c. lee - asthma presentation 10 · peak expiratory flow rate (peak flow) useful indicator of...

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10/6/2014 1 Tommy’s Story: An Overview of Asthma Mangement Clifton C. Lee, MD, FAAP, FHM Associate Professor of Pediatrics Chief, Pediatric Hospital Medicine Children’s Hospital of Richmond at VCU Disclosure Obviously, I have no financial disclosures However, I can tell you….. Objectives for this talk…. Overview of asthma management Monitoring of symptoms and lung function Patient education Controlling triggers factors and comorbid conditions Pharmacologic therapy Emergency department management Discuss various pharmacologic agents used in acute management

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Page 1: C. Lee - Asthma Presentation 10 · Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow) Useful indicator of airflow obstruction Repeated measurements are useful May not be accurate for first time

10/6/2014

1

Tommy’s Story: An Overview of Asthma Mangement

Clifton C. Lee, MD, FAAP, FHM

Associate Professor of Pediatrics

Chief, Pediatric Hospital Medicine

Children’s Hospital of Richmond at VCU

Disclosure

Obviously, I have no financial disclosures

However, I can tell you…..

Objectives for this talk….

Overview of asthma management

Monitoring of symptoms and lung function

Patient education

Controlling triggers factors and comorbid conditions

Pharmacologic therapy

Emergency department management

Discuss various pharmacologic agents used in acute management

Page 2: C. Lee - Asthma Presentation 10 · Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow) Useful indicator of airflow obstruction Repeated measurements are useful May not be accurate for first time

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This is Tommy!

This is also Tommy….

Goals of Asthma Treatment

Reduce impairment

Reduce risk

Page 3: C. Lee - Asthma Presentation 10 · Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow) Useful indicator of airflow obstruction Repeated measurements are useful May not be accurate for first time

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Reduce Impairment

Freedom from frequent asthma symptoms

Minimal need (≤2 days per week) of inhaled SABAs

Few nighttime awakenings (≤2 nights per month) 

Optimization of lung function

Maintenance of normal daily activities

Asthma care satisfaction 

Reduce Risk

Prevent recurrent exacerbations and need for ED or inpatient care

Prevent reduce lung growth in child and loss of lung function in adults

Optimization of pharmacotherapy with minimal or no adverse effects

Monitoring Patients with Asthma

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Symptom Assessment

Assessment of impairment

Has your asthma awakened you at night or in the early morning?

How often have you been needing to use your relief medication to relieve symptoms of cough, shortness of breath, or chest tightness?

Have you needed any unscheduled care for your asthma?

Have you been able to participate in school/work and recreational activities?

If you are measuring your peak flow, has it been lower than your personal best?

Have you had any side effects from your asthma medications?

Symptom Assessment

Assessment of risk

Have you taken oral steroids for your asthma in the past year?

Have you been hospitalized for your asthma?  If yes, how many times have you been hospitalized in the past year?

Have you been admitted to the intensive care unit or been intubated because of your asthma?

Do you currently smoke cigarettes or exposed to tobacco smoke?

Monitoring Pulmonary Function

Page 5: C. Lee - Asthma Presentation 10 · Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow) Useful indicator of airflow obstruction Repeated measurements are useful May not be accurate for first time

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Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow)

Useful indicator of airflow obstruction

Repeated measurements are useful

May not be accurate for first time users

Home monitoring is helpful with patients with moderate to severe asthma

Periodic checks on the use of the peak flow meter

Normal range: 80‐100% of “personal best” value

Patient Education

Patient Education

Enable patients/parents to become active partners

Effectiveness of direct one‐on‐one education

Decreases hospitalizations 

Improves daily function

Improves patient/parent satisfaction

Page 6: C. Lee - Asthma Presentation 10 · Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow) Useful indicator of airflow obstruction Repeated measurements are useful May not be accurate for first time

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Pharmacologic Treatment

Categories of Asthma Severity

Intermittent

Mild persistent

Moderate persistent

Severe persistent

Page 7: C. Lee - Asthma Presentation 10 · Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow) Useful indicator of airflow obstruction Repeated measurements are useful May not be accurate for first time

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Intermittent Mild persistent Moderate persistent

Severe persistent

Symptoms ≤2 days/week >2 days/week but not daily

Daily Throughout the day

Nighttime awakenings

≤2 times/month

3‐4 times/month >1 time/week but not nightly

Often 7 times/week

SABA use for symptomcontrol

≤2 days/week >2 days/week but not daily

Daily Several times per day

Interferencewith normal activity

None Minor limitation Some limitation Extremely limited

Lung function

• FEV₁ >80% predicted

• FEV₁/FVC >85%

• FEV₁ up to 80% predicted

• FEV₁/FVC >80%

• FEV₁ 60‐79% predicted

• FEV₁/FVC 75‐80%

• FEV₁ <60% predicted

• FEV₁/FVC <75%

How about Tommy?

Wheezes 3 days/week

Awakens with coughing 4 times/month

Uses albuterol MDI 3 times/week

Very little limitation with football practice

Intermittent Mild persistent Moderate persistent

Severe persistent

Symptoms ≤2 days/week >2 days/week but not daily

Daily Throughout the day

Nighttime awakenings

≤2 times/month

3‐4 times/month >1 time/week but not nightly

Often 7 times/week

SABA use for symptomcontrol

≤2 days/week >2 days/week but not daily

Daily Several times per day

Interferencewith normal activity

None Minor limitation Some limitation Extremely limited

Lung function

• FEV₁ >80% predicted

• FEV₁/FVC >85%

• FEV₁ up to 80% predicted

• FEV₁/FVC >80%

• FEV₁ 60‐79% predicted

• FEV₁/FVC 75‐80%

• FEV₁ <60% predicted

• FEV₁/FVC <75%

Page 8: C. Lee - Asthma Presentation 10 · Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow) Useful indicator of airflow obstruction Repeated measurements are useful May not be accurate for first time

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Back to Tommy….

His only medication is albuterol MDI PRN (usually before practice and games)

Recently his asthma symptoms have been more noticeable

Only been hospitalized once (not PICU or intubations)

Last ED visit was 6 months ago and received steroids but none since

Should his medication regimen change?

Should Tommy see a Specialist?

When to refer

Experienced life‐threatening asthma exacerbation

Required hospitalization or more than 2 bursts of oral steroids/year

Child >5 years requires step 4 care or higher

Child <5 requires step 3 care of higher

Asthma not controlled after 3‐6 months of active therapy

Unresponsive to therapy

Uncertain diagnosis of asthma

Management complication (nasal polyps, chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis)

Additional diagnostic tests are needed (skin testing, bronchoscopy, PFTs)

Candidate for allergen immunotherapy (allergy shots)

Page 9: C. Lee - Asthma Presentation 10 · Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow) Useful indicator of airflow obstruction Repeated measurements are useful May not be accurate for first time

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Tommy is going to the ED!!

Case Presentation

6 year old male with history of mild intermittent asthma

24 hour history of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness

Symptoms began after football game

Albuterol inhaler 2‐4 puffs every 2 hours without relief

Started on Flovent MDI 2 weeks ago and compliant 

Page 10: C. Lee - Asthma Presentation 10 · Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow) Useful indicator of airflow obstruction Repeated measurements are useful May not be accurate for first time

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What do you do???

Initial Assessment

Rapid cardio‐pulmonary assessment

Avoid delays in treatment

NEVER delay oxygen supplementation for any child in distress

Detailed history and complete examination AFTER initial stablization

Assessment: History

Characteristics of child’s symptoms

Onset, duration, severity of symptoms

Verify potential risk factors

Medication use

Family history

Social history

Page 11: C. Lee - Asthma Presentation 10 · Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow) Useful indicator of airflow obstruction Repeated measurements are useful May not be accurate for first time

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Assessment: Examination

General appearance

Vital signs

Respiratory rate: best indicator

Pulses paradoxus: >20 mm Hg

Accessory muscle use

Mental status

I:E ratio

Assessment: Ancillary Data

Pulse oximetry: “The fifth vital sign”

Non‐invasive

Poor sensitivity/specificity in predicting outcome

Peak expiratory flow monitoring

Effort depedent

<60% of predicted indicates severe obstruction

ABG, CXR

Management

Correct hypoxemia

Reverse airway obstruction

Treat the inflammatory response

Provide OXYGEN

Improves tissue oxygenation

Reduces pulmonary vasocontriction

Facilitates bronchodilation

Page 12: C. Lee - Asthma Presentation 10 · Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow) Useful indicator of airflow obstruction Repeated measurements are useful May not be accurate for first time

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Treatment Options

Β‐adrenergic agonist

Anticholinergics

Corticosteroids

Magnesium

Methylxanthines

Leukotriene modifiers

Heliox

Mechanical ventilation

SABA (Short Acting Beta Agonist)

Mainstay of emergent treatment

Albuterol most widely used

Nebulizer vs. inhaler

Continuous delivery (CAT)

MDI vs. Nebulizer

MDI: acceptable alternative

Advantages: decreased cost, reduced administration time in ED, portability

Can be used in infants (need a mask on the end of the spacer)

Page 13: C. Lee - Asthma Presentation 10 · Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow) Useful indicator of airflow obstruction Repeated measurements are useful May not be accurate for first time

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MDI vs. Nebulizer

MDI with spacer vs. nebulizer

Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled

60 children (1‐4 years)

No significant differences in clinical score, RR, O₂ saturation

MDI group: greater reduction in wheezing, fewer admissions, lower mean cost

Mandelberg A et al. Is Nebulized Aerosol Treatment Necessary in the Pediatric Emergency Department? Comparison with a Metal Spacer Device for Metered‐Dose Inhaler. Chest 2000;117:1309‐1313.

Continuous Delivery

Similar outcomes and side effect profiles with continuous vs. intermittent nebulized delivery

Less labor intensive

Ensures the goal of 3 treatments within the first hours of care

Young children may not tolerate wearing a facemask for long periods of time

Product Dose

Albuterol via nebulizer

0.15 mg/kg/dose (minimum 2.5mg, maximum 5mg/dose) every 20‐30 minutes for 3 doses, then 0.15‐0.3 mg/kg (maximum 10 mg) every 30 minutes to 4 hours as needed

Continuous albuterol therapy

0.5 mg/kg/hr (maximum 20mg/hr) by large volume nebulizer.  Dose may also be determined based upon body weight:5‐10 kg: 7.5 mg/hr10‐20kg: 11.25 mg/hr>20 kg: 15 mg/hr

Albuterol MDI with spacer

4‐8 puffs every 20‐30 minutes for 3 doses, then every 1‐4 hours as needed (minimum 2 puffs/dose, maximum 8 puffs/dose)

Page 14: C. Lee - Asthma Presentation 10 · Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow) Useful indicator of airflow obstruction Repeated measurements are useful May not be accurate for first time

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Systemic β‐adrenergic Agonist

Indications

Severe respiratory distress

Fail to respond to standard therapy

Epinephrine

Terbutaline

Epinephrine

0.01 mg/kg IM or SC (1:1000 concentration)

Maximum 0.4 mg/dose or 0.4 ml

Can repeat every 10‐20 minutes for 3 doses

Arrhythmias, tachycardia, hypertension, headaches, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, nausea, vomiting

Terbutaline

0.01 mg/kg SC or IM

Maximum 0.25 mg/dose

Can repeat every 20 minutes for 3 doses

IV loading dose: 10 mcg/kg

Infusion rate: 0.4 mcg/kg/min titrated up to 3‐6 mcg/kg/min

Paradoxical bronchoconstriction

Page 15: C. Lee - Asthma Presentation 10 · Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow) Useful indicator of airflow obstruction Repeated measurements are useful May not be accurate for first time

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Anticholinergics

Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent™)

Inhibits bronchoconstriction

Decreases mucus production

Not systemically absorbed

Minimal side effects

Administer in conjunction with β₂‐agonist

Dose: <20 kg = 250 mcg/dose; ≥20 kg = 500 mcg/dose

Combine with albuterol

Anticholinergics

Ipratropium bromide vs. saline

Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled

434 children (2‐18 years)

Lower admission rate for severe asthma

Qureshi F et al. Effect of Nebulized Ipratropium on the Hospitalization Rates of Children with Asthma. N Eng J Med 1998;339:1030‐1035

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Corticosteroids

Diminish airway inflammation

Potentiate effectiveness of β₂‐agonist

Moderate to severe exacerbation

Minimal improvement after single β₂‐agonist treatment

Prednisone or prednisolone PO

Methylprednisolone (Solumedrol™) IV

Dexamethasone (Decadron™) PO, IV, or IM

Corticosteroids

IV vs. PO steroids

Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled

49 children (18 months‐18 years)

2 mg/kg methylprednisolone PO or IV

Similar hospital admission rates, RR, O₂ saturation, PEFR, asthma score

Barnett PL et al. Intravenous Versus Oral Corticosteroids in the Management of Acute Asthma in Children. Ann Emerg Med 1997;29:212‐217.

Corticosteroids

IM dexamethasone vs. PO prednisone

Prospective, randomized, investigator blinded trial

32 children (6 months‐7 years)

1.7 mg/kg IM dexamethasone or 2 mg/kg/d x 5 days of PO prednisone

No significant differences in clinical asthma score or rate of improvement

Gries DM et al. A Single Dose of Intramuscularly Administered Dexamethasone Acetate is as Effective as Oral Prednisone to Treat Asthma Exacerbation in Young Children. J Pediatr 2000;136:298‐303.

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Product Dose

Prednisone or prednisolone

1‐2 mg/kg (maximum 60 mg/day) PO for first dose then 0.5‐1 mg/kg twice daily for subsequent doses for 3‐10 day course

Methylprednisolone 1‐2 mg/kg (maximum 125 mg/day) IV

Dexamethasone 0.6 mg/kg (maximum 16 mg/day) PO, IM, or IV

Magnesium Sulfate

Relaxes smooth muscle by blocking calcium induces muscle contraction

Inhibits release of acetylcholine

May diminish histamine induced bronchospasm

Hypotension, respiratory depression, hypermagnesemia, flushing, nausea, vomiting

25‐75 mg/kg/dose IV over 20 minutes (maximum single dose = 2 grams)

Magnesium Sulfate

Magnesium vs. placebo

Randomized, double‐blind, placebo controlled

30 children (6‐17 years)

40 mg/kg IV (maximum dose of 2 grams)

Significant improvement in PEFR, FEV₁, FVC

More likely to be discharged in magnesium group

Ciarallo, L et al. Higher‐Dose Intravenous Magnesium Therapy for Children with Moderate to Severe Acute Asthma. Arch Ped Adol Med 2000;154:979‐983.

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Theophylline

Weak bronchodilator

Little or no additional benefit

Difficult to titrate

Not recommended for routine use in ED

Leukotriene Modifiers

Montelukast (Singulair™)

Potent inflammatory mediator

Outpatient therapy

No role in acute asthma management

Heliox

Mixture of helium and oxygen (60:40)

Low density gas mixture

Decrease airway resistance, obstruction

Improve work of breathing

Limited use in hypoxic patients

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Heliox

Heliox (80:20) vs. room air

Randomized, double‐blind, controlled trial

18 children (16 months‐16 years)

Heliox at 10L/min by NRB face mask

Significant improvement in pulsus paradoxus, WOB, PEFR

Kudukis TM et al. Inhaled Helium‐Oxygen Revisited: Effect of Inhaled Helium‐Oxygen during the Treatment of Status Asthmaticus in Children. J Pediatr 1997;130:217‐224.

Mechanical Ventilation

1% asthma patients

Indications

Failure of maximal medical therapy

Depressed mental status

Severe hypoxia

Worsening hypercarbia

Respiratory or cardiac arrest

Rapid sequence intubation

Ketamine: also causes bronchodilatioin

Avoid high peak inspiratory pressure

No PEEP (minimize barotrauma)

What happened to Tommy?

Received 3 Duoneb treatments

2 mg/kg dose of Prelone

No oxygen requirement

Able to be observed for 4 hours post treatments

Sent home on 5 days of steroids

Follow up with pediatrician next day

Continue his Flovent MDI

Page 20: C. Lee - Asthma Presentation 10 · Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (Peak Flow) Useful indicator of airflow obstruction Repeated measurements are useful May not be accurate for first time

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So Rapping up…

Goals of asthma treatment include reducing impairment and risk

Asthma education has many benefits including allowing patient/parents to become active partners in care

First determine asthma severity to determine the optimal medication regimen

If needed, supplemental oxygen is good for you

Frequent reassessment is key in acute management in ED

Thank You for Your Attention!