c hapter 5 barriers to recreation participation. b arrier vs. c onstraints stop or inhibit...
TRANSCRIPT
BARRIER VS. CONSTRAINTS
Stop or inhibit participation
Move to concept of constraints over last couple of decades
MOST COMMON CONSTRAINTS??
What constraints do you experience in your leisure participation?
2 most often cited by general population??
HIERARCHICAL TYPOLOGY OF CONSTRAINTS (CRAWFORD AND GODBEY)
Intrapersonal (within person: fear, lack of confidence, lack of energy, etc.)
Interpersonal (between people: time schedules, different interests, lack of someone with whom to participate, etc.)
Structural (outside of person: lack of accessibility, attitude, etc.)
Must solve intrapersonal, interpersonal, and then structural (order)
CONSTRAINTS NEGOTIATION (JACKSON, CRAWFORD, AND GODBEY, 1993)
People negotiate constraints—participation is not necessarily stopped or inhibited
Constraint Negotiation Strategies: behavioral (approx 90 – 95 percent) cognitive (approx 5 – 10 percent) combination of both strategies
CONSTRAINTS AND PWD
PWD experience same/similar constraints as do persons without disabilities; however, pwd may experience these constraints in an intensified manner and may have additional constraints specifically related to disability
TYPES OF BARRIERS
Intrinsic Barriers are constraints that result from an individual’s own physical, emotional, or cognitive limitations.
Environmental Barriers are composed of many external forces that are imposed on the individual by societal or natural conditions.
INTRINSIC BARRIERS
Lack of Knowledge Individuals are unable to recognize their
maximum level of leisure functioning because they lack essential knowledge of programs, facilities, and other recreation/leisure resources.
Why/How does this happen?
Solutions?
INTRINSIC BARRIERS
Social Ineffectiveness Individuals display ineffective social skills and
inappropriate behavior in social situations due to parental overprotection, segregation from peers without disabilities, and inadequate feedback on social situations.
Results in a depression/isolation/depression cycle
Solutions?
INTRINSIC BARRIERS
Health Problems Some types of disabilities present recurring
health problems which can make participation in certain activities very limited.
Does every person with a disability have health-related problems?
Contraindications Solutions?
INTRINSIC BARRIERS Physical and Psychological Dependency
Occurs when persons with disabilities do not achieve independent functioning, not due to the actual impact of their disability, but to “learning” to be dependent by being overprotected and/or over assisted by others
Physical dependence occurs when someone does “too” much for persons with disabilities—tasks the he or she could do for him/herself
Psychological dependence becomes “internalized oppression” and does not foster initiative, creative thought, risk-taking, and perseverance in action
Learned helplessness results Can be specific or global
INTRINSIC BARRIERS
Skill/Challenge Gap Occurs when the challenge presented by an
activity does not match the skills of the participant
If challenge is high and skill is low: anxiety occurs
If challenge is low and skills are high: boredom occurs
Why/How does this occur specific to persons with disabilities?
Solutions?
ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS
Attitudinal Barriers Behaviors, which may be exhibited by family,
friends, or strangers, are broken down into three categories:
1) Negative behaviors inform the individual that he or she has less value than a person who does not have a disability.
2) Paternalistic behaviors occur when people treat adolescents/adults with a disability like they are children.
3) Apathetic behaviors take place when people without a disability do not portray feelings of sympathy, understanding, or caring toward people who have a disability.
Which behaviors can be changed?
ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS
Architectural Barriers Structures such as buildings and walkways that
present an obstacle for people with disabilities. Solution?
Ecological Barriers Physical obstacles, such as hills, trees, sand, and
rain, that occur in the natural environment. Solutions?
ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS
Transportation Barriers The lack of usable/affordable transportation for
individuals with a disability can prevent individuals from participating in community resources.
Solutions? Economic Barriers
Financial restrictions caused by limited job opportunities, low-paying positions, and high cost for special transportation and assistance for people with disabilities.
Solutions?
ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS
Rules and Regulations Barrier When existing rules and regulations of an agency
inhibit or stop recreation participation by persons with disabilities
Examples in text Solutions?