UNIT 1

The Belgian priest Georges Lemaître proposed the Big Bang Theory in 1927 to explain red shift observations in stellar objects.        True or False

When did the Big Bang happen?

What was the "inflationary epoch" and how long did it last?

Matter was so dense, light could not escape matter until when?

In 1863, Sir William Huggins discovered what about our sun and other stars?

 Who discovered that sound waves shift as the source moves to or from an observer?

Who discovered the red shift in stars, the same effect that causes sound waves to change pitch as a object moves towards or away from an observer?

What basic fact did Edwin Hubble prove about the universe?

What famous scientist created a theory to explain a spherical, four-dimensional closed universe?

Which scientist created a cosmology that predicted a univese that was forever in a state of expansion?

Carbon was the first atom to be created in the universe after the Big Bang.

Gravity pulled the atoms together to from heavier elements.

How does a star begin its life?

What is the main fuel of stars?

A star becomes a red giant once its fuel supply runs out.

What happens to small red giants and large red giants?

What two things can be left over from a nova?

What eventually happens to white dwarf stars?

What is the size and gravitational pull of a neutron star?

What is a neutron star called if it emits light at its poles on a regular period?

A black hole is so massive, not even light can escape.  True or False

What is the mass of the Sun (compared to the Earth)?

Know the Jovian Planets and their major characteristics---name, size, number on moons, rotational period, orbital period, major gases in their atmosphere

Know the Terrestrial  Planets and their major characteristics---name, size, number on moons, rotational period, orbital period, major gases in their atmosphere

Which planet is closest to Earth in mass?

Which is the largest planet, and how large is it compared to the mass of Earth?

The weather on Mars

Describe the rings of Saturn and Jupiter

What is the red-orange-brown spot on Jupiter?

 Put these planets in order from closet to the sun to furthest:

                     Jupiter

                     Saturn

                     Neptune

                     Pluto

                     Mars

                     Mercury

                     Earth

                     Venus

                     Uranus

 What general comment can you make about the number of moons the large, outer planets have? Define and know major characteristics of asteroids, meteoroids, and meteorites What is at the center of the galaxy?

How close are we to the center of the galaxy?

The age of the Earth and our solar system is about 4.5 to 5 billion years old.   True or False

Our solar system and the planets in it formed from a dust cloud that was debris from the big bang.         True or False

When did the first galaxies and stars develope?

The size of a star depends on how much gas and dust is collected during the star's formation.  The color of the star depends on the surface temperature of the star.

Our Sun is a medium size star and will finally become a black dwarf.The more mass a star starts out with, the brighter and hotter it will be.The neutron star is the denest object known.Nothing can travel faster than light. A nebula is a diffuse mass of interstellar dust and gas.An emission nebula shines by emitting light as electrons recombine with protons to form hydrogen.Helium is the second lightest and second most abundant element found in stars. 25% of the Sun is made from Helium.  Hydrogen is the lightest element and the most abundant element found in stars.  75% of the Sun is made from Hydrogen.

The time it takes for half of an element to decay from one form to another is called the _____-_____ for that element.

Explain the Hutton Unconformity.

What are variations of one element, having more or fewer neutrons, called?

Radioactive decay occurs when the parent ____ loses particles to form a daughter ____.

The time it takes for half of an element to decay from one form to another is called the ___ for the element.

Uranium 238 decays into ____ with a half-life of 4.5 billion years.

One of the best ways to date things which were once living would be to use the ratio of ____ to nitrogen 14.

 After Smith’s theory, mapmakers used _____ as their basis for geologic maps.

The theory that the planet’s crust is divided into rigid plates that constantly shift and grind is called the theory of plate tectonics.  True or False

Describe the events that formed the Himalayas.

Interactions between the atmosphere and the oceans cause climate.  True or False

Earth’s primeval atmosphere had water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, molecular nitrogen, molecular hydrogen, hydrogen chloride, and a tiny trace of molecular oxygen.  True or False 

The bacteria grew so thick it made microbial mats on land 3 billion years ago in South Africa.  True or False  UNIT 2 

The age of the Earth and our solar system is about 4.5 to 5 billion years old.  (True or False)

Our solar system and the planets in it formed from a dust cloud that was debris from the big bang.  (True or False)

The time it takes for half of an element to decay from one form to another is called the _____-_____ for that element.

Previous to William Smith, mapmakers used the type of rocks to make geologic maps.  After Smith's theory, mapmakers used _____ as their basis for geologic maps.

The theory that the planet's crust is divided into rigid plates that constantly shift and grind is called the theory of plate tectonics.  (True or False)

Interactions between the atmosphere and the oceans cause climate. (True or False)

Earth's primeval atmosphere had water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, molecular nitrogen, molecular hydrogen, hydrogen cloride, and a tiny trace of molecular oxygen. (True or False)

The bacteria grew so thick it made microbial mats on land 3 billion years ago in South Africa. (True or False)

_____ is where trilobites and brachiopods appeared.  The _____ is the most recent epoch where man first appeared.

We are living in the _____ period which is divided into two epochs and is commonly called the "Age of Man".   During the _____ the first primates and angiosperms appeared. 

The _____ period is known for the great dinosaurs. 

The three major eras of geological time are Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic.  (True or False)

  _____ rocks are formed in layers as the result of moderate pressure on accumulated sediments.   _____ rocks are formed from older "parent" rock under intense heat and/or pressure at considerable depths beneath the earth's surface.   Volcanic rocks are _____ rocks that formed from molten rock that cooled quickly on or near the earth's surface.    _____ are homogeneous, natural occurring, inorganic solids, may be a single element (example-silver) or a compound with several elements.  There are about 2,500 different _____ which have been defined and described.   The study of rocks is _____.   The study of fossils is _____.   _____are the remaining evidence of life that once flourished   The outer layer of the earth is from 4 to 25 miles thick consisting of rock and minerals is the _____.    The largest layer of the earth is the _____ which is about 1,750 miles thick.   The _____ is a mass of molten iron that surrounds the inner core.   Electrical currents generated from the _____ produce the earth's magnetic field.   The center of the earth is in a solid form.  (True or False)

 Igneous rocks can change into sedimentary rocks by weathering and

erosion.  (True or False)

   Sedimentary and metaphoric rocks can not change into igneous rocks.  (True or False)

 _____ is the study of rocks and their origins.    You will use more than a million pounds of rocks, minerals, and metals.  (True or False)

 _____ is used as a brightener and abrasive in toothpaste.  _____ is used in steel making, filaments in light bulbs, dyes, enamels, paints and coloring of glass.   _____ was very important to early man's survival, used in arrowheads, knives and to start fires.

_____ is used in photography, jewelry, to make mirrors, dishes, flatware and used in dental, medical and scientific equipment.   _____ is a source of the "fluoride" in toothpaste and used in the production of hydrofluoric acid.    _____ is used in dentistry, medicine, jewelry and coins.  _____ is used in foods such as milk, chocolate and sweeteners, and used to make computer chips, glass and ceramics. 

_____ is used to grow our food, used in fertilizers, papermaking, film, detergents, explosives and drugs.

You eat this every time you have a sandwich, a cookie, or a piece of cake. 

Your fingernail has a hardness of _____, if you can scratch the surface of an unknown specimen with it you know it is less than _____(same answer). 

A penny has a hardness of _____. 

A steel blade on the average knife usually has a hardness of about _____. 

According to the Mohs Hardness Test where one is the softest to ten the hardest, Talc is _____. 

According to the Mohs Hardness Test where one is the softest to ten the hardest, Gypsum is _____. 

According to the Mohs Hardness Test where one is the softest to ten the hardest, Calcite is _____. 

According to the Mohs Hardness Test where one is the softest to ten the hardest, Quartz is _____. 

According to the Mohs Hardness Test where one is the softest to ten the hardest, Diamond is _____. 

More than 90% percent of asphalt pavements and 80% percent of concrete are _____. 

Aggregates are made up of _____. 

50% of the aluminum cans in the US today are products of recycling. (True or False)

A total of about 29 million tons of alumium is needed to meet worldwide demand each year and 25% of that is from recycled material. (True or False)

More than 40% of the dry ______ produced in US is used for highway deicing. 

All animals including humans need _____ to maintain good health. 

Each American uses 11 pounds of _____ each year, it can not be manufactured, and it must be mined. 

The colors in our fireworks displays on the Fourth of July and other holidays come from minerals and mineral compounds. Reds are a product of _____. 

_____ a very strong, light, ductile, and malleable was not discovered until 1808.

 The colors in our fireworks displays on the Fourth of July and other holidays come from minerals and mineral compounds. Blue are a product of _____. 

_____ is used in some of the world's finest china, stained glasses and stemware. 

The greatest single use for _____ is the production of chlorine and caustic soda used in paper making. 

What type of rock is gneiss? 

Carbon and silicon are found in more than 90% of the minerals in the crust. (True or False)

Sodium is the most common element in the earth's crust. (True or False) Troposphere is where most all the weather takes place and contains the gases essential for life.  (True or False)

Which is not a layer of the atmosphere?

What type of rock is marble? 

What type of rock is limestone?

  _____ refers to the color of the powder produced when a mineral is rubbed over the surface of a piece of unglazed, white porcelain. 

 _____ refers to the resistance of a smooth surface to scratching. It is determined by the binding force of atoms within the crystal structure. 

 What type of rock is graphite? 

 _____ has a hardness of 8, found in both metamorphic and igneous rocks, is used as an inexpensive gemstone and as an abrasive material.

What type of rock is salt? 

 _____ has hardness of 3, occurs as widespread sedimentary rock masses such as limestone, in metamorphosed limestones called marble, and fine grained depostis form chalk. 

A mineral is said to possess _____ if when it breaks it yields definite plane surfaces. Perfect example is mica.

 _____ refers to the repetitive pattern with regular geometric shape caused by the orderly internal arrangements of atoms within a mineral. 

 _____ refers to the general look of a mineral in reflected light. 

A mineral that is _____ can be hammered into a new shape with out fracturing or returing to its original shape. 

_____ refers to the relative density of a mineral. 

56% of our electricity comes from _____.  _____ is a fossil fuel, it is derived from plant material that was buried millions of years ago.   _____ is the second highest state producing coal which is 155,808,000 tons.   _____ has the largest reserves of coal.  _____ is the hardest type of coal, has the highest heating value and can be stored on the ground for long periods of time without creating environmental problems. 

_____ are the remaining evidence of life that flourished millions of years ago.   Fossils are generally found in layers of _____ rocks. 

Scientists have been able to determine the age of rock and mineral deposits by the fossils found in or near them. (True or False)  Woolly mammoths have been found frozen in Alaska and Siberia are an example of ______ fossils.   Petrified wood is an example of _____ fossils.  Footprints, tracks, and burrows are examples of _____ fossils.   Foraminifera and diatoms are examples of microfossils, which are so tiny that you need a microscope to study them.  (True or False)

Index fossils must be easily recognizable, widespread and lived only for limited time.  (True or False)

Brachiopod, graptolite, and trilobite are good examples of index fossils.  (True or False)

The trilobites were named because of their three-eyes and lived at the bottom of the the deepest part of the ocean.  (True or False)

The triops were here before the dinosaurs and their ancestors live today in the southwestern US.  (True or False)

Triops are good examples of index fossils.  (True or False)

 

UNIT 3

Plants get carbon from what chemical in the air?

How do animals like rabbits (consumers) get carbon? How do animals like foxes (predators) get carbon? Evaporation is the process that puts water into the atmosphere. What is the major source of energy that increases the rate of evaporation? 78% of air is Nitrogen gas.  True or False List and explain the four wasy animals release carbon. Describe and be able to explain the water cycle. Three ways water returns to the ocean. Photosynthesis turns inorganic chemicals into ___ compounds. Photosynthesis usually utilize only _____% of light in an ecosystem.

Energy from light (electromagnet radiation) is called _____ energy, while energy from chemical bonds (as found in sugar) is called _____ energy.

Plants that can use photosynthesis to turn inorganic substances into fixed energy are called____.

Explain the six ways energy can move from one ecosystem to another.

A food chain that includes multiple connections and interactions is called a f____ w____. 

Be able to define and give examples for the following:  primary producers     primary consumers     secondary consumers     tertiary consumers     predator 

Use this figure for the following questions:

 

  

 The primary producers are #_____ and #_____.

 The primary consumers are #_____, #_____, and #_____.

 A rabbit that eats grass could be # 5.   True or False What percentage of people in the U.S. are between 0 -14 years old? Define the following:  life expectancy     fertility rate

 The number of individuals in a group is: The number of deaths per 1000 individuals is:

 

Use this figure for the following questions: 

 How many sugar molecules are produced in one photosynthesis reaction? How many oxygen molecules are produced in one photosynthesis reaction?

 The energy in glucose (sugar) is stored in a chemical called _____ for use in all cells. Sugar is broken down to molecules of pyruvic acid in a reation called _____. When cells breathe out carbon dioxide and water, the reaction is the _____ of pyruvic acid.

 The tiny organs (organelles) inside of all cells where the breakdown of sugar takes place are called _____. Plants use energy from the _____  and store it in a process called _____. When animals breathe, they release heat. The heat was stored in chemical bonds. The energy originally came from the sun.   True or False What % of the Earth's surface is land?_____ occurs when some part of the environment is changed in a way that makes it unfit for humans, plants or animals use._____ is formed when sulfur dioxide combines with droplets of water in the rain, caused mainly by coal and fuel oil being burned.

Know examples of natural air pollutants Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified more than 30,000 places in the US where toxic wastes have been dumped. Topsoil is renewed at a rate of a few inches every year.(True or False) Only _____% of the energy we use today comes from renewable resources. The United States only recycles around _____% of our resources.The United States has only 6% of the world population and uses _____ % of the nonrenewable resources.