c language - part 1

7/31/2019 C Language - Part 1

1/16

www&`yh{jhy{kjockh&kol


K/K%% Ryogyallcfg cf~hypchw qxh{~cof{ afnaf{why{

Wja~ c{ hfkar{xda~cof??

Kof~acfcfg afn jcncfg cfòyla~cof aiox~ af oimhk~$ {xkj a{ cf~hyfad na~a

{~yxk~xyh{ afn konh& Hfkar{xda~cof c{oda~h{ ~jh cf~hyfad kolrdhzc~s o` af

oimhk~'{ orhya~cof `yol ~jh yh{~ o` ~jh arrdcka~cof& @oy hzalrdh$ a kdchf~

kolrofhf~ a{ecfg òy fh~ yhphfxh `yol a ix{cfh{{ oimhk~ fhhn fo~ efow ~jh

na~a'{ oycgcf&

Wja~ c{ cfjhyc~afkh?

Cfjhyc~afkh addow{ ofh kda{{ ~o yhx{h ~jh {~a~h afn ihjapcoy o` afo~jhy kda{{&

^jh nhycphn kda{{ cfjhyc~{ ~jh ryorhy~ch{ afn lh~jon clrdhlhf~a~cof{ o` ~jhia{h kda{{ afn hz~hfn{ c~ is ophyycncfg lh~jon{ afn anncfg annc~cofad

ryorhy~ch{ afn lh~jon{&

Wja~ c{ Rodsloyrjc{l??

Rodsloyrjc{l addow{ a kdchf~ ~o ~yha~ nc``hyhf~ oimhk~{ cf ~jh {alh was hphf c`

~jhs whyh kyha~hn `yol nc``hyhf~ kda{{h{ afn hzjcic~ nc``hyhf~ ihjapcoy{&

Sox kaf x{h clrdhlhf~a~cof cfjhyc~afkh ~o akjchph rodsloyrjc{l cf dafgxagh{

{xkj a{ K%% afn Mapa&

Ia{h kda{{ oimhk~'{ rocf~hy kaf cfpoeh lh~jon{ cf nhycphn kda{{ oimhk~{&

Sox kaf ad{o akjchph rodsloyrjc{l cf K%% is `xfk~cof ophydoancfg afn

orhya~oy ophydoancfg&

Wja~ c{ kof{~yxk~oy oy k~oy?

Kof{~yxk~oy kyha~h{ af oimhk~ afn cfc~cadc}h{ c~& C~ ad{o kyha~h{ p~aidh òy pcy~xad

`xfk~cof{& C~ c{ nc``hyhf~ `yol o~jhy lh~jon{ cf a kda{{&

Wja~ c{ nh{~yxk~oy?

Nh{~yxk~oy x{xadds nhdh~h{ afs hz~ya yh{oxykh{ addoka~hn is ~jh oimhk~&


2/16



Wja~ c{ nhàxd~ kof{~yxk~oy?

Kof{~yxk~oy wc~j fo aygxlhf~{ oy add ~jh aygxlhf~{ ja{ nhàxd~ padxh{&

Wja~ c{ kors kof{~yxk~oy?

Kof{~yxk~oy wjckj cfc~cadc}h{ ~jh c~'{ oimhk~ lhlihy paycaidh{ * is {jaddow

korscfg# wc~j afo~jhy oimhk~ o` ~jh {alh kda{{& C` sox nof'~ clrdhlhf~ ofh cf

soxy kda{{ ~jhf kolrcdhy clrdhlhf~{ ofh òy sox&

òy hzalrdh=

Ioo Oim1*12#5 // kaddcfg Ioo kof{~yxk~oy

Ioo Oim9*Oim1#5 // kaddcfg ioo kors kof{~yxk~oy

Ioo Oim9 < Oim15// kaddcfg ioo kors kof{~yxk~oy

Wjhf ayh kors kof{~yxk~oy{ kaddhn?

Kors kof{~yxk~oy{ ayh kaddhn cf òddowcfg ka{h{=

a# wjhf a `xfk~cof yh~xyf{ af oimhk~ o` ~ja~ kda{{ is padxh

i# wjhf ~jh oimhk~ o` ~ja~ kda{{ c{ ra{{hn is padxh a{ af aygxlhf~ ~o a `xfk~cof

k# wjhf sox kof{~yxk~ af oimhk~ ia{hn of afo~jhy oimhk~ o` ~jh {alh kda{{

n# Wjhf kolrcdhy ghfhya~h{ a ~hlroyays oimhk~

Wja~ c{ a{{cgflhf~ orhya~oy?

Nhàxd~ a{{cgflhf~ orhya~oy jafndh{ a{{cgfcfg ofh oimhk~ ~o afo~jhy o` ~jh

{alh kda{{& Lhlihy ~o lhlihy kors *{jaddow kors#

Wja~ ayh add ~jh clrdckc~ lhlihy `xfk~cof{ o` ~jh kda{{? Oy wja~ ayh add ~jh

`xfk~cof{ wjckj kolrcdhy clrdhlhf~{ òy x{ c` wh nof'~ nh`cfh ofh&??

nhàxd~ k~oy

kors k~oy

a{{cgflhf~ orhya~oy

nhàxd~ nh{~yxk~oy

annyh{{ orhya~oy


3/16



Wja~ c{ kofphy{cof kof{~yxk~oy?

kof{~yxk~oy wc~j a {cfgdh aygxlhf~ laeh{ ~ja~ kof{~yxk~oy a{ kofphy{cof k~oy

afn c~ kaf ih x{hn òy ~srh kofphy{cof&

òy hzalrdh=

kda{{ Ioo

u

rxidck=

Ioo* cf~ c #5

|5

Ioo IooOimhk~ < 12 5 // a{{cgfcfg cf~ 12 Ioo oimhk~

Wja~ c{ kofphy{cof orhya~oy??

kda{{ kaf japh a rxidck lh~jon òy {rhkc`ck na~a ~srh kofphy{cof{&

òy hzalrdh=

kda{{ Ioo

u

noxidh padxh5

rxidck=

Ioo*cf~ c #

orhya~oy noxidh*#u

yh~xyf padxh5

|

|5

Ioo IooOimhk~5

noxidh c < IooOimhk~5 // a{{cgfcfg oimhk~ ~o paycaidh c o` ~srh noxidh& fowkofphy{cof orhya~oy gh~{ kaddhn ~o a{{cgf ~jh padxh&

Wja~ c{ nc`` ih~whhf laddok*#/`yhh*# afn fhw/nhdh~h?

laddok addoka~h{ lhloys òy oimhk~ cf jhar ix~ noh{f'~ cfpoeh oimhk~'{

kof{~yxk~oy ~o cfc~caddc}h ~jh oimhk~&

fhw addoka~h{ lhloys afn ad{o cfpoeh{ kof{~yxk~oy ~o cfc~cadc}h ~jh oimhk~&


4/16



laddok*# afn `yhh*# no fo~ {xrroy~ oimhk~ {hlaf~ck{

Noh{ fo~ kof{~yxk~ afn nh{~yxk~ oimhk~{

{~ycfg - r~y < *{~ycfg -#*laddok *{c}ho`*{~ycfg###

Ayh fo~ {a`h

Noh{ fo~ kadkxda~h ~jh {c}h o` ~jh oimhk~{ ~ja~ c~ kof{~yxk~

Yh~xyf{ a rocf~hy ~o pocn

cf~ -r < *cf~ -# *laddok*{c}ho`*cf~###5cf~ -r < fhw cf~5

Ayh fo~ hz~hf{cidh

fhw afn nhdh~h kaf ih ophydoanhn cf a kda{{

)nhdh~h) `cy{~ kadd{ ~jh oimhk~'{ ~hylcfa~cof yox~cfh *c&h& c~{ nh{~yxk~oy# afn ~jhf

yhdha{h{ ~jh {rakh ~jh oimhk~ okkxrchn of ~jh jhar lhloys& C` af ayyas o`

oimhk~{ wa{ kyha~hn x{cfg fhw$ ~jhf nhdh~h lx{~ ih ~odn ~ja~ c~ c{ nhadcfg wc~j

af ayyas is ryhkhncfg ~jh falh wc~j af hlr~s U\=,

Cf~_~ -ls_cf~{ < fhw Cf~_~U12\5

&&&

nhdh~h U\ls_cf~{5

wja~ c{ ~jh nc`` ih~whhf )fhw) afn )orhya~oy fhw) ?

)orhya~oy fhw) woye{ dceh laddok&

Wja~ c{ nc``hyhfkh ih~whhf ~hlrda~h afn lakyo??

^jhyh c{ fo was òy ~jh kolrcdhy ~o phyc`s ~ja~ ~jh lakyo rayalh~hy{ ayh o`

kolra~cidh ~srh{& ^jh lakyo c{ hzrafnhn wc~jox~ afs {rhkcad ~srh kjhkecfg&

C` lakyo rayalh~hy ja{ a ro{~cfkyhlhf~hn paycaidh * dceh k%% #$ ~jh cfkyhlhf~ c{

rhyòylhn ~wo ~clh{&

Ihkax{h lakyo{ ayh hzrafnhn is ~jh ryhryokh{{oy$ kolrcdhy hyyoy lh{{agh{

wcdd yh`hy ~o ~jh hzrafnhn lakyo$ ya~jhy ~jaf ~jh lakyo nh`cfc~cof c~{hd`& Ad{o$

~jh lakyo wcdd {jow xr cf hzrafnhn òyl nxycfg nhixggcfg&

òy hzalrdh=

Lakyo=

+nh`cfh lcf*c$ m# *c 4 m ? c = m#


5/16



~hlrda~h=

~hlrda~h4kda{{ ^6

^ lcf *^ c$ ^ m#

u

yh~xyf c 4 m ? c = m5

|

Wja~ ayh K%% {~oyagh kda{{h{?

ax~o

yhgc{~hy

{~a~ck

hz~hyf

ax~o= ~jh nhàxd~& Paycaidh{ ayh ax~ola~ckadds kyha~hn afn cfc~cadc}hn wjhf ~jhsayh nh`cfhn afn ayh nh{~yoshn a~ ~jh hfn o` ~jh idoke kof~acfcfg ~jhcy nh`cfc~cof&

^jhs ayh fo~ pc{cidh ox~{cnh ~ja~ idoke

yhgc{~hy= a ~srh o` ax~o paycaidh& a {xggh{~cof ~o ~jh kolrcdhy ~o x{h a KRX

yhgc{~hy òy rhyòylafkh

{~a~ck= a paycaidh ~ja~ c{ efowf ofds cf ~jh `xfk~cof ~ja~ kof~acf{ c~{ nh`cfc~cof

ix~ c{ fhphy nh{~yoshn afn yh~acf{ c~{ padxh ih~whhf kadd{ ~o ~ja~ `xfk~cof& C~

hzc{~{ `yol ~jh ~clh ~jh ryogyal ihgcf{ hzhkx~cof

hz~hyf= a {~a~ck paycaidh wjo{h nh`cfc~cof afn rdakhlhf~ c{ nh~hylcfhn wjhf add

oimhk~ afn dciyays lonxdh{ ayh kolicfhn *dcfehn# ~o òyl ~jh hzhkx~aidh konh

`cdh& C~ kaf ih pc{cidh ox~{cnh ~jh `cdh wjhyh c~ c{ nh`cfhn&

Wja~ ayh {~oyagh qxadc`chy{ cf K%% ?

^jhs ayh&&

kof{~

poda~cdh

lx~aidh

Kof{~ ehswoyn cfncka~h{ ~ja~ lhloys ofkh cfc~cadc}hn$ {joxdn fo~ ih ad~hyhn is

a ryogyal&

poda~cdh ehswoyn cfncka~h{ ~ja~ ~jh padxh cf ~jh lhloys doka~cof kaf ih ad~hyhn

hphf ~joxgj fo~jcfg cf ~jh ryogyal


6/16



konh lonc`ch{ ~jh kof~hf~{& òy hzalrdh c` sox japh a rocf~hy ~o jaynwayh

doka~cof ~ja~ kof~acf{ ~jh ~clh$ wjhyh jaynwayh kjafgh{ ~jh padxh o` ~jc{

rocf~hy paycaidh afn fo~ ~jh ryogyal& ^jh cf~hf~ o` ~jc{ ehswoyn ~o clryoph ~jh

or~clc}a~cof aicdc~s o` ~jh kolrcdhy&

lx~aidh ehswoyn cfncka~h{ ~ja~ ray~ckxday lhlihy o` a {~yxk~xyh oy kda{{ kaf

ih ad~hyhn hphf c` a ray~ckxday {~yxk~xyh paycaidh$ kda{{$ oy kda{{ lhlihy `xfk~cofc{ kof{~af~&

{~yxk~ na~a

u

kjay falhU:2\5

lx~aidh noxidh {adays5

|

kof{~ na~a Ls[~yxk~ < u )[a~c{j [jh~~s)$ 1222 |5 //cfc~dc}hn is kolrdchy

{~ykrs * Ls[~yxk~&falh$ )[jcdra [jh~~s)#5 // kolrcdhy hyyoy

Ls[~yxk~&{adayas < 9222 5 // kolrdchy c{ jarrs addowhn

Wja~ c{ yh`hyhfkh ??

yh`hyhfkh c{ a falh ~ja~ ak~{ a{ af adca{$ oy ad~hyfa~cph falh$ òy a ryhpcox{ds

nh`cfhn paycaidh oy af oimhk~&

ryhrhfncfg paycaidh wc~j )) {sliod laeh{ c~ a{ yh`hyhfkh&

òy hzalrdh=

cf~ a5

cf~ i < a5

Wja~ c{ ra{{cfg is yh`hyhfkh?

Lh~jon o` ra{{cfg aygxlhf~{ ~o a `xfk~cof wjckj ~aeh{ rayalh~hy o` ~srh

yh`hyhfkh&

òy hzalrdh=

pocn {war* cf~ z$ cf~ s #

u

cf~ ~hlr < z5

z < s5


7/16



s < ~hlr5

|

cf~ a


8/16



dofg ~hlr < ;D5

noxidh padxh < kxihyoo~ * ~hlr#5 // dofg ~o noxidh kofphy{cof

Wja~ c{ pcy~xad `xfk~cof?

Wjhf nhycphn kda{{ ophyycnh{ ~jh ia{h kda{{ lh~jon is yhnh`cfcfg ~jh {alh`xfk~cof$ ~jhf c` kdchf~ waf~{ ~o akkh{{ yhnh`cfhn ~jh lh~jon `yol nhycphn kda{{

~jyoxgj a rocf~hy `yol ia{h kda{{ oimhk~$ ~jhf sox lx{~ nh`cfh ~jc{ `xfk~cof cf

ia{h kda{{ a{ pcy~xad `xfk~cof&

kda{{ rayhf~

u

pocn [jow*#

u

kox~ 44 )c'l rayhf~) 44 hfnd5

||5

kda{{ kjcdn= rxidck rayhf~

u

pocn [jow*#

u

kox~ 44 )c'l kjcdn) 44 hfnd5

|

|5

rayhf~ - rayhf~_oimhk~_r~y < fhw kjcdn5

rayhf~_oimhk~_r~y,6{jow*# // kadd{ rayhf~,6{jow*# c

fow wh go~o pcy~xad woydn&&&

kda{{ rayhf~

u

pcy~xad pocn [jow*#

u

kox~ 44 )c'l rayhf~) 44 hfnd5

|

|5

kda{{ kjcdn= rxidck rayhf~

u


9/16



pocn [jow*#

u

kox~ 44 )c'l kjcdn) 44 hfnd5

|

|5

rayhf~ - rayhf~_oimhk~_r~y < fhw kjcdn5

rayhf~_oimhk~_r~y,6{jow*# // kadd{ kjcdn,6{jow*#

Wja~ c{ rxyh pcy~xad `xfk~cof? oy wja~ c{ ai{~yak~ kda{{?

Wjhf sox nh`cfh ofds `xfk~cof ryo~o~srh cf a ia{h kda{{ wc~jox~

clrdhlhf~a~cof afn no ~jh kolrdh~h clrdhlhf~a~cof cf nhycphn kda{{& ^jc{ ia{h

kda{{ c{ kaddhn ai{~yak~ kda{{ afn kdchf~ wof'~ aidh ~o cf{~af~ca~h af oimhk~ x{cfg

~jc{ ia{h kda{{&

Sox kaf laeh a rxyh pcy~xad `xfk~cof oy ai{~yak~ kda{{ ~jc{ was&&

kda{{ Ioo

u

pocn òo*# < 25

|

Ioo LsIoo5 // kolrcda~cof hyyoy

Wja~ c{ Lhloys adcgflhf~??

^jh ~hyl adcgflhf~ ryclaycds lhaf{ ~jh ~hfnhfks o` af annyh{{ rocf~hy padxh

~o ih a lxd~crdh o` {olh rowhy o` ~wo& [o a rocf~hy wc~j ~wo is~h adcgflhf~

ja{ a }hyo cf ~jh dha{~ {cgfc`ckaf~ ic~& Afn a rocf~hy wc~j òxy is~h adcgflhf~

ja{ a }hyo cf io~j ~jh ~wo dha{~ {cgfc`ckaf~ ic~{& Afn {o of& Loyh adcgflhf~lhaf{ a dofghy {hqxhfkh o` }hyo ic~{ cf ~jh dowh{~ ic~{ o` a rocf~hy&

Wja~ ryoidhl noh{ ~jh falh{rakh `ha~xyh {odph?

Lxd~crdh ryopcnhy{ o` dciyaych{ lcgj~ x{h kollof gdoiad cnhf~c`chy{ kax{cfg a

falh koddc{cof wjhf af arrdcka~cof ~ych{ ~o dcfe wc~j ~wo oy loyh {xkj dciyaych{&

^jh falh{rakh `ha~xyh {xyyoxfn{ a dciyays'{ hz~hyfad nhkdaya~cof{ wc~j a xfcqxh

falh{rakh ~ja~ hdclcfa~h{ ~jh ro~hf~cad òy ~jo{h koddc{cof{&


10/16



falh{rakh Ucnhf~c`chy\ u falh{rakh,ions |

A falh{rakh nhkdaya~cof cnhf~c`ch{ afn a{{cgf{ a falh ~o a nhkdaya~cph yhgcof&

^jh cnhf~c`chy cf a falh{rakh nhkdaya~cof lx{~ ih xfcqxh cf ~jh nhkdaya~cph

yhgcof cf wjckj c~ c{ x{hn& ^jh cnhf~c`chy c{ ~jh falh o` ~jh falh{rakh afn c{

x{hn ~o yh`hyhfkh c~{ lhlihy{&

Wja~ c{ ~jh x{h o` 'x{cfg' nhkdaya~cof?

A x{cfg nhkdaya~cof laeh{ c~ ro{{cidh ~o x{h a falh `yol a falh{rakh wc~jox~

~jh {korh orhya~oy&

Wja~ c{ af C~hya~oy kda{{?

A kda{{ ~ja~ c{ x{hn ~o ~yaphy{h ~jyoxgj ~jh oimhk~{ lacf~acfhn is a kof~acfhy

kda{{& ^jhyh ayh `cph ka~hgoych{ o` c~hya~oy{= cfrx~ c~hya~oy{$ ox~rx~ c~hya~oy{$

òywayn c~hya~oy{$ icncyhk~cofad c~hya~oy{$ yafnol akkh{{& Af c~hya~oy c{ af hf~c~s

~ja~ gcph{ akkh{{ ~o ~jh kof~hf~{ o` a kof~acfhy oimhk~ wc~jox~ pcoda~cfghfkar{xda~cof kof{~yacf~{& Akkh{{ ~o ~jh kof~hf~{ c{ gyaf~hn of a ofh,a~,a,~clh

ia{c{ cf oynhy& ^jh oynhy kaf ih {~oyagh oynhy *a{ cf dc{~{ afn qxhxh{# oy {olh

ayic~yays oynhy *a{ cf ayyas cfnckh{# oy akkoyncfg ~o {olh oynhycfg yhda~cof *a{

cf af oynhyhn icfays ~yhh#& ^jh c~hya~oy c{ a kof{~yxk~$ wjckj ryopcnh{ af

cf~hyàkh ~ja~$ wjhf kaddhn$ schdn{ hc~jhy ~jh fhz~ hdhlhf~ cf ~jh kof~acfhy$ oy

{olh padxh nhfo~cfg ~jh àk~ ~ja~ ~jhyh ayh fo loyh hdhlhf~{ ~o hzalcfh&

C~hya~oy{ jcnh ~jh nh~acd{ o` akkh{{ ~o afn xrna~h o` ~jh hdhlhf~{ o` a kof~acfhy

kda{{& [olh~jcfg dceh a rocf~hy&

Wja~ c{ a nafgdcfg rocf~hy?

A nafgdcfg rocf~hy ayc{h{ wjhf sox x{h ~jh annyh{{ o` af oimhk~ a`~hy c~{

dc`h~clh c{ ophy& ^jc{ las okkxy cf {c~xa~cof{ dceh yh~xyfcfg annyh{{h{ o` ~jh

ax~ola~ck paycaidh{ `yol a `xfk~cof oy x{cfg ~jh annyh{{ o` ~jh lhloys idoke

a`~hy c~ c{ `yhhn&

Wja~ no sox lhaf is [~ake xfwcfncfg?

C~ c{ a ryokh{{ nxycfg hzkhr~cof jafndcfg wjhf ~jh nh{~yxk~oy c{ kaddhn òy add

dokad oimhk~{ cf ~jh {~ake ih~whhf ~jh rdakh wjhyh ~jh hzkhr~cof wa{ ~jyowfafn wjhyh c~ c{ kaxgj~&

Falh ~jh orhya~oy{ ~ja~ kaffo~ ih ophydoanhn??

{c}ho`$ &$ &-$ &,6$ ==$ ?=


11/16



Wja~ c{ a kof~acfhy kda{{? Wja~ ayh ~jh ~srh{ o` kof~acfhy kda{{h{?

A kof~acfhy kda{{ c{ a kda{{ ~ja~ c{ x{hn ~o jodn oimhk~{ cf lhloys oy hz~hyfad

{~oyagh& A kof~acfhy kda{{ ak~{ a{ a ghfhyck jodnhy& A kof~acfhy kda{{ ja{ a

ryhnh`cfhn ihjapcoy afn a whdd,efowf cf~hyàkh& A kof~acfhy kda{{ c{ a

{xrroy~cfg kda{{ wjo{h rxyro{h c{ ~o jcnh ~jh ~orodogs x{hn òy lacf~acfcfg ~jh

dc{~ o` oimhk~{ cf lhloys& Wjhf a kof~acfhy kda{{ kof~acf{ a gyoxr o` lczhnoimhk~{$ ~jh kof~acfhy c{ kaddhn a jh~hyoghfhox{ kof~acfhy5 wjhf ~jh kof~acfhy c{

jodncfg a gyoxr o` oimhk~{ ~ja~ ayh add ~jh {alh$ ~jh kof~acfhy c{ kaddhn a

jologhfhox{ kof~acfhy&

Wja~ c{ cfdcfh `xfk~cof??

^jh __cfdcfh ehswoyn ~hdd{ ~jh kolrcdhy ~o {xi{~c~x~h ~jh konh wc~jcf ~jh

`xfk~cof nh`cfc~cof òy hphys cf{~afkh o` a `xfk~cof kadd& Jowhphy$ {xi{~c~x~cof

okkxy{ ofds a~ ~jh kolrcdhy'{ nc{kyh~cof& @oy hzalrdh$ ~jh kolrcdhy noh{ fo~

cfdcfh a `xfk~cof c` c~{ annyh{{ c{ ~aehf oy c` c~ c{ ~oo daygh ~o cfdcfh&

Wja~ c{ ophydoancfg??

Wc~j ~jh K%% dafgxagh$ sox kaf ophydoan `xfk~cof{ afn orhya~oy{& Ophydoancfg

c{ ~jh ryak~ckh o` {xrrdscfg loyh ~jaf ofh nh`cfc~cof òy a gcphf `xfk~cof falh

cf ~jh {alh {korh&

, Afs ~wo `xfk~cof{ cf a {h~ o` ophydoanhn `xfk~cof{ lx{~ japh nc``hyhf~

aygxlhf~ dc{~{&

, Ophydoancfg `xfk~cof{ wc~j aygxlhf~ dc{~{ o` ~jh {alh ~srh{$ ia{hn of yh~xyf~srh adofh$ c{ af hyyoy&

Wja~ c{ Ophyycncfg?

ô ophyycnh a lh~jon$ a {xikda{{ o` ~jh kda{{ ~ja~ oycgcfadds nhkdayhn ~jh

lh~jon lx{~ nhkdayh a lh~jon wc~j ~jh {alh falh$ yh~xyf ~srh *oy a {xikda{{

o` ~ja~ yh~xyf ~srh#$ afn {alh rayalh~hy dc{~&

^jh nh`cfc~cof o` ~jh lh~jon ophyycncfg c{=

Lx{~ japh {alh lh~jon falh&

Lx{~ japh {alh na~a ~srh& Lx{~ japh {alh aygxlhf~ dc{~&

Ophyycncfg a lh~jon lhaf{ ~ja~ yhrdakcfg a lh~jon `xfk~cofadc~s cf kjcdn kda{{&

ô clrds ophyycncfg `xfk~cofadc~s wh fhhn rayhf~ afn kjcdn kda{{h{& Cf ~jh kjcdn

kda{{ sox nh`cfh ~jh {alh lh~jon {cgfa~xyh a{ ofh nh`cfhn cf ~jh rayhf~ kda{{&

Wja~ c{ )~jc{) rocf~hy?


12/16



^jh ~jc{ rocf~hy c{ a rocf~hy akkh{{cidh ofds wc~jcf ~jh lhlihy `xfk~cof{ o` a

kda{{$ {~yxk~$ oy xfcof ~srh& C~ rocf~{ ~o ~jh oimhk~ òy wjckj ~jh lhlihy

`xfk~cof c{ kaddhn& [~a~ck lhlihy `xfk~cof{ no fo~ japh a ~jc{ rocf~hy&

Wjhf a fof{~a~ck lhlihy `xfk~cof c{ kaddhn òy af oimhk~$ ~jh annyh{{ o` ~jh

oimhk~ c{ ra{{hn a{ a jcnnhf aygxlhf~ ~o ~jh `xfk~cof& @oy hzalrdh$ ~jh

òddowcfg `xfk~cof kadd

lsNa~h&{h~Lof~j* ; #5

kaf ih cf~hyryh~hn ~jc{ was=

{h~Lof~j* lsNa~h$ ; #5

^jh oimhk~'{ annyh{{ c{ apacdaidh `yol wc~jcf ~jh lhlihy `xfk~cof a{ ~jh ~jc{

rocf~hy& C~ c{ dhgad$ ~joxgj xffhkh{{ays$ ~o x{h ~jh ~jc{ rocf~hy wjhf yh`hyycfg ~o

lhlihy{ o` ~jh kda{{&

Wja~ jarrhf{ wjhf sox laeh kadd )nhdh~h ~jc{5) ??

^jh konh ja{ ~wo ixcd~,cf rc~àdd{& @cy{~$ c` c~ hzhkx~h{ cf a lhlihy `xfk~cof òy

af hz~hyf$ {~a~ck$ oy ax~ola~ck oimhk~$ ~jh ryogyal wcdd ryoiaids kya{j a{ {oof

a{ ~jh nhdh~h {~a~hlhf~ hzhkx~h{& ^jhyh c{ fo roy~aidh was òy af oimhk~ ~o ~hdd

~ja~ c~ wa{ cf{~af~ca~hn of ~jh jhar$ {o ~jh kda{{ kaffo~ a{{hy~ ~ja~ c~{ oimhk~ c{

ryorhyds cf{~af~ca~hn& [hkofn$ wjhf af oimhk~ kollc~{ {xckcnh ~jc{ was$ ~jh

x{cfg ryogyal lcgj~ fo~ efow aiox~ c~{ nhlc{h& A{ ày a{ ~jh cf{~af~ca~cfg

ryogyal c{ kofkhyfhn$ ~jh oimhk~ yhlacf{ cf {korh afn kof~cfxh{ ~o hzc{~ hphf

~joxgj ~jh oimhk~ ncn c~{hd` cf& [xi{hqxhf~ nhyh`hyhfkcfg o` ~jh rocf~hy kaf afn

x{xadds noh{ dhan ~o nc{a{~hy&

Sox {joxdn fhphy no ~jc{& [cfkh kolrcdhy noh{ fo~ efow wjh~jhy ~jh oimhk~

wa{ addoka~hn of ~jh {~ake oy of ~jh jhar$ )nhdh~h ~jc{) koxdn kax{h a nc{a{~hy&

Jow pcy~xad `xfk~cof{ ayh clrdhlhf~hn K%%?

Pcy~xad `xfk~cof{ ayh clrdhlhf~hn x{cfg a ~aidh o` `xfk~cof rocf~hy{$ kaddhn ~jh

p~aidh& ^jhyh c{ ofh hf~ys cf ~jh ~aidh rhy pcy~xad `xfk~cof cf ~jh kda{{& ^jc{

~aidh c{ kyha~hn is ~jh kof{~yxk~oy o` ~jh kda{{& Wjhf a nhycphn kda{{ c{kof{~yxk~hn$ c~{ ia{h kda{{ c{ kof{~yxk~hn cy{~ wjckj kyha~h{ ~jh p~aidh& C` ~jh

nhycphn kda{{ ophyycnh{ afs o` ~jh ia{h kda{{h{ pcy~xad `xfk~cof{$ ~jo{h hf~ych{ cf

~jh p~aidh ayh ophywyc~~hf is ~jh nhycphn kda{{ kof{~yxk~oy& ^jc{ c{ wjs sox

{joxdn fhphy kadd pcy~xad `xfk~cof{ `yol a kof{~yxk~oy= ihkax{h ~jh p~aidh

hf~ych{ òy ~jh oimhk~ las fo~ japh ihhf {h~ xr is ~jh nhycphn kda{{ kof{~yxk~oy


13/16



sh~$ {o sox lcgj~ hfn xr kaddcfg ia{h kda{{ clrdhlhf~a~cof{ o` ~jo{h pcy~xad

`xfk~cof{

Wja~ c{ falh lafgdcfg cf K%%??

^jh ryokh{{ o` hfkoncfg ~jh rayalh~hy ~srh{ wc~j ~jh `xfk~cof/lh~jon falh

cf~o a xfcqxh falh c{ kaddhn falh lafgdcfg& ^jh cfphy{h ryokh{{ c{ kaddhnnhlafgdcfg&

@oy hzalrdh @oo==iay*cf~$ dofg# kof{~ c{ lafgdhn a{ biay__K;@oocd'&

@oy a kof{~yxk~oy$ ~jh lh~jon falh c{ dh`~ ox~& ^ja~ c{ @oo==@oo*cf~$ dofg# kof{~

c{ lafgdhn a{ b__K;@oocd'&

Wja~ c{ ~jh nc``hyhfkh ih~whhf a rocf~hy afn a yh`hyhfkh?

A yh`hyhfkh lx{~ adwas{ yh`hy ~o {olh oimhk~ afn$ ~jhyhòyh$ lx{~ adwas{ ih

cfc~cadc}hn5 rocf~hy{ no fo~ japh {xkj yh{~yck~cof{& A rocf~hy kaf ih yha{{cgfhn

~o rocf~ ~o nc``hyhf~ oimhk~{ wjcdh a yh`hyhfkh adwas{ yh`hy{ ~o af oimhk~ wc~jwjckj c~ wa{ cfc~cadc}hn&

Jow ayh ryh`cz afn ro{~`cz phy{cof{ o` orhya~oy%%*# nc``hyhf~ca~hn?

^jh ro{~`cz phy{cof o` orhya~oy%%*# ja{ a nxlls rayalh~hy o` ~srh cf~& ^jh

ryh`cz phy{cof noh{ fo~ japh nxlls rayalh~hy&

Wja~ c{ ~jh nc``hyhfkh ih~whhf kof{~ kjay -lsRocf~hy afn kjay -kof{~ lsRocf~hy?

Kof{~ kjay -lsRocf~hy c{ a fof kof{~af~ rocf~hy ~o kof{~af~ na~a5 wjcdh kjay-kof{~ lsRocf~hy c{ a kof{~af~ rocf~hy ~o fof kof{~af~ na~a&

Jow kaf C jafndh a kof{~yxk~oy ~ja~ àcd{?

~jyow af hzkhr~cof& Kof{~yxk~oy{ nof'~ japh a yh~xyf ~srh$ {o c~'{ fo~ ro{{cidh ~o

x{h yh~xyf konh{& ^jh ih{~ was ~o {cgfad kof{~yxk~oy àcdxyh c{ ~jhyhòyh ~o ~jyow

af hzkhr~cof&

Jow kaf C jafndh a nh{~yxk~oy ~ja~ àcd{?

Wyc~h a lh{{agh ~o a dog,`cdh& Ix~ no fo~ ~jyow af hzkhr~cof&

^jh K%% yxdh c{ ~ja~ sox lx{~ fhphy ~jyow af hzkhr~cof `yol a nh{~yxk~oy ~ja~

c{ ihcfg kaddhn nxycfg ~jh ){~ake xfwcfncfg) ryokh{{ o` afo~jhy hzkhr~cof& @oy

hzalrdh$ c` {olhofh {as{ ~jyow @oo*#$ ~jh {~ake wcdd ih xfwoxfn {o add ~jh

{~ake `yalh{ ih~whhf ~jh ~jyow @oo*# afn ~jh | ka~kj *@oo h# u wcdd gh~

rorrhn& ^jc{ c{ kaddhn {~ake xfwcfncfg&

Nxycfg {~ake xfwcfncfg$ add ~jh dokad oimhk~{ cf add ~jo{h {~ake `yalh{ ayh


14/16



nh{~yxk~hn& C` ofh o` ~jo{h nh{~yxk~oy{ ~jyow{ af hzkhr~cof *{as c~ ~jyow{ a Iay

oimhk~#$ ~jh K%% yxf~clh {s{~hl c{ cf a fo,wcf {c~xa~cof= {joxdn c~ cgfoyh ~jh

Iay afn hfn xr cf ~jh | ka~kj *@oo h# u wjhyh c~ wa{ oycgcfadds jhanhn? [joxdn

c~ cgfoyh ~jh @oo afn dooe òy a | ka~kj *Iay h# u jafndhy? ^jhyh c{ fo goon

af{why ,, hc~jhy kjockh do{h{ cfòyla~cof&

[o ~jh K%% dafgxagh gxayaf~hh{ ~ja~ c~ wcdd kadd ~hylcfa~h*# a~ ~jc{ rocf~$ afn

~hylcfa~h*# ecdd{ ~jh ryokh{{& Iafg sox'yh nhan&

Wja~ c{ Pcy~xad Nh{~yxk~oy?

X{cfg pcy~xad nh{~yxk~oy{$ sox kaf nh{~yos oimhk~{ wc~jox~ efowcfg ~jhcy ~srh ,

~jh koyyhk~ nh{~yxk~oy òy ~jh oimhk~ c{ cfpoehn x{cfg ~jh pcy~xad `xfk~cof

lhkjafc{l& Fo~h ~ja~ nh{~yxk~oy{ kaf ad{o ih nhkdayhn a{ rxyh pcy~xad `xfk~cof{

òy ai{~yak~ kda{{h{&

c` {olhofh wcdd nhycph `yol soxy kda{{$ afn c` {olhofh wcdd {as )fhw Nhycphn)$

wjhyh )Nhycphn) c{ nhycphn `yol soxy kda{{$ afn c` {olhofh wcdd {as nhdh~h r$wjhyh ~jh ak~xad oimhk~'{ ~srh c{ )Nhycphn) ix~ ~jh rocf~hy r'{ ~srh c{ soxy kda{{&

Kaf sox ~jcfe o` a {c~xa~cof wjhyh soxy ryogyal woxdn kya{j wc~jox~ yhakjcfg ~jh

iyhaerocf~ wjckj sox {h~ a~ ~jh ihgcffcfg o` lacf*#?

K%% addow{ òy nsfalck cfc~cadc}a~cof o` gdoiad paycaidh{ ihòyh lacf*# c{

cfpoehn& C~ c{ ro{{cidh ~ja~ cfc~cadc}a~cof o` gdoiad wcdd cfpoeh {olh `xfk~cof& C`

~jc{ `xfk~cof kya{jh{ ~jh kya{j wcdd okkxy ihòyh lacf*# c{ hf~hyhn&

Falh ~wo ka{h{ wjhyh sox LX[^ x{h cfc~cadc}a~cof dc{~ a{ orro{hn ~o a{{cgflhf~ cfkof{~yxk~oy{&

Io~j fof,{~a~ck kof{~ na~a lhlihy{ afn yh`hyhfkh na~a lhlihy{ kaffo~ ih

a{{cgfhn padxh{5 cf{~han$ sox {joxdn x{h cfc~cadc}a~cof dc{~ ~o cfc~cadc}h ~jhl&

Kaf sox ophydoan a `xfk~cof ia{hn ofds of wjh~jhy a rayalh~hy c{ a padxh oy a

yh`hyhfkh?

Fo& Ra{{cfg is padxh afn is yh`hyhfkh dooe{ cnhf~ckad ~o ~jh kaddhy&

Wja~ ayh ~jh nc``hyhfkh{ ih~whhf a K%% {~yxk~ afn K%% kda{{?

^jh nhàxd~ lhlihy afn ia{h kda{{ akkh{{ {rhkc`chy{ ayh nc``hyhf~&

^jh K%% {~yxk~ ja{ add ~jh `ha~xyh{ o` ~jh kda{{& ^jh ofds nc``hyhfkh{ ayh ~ja~ a

{~yxk~ nhàxd~{ ~o rxidck lhlihy akkh{{ afn rxidck ia{h kda{{ cfjhyc~afkh$ afn a

kda{{ nhàxd~{ ~o ~jh rycpa~h akkh{{ {rhkc`chy afn rycpa~h ia{h kda{{ cfjhyc~afkh&


15/16



Wja~ noh{ hz~hyf )K) cf~ `xfk*cf~ -$ @oo# akkolrdc{j?

C~ wcdd ~xyf o`` )falh lafgdcfg) òy `xfk {o ~ja~ ofh kaf dcfe ~o konh kolrcdhn

is a K kolrcdhy&

Jow no sox akkh{{ ~jh {~a~ck lhlihy o` a kda{{?

4Kda{{Falh6==4[~a~ckLhlihyFalh6

Wja~ c{ lxd~crdh cfjhyc~afkh*pcy~xad cfjhyc~afkh#? Wja~ ayh c~{ anpaf~agh{ afn

nc{anpaf~agh{?

Lxd~crdh Cfjhyc~afkh c{ ~jh ryokh{{ wjhyhis a kjcdn kaf ih nhycphn `yol loyh

~jaf ofh rayhf~ kda{{& ^jh anpaf~agh o` lxd~crdh cfjhyc~afkh c{ ~ja~ c~ addow{ a

kda{{ ~o cfjhyc~ ~jh `xfk~cofadc~s o` loyh ~jaf ofh ia{h kda{{ ~jx{ addowcfg òy

lonhdcfg o` kolrdhz yhda~cof{jcr{& ^jh nc{anpaf~agh o` lxd~crdh cfjhyc~afkh c{

~ja~ c~ kaf dhan ~o a do~ o` kof`x{cof*alicgxc~s# wjhf ~wo ia{h kda{{h{

clrdhlhf~ a lh~jon wc~j ~jh {alh falh&

Wja~ ayh ~jh akkh{{ rycpcdhgh{ cf K%%? Wja~ c{ ~jh nhàxd~ akkh{{ dhphd?

^jh akkh{{ rycpcdhgh{ cf K%% ayh rycpa~h$ rxidck afn ryo~hk~hn& ^jh nhàxd~

akkh{{ dhphd a{{cgfhn ~o lhlihy{ o` a kda{{ c{ rycpa~h& Rycpa~h lhlihy{ o` a

kda{{ ayh akkh{{cidh ofds wc~jcf ~jh kda{{ afn is `ychfn{ o` ~jh kda{{& Ryo~hk~hn

lhlihy{ ayh akkh{{cidh is ~jh kda{{ c~{hd` afn c~'{ {xi,kda{{h{& Rxidck lhlihy{

o` a kda{{ kaf ih akkh{{hn is afsofh&

Wja~ c{ a fh{~hn kda{{? Wjs kaf c~ ih x{h`xd?

A fh{~hn kda{{ c{ a kda{{ hfkdo{hn wc~jcf ~jh {korh o` afo~jhy kda{{& @oy

hzalrdh=

// Hzalrdh 1= Fh{~hn kda{{

//

kda{{ Ox~hyKda{{

u

kda{{ Fh{~hnKda{{

u// &&&

|5

// &&&

|5

Fh{~hn kda{{h{ ayh x{h`xd òy oygafc}cfg konh afn kof~yoddcfg akkh{{ afn

nhrhfnhfkch{& Fh{~hn kda{{h{ oihs akkh{{ yxdh{ mx{~ dceh o~jhy ray~{ o` a kda{{


16/16



no5 {o$ cf Hzalrdh 1$ c` Fh{~hnKda{{ c{ rxidck ~jhf afs konh kaf falh c~ a{

Ox~hyKda{{==Fh{~hnKda{{& O`~hf fh{~hn kda{{h{ kof~acf rycpa~h clrdhlhf~a~cof

nh~acd{$ afn ayh ~jhyh`oyh lanh rycpa~h5 cf Hzalrdh 1$ c` Fh{~hnKda{{ c{ rycpa~h$

~jhf ofds Ox~hyKda{{'{ lhlihy{ afn `ychfn{ kaf x{h Fh{~hnKda{{&

Wjhf sox cf{~af~ca~h a{ ox~hy kda{{$ c~ wof'~ cf{~af~ca~h cf{cnh kda{{&

Wja~ c{ a dokad kda{{? Wjs kaf c~ ih x{h`xd?

dokad kda{{ c{ a kda{{ nh`cfhn wc~jcf ~jh {korh o` a `xfk~cof ,, afs `xfk~cof$

wjh~jhy a lhlihy `xfk~cof oy a `yhh `xfk~cof& @oy hzalrdh=

// Hzalrdh 9= Dokad kda{{

//

cf~ `*#

u

kda{{ DokadKda{{

u

// &&&

|5

// &&&

|5

Dceh fh{~hn kda{{h{$ dokad kda{{h{ kaf ih a x{h`xd ~ood `oy lafagcfg konh

nhrhfnhfkch{&

Kaf a kors kof{~yxk~oy akkhr~ af oimhk~ o` ~jh {alh kda{{ a{ rayalh~hy$ cf{~han o`

yh`hyhfkh o` ~jh oimhk~?

Fo& C~ c{ {rhkc`chn cf ~jh nh`cfc~cof o` ~jh kors kof{~yxk~oy c~{hd`& C~ {joxdn

ghfhya~h af hyyoy c` a ryogyallhy {rhkc`ch{ a kors kof{~yxk~oy wc~j a `cy{~

aygxlhf~ ~ja~ c{ af oimhk~ afn fo~ a yh`hyhfkh&

c language - part 1

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