
ain.
P, C
D
P, R
M
en a
nd w
omen
. S
ubre
gion
al
21
21.I
mp
lem
enta
tion
and
supp
ort
/ go
vern
men
t in
stit
uti
ons
serv
ices
Wea
k
up
stre
am c
ontr
ol o
ver
the
mon
itor
ing
of t
he
imp
lem
enta
tion
of
legi
slat
ion
alo
ng
all o
f th
e va
lue
chai
ns)
T
he p
olic
y an
d re
gula
tory
fra
mew
ork
rega
rdin
g fi
shin
g pr
actic
es is
insu
ffic
ient
or
not
har
mon
ized
.
The
re is
a la
ck o
f ch
ildca
re f
acili
ties
for
wom
en p
roce
ssor
s.
F
inan
cing
is in
adeq
uate
.
The
re is
a p
oor
netw
ork
for
e-co
mm
erce
or
sec
ured
tran
sact
ions
.
The
re is
poo
r fi
sh im
port
man
agem
ent
duri
ng th
e gl
ut p
erio
d of
the
natio
nal
arti
sana
l fis
heri
es.
R, C
D, I
, T
, IM
Men
and
wom
en.
Sub
regi
onal
* P =
pol
icy;
R =
reg
ulat
ory;
CD
= c
apac
ity d
evel
opm
ent o
f st
akeh
olde
r; I
= in
fras
truc
ture
and
ser
vice
s; T
= te
chno
logy
and
info
rmat
ion;
CI
= c
onsu
mer
-lev
el in
terv
entio
n.
22
23
3. STRATEGIC PRIORITY AREAS OF INTERVENTION ON FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE POST-HARVEST CHAIN AND REGIONAL TRADE
3.1 Prioritization of key areas of intervention
Barriers to development will be removed by a series of activities and outcomes. The expected end results would consist in implementing new efficiencies and economic incentives, following improved regional trade and competitiveness of the FAPHC & RT in the Volta Basin. Table 2 presents the most critical areas linked to the losses identified during the PHLAs, the corresponding components in terms of potential loss-reduction interventions, together with the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders along the chain and the challenges and opportunities in the implementation.
Tab
le 2
. Cri
tica
l are
as, i
nte
rven
tion
s, r
esp
onsi
ble
en
titi
es, a
nd
imp
lem
enta
tion
ch
alle
nge
s an
d o
pp
ortu
nit
ies
Cri
tica
l ga
ps
or w
eak
nes
ses
repo
rted
b
y th
e ca
se s
tud
ies
R
equ
ired
inte
rven
tion
s R
espo
nsi
ble
en
titi
es
Imp
lem
enta
tion
ch
alle
nge
s an
d o
pp
ortu
nit
ies
Inte
rven
tion
s G
ende
r re
late
d ac
tion
s
Ch
alle
nge
s O
pp
ortu
nit
ies
1.IN
FR
AS
TR
UC
TU
RE
/SE
RV
ICE
S
In
fras
tru
ctur
e an
d e
quip
men
tn
ot c
ond
uci
ve t
o go
od h
ygie
ne
pra
ctic
es (
GH
Ps)
.
Ph
ysic
al lo
sses
du
e to
fis
h t
hef
tb
ecau
se o
f n
on-e
qu
ipp
ed la
nd
ing
site
s
Inad
equ
ate
pre
serv
atio
n,
pro
cess
ing,
pac
kag
ing
and
stor
age
equ
ipm
ent,
bot
h in
term
s of
qu
anti
ty a
nd
qu
alit
y
Poo
r ro
ad c
ond
itio
ns
N
on-o
per
atio
nal
qu
alit
yas
sura
nce
ser
vice
s.
- Id
entif
y pr
iori
ty d
ocks
to
be
cons
truc
ted.
-
Ens
ure
the
secu
rity
of
wha
rfs,
con
stru
ctio
n an
d la
yout
. -
Rai
se a
war
enes
s on
G
HP
s du
ring
han
dlin
g.
- F
ocus
on
sani
tatio
n an
d dr
inki
ng-w
ater
sup
ply.
-
Con
duct
a f
easi
bilit
y st
udy
for
cold
sto
rage
in
stal
latio
n.
- S
tren
gthe
n or
gani
zatio
nal c
apac
ity
of a
ll ac
tors
alo
ng th
e va
lue
chai
n.
- P
rovi
de tr
aini
ng o
n m
anag
ing
com
mun
ity
asse
ts.
- P
rovi
de tr
aini
ng f
or
arti
sans
to m
anuf
actu
re
insu
late
d bo
xes.
-
Car
ry o
ut a
dvoc
acy
with
aut
hori
ties
resp
onsi
ble
for
road
m
aint
enan
ce.
- Org
aniz
e w
aste
m
anag
emen
t (lin
ked
to
hum
an a
nd f
ishi
ng
activ
ities
).
Invo
lve
wom
en
and
othe
r vu
lner
able
gro
ups
in d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing
on th
e do
ck-b
uild
ing
proc
ess
and
the
man
agem
ent o
f th
ese
dock
s.
Set u
p an
d ru
n ch
ildc
are
infr
astr
uctu
res
and
serv
ices
. O
rgan
ize
wom
en
and
othe
r vu
lner
able
gro
ups
in r
ecog
nize
d gr
oups
so
that
th
ey m
ay b
e ag
ents
of
chan
ge.
Ens
ure
that
in
fras
truc
ture
m
anag
emen
t co
mm
itte
es h
ave
50%
fem
ale
mem
bers
.
- V
olta
Bas
in A
utho
rity
(V
BA
) S
tate
Tec
hnic
al
Ser
vice
s.
- T
he s
tate
(c
onst
ruct
ion)
. -
Wat
chdo
g co
mm
itte
e fo
r se
curi
ty.
- N
on-g
over
nmen
tal
orga
niza
tions
(N
GO
s)
and
tech
nica
l ser
vice
s in
cha
rge
of th
ese
issu
es (
hygi
ene,
sa
nita
tion,
cap
acity
bu
ildin
g).
- L
ocal
aut
hori
ties.
-
NG
Os
and
tech
nica
l se
rvic
es in
cha
rge
of
thes
e is
sues
. -
Loc
al a
utho
ritie
s.
- T
he p
riva
te s
ecto
r fo
r in
vest
men
t in
tech
nica
l in
stal
latio
ns a
t la
ndin
gs (
cold
roo
ms,
re
frig
erat
ed v
ehic
les,
et
c.).
- H
igh
cons
truc
tion
cost
s.
- S
peci
fic
prio
ritie
s of
do
nors
-
Infr
astr
uctu
re
man
agem
ent.
- L
and
issu
es.
- W
omen
nee
ding
mor
e em
pow
erm
ent.
- F
undi
ng p
artn
ers’
pr
iori
ty is
sues
. -
The
cre
atio
n of
fa
vour
able
env
iron
men
t fo
r su
stai
nabl
e fi
rst-
aid
cent
res
and
soci
al a
nd
educ
atio
nal f
acili
ties
at
land
ing
site
s an
d m
ajor
m
arke
ts.
- A
n en
sure
d ex
chan
ge o
f in
form
atio
n be
twee
n fi
rst-
care
cen
tres
, soc
io-
educ
atio
nal f
acili
ties
an
d m
onito
ring
bod
ies.
-
Org
aniz
atio
n of
a
sust
aina
ble
syst
em o
f in
fras
truc
ture
m
aint
enan
ce.
- A
cces
s to
fun
ds f
rom
m
any
dono
rs.
- T
echn
ical
exp
erti
se,
in s
ome
case
s.
- V
BA
Str
ateg
ic P
lan.
- U
nite
d S
tate
s A
genc
y fo
r In
tern
atio
nal
Dev
elop
men
t (U
SAID
) pr
ogra
mm
e on
was
te
man
agem
ent (
Côt
e d’
Ivoi
re, G
hana
, B
enin
, etc
.)
24
2.T
EC
HN
OL
OG
Y/T
EC
HN
IQU
ES
D
isru
ptio
n of
fis
her
s’ a
ctiv
ity
foll
owin
g th
e d
isap
pea
ran
ce o
fso
me
spec
ies
du
e to
th
e n
ew d
amor
cli
mat
e ch
ange
eff
ects
L
arge
qua
ntit
ies
of w
ood
/fue
lu
sed
du
e to
ru
dim
enta
ryte
chn
iqu
es
No
use
of
GH
Ps
and
goo
dm
anu
fact
uri
ng
pra
ctic
es(G
MP
s) r
esu
ltin
g in
qua
lity
loss
es
Lac
k o
f k
now
led
ge a
bou
t co
rrec
tp
roce
ssin
g m
eth
ods
for
dif
fere
nt
fish
sp
ecie
s
- P
rovi
de p
assa
ges
for
fish
whe
n bu
ildin
g da
ms.
-
Res
earc
h in
to
tech
nolo
gy f
or
adap
tatio
n.
- E
duca
te a
nd tr
ain
on
GH
Ps
and
GM
Ps.
-
Car
ry o
ut r
esea
rch
on
diet
ary
habi
ts a
nd
pref
eren
ces
of
oper
ator
s an
d co
nsum
ers.
-
Dra
ft a
nd im
plem
ent
com
mun
ity-r
esili
ence
ac
tion
plan
s.
T
ake
into
acc
ount
w
omen
’s a
nd o
ther
vu
lner
able
gro
ups’
is
sues
suc
h as
acc
ess
to la
nd, c
redi
t, lo
ans,
ac
cess
to w
orki
ng
capi
tal.
Pr
ovid
e w
omen
and
ot
her
vuln
erab
le
grou
ps w
ith
lite
racy
co
urse
s be
fore
oth
er
trai
ning
to a
ssim
ilate
be
tter.
Con
side
r th
e is
sue
of
mig
ratio
n.
- L
ine
min
istr
ies.
- L
ine
min
istr
y an
d pa
rtne
rs.
- T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
- H
igh
inte
rest
rat
e lo
ans.
-
No
wor
king
cap
ital.
- F
inan
cing
of
tech
niqu
es a
nd
tech
nolo
gy.
- M
any
mic
rofi
nanc
e in
stitu
tions
, eve
n if
no
t alw
ays
tail
ored
to
spec
ific
nee
ds.
- O
ngoi
ng c
limat
e ch
ange
ada
ptat
ion
prog
ram
mes
(C
ôte
d’Iv
oire
, Gha
na,
Mal
i, T
ogo)
suc
h as
th
e A
ICC
pr
ogra
mm
e.
3.C
AP
AC
ITY
DE
VE
LO
PM
EN
T
C
hang
ing
pro
cess
ing
tech
niq
ues
-
Pro
vide
trai
ning
of
stak
ehol
ders
.
Ens
ure
that
wom
en
and
othe
r vu
lner
able
gr
oups
hav
e ac
cess
to
all t
he tr
aini
ng
sess
ions
.
Bui
ld c
apac
ity
for
wom
en a
nd o
ther
vu
lner
able
gro
ups
on
valu
e ad
ditio
n op
port
uniti
es f
or th
eir
prod
ucts
.
- T
he s
tate
. -
Loc
al a
utho
ritie
s.
- T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
-
NG
Os.
-
Civ
il s
ocie
ty.
- S
ettin
g up
of
a tr
ansp
aren
t pa
rtic
ipat
ive
proc
ess
to
iden
tify
trai
ning
se
ssio
ns a
nd s
elec
t ac
tors
. -
Tra
inin
g of
key
act
ors.
- In
form
atio
n sh
arin
g th
roug
h ne
w
com
mun
icat
ion
tech
nolo
gies
.
S
trat
egy
to a
dap
t to
ch
ange
of
tech
nolo
gy-
Incr
ease
info
rmat
ion
and
awar
enes
s.
- T
he s
tate
. -
Loc
al a
utho
ritie
s.
- T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
-
NG
Os.
-
Civ
il s
ocie
ty.
- A
dopt
ion
of G
MPs
. -
Bet
ter
reso
urce
co
nser
vati
on.
- Im
prov
ed f
ish
qual
ity.
25
M
ore
inp
ut in
fis
h p
roce
ssin
g
Fis
h p
roce
ssor
s b
egin
nin
g as
app
ren
tice
s an
d c
ome
into
th
ep
rofe
ssio
n t
hro
ugh
ob
serv
atio
n,
inst
ruct
ion
s an
d s
elf-
mas
tery
- P
rovi
de tr
aini
ng o
f st
akeh
olde
rs.
Atte
ntio
n m
ust b
e pa
id to
w
omen
and
oth
er
vuln
erab
le g
roup
s m
ore
conc
erne
d.
- T
he s
tate
. -
Loc
al a
utho
ritie
s.
- T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
-
NG
Os.
-
Civ
il s
ocie
ty.
- Im
prov
emen
t of
the
qual
ity o
f fi
sher
y pr
oduc
ts.
- Q
uali
ty f
ish
prod
ucts
m
ade
avai
labl
e.
L
oss
of q
uali
ty t
hro
ugh
th
e u
seof
tec
hnol
ogie
s th
at a
re n
otG
HP
/GM
P-c
omp
lian
t
Poo
r h
ygie
ne
pra
ctic
es –
per
son
al a
nd
in t
he
wor
kp
lace
- Con
sult
supp
ort o
n G
HP
s/G
MP
s A
ttent
ion
mus
t be
paid
to
wom
en a
nd o
ther
vu
lner
able
gro
ups
mor
e co
ncer
ned.
- T
he s
tate
. -
Loc
al a
utho
ritie
s.
- T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
-
NG
Os.
-
Civ
il s
ocie
ty.
- R
educ
tion
of lo
sses
.
B
ad h
and
ling
pra
ctic
es.
P
oor
busi
nes
s p
lan
nin
g.
Lac
k o
f k
now
led
ge o
f go
odh
and
lin
g p
ract
ices
.
- In
crea
se in
form
atio
n an
d aw
aren
ess.
-
Pro
vide
trai
ning
.
- T
he s
tate
. -
Loc
al a
utho
ritie
s.
- T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
-
NG
Os.
-
Civ
il s
ocie
ty.
- A
band
onm
ent o
f in
effi
cien
t pra
ctic
es.
- P
lann
ing
of a
ctiv
itie
s.
- Q
uali
ty f
ish
prod
ucts
m
ade
avai
labl
e.
L
ack
of
kn
owle
dge
ab
out
corr
ect
han
dli
ng
and
pro
cess
ing
met
hod
s fo
r d
iffe
ren
t fi
shsp
ecie
s; f
or e
xam
ple
, fis
h is
was
ted
du
e to
imp
rop
er s
alti
ng,
lead
ing
to f
erm
enta
tion
- In
crea
se in
form
atio
n an
d aw
aren
ess.
-
Tra
inin
g.
- T
he S
tate
. -
Loc
al a
utho
ritie
s.
- T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
-
NG
Os.
-
Civ
il s
ocie
ty.
- Im
prov
emen
t of
know
ledg
e.
- B
ette
r m
anag
ed
avai
labl
e re
sour
ces.
O
per
ator
s la
ckin
g sk
ills
- P
rovi
de tr
aini
ng.
- Im
prov
emen
t of
the
skill
s of
ope
rato
rs.
- N
ew m
arke
ts
conq
uere
d.
- E
asy
flow
of
prod
ucts
. -
Incr
ease
d in
com
e.
L
ow le
vel o
f or
gan
izat
ion
and
tech
nic
al le
ader
ship
- In
crea
se in
form
atio
n an
d aw
aren
ess.
-
Pro
vide
trai
ning
.
- T
he S
tate
. -
Loc
al a
utho
ritie
s.
- T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
-
NG
Os.
-
Civ
il s
ocie
ty.
- G
ood
orga
niza
tion
and
bette
r te
chni
ques
. -
New
mar
kets
co
nque
red.
-
Eas
y fl
ow o
f pr
oduc
ts.
- In
crea
sed
inco
me.
A
dvis
ory-
supp
ort
inst
itut
ion
san
d q
ual
ity-
con
trol
au
thor
itie
sla
ckin
g ca
pac
ity
- In
crea
se in
form
atio
n an
d aw
aren
ess.
-
Pro
vide
trai
ning
.
- Im
prov
emen
t of
the
skill
s of
thes
e in
stitu
tions
.
- G
ood
man
agem
ent o
f ac
tiviti
es.
26
Il
lite
racy
- P
rovi
de tr
aini
ng
Atte
ntio
n m
ust b
e pa
id to
w
omen
and
oth
er
vuln
erab
le g
roup
s m
ore
conc
erne
d.
- T
he S
tate
. -
Loc
al a
utho
ritie
s.
- T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
-
NG
Os.
-
Civ
il s
ocie
ty.
- Im
prov
emen
t of
the
com
pete
ncy
and
grou
p dy
nam
ics
betw
een
acto
rs.
- G
ood
man
agem
ent o
f ac
tiviti
es.
4.M
AR
KE
T I
NF
OR
MA
TIO
N
L
ack
of
entr
epre
neu
rsh
ip-
Pro
vide
trai
ning
-
The
Sta
te.
- L
ocal
aut
hori
ties.
-
Tec
hnic
al a
nd
fina
ncia
l par
tner
s.
- N
GO
s.
- C
ivil
soc
iety
.
- E
nsur
ing
the
sust
aina
bilit
y ac
tiviti
es.
- P
rofi
tabl
e an
d su
stai
nabl
e ac
tivi
ties
.
L
ow-q
ualit
y aw
aren
ess
ofco
nsu
mer
s-
Incr
ease
info
rmat
ion.
-
The
Sta
te.
- L
ocal
aut
hori
ties.
-
Tec
hnic
al a
nd
fina
ncia
l par
tner
s.
- N
GO
s.
- C
ivil
soc
iety
. -
Con
sum
er
asso
ciat
ions
.
- C
hoic
e of
qua
lity
prod
ucts
. -
Impr
oved
hea
lth o
f in
divi
dual
s.
L
ack
of
mar
ket
info
rmat
ion
- C
olle
ct, p
roce
ss a
nd
diss
emin
ate
info
rmat
ion.
-
Bui
ld a
war
enes
s.
- T
he s
tate
. -
Loc
al a
utho
ritie
s.
- T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
-
NG
Os.
-
Civ
il s
ocie
ty.
- C
onsu
mer
as
soci
atio
ns.
- B
ette
r in
form
atio
n di
ssem
inat
ion.
-
Poo
rly
perf
orm
ing
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems.
- IN
FOPE
CH
E .
- P
rodu
cts
know
n an
d av
aila
ble.
-
Acc
essi
ble
mar
kets
ar
e
- K
now
ledg
e sh
arin
g du
e to
new
co
mm
unic
atio
n te
chno
logi
es.
- E
-com
mer
ce.
- E
cono
mic
C
omm
unity
of
Wes
t A
fric
an S
tate
s (E
CO
WA
) re
gula
tion
s on
fre
e m
ovem
ent o
f go
ods
and
pers
ons.
27
5.C
ON
SUM
ER
IN
TE
RV
EN
TIO
NS
D
eman
d f
or s
pec
ific
fis
her
yp
rodu
cts
or p
orti
on s
ize
- D
evel
op a
co
mm
unic
atio
n pl
an
for
a ch
ange
in
cons
umer
beh
avio
ur.
- T
arge
t soc
io-
econ
omic
mea
sure
s to
war
ds
vuln
erab
le /w
eak-
purc
hasi
ng-p
ower
co
nsum
ers
- T
he s
tate
. -
Com
mun
ities
. -
NG
Os.
- T
he le
vel o
f fi
sh
utili
zatio
n re
mai
ns a
co
ncer
n in
term
s of
m
eetin
g th
e de
man
d fo
r re
spon
sibl
y ca
ught
an
d pr
epar
ed.
Q
ual
ity
bli
nd
nes
s or
un
awar
enes
s
Pu
rch
asin
g p
ower
- E
duca
te c
onsu
mer
s on
pro
duct
kn
owle
dge
and
qual
ity.
-
Impl
emen
t soc
ial
mea
sure
s to
add
ress
th
e pu
rcha
sing
or
prom
otio
n of
al
tern
ativ
e pr
otei
n so
urce
for
poo
rer
cons
umer
s.
- Im
plem
ent
info
rmat
ion
and
awar
enes
s ca
mpa
igns
.
- T
rain
hom
emak
ers
on
prod
uct q
ualit
y.
- T
he s
tate
. -
Com
mun
ities
. -
NG
Os.
- T
he le
vel o
f fi
sh
utili
zatio
n re
mai
ns a
co
ncer
n in
term
s of
m
eetin
g th
e de
man
d fo
r re
spon
sibl
y ca
ught
an
d pr
epar
ed .
- N
GO
s.
- N
atio
nal r
egul
atio
ns.
- In
tern
atio
nal u
sage
co
des.
6.R
ES
ILIE
NC
E A
ND
WE
LF
AR
E
F
ish
erm
en m
igra
tin
g to
are
as o
fab
unda
nt
fish
ing
bec
ause
of
the
dis
app
eara
nce
of
som
e sp
ecie
sd
ue
to t
he
cons
tru
ctio
n of
the
dam
F
ish
erm
en m
igra
tin
g to
oth
erar
eas
du
e to
pol
luti
on a
nd
silt
atio
n o
f fi
shin
g si
tes
- E
ncou
rage
fis
herm
en
to e
ngag
e in
oth
er
inco
me-
gene
rati
ng
activ
ities
. -
Bui
ld a
war
enes
s in
m
arke
t gar
dene
rs a
nd
farm
ers
to r
espe
ct th
e ea
sem
ent s
trip
.
- In
volv
e pa
rtic
ular
ly
wom
en a
nd o
ther
vu
lner
able
gro
ups.
-
Ass
ess
the
impa
ct o
n ho
useh
olds
.
- T
echn
ical
ser
vice
s an
d lo
cal
auth
oriti
es.
- A
cces
s to
land
, wat
er,
cred
it a
nd s
ervi
ces.
- R
esili
ence
initi
ativ
es
alre
ady
in p
lace
or
are
bein
g de
velo
ped,
in
clud
ing
the
Glo
bal
Alli
ance
for
R
esil
ienc
e (A
GIR
) (P
erm
anen
t Int
erst
ate
Com
mit
tee
for
Dro
ught
Con
trol
in
the
Sah
el [
CIL
LS
],
Wes
t Afr
ican
28
M
igra
tion
of
fish
ing
com
mu
nit
ies
du
e to
cli
mat
ech
ange
eff
ects
Eco
nom
ic a
nd
Mon
etar
y U
nion
[U
EM
OA
] an
d E
CO
WA
S in
itiat
ive)
.
Sea
son
s ar
e no
lon
ger
wel
l-d
efin
ed a
nd
th
eref
ore
the
fish
erie
s ar
e d
iffi
cult
to
pla
n
- D
evel
op a
dapt
atio
n st
rate
gy
(tec
hnol
ogy)
.
- T
he S
tate
. -
Loc
al a
utho
ritie
s.
- T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
-
NG
Os.
-
Civ
il s
ocie
ty.
- A
dapt
atio
n to
cli
mat
e ch
ange
. - A
ctiv
itie
s re
nder
ed
sust
aina
ble.
- R
esou
rce
avai
labi
lity.
D
estr
uct
ion
of
hab
itat
- In
crea
se in
form
atio
n an
d aw
aren
ess.
-
The
Sta
te.
- L
ocal
aut
hori
ties.
-
Tec
hnic
al a
nd
fina
ncia
l par
tner
s.
- N
GO
s.
- C
ivil
soc
iety
.
- E
nfor
cem
ent o
f re
gula
tions
. -
Rai
sing
the
awar
enes
s of
sta
keho
lder
s fr
om
the
curr
ent l
ow le
vel
dest
ruct
ion
of h
abit.
- Act
ivit
ies
rend
ered
su
stai
nabl
e.
- Res
ourc
e av
aila
bilit
y.
L
ack
of
acce
ss t
o ca
pit
al f
orp
ost-
trai
nin
g in
vest
men
ts (
i.e.
new
tec
hn
olog
y to
ad
dre
ssch
ange
s in
sp
ecie
s h
as b
een
dev
elop
ed, b
ut n
o ca
pit
al t
o u
seth
ese )
Im
plem
ent
acco
mpa
nyin
g m
easu
res.
- Atte
ntio
n m
ust b
e pa
id
to w
omen
and
oth
er
vuln
erab
le g
roup
s m
ore
conc
erne
d.
- T
he S
tate
. -
Loc
al a
utho
ritie
s.
- T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
-
NG
Os.
-
Civ
il s
ocie
ty.
- A
cces
s to
fin
anci
al
serv
ices
for
all.
-
Acc
ess
to s
eed
capi
tal.
- Job
s cr
eate
d.
- Com
petit
ive
sect
or.
E
xces
sive
use
of
woo
d f
orsm
okin
g si
nce
th
e fu
el(f
uel
woo
d)
use
d is
sca
rce
(th
ere
is a
nee
d t
o u
se t
ech
nol
ogy
that
red
uce
s it
s co
nsu
mp
tion
su
ch a
sim
pro
ved
ove
ns
to s
mok
e th
efi
sh).
D
evel
op n
ew e
nerg
y-ef
fici
ent p
roce
ssin
g te
chni
ques
.
Pro
mot
e ot
her
type
s of
ren
ewab
le
ener
gies
and
val
ue
addi
tion
met
hods
.
- Atte
ntio
n m
ust b
e pa
id
to w
omen
and
oth
er
vuln
erab
le g
roup
s m
ore
conc
erne
d.
- R
esea
rch/
acad
emia
. -
The
Sta
te.
- T
echn
ical
par
tner
s fo
r de
velo
pmen
t.
R
educ
ed c
onsu
mpt
ion
of f
uelw
ood.
-
Env
iron
men
tal
prot
ectio
n.
S
pec
ific
con
sum
er d
eman
d,
cau
sin
g th
e u
se o
f p
roh
ibit
edm
ean
s of
har
vest
Im
prov
e pe
ople
’s
livel
ihoo
ds.
- T
he S
tate
. -
Loc
al a
utho
ritie
s.
- T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
-
NG
Os.
- Po
vert
y re
duct
ion.
-
Dis
cont
inua
tion
of
bad
fish
ing
prac
tices
. -
Reg
ener
ated
re
sour
ces.
29
Is
sue
lin
ked
to
catc
hes
nee
din
gto
be
tran
spor
ted
fro
m la
nd
ing
site
s on
a r
egul
ar b
asis
- O
rgan
ize
sale
s ch
anne
ls.
- Atte
ntio
n m
ust b
e pa
id
to w
omen
and
oth
er
vuln
erab
le g
roup
s m
ore
conc
erne
d.
- T
he S
tate
. -
Loc
al a
nd tr
aditi
onal
au
thor
ities
. -
Tec
hnic
al a
nd
fina
ncia
l par
tner
s.
- N
GO
s.
- C
ivil
soc
iety
.
- Im
prov
ed in
com
e.
- Los
s re
duct
ion.
S
iltin
g of
fis
hin
g ar
eas
Im
pac
t on
spa
wn
ing
grou
nds
In
Bu
rkin
a F
aso,
th
e gr
ass
that
grow
s at
cer
tain
tim
es o
f th
eye
ar o
n L
ake
Kom
pie
nga
an
dse
ason
al f
lood
ing
bri
ng a
bou
tro
tten
fis
h a
nd
mor
e fi
shm
orta
lity
in f
ish
ing
area
s
- E
nsur
e du
ne f
ixat
ion
and
bank
pro
tect
ion.
-
Ens
ure
dred
ging
of
wat
erbo
dy.
- R
econ
stitu
te c
anop
y.
- Im
plem
ent m
easu
res
agai
nst i
nvad
ing
aqua
tic p
lant
s.
- Cre
ate
inco
me-
gene
ratin
g ac
tiviti
es.
- The
Sta
te.
- Com
mun
ities
. - T
radi
tiona
l lea
ders
.
- Pro
tect
ion
of th
e aq
uatic
ec
osys
tem
. - C
reat
ion
of
prof
essi
onal
or
gani
zatio
ns a
nd
com
mun
ity g
roup
s - R
ecyc
ling
and
selli
ng
of s
and
for
cons
truc
tion
wor
ks.
S
easo
nalit
y/ad
vers
e w
eath
erco
nd
itio
ns
- D
raft
and
str
ateg
y fo
r re
sili
ence
act
ion
plan
s.
- Sug
gest
alt
erna
tive
in
com
e-ge
nera
ting
ac
tiviti
es to
wom
en a
nd
yout
h.
- Pro
vide
eas
y ac
cess
to
fina
nce
for
wom
en a
nd
yout
h.
- The
Sta
te.
- Sec
urin
g of
hou
seho
ld
inco
me.
- N
umbe
r of
be
nefi
ciar
ies.
- Mic
rofi
nanc
e in
stitu
tions
. - N
GO
s.
- Reg
iona
l and
in
tern
atio
nal
conv
entio
ns a
nd
prog
ram
mes
.
7.P
OL
ICY
/ R
EG
UL
AT
ION
S
R
iver
ban
ks
occu
pie
d b
yve
geta
ble
gro
wer
s in
Sou
rou
(cre
atin
g si
ltin
g an
d p
ollu
tin
gw
ith
fer
tiliz
ers/
man
ure
an
dp
esti
cid
es)
P
ollu
tion
fro
m w
omen
was
hin
gd
ish
es a
nd
clo
thes
on
th
eri
verb
ank
s
- Reg
ulat
e th
e us
e of
ri
verb
anks
. - E
nfor
ce e
xist
ing
regu
latio
ns.
- Mon
itor
and
eval
uate
th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of
regu
latio
ns.
- Int
rodu
ce c
omm
unity
-le
d to
tal s
anita
tion
in
prog
ram
me.
- Cre
ate
wat
er p
roxi
mit
y po
ints
(bo
reho
les)
. - C
reat
e ve
geta
ble
gard
enin
g ar
eas
for
wom
en a
nd o
ther
vu
lner
able
gro
ups
with
w
ater
fro
m b
oreh
oles
.
- The
Sta
te.
- Com
mun
ities
. - B
enef
icia
ries
.
- Beh
avio
ur c
hang
e.
- Pro
tect
ion
of
wat
erbo
dies
.
- Dec
entr
aliz
atio
n.
- NG
Os
and
trad
ition
al
lead
ers.
-
Pro
fess
iona
l or
gani
zatio
ns.
- Tec
hnic
al
deve
lopm
ent p
artn
ers.
-
regi
onal
inst
itutio
ns,
i.e. F
ishe
ries
C
omm
itte
e fo
r th
e W
est C
entr
al G
ulf
of
Gui
nea
(FC
WC
,)
EC
OW
AS,
Wes
t A
fric
an E
cono
mic
and
30
Mon
etar
y U
nion
(W
AE
MU
).
F
ish
erm
en’
stra
tegy
to
chan
gefi
shin
g te
chn
iqu
es d
esig
ned
to
cop
e w
ith
th
e d
ecli
ne
in h
arve
stsu
ch a
s fi
ner
mes
h n
ets
and
ille
gal p
ract
ices
, bu
t th
ese
are
har
mfu
l to
fish
erie
s re
sou
rces
L
onge
r fi
shin
g ti
mes
, hav
ing
anef
fect
on
qua
lity
and
als
ore
sult
ing
in lo
ss o
f m
ark
et d
ue
top
oor
qual
ity
/ fis
h s
ize
- Reg
ulat
e Il
lega
l, un
repo
rted
and
un
regu
late
d (I
UU
) fi
shin
g.
- Enf
orce
exi
stin
g re
gula
tions
. - D
evel
op f
ishe
ries
m
anag
emen
t loc
al
cove
nant
s/
spec
ific
atio
ns.
- Mon
itor
and
eval
uate
th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of
regu
latio
ns.
- Dev
elop
sub
regi
onal
co
oper
atio
n fo
r a
harm
oniz
ed r
egul
ator
y fr
amew
ork
on f
ishi
ng
gear
s (B
urki
na F
aso
and
Mal
i).
- Cre
ate
inco
me-
gene
rati
ng a
ctiv
itie
s fo
r w
omen
and
you
th.
- Gua
rant
ee th
e pr
otec
tion
of
wom
en a
nd o
ther
vu
lner
able
gro
ups
who
re
port
ille
gal p
ract
ices
.
- The
Sta
te.
- Com
mun
ities
. - B
enef
icia
ries
.
- Re-
trai
ning
of
fish
erm
en in
oth
er
inco
me-
gene
rati
ng
activ
ities
.
- Nat
iona
l and
in
tern
atio
nal l
egal
in
stru
men
ts.
- Sub
regi
onal
or
gani
zatio
ns.
- Mic
rofi
nanc
e in
stitu
tions
. - R
egio
nal i
nstit
utio
ns
(FC
WC
, EC
OW
AS
, W
AE
MU
).
S
easo
ns
are
affe
cted
by
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd a
re n
o lo
nger
wel
ld
efin
ed. T
hu
s, f
ish
ing
is d
iffi
cult
to p
lan
- Def
ine
and
supp
ort
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
a
miti
gatio
n an
d ad
apta
tion
str
ateg
y in
clus
ive
of f
ishe
ries
’ sp
ecif
ic c
once
rns.
- The
Sta
te.
- Re-
trai
ning
fis
herm
en
in o
ther
inco
me-
gene
ratin
g ac
tiviti
es.
- Nat
iona
l and
in
tern
atio
nal l
egal
in
stru
men
ts.
- Sub
regi
onal
or
gani
zatio
ns.
- Nat
iona
l and
in
tern
atio
nal
prog
ram
mes
on
clim
ate
chan
ge.
In
fras
tru
ctur
es a
re n
otco
ndu
cive
to
GH
Ps
H
uge
qua
lity
loss
es d
ue
toin
adeq
uat
e st
orag
e co
nd
itio
ns
P
hys
ical
loss
es d
ue
to t
hef
t of
th
efi
sh a
t la
nd
ing
site
- Est
ablis
h ba
sic
infr
astr
uctu
re a
nd
mar
ketin
g (d
ock/
pier
, sa
fe w
ater
, jet
ties
, co
ld c
hain
).
- The
Sta
te.
- Tec
hnic
al a
nd
fina
ncia
l par
tner
s.
- Com
mun
ities
. - B
enef
icia
ries
.
- Foo
d sa
fety
. - N
atio
nal b
udge
t. - D
onat
ions
and
aid
. - T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
- R
egio
nal i
nstit
utio
ns
FC
WC
, EC
OW
AS
, W
AE
MU
).
31
E
xces
sive
use
of
woo
d f
orsm
okin
g
No
acce
ss t
o n
ew t
ech
nol
ogie
s
Res
earc
h f
ind
ings
are
not
adap
tab
le t
o lo
cal c
ond
itio
ns
and
wom
en a
nd
oth
er v
uln
erab
legr
oup
s’ n
eed
s; f
or e
xam
ple
,p
roce
ssor
s fi
nd
th
em c
hal
len
gin
gas
th
eir
nee
ds/
inp
uts
wer
e m
ost
lik
ely
not
tak
en in
toco
nsi
der
atio
n d
uri
ng
des
ign
an
dp
lan
nin
g st
ages
L
ack
of
kn
owle
dge
ab
out
corr
ect
han
dli
ng
and
pro
cess
ing
met
hod
s fo
r d
iffe
ren
t fi
shsp
ecie
s
- Pro
mot
e al
tern
ativ
e en
ergy
sou
rces
. - P
rom
ote
good
re
sear
ch p
ract
ices
and
te
chno
logi
es th
at a
re
adap
ted
to
smal
lhol
ders
livi
ng
cond
ition
s (d
eman
d-dr
iven
and
soc
io-
cent
red)
.
- The
Sta
te.
- Tec
hnic
al a
nd
fina
ncia
l par
tner
s.
- Com
mun
ities
. - B
enef
icia
ries
.
- For
est a
nd e
nvir
onm
ent
cons
erva
tion
. - D
evel
opm
ent o
f re
new
able
ene
rgie
s (s
un, w
ater
, air
).
Il
lite
racy
L
ack
of
entr
epre
neu
rsh
ip
Low
leve
l of
orga
niz
atio
n
Low
leve
l of
tech
nic
al s
up
por
t
- Cre
ate
soci
al a
nd
educ
atio
nal t
rain
ing
cent
res.
- Pro
vide
pro
gram
mes
on
func
tion
al li
tera
cy f
or
wom
en a
nd y
outh
.
- The
Sta
te.
- Tec
hnic
al a
nd
fina
ncia
l par
tner
s.
- Com
mun
ities
. - B
enef
icia
ries
.
- Sch
ool e
nrol
men
t and
li
tera
cy.
- NG
Os.
- T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
- D
ecen
tral
ized
se
rvic
es.
- Min
istr
ies.
Use
of
gear
, tec
hn
iqu
es a
ndp
roh
ibit
ed s
ubst
ance
s- R
egul
ate
IUU
fis
hing
. - E
nfor
ce e
xist
ing
regu
latio
ns.
- Mon
itor
and
eval
uate
th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of
regu
latio
ns.
- Dev
elop
sub
regi
onal
co
oper
atio
n fo
r a
harm
oniz
ed r
egul
ator
y fr
amew
ork
on f
ishi
ng
gear
s (B
urki
na F
aso
and
Mal
i).
- Ass
ess
and
addr
ess
the
dire
ct s
hort
-ter
m im
pact
of
reg
ulat
ions
on
wom
en
and
othe
r vu
lner
able
gr
oups
’ po
st-h
arve
st
activ
ities
.
- Reg
iona
l ins
titut
ions
(F
CW
C, E
CO
WA
S,
WA
EM
U).
- W
AE
MU
Gui
delin
es.
32
P
oor
road
con
dit
ion
s
Inad
equa
te t
ran
spor
t ve
hic
les
- Lin
k pr
oduc
tion
area
s.
- The
Sta
te.
- Tec
hnic
al a
nd
fina
ncia
l par
tner
s.
- Com
mun
ities
. - B
enef
icia
ries
.
- Fac
ilita
ting
of th
e m
ovem
ent o
f go
ods.
- T
he S
tate
. - T
echn
ical
and
fi
nanc
ial p
artn
ers.
- D
ecen
tral
ized
se
rvic
es.
- Min
istr
ies.
Arm
ed r
obb
erie
s af
fect
ing
fish
mon
gers
(lo
ss o
f su
pp
lyca
pac
ity;
fis
hm
onge
rs/a
rtif
icia
lgl
ut
in s
upp
ly s
ites
wit
h e
ven
tual
loss
es)
- Enh
ance
pub
lic s
afet
y.
- Pro
mot
e m
arke
ting
tran
sact
ions
with
m
inim
um c
ash
carr
ying
, e-c
omm
erce
an
d m
obile
mon
ey
tran
sact
ions
.
- Cre
ate
mon
ey tr
ansf
er
inst
rum
ents
ada
pted
to
fish
mon
gers
.
- The
Sta
te.
- Tec
hnic
al a
nd
fina
ncia
l par
tner
s.
- Com
mun
ities
. - B
enef
icia
ries
.
- Fre
e m
ovem
ent o
f pe
ople
and
goo
ds.
- Mon
ey tr
ansf
er
com
pani
es.
S
pec
ific
con
sum
er d
eman
d,
cau
sin
g th
e u
se o
f p
roh
ibit
edm
ean
s of
har
vest
- See
IU
U a
bove
.
In
adeq
uate
infr
astr
uct
ure
an
deq
uip
men
t ca
usi
ng
phy
sica
l and
qu
alit
y lo
sses
- See
abo
ve.
- Bui
ld g
ende
r-se
nsiti
ve
infr
astr
uctu
res.
H
aras
smen
t b
y th
e p
olic
e,cu
stom
s an
d h
ealt
h au
thor
itie
s,ca
usi
ng d
elay
s an
d lo
nge
rtr
ansa
ctio
ns
E
nfor
ce n
atio
nal a
nd
regi
onal
con
vent
ions
/ re
gula
tions
.
- The
Sta
tes.
- S
ubre
gion
al
orga
niza
tions
. - C
ivil
soc
iety
.
- Goo
d go
vern
ance
. - F
ree
mov
emen
t of
peop
le a
nd g
oods
.
- Int
erna
tiona
l co
nven
tions
. - S
ubre
gion
al a
nd
bila
tera
l agr
eem
ents
.
Con
trol
inst
itu
tion
s w
ith
insu
ffic
ien
t ca
pac
ity
resu
ltin
g in
loss
es
E
stab
lish
or
oper
atio
naliz
e qu
ality
ass
uran
ce
infr
astr
uctu
res
and
serv
ices
.
Dev
elop
cap
acit
y.
P
rovi
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3.2 Guidelines for a subregional programme and national action plans addressing priority areas of intervention
Transforming the subregion’s fisheries and aquaculture post-harvest chains and regional trade into competitive contributors to sustainable food security, livelihoods and development rests on the overarching supporting umbrella of coordination, collaboration and partnership. This umbrella supports six dynamically inter-related priority areas and includes two cross-cutting beams, which are: (i) resilience and social protection; and (ii) specific gender concerns. The essential characteristics of each are described below, and the dynamics of relationships and linkages between actors and drivers of improvement strategies are illustrated in Figure 9. National action plans define the necessary government policies and interventions that aim to improve productivity and competitiveness in the fisheries and aquaculture post-harvest chain as well as regional trade. These plans are not limited to fishing/farm and processing, nor to effective marketing in the domestic, regional and international arenas, but also concern financial investments, institutional support, linkages between the different actors along the value chain, and capacity building. Table 2 details the roles and responsibilities of the different stakeholders, partnerships, challenges and opportunities in order to implement these plans. It is recommended that these national plans form part of a subregional programme that will align common and cross-cutting activities between countries that are to be developed, particularly in terms of: negotiations with technical and financial partners for the funding of post-harvest loss reduction
action plans and programmes for the Volta Basin; gender concerns to be taken into account throughout the value chain together with information on
post-harvest losses in order to better design the activities to be implemented; climate change adaption and increased resilience in action plans and programmes regarding
post-harvest loss reduction; implementation and monitoring and evaluation methodologies, including the sustainable use of
natural resources and waste reduction; linking the strategy, the regional programme and national action plans to the Sustainable
Development Goals, at the appropriate time. It is also recommended that FAO and NPCA collaborate together and with all the stakeholders of the subregional programme and national projects in order to: set up a subregional network of resource persons dedicated to post-harvest loss control (assessment
and reduction interventions) in order to share experiences, as well as strengths and weaknesses among stakeholders; this responds to the need of fish operators to share ideas as well as the data and information generated and analysed by the resources persons towards improved post-harvest fish loss management;
establish collection and analysis of lessons learned and innovations in the post-harvest loss reduction national action plans, programmes and projects to facilitate implementing a similar process of implementation in other geographical contexts.
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Figure 9. Priority areas and cross-cutting beams to reduce post-harvest losses
Courtesy of: S. McDonough, FAO Regional Office for Africa. 3.2.1 The role of the government
The role of the government is to: (i) create an enabling and secure environment that favours post-harvest fish loss reduction; (ii) formulate policies; and (iii) create regulatory frameworks for enhanced post-harvest fish loss reduction and improved domestic and cross-border trade. Other government interventions include finance mobilization, gender mainstreaming, capacity development at all levels, and infrastructure development (Figure 10). Regulatory bodies and government agencies should ensure compliance to standards and participate in the capacity building of stakeholders in relevant areas (responsible fisheries, proper harvesting, proper handling, and best practices in processing and storage, marketing and market development) along the fishery value chain. The government can also provide public safety and incentive measures, ensuring implementation of social measures for consumers with weak purchasing power, and supporting safe fish consumption and responsible supply-related promotional programmes/initiatives. It should implement an information education communication (IEC) or a behaviour change communication (BCC) framework. Given the importance of the capture fisheries and aquaculture sector in terms of food security and job creation in the West Africa subregion, each government should look into the possibility of financing PHLAs at the country and basin level, and work together with the various authorities of the Volta Basin through the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). It is also important that evaluations/research on post-harvest losses pay particular attention to nutrient losses, given the importance of the nutritional value of fish and the fact that certain handling, collection and transport practices are likely to affect quality. Each government should also ensure that information on the PHLA and national action plans is consolidated and linked with the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Bank for Investment and Development (EBID).
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3.2.2 The role of the private sector
As indicated in the NEPAD Action Plan of 2005 (NEPAD, 2005), to increase the fish trade from Africa’s marine and inland waters, an efficient post-harvest sector needs to be developed. This will entail investment in the sector and the development of improved infrastructure and equipment. The private sector can play a crucial role along the value chain by: promoting and supporting technologies that can foster diversification and value addition; improving infrastructures and technology development through appropriate investment schemes; providing support to processors and traders, in particular to women and youth entrepreneurs, in
order to further develop their businesses; strengthening financing mechanisms, in particular credits and microfinance, with particular
attention to constraints faced by youth and women. The actors along the value chain are expected to be responsive to the various government policies and align their action plans, procedures and activities with them. 3.2.3 The overarching supporting umbrella: coordination, collaboration and partnership
Once each national action plan has been drafted, its successful implementation will call for a consensus among all stakeholders along the chain in terms of roles and responsibilities, and effective delivery and implementation monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, encompassing the two cross-cutting beams – resilience and social protection, and specific gender issues. The line ministry will be responsible for ensuring coordination of the six priority areas through public-private partnerships, which include: government staff, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and donors (institutional or individuals),
which provide funding and/or technical support for capacity building for developing an action plan as well as research that generates improved technologies, infrastructural and market development while ensuring proper monitoring and evaluation of sponsored programmes and projects, and the necessary capacity building on these specific areas;
professional organizations and groups as well as stakeholders, which work within the regulatory frameworks to ensure compliance with various financial, environmental, health and safety, and market regulations;
financial and development institutions and NGOs, which provide financial assistance and support to fishers, processors, traders and individuals’ interests along the value chain;
research institutes and universities, which generate the required technology that meets genuine needs and demands for development. They also engage in the capacity building of all stakeholders for dissemination/ease of transfer of these technologies;
the six riparian countries, which share new technologies, climate adaptation, good water use practices and trade issues, both at the government level and through exchange visits and peer-assisted activities.
the promotion of aquaculture as a means that allows processing activities to continue during the lean fishing seasons, thus preventing the temptation of illegal fishing practices with high post-harvest losses accompanied by a negative impact on the environment. This promotion of the initiative led by the VBA with donor funding must take into account a number of factors, such as: the regulating of aquaculture production; the environmental and commercial impact, the impact on fishers’ livelihoods; regulations in terms of imports and exports, production and type of feed with the least environmental pollution; nutritional value depending on the type of feed to ensure the nutritional quality of farmed fish; and regulating the arrival of the fish on the markets.
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Figure 10. Actors’ responsibilities, linkages and drivers of improvement strategies
3.2.4 First cross-cutting beam: resilience and social protection
Freshwater resources are natural ecosystems with the ability to regulate themselves and regenerate from shocks. This is extremely challenging to replicate in artificial contexts in a cost-effective manner. Therefore, these natural settings will always remain the basic reservoirs of the fisheries genetic resources and sources of food and income. Nevertheless, in Lake Volta, the resilience of these resources is fast approaching its critical level of unsustainability. Thus, interventions are urgently needed to greatly reduce, if not stop, overfishing and habitat degradation due to human activities such as dam construction, nutrient overloading, eutrophication and pollution. Climate variability and the resultant effects on water levels are an added dimension of significant importance when designing strategic interventions and resilience action plans. Alternative sources of income-generating activities should be explored in a participatory manner with fishers and processors so that they may be more resilient to climate variability and market forces. This may also call for collateral solidarity groups. 3.2.5 Second cross-cutting beam: gender concerns
Gender is a leading indicator of sustainable development and livelihoods. Future PHLAs, strategies and programmes addressing post-harvest losses reduction will greatly benefit from addition information on gender-related issues within the value chain. Value chain analysis and identified upgrading strategies (product, function, process and system) will provide information on the relationships between male and female actors and the related gender concerns. Taking these gender issues into account can contribute to the optimization or sustainability of actions on technology and on infrastructure and services. The
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identified gender concerns will also influence capacity-building needs that are specific to male and female actors or actions to improve dialogue and collaboration between different actors in the chain. This calls for a supplementary gender analysis of PHLA combined with value chain analysis information and will lead to, among other things, gender-sensitive technologies and innovations. Services specific to facilitating better working conditions and livelihoods (such as access to child care facilities, health centres, nutrition and social protection services, primary schools and literacy and accounting courses) need to be part of the interventions in order to contribute to increased well-being. Key issues are the specific needs and the employment conditions of youth, and specific training for women to make them equal participants in management and decision-making processes. In terms of policy and regulations, since the post-harvest actors will be stakeholders, they should be actively involved in the planning and formulation processes as well in the reinforcement of the policies and application of the regulations. 3.2.6 Priority Area 1: Capacity development
Stakeholders’ capacity development is a crucial factor in improving FAPHC & RT in the riparian countries of the Volta Basin and requires investment at all stages of the value chain. The areas requiring intervention are: training on responsiveness and adaptation to evolving techniques and technology; current best practices on responsible fisheries; good aquaculture practices (GAPs), GHPs, GMPs, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) for food safety management systems in processing and handling, packaging and storage; development of market information systems; management; and entrepreneurship. These should be underpinned by functional literacy and basic accounting skills, depending on the needs of operators, especially those of post-capture actors. Moreover, when fishers organize themselves in an association/group, they can generate a significant proportion of seed capital for private infrastructure development (such as storage facilities and equipment) and transportation for improved post-harvest handling, thus lowering risks of losses linked to marketing activities. As associations, they are also able to marshal stronger bargaining power in the input and output markets, and take actions that enable economies of scale. Based on best practices identified and analysed, in particular by FAO, organizations should be strengthened and, when pertinent, new groups/cooperatives should be set up for fishers and processors. 3.2.7 Priority Area 2: Policy/regulations
Access to electricity and other energy sources, good roads and good storage facilities are state prerogatives. Effectively enforcing good fishing, handling and processing practices through effective enforcement of fisheries regulation/laws as regards to net mesh sizes, gear type and prohibited physical or chemical methods of fishing will result in improving production and preserve natural stocks of the various fish species in the Volta Basin. The State should also promote and guarantee, through good governance, a favourable investment climate for investment and producer and trade organizations, protecting the rights, privacy, safety and property of its citizens as well as enforcing policies that support the development of a viable competitive FAPHC & RT in the region. This should be implemented in cooperation and effective partnership among the neighbouring countries, and more particularly in the areas of preserving the Volta Basin ecosystem and cross-border trade. Moreover, participatory implementation and monitoring should be promoted and accompanied by a monitoring, control and surveillance plan. Depending on the national and regional context, development partners for financial and technical support may be solicited to support all of these efforts. 3.2.8 Priority Area 3: Infrastructure/services
Important post-harvest losses contribute to low returns on investments in fisheries by diminishing the quantity and quality of fish available for sale and human consumption. The underlying causes of these
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high losses are related to: poor infrastructure; limited access and use of processing innovations; value addition to the original product; and poor input/output markets. Key features and services that foster adequate market access are: policies and regulations governing domestic and international trade; the availability of market-related information, whether for short or long distances; marketing infrastructures; adequate means of transport and good road networks; handling and post-harvest processes that prolong shelf-life; value addition in the market; and institutional frameworks that support the efficiency of input supply chains and output delivery processes. 3.2.9 Priority Area 4: Technology/techniques
Through partnerships and funding by donor agencies, NGOs and government and research institutions will be responsible for providing improved species of tilapia fish or other fish of economic value to the Volta Basin and/or developing adaptable and cost-effective technologies for the handling, processing and storage of fish. This will lead to higher and more sustainable yields, increased catches, more efficient processing, and, ultimately, self-sovereignty in the region in the production and local supply of high-quality fish with reduced losses. More appropriate technical, institutional and policy innovations are essential to strengthen market opportunities. This includes first-rate science-based information on technology options and effective market demand, which influence the dynamics of economically viable innovation systems. Small-scale fishers and processors first need access to sustainable technologies that increase shelf-life and add value to fish and fishery products. Cash transfer options using mobile phones should be set up, which can also contribute to the safety of fishers, fish farmers, processors and traders as well as that of the general population. The substantial improvements offered, in particular by the newly developed FAO-Thiaroye Processing Technique (FTT-Thiaroye) for smoking and mechanical drying, can contribute considerably to reducing health hazards while enabling greater post-harvest benefits for the sector, and they should therefore be promoted on a wider scale. 3.2.10 Priority Area 5: Market access
Fishers and fish farmers, processors and traders should receive cash payments at competitive prices and/or rewarding bartered goods in exchange of their products. Beyond the existing outlets/markets for small- to medium-scale enterprises, they must also be in a position to take advantage of markets that offer quality inputs needed in their production processes. As discussed in the previous areas of priority, good market access and marketing require adequate infrastructure and services, market information, good financial and insurance services, and public safety. Moreover, an enabling policy and regulation environment is essential to facilitate adequate market access. Regional trade and opportunities to improve access to fish as food to provide better nutrition security should be addressed within the framework of ECOWAS’ protocol on free movement of goods and people. 3.2.11 Priority Area 6: Consumer-level intervention
Consumers’ awareness should be raised on the value of legal size and local fish, the nutritional status of a good quality fish, and sustainable supply. Promotional activities and well-targeted socio-economic measures towards population strata with weak purchasing power should also be set up to facilitate their access to needful nutrients and provide sustainable incentives for loss reduction. Fishers’ awareness should also be raised on the benefits of responsible fishing, including the legal size of fish species.
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3.3 Coordination and monitoring of implementation
The responsibility for the coordination of the strategy and the implementation of the corresponding action plans lies with the relevant ministries of the six riparian countries in the Volta Basin. An important intergovernmental body will need to act as a repository for providing market and technical information, and will assist ministries in developing effective private-public sector collaboration. The governments concerned will need to address issues on political stability, transparent investment procedures, regulations, security guarantees (personal and investment) and improvement in infrastructures. Participatory monitoring and evaluation mechanisms with due consideration of ultimate beneficiaries are fundamental.
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4. REFERENCES
African Union Commission & New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) Planning and Coordinating Agency. 2014. Policy framework and reform strategy for fisheries and aquaculture in Africa. Creating a conducive and enabling environment for the fish sector to create equitable, social and economic development in Africa. (also available at www.au.int/en/sites/default/files/documents/30266-doc-au-ibar_-_fisheries_policy_framework_and _reform_strategy.pdf)
Akande, G.R. & Diei-Ouadi, Y. 2010. Post-harvest losses in small-scale fisheries. Case studies in five sub-Saharan African countries. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 550. Rome, FAO. 72 pp. (also available at www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1798e/i1798e00.htm).
Béné, C. & Russell, A.J.M. 2007. Diagnostic study of the Volta Basin fisheries. Part 1 – Livelihoods and poverty analysis, current trends and projections. Volta Basin Focal Project Report No 7. Cairo, WorldFish Center Regional Offices for Africa and West Asia, and Colombo, CPWF. 67 pp.
Diei-Ouadi, Y. & Mgawe, Y.I. 2011. Post-harvest fish loss assessment in small-scale fisheries: a guide for the extension officer. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 559. Rome, FAO. 93 pp. (also available at www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2241e/i2241e00.htm).
FAO. 1998. Responsible fish utilization. FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries No. 7. Rome. 33 pp. (also available at www.fao.org/docrep/003/w9634e/w9634e00.htm).
FAO. 2015. Strengthening the performance of post-harvest systems and regional trade in small-scale fisheries: case study of post-harvest loss reduction in the Volta Basin riparian countries, by Yvette Diei-Ouadi, Boris K. Sodoke, Frieda A. Oduro, Yacouba Ouedraogo, Kissem Bokobosso and Ilia Rosenthal. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1105. Rome, Italy. (also available at www.fao.org/3/a-i5141e.pdf).
New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). 2005. The NEPAD Action Plan for the development of African Fisheries and Aquaculture. NEPAD-Fish for all Summit, Abuja, Nigeria. 30 pp.
Pittaluga, F., Braimah, L.I., Bortey, A., Wadzah, N., Cromwell, A., Dacosta, M., Seghieri, C. & Salvati, N. 2003. Poverty profile of riverine communities of southern Lake Volta. SFLP/FR/18. Cotonou, FAO. 70 pp. (also available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/document/sflp/SFLP_ publications/English/fr18.pdf).