CHILD NUTRITIONE1: Examine issues related to health & safety of children.

BREAST FEEDING

WHAT IS BREAST FEEDING

feeding of an infant or young child with breast milk directly from female human breasts (i.e., via lactation) rather than using infant formula.

very personal decision Breastfeeding is a complete nutrition that is

easy for the baby to digest, which promotes to the child eating more often due to faster digestion.

Breast milk is made from nutrients in the mother's bloodstream and bodily stores.

HISTORY OF BREAST FEEDING in the Egyptian, Greek and Roman empires, women

usually fed only their own children. Breastfeeding then began to be seen as something

too common to be done by royalty wet nurses were employed to breastfeed the

children of the royal families. Attempts were made in 15th-century Europe to use

cow or goat milk In the 18th century, flour or cereal mixed with broth

were introduced as substitutes for breastfeeding early 1900s breastfeeding started to be viewed

negatively by Western societies From the 1960s onwards, breastfeeding experienced

a revival which continues to the 2000s

BENEFITS TO BABY

Passing antibodies form mother to child

BondingLess childhood obesity

immunity

BENEFITS TO MOM

Breastfeeding helps in uterus shrinkage,

Decreases risk of breast cancer,

Decreases depression Decreases risk of osteoporosisWeight loss

THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING TO BREAST FEED

TimeLow lactation

levelsInability to

keep up with demand

METHODS OF BREAST FEEDING

Exclusive- only human milkExpressing- pumping into a bottle

for laterMixed Feeding-breast feeding

along w/formulaTandem Nursing- 2 children at

onceShared Breast Feeding- more than

one woman feeding a child

BREAST PUMPS

Manual Breast Pump Electric Breast Pumps

LA LECHE LEAGUE

La Leche League International is an international nonprofit organization that distributes information on and promotes breastfeeding.

It was founded in 1956 in Franklin Park, Illinois as "La Leche League" and has a presence in sixty-eight countries.

FORMULA

WHAT IS FORMULA?

Manufactured food that is used only for infants

composition of infant formula is designed to be roughly based on a human mother's milk

simulation of human milk complete or partial substitute for

human milk

WHAT IS FORMULA MADE FROM?

Whey (from cows milk)-protein

Vegetable oils-fat

Lactose-carbohydrate

Vitamin-mineral mix

TYPE OF INFANT FORMULA

powderliquid concentrate

ready-to-feed

VARIETY OF FORMULA

Cow's milk formula is the most commonly used type (Similac, Enfamil).

Soy protein based formulas are frequently used for infants allergic to cow's milk (Isomil, ProSobee).

Partially hydrolyzed formulas (e.g.: Good Start and Gentlease brands) are marketed as having improved digestibility.

Extensively hydrolyzed formulas (Alimentum, Nutramigen, and Pregestimil) are considered "hypoallergenic".

Amino acid based formulas (Neocate, EleCare, and Nutramigen AA) are more expensive, but are reported least likely to cause allergic reactions.

REASONS FOR USING FORMULA

Mother has various infections such as HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 (viruses that could cause T-cell leukemia in the baby)herpes simplex when lesions are present on the breasts, and chickenpox in the newborn when the disease manifested in the mother within a few days of birth

The baby is considered at risk for malnutrition

Absence of the mother Societal structure Lactation insufficiency

1867 A formula containing wheat flour, cow's milk, malt flour, and potassium bicarbonate was developed.[

1915 A powder form of infant formula was introduced, containing cow's milk, lactose, oleo oils, and vegetable oils.

1929 Soy formula was introduced.

1935Protein was added because it was believed cow's milk protein content was lower than human milk protein content; protein at 3.3–4.0 g/100 kcal was added.

1959Iron fortification was introduced because a large amount of iron (~80%) is used to expand the red blood cell mass in a growing infant. Infants with birth weights between 1500 and 2500g require 2 mg/kg of iron per day. Infants with weights of less than 1500g require 4 mg/kg per day.[

1962The whey:casein ratio was made similar to human milk because producers were aware that human milk contains a higher ratio of whey protein, and cow's milk contains a higher ratio of casein.[96]

1984 Taurine fortification was introduced because newborn infants lack the enzymes needed to convert and form taurine.[96][98]

Late 1990Nucleotide fortification was introduced into infant formula because nucleotides can act as growth factors and may enhance the infant immune system.[96]

Early 2000Polyunsaturated fatty acid fortification was introduced. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), were added because those fatty acids play an important role in infant brain development.[96]

WIC

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides Federal grants to States for supplemental foods, health care referrals, and nutrition education for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and non-breastfeeding postpartum women, and to infants and children up to age five who are found to be at nutritional risk.

PROPER POSITIONING FOR BOTTLE FEEDING

Cradle the child Sit the child upPlace the child in your lapTilt the bottleUse a Boppy

BABY FOOD

BABY FOOD

Baby food is any soft, easily consumed food, other than breast milk or infant formula, that is made specifically for infants, roughly between the ages of four to six months and two years.

TYPES OF BABY FOOD

Organic- Organic foods are produced without conventional pesticides, chemical fertilizers, antibiotics or growth hormones. Feeding your baby organic baby food might limit his or her exposure to these substances.

Homemade- made at home, rather than in a store or factory.

Inorganic- use synthetics during the production process.

Age of Child What to Introduce How to Prepare

4-6 Months Single-grain cereals(Fortified cereals give your baby iron, an important nutrient he needs now. A baby is born with a natural reserve of iron that begins to deplete around 6 months of age.)

Mix with baby formula or breast milk, or water on occasion.

6-8 Months Pureed or strained fruits (bananas, pears, apples, apricots, prunes)

Wash all fresh fruits, then bake, boil, or steam until soft. You can puree in either a blender or a food processor, or use a small hand food mill; add a little liquid like breast milk, baby formula, or water at first. Make it watery at first, then use less liquid as your baby gets used to solid foods.

Age of Child What to Introduce

How to Prepare

6-8 Months Pureed or strained vegetables (avocados, carrots, peas, potatoes, squash)Protein: pea-sized pieces of cooked chicken, turkey, or other meats, or boneless fish; beans such as lentils, black, red, or pinto beans.

Wash all fresh vegetables; then bake, boil, or steam until soft. You can puree in either a blender or a food processor, or use a small hand food mill; add a little liquid like breast milk, baby formula, or water at first. You can use less water for a thicker puree as your baby gets used to the new foods.

Cut meat or fish into very small pieces; cook and mash or cut up beans.

8-10 Months Mashed fruits and vegetablesFinger foods like small o-shaped cereals, teething crackers, or small pieces of cooked pasta, eggs, Dairy: small amounts of yogurt, cottage cheese, or any pasteurized cheese

No need to puree; just cook foods such as carrots and sweet potatoes until soft, or mash up soft foods like bananas and avocados.

Cut up to make sure the pieces are small enough for your baby to swallow without choking.Cut cheese into small pieces.Scramble, or hard-boil and cut into small pieces.

Age of Child What to Introduce How to Prepare

10-12 Months Baby can try eating most of the foods you eat now, if they are cut up or mashed properly so that he can safely chew and swallow.

As your baby gets more teeth and learns to chew more effectively, he will begin to be able to eat larger pieces of food. Continue to monitor his chewing carefully, and when in doubt, cut pieces smaller than you think necessary. Be especially careful with round, firm foods like grapes and hot dogs, which pose a particular choking hazard to babies. Chop these into very small pieces.

HEALTHY SNACKS

SNACK

A snack is a portion of food often smaller than a regular meal, generally eaten between meals. Snacks come in a variety of forms including packaged and processed foods and items made from fresh ingredients at home

HOW OFTEN SHOULD MY CHILD EAT?

0-1- most children are eating about 6 times per day. The meals with typically consisting of milk or a breastfeeding session.

Toddlers- eat every 2-3 hours (5-6 meals)

Preschoolers- 3 main meals and 2 in between meal snacks for the average toddler/preschooler.

TYPES OF SNACKS THAT CAN BE PROVIDED

fruit Cheese bites Snack crackers Yogurt Juice, water Vegetables with dip Jell-O

PROVIDING THE RIGHT NUTRIENTS

Puree or add vegetables to foods that children love.

They will never suspect it and still get all of the necessary nutrients.

The sneaky chef