c-more 3: hot days along the west antarctic peninsula

8/6/2019 C-MORE 3: Hot Days Along the West Antarctic Peninsula

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Current team

PI Hugh Ducklow (MBL)Bacteria-Biogeochemistry

Oscar Schofield (Rutgers) - Phytoplankton

Doug Martinson (LDEO) - Ocean PhysicsDebbie Steinberg (VIMS) - Zooplankton

Bill Fraser (Polar Associates)- Penguins & Fish

Scott Doney (WHOI)- Ocean Modeling

Sharon Stammerjohn (UCSC)

- Climate and Ice

Karen Baker (Scripps)- Data management

& Informatics

Beth Simmons (Scripps)- Education &

Outreach

Our Current g

Acknowledgements to past LTE

Barbara Prezelin, Robin Ross, Langdon QueVernet, Eileen Hoffman, John Klinc

The Boss!

Thursday, June 30, 2011


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The man!



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The man!



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Winter 2007 Summer 2007

The central hypothesis when the LTER began was that sea ice timing and magnitude structurand composition of the Antarctic ecosystem. The ice dynamics are driven by large-scale int

atmosphere and ocean.



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.



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Temperature Trends (degrees C per year)

-0.2 0.2Thursday, June 30, 2011


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Perennial

Ice

Feb 1979 Feb 1999

0 10050

Sea Ice Concentration (%)



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10 year analysis annual trends

ice decline



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The WAP peninsula is experiencing the largest winter warming

Black is British Faraday & Ukraine Vernadsky StationRed is US Palmer Station

Mean Winter TemperaturesSea ice duratio

Air temperatureincreases over the

peninsula



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Larson-B ice shelf after its collapseThanks to BAS & A. Clarke




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Day 1

Day 10In 2008 the WilkensIce Sheet followedthe Larson Ice Shelf

and began tocollapse


M l l f f K G VI S d


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Melt pools on surface of King George VI Sound(from a BAS twin otter, January 2004)



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Year

1980

2000

May1

Feb1

5%Icecover

Seasonal ice hasdeclined over the

few decadesresulting to a

climate migration

to the South

Sea ice dataSea ice data

courtesy of E.courtesy of E.

ChapmanChapman



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Year

1980

2000

May1

Feb1

5%Icecover

Seasonal ice hasdeclined over the

few decadesresulting to a

climate migration

to the South

Sea ice dataSea ice data

courtesy of E.courtesy of E.

ChapmanChapman

Key Implications:

Regional shifts in the sea

ice has major ecological

implicationsThursday, June 30, 2011


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1990



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Palmer Station in the present

photo by Bill Fraser



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Plants at Palmer Stathe greening of Anta



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Heat input from Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC - worlds largest ocea~30,000 Niagara Falls). The heat is driven onto the shelf by intensification of

favorable winds.



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favorable winds.



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favorable winds.

The WAP is theonly location in theAntarctic where theACC is adjacent tothe shelf break. TheACC is Antarcticas

warmest water



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Tmax!

UCDW!

WW!

AntarcticPeninsula

Distance Offshore (km)!

Depth(m)

thankThursday, June 30, 2011


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thankThursday, June 30, 2011


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Upwelling favorable winds result in Ekman mass transport



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2.0

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

Identified from Q characteristics

and Tmax values ( ~6.66 day)

5.2

5.0

4.8

4.6

4.4

4.2

4.0

Eddies, based on Tmax and Q transients (300.100)7

T

(C)

Q

(x109J

m-2)

!

Month/day (2008)!thank



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Heating on the WAP is driven by circulation and intrusion of the of the ACC continental shelf.

Meredith and King 2005 Martinson et al. 2008

Summer sea surface temperatureincreasing +0.4 C/year

Evidence of solar ocean warming

Ocean heat content increasing on tcontinental shelf of the WAP

Evidence of increased upwelling oCircumpolar Deep Waters



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Interannual variability is complex due to interacting influenceSouthern Annular Mode and El Nino/La Nina



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50

0

25

Chlorophyll(g/L

)

1991 Year

Palmer time series: Phytoplankton show large interavariability


Wh l h l k bl i hi i


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0 10 20 30 40 50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

mixed layer dep

Inte

gratedchlorophy

lla

abo

vethemixedlayer

2

0

DEC JAN FEB

CHL a

NO3

PO4

25

0

3

0

mg m-3

mol l-1

mol l-1

UML

What regulates phytoplankton blooms in this regio



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Huang & BenderThursday, June 30, 2011


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The decadal changes have resulted changes in the phytoplankto

Montes Hugo et al. Science 2009

The change in chlorophyll since the 1970s

The changes driven by a decice, wind and sun



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15 yeaseries o

carmeasuralso su

North grad

Vernet et al. DSR 2008



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When chlorophyll is high, phytoplankton cells are big and ardiatoms

MThursday, June 30, 2011


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Change in biomass impact on biogeochemistry



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Proportion of total chlorophyll a

associated with cryptophytes

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1Proportio

noftotalchlorophyll

aassoc

iatedwithdiato

ms

32

33

34

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0

Temperature

Salinity

DiatomPrymnesiophytes

Who will dominate the warmer WAP?

MThursday, June 30, 2011

Salinity (p.p.t)


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% Cryptophytes

0 25 50

33.3 33.6 33.8

64W

Palmer Station

Antarctic

Peninsula

65S

65S



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Cryptomonas cryophila

Thalassiosira antarctica

Corethron criophilum

Palmer Cryptophytes --> 8 2m

10m

100m

SEM Micrographs fromMcMinn and Hodgson 1993


A general feature in the warming WAP


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Temperature (C) Salinity (ppt) Density ()

A general feature in the warming WAP

V illafae et al., 1995;

Kang, S-H et al., 1997;

Kang, J-S et al., 1997

Location Reference

South Shetland Islands

Lancelot et al., 1991;

Nothig et al., 1991Trguer et al., 1991;

Buma, 1992;

Mura et al., 1995;

Kang and Lee, 1995;

Aristegui et al. , 1996

Weddell-Scotia-

BellingshausenConfluence Areas

McMinn and Hodgson, 1993Ellis Fjord

Kang and Lee, 1995;

Kang et al., 1995

Bransfield Strait

Krebs, 1983Anvers IslandWhitaker, 1982Signy Island

Historical Data


CO take aries ith h t lankt n c mm nit


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CO2 uptake varies with phytoplankton communit

MontThursday, June 30, 2011


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Zooplankton are dominated by krill or salps

Krill greatest biomass o



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020406080

100

McClatchie and Boyd 19

020406080

100 Boyd et al. 1984

01020304050

Quetin and Ross 1985

%R

etentionbyK

rill

5-10

Phytoplankton Size (m)

>15

5-10 >15

5-10 >15


FromLoeb et al., 1997


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0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96

Krill:Salp

Year

IceIndex

6

4

2

R2 = 0.56

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Krill:Salp

Ice Index6

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Krill:Salp

Mean Air Temperature (C)024

,

R2 = 0.63



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I th i t hi h t hi l l ?


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Is there an impact on higher trophic levels?



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One focus idea of the LTER is testing, is that system is undergoing climate m


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have structured sampling around the major Adelie penguin breeding areapeninsula.

To be expanded by NASAgrant awarded in Dec.

Summerforaging

areas for Adeliepenguins

Winterforaging

areas for Adeliepenguins



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Anvers Island



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Anvers Island


Changing diets for the


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g gAdelie penguins




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98%

1%

1%

Krill

Fish

Other

1994-

present

g gAdelie penguins




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98%

1%

1%

Krill

Fish

Other

1994-

present

54%

45%

1%

1995-

present

g gAdelie penguins



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-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1983

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

YEAR

NORMALIZEDOTOLITHABUNDANCEINDIET

SAMPLES

ANTARCTIC SILVERFISH

LANTERFISH

Silverfish

Lanternfish



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If that was not enough, warmer temps leads to more mois


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If that was not enough, warmer temps leads to more moismore snow. Breeding failure...........



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BREEDING POPULATION CHANGE (%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

ADELIE(%C

HANGE)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

GENT

OO&CHINSTRAP(%

CHANGE)

Adelie

Gentoo

Chinstrap



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Results suggests the pelagic niche for the Adelie is



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YEAR

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Adelie penguinsWeddell seals

Chinstrap penguinsGentoo penguins

Fur sealsElephant seals



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70 West 69 West


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Old Day Communication

HAM Operator Coms Palmer Station 1988

68 South

AdelaideIsland

OceanStationObama

W

RV Gould

Rutgers

COOLroom

RotheraBaseReal time

comms

Brave NewDay


Enhanced productivity is associated with the warm upwelle


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Enhanced productivity is associated with the warm upwelle



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OOI planning & prosecutionb i f


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OSSE

Management

ASPEN

Casper

Glider

Operations

AUV

Operations

plans

plansControl

& Data

Control

& Data

Control &

Data

exchange

Iridium

phone bank

Glider AUV

Casper

MOOS-IvP

Platform Controller

Casper

MOOS-IvP

Platform Controller

Plans, controls, and Data

ROMS data

satellites

CODAR

Non-MOOS

gliders

data

OSSE

Management

ASPEN

Casper

Glider

Operations

AUV

Operations

plans

plansControl

& Data

Control

& Data

Control &

Data

exchange

Iridium

phone bank

Glider AUV

Casper

MOOS-IvP

Platform Controller

Casper

MOOS-IvP

Platform Controller


ROMS data

satellites

CODAR

Non-MOOS

gliders

data

cyberinfrastructure


OOI planning & prosecutionb i f


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OSSE

Management

ASPEN

Casper

Glider

Operations

AUV

Operations

plans

plansControl

& Data

Control

& Data

Control &

Data

exchange

Iridium

phone bank

Glider AUV

Casper

MOOS-IvP

Platform Controller

Casper

MOOS-IvP

Platform Controller


ROMS data

satellites

CODAR

Non-MOOS

gliders

data

OSSE

Management

ASPEN

Casper

Glider

Operations

AUV

Operations

plans

plansControl

& Data

Control

& Data

Control &

Data

exchange

Iridium

phone bank

Glider AUV

Casper

MOOS-IvP

Platform Controller

Casper

MOOS-IvP

Platform Controller


ROMS data

satellites

CODAR

Non-MOOS

gliders

data

cyberinfrastructure

penguinsMET

CTD data


OOI planning & prosecutionb i f t t


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OSSE

Management

ASPEN

Casper

Glider

Operations

AUV

Operations

plans

plansControl

& Data

Control

& Data

Control &

Data

exchange

Iridium

phone bank

Glider AUV

Casper

MOOS-IvP

Platform Controller

Casper

MOOS-IvP

Platform Controller


ROMS data

satellites

CODAR

Non-MOOS

gliders

data

OSSE

Management

ASPEN

Casper

Glider

Operations

AUV

Operations

plans

plansControl

& Data

Control

& Data

Control &

Data

exchange

Iridium

phone bank

Glider AUV

Casper

MOOS-IvP

Platform Controller

Casper

MOOS-IvP

Platform Controller


ROMS data

satellites

CODAR

Non-MOOS

gliders

data

cyberinfrastructure

penguinsMET

CTD data



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RU-COOL Glider Fleet: Antarctic Deployments: 2007 2


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- Number of Deployments: 22

- In-water days: 251Di t fl 5 009 k

p y

c-more 3: hot days along the west antarctic peninsula

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