c#: future directions in language innovation anders hejlsberg tln307 technical fellow microsoft...

C#: Future Directions in C#: Future Directions in Language InnovationLanguage Innovation

Anders HejlsbergAnders HejlsbergTLN307TLN307Technical FellowTechnical FellowMicrosoft CorporationMicrosoft Corporation

The LINQ ProjectThe LINQ Project

StandardStandardQueryQuery

OperatorsOperators

ObjectsObjects

DLinqDLinq(ADO.NET)(ADO.NET)

XLinqXLinq(System.Xml)(System.Xml)

<book> <title/> <author/> <year/> <price/></book>

XMLXML

.NET Language Integrated Query.NET Language Integrated Query

C#C# VBVB Others…Others…

SQLSQL WinFWinFSS

C# 3.0 Design GoalsC# 3.0 Design Goals

Integrate objects, relational, and XMLIntegrate objects, relational, and XML

Build on foundation laid in C# 1.0 and Build on foundation laid in C# 1.0 and

2.02.0

Run on the .NET 2.0 (“Whidbey”) CLRRun on the .NET 2.0 (“Whidbey”) CLR

Don’t tie language to specific APIsDon’t tie language to specific APIs

Remain 100% backwards compatibleRemain 100% backwards compatible

4

Language Integrated QueryLanguage Integrated Query

5

C# 3.0 Language C# 3.0 Language InnovationsInnovations

var contacts =var contacts = from c in customersfrom c in customers where c.State == "WA"where c.State == "WA" select new { c.Name, c.Phone };select new { c.Name, c.Phone };

var contacts =var contacts = customerscustomers .Where(c => c.State == "WA").Where(c => c.State == "WA") .Select(c => new { c.Name, c.Phone });.Select(c => new { c.Name, c.Phone });

Extension Extension methodsmethods

Lambda Lambda expressionsexpressions

Query Query expressionsexpressions

Object Object initializersinitializers

Anonymous Anonymous typestypes

Local Local variable type variable type

inferenceinference

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public delegate bool Predicate<T>(T obj);public delegate bool Predicate<T>(T obj);

public class List<T>public class List<T>{{ public List<T> FindAll(Predicate<T> test) public List<T> FindAll(Predicate<T> test) { … }{ … } … …}}

Lambda ExpressionsLambda Expressions

List<Customer> customers = List<Customer> customers = GetCustomerList();GetCustomerList();

List<Customer> x = customers.FindAll(List<Customer> x = customers.FindAll( delegate(Customer c) { return c.State == delegate(Customer c) { return c.State == "WA"; }"WA"; }););

List<Customer> x = customers.FindAll(List<Customer> x = customers.FindAll(c => c.State c => c.State == "WA"== "WA"););

ExplicitlyExplicitlytypedtyped

Statement Statement contextcontext

ImplicitlyImplicitlytypedtyped

Expression Expression contextcontext

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Lambda ExpressionsLambda Expressionspublic delegate T Func<T>();public delegate T Func<T>();public delegate T Func<A0, T>(A0 arg0);public delegate T Func<A0, T>(A0 arg0);public delegate T Func<A0, A1, T>(A0 arg0, public delegate T Func<A0, A1, T>(A0 arg0, A1 arg1);A1 arg1);……

Func<Customer, bool> test = Func<Customer, bool> test = c => c.State c => c.State == "WA"== "WA";;

Func<int, int, int> f = Func<int, int, int> f = (x, y) => x * y(x, y) => x * y;;

Func<int, int, int> comparer =Func<int, int, int> comparer = (int x, int y) => {(int x, int y) => { if (x > y) return 1;if (x > y) return 1; if (x < y) return -1;if (x < y) return -1; return 0;return 0; }};;

double factor = 2.0;double factor = 2.0;Func<double, double> f = Func<double, double> f = x => x * factorx => x * factor;;

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Queries Through APIsQueries Through APIs

public class List<T>public class List<T>{{ public List<T> Where(Func<T, bool> predicate) { … }public List<T> Where(Func<T, bool> predicate) { … } public List<S> Select<S>(Func<T, S> selector) { … }public List<S> Select<S>(Func<T, S> selector) { … } … …}}

List<Customer> customers = List<Customer> customers = GetCustomerList();GetCustomerList();

List<string> contacts =List<string> contacts = customers.Where(c => c.State == "WA").Select(c customers.Where(c => c.State == "WA").Select(c => c.Name);=> c.Name);

Query operators Query operators are just are just methodsmethods

Type inference Type inference figures out <S>figures out <S>

But what about But what about other types?other types? Declare Declare

operators in all operators in all collections?collections?

What about What about arrays?arrays?

Methods Methods compose to compose to form queriesform queries

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Queries Through APIsQueries Through APIs

public static class Sequencepublic static class Sequence{{ public static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(IEnumerable<T> public static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(IEnumerable<T> source,source, Func<T, bool> predicate) { … }Func<T, bool> predicate) { … }

public static IEnumerable<S> Select<T, public static IEnumerable<S> Select<T, S>(IEnumerable<T> source,S>(IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, S> selector) { … }Func<T, S> selector) { … } … …}}

Customer[] customers = GetCustomerArray();Customer[] customers = GetCustomerArray();

IEnumerable<string> contacts = Sequence.Select(IEnumerable<string> contacts = Sequence.Select( Sequence.Where(customers, c => c.State == Sequence.Where(customers, c => c.State == "WA"),"WA"), c => c.Name);c => c.Name);

Query operators Query operators are static are static methodsmethods

Huh?Huh?

Want methods Want methods on on

IEnumerable<TIEnumerable<T>>

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namespace System.Querynamespace System.Query{{ public static class Sequencepublic static class Sequence {{ public static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(this public static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source,IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, bool> predicate) { … }Func<T, bool> predicate) { … }

public static IEnumerable<S> Select<T, S>(this public static IEnumerable<S> Select<T, S>(this IEnumerable<T> source,IEnumerable<T> source, Func<T, S> selector) { … }Func<T, S> selector) { … } … … }}}}

Extension MethodsExtension Methods

using System.Query;using System.Query;

ExtensionExtensionmethodsmethods

IEnumerable<string> contacts =IEnumerable<string> contacts = customers.Where(c => c.State == "WA").Select(c customers.Where(c => c.State == "WA").Select(c => c.Name);=> c.Name);

Brings Brings extensions into extensions into

scopescope

obj.Foo(x, y)obj.Foo(x, y)

XXX.Foo(obj, x, XXX.Foo(obj, x,

y)y)

IntelliSense!IntelliSense!

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Lambda Expressions and Lambda Expressions and Extension MethodsExtension Methods

12

Object InitializersObject Initializers

public class Pointpublic class Point{{ private int x, y;private int x, y;

public int X { get { return x; } set { x = public int X { get { return x; } set { x = value; } }value; } } public int Y { get { return y; } set { y = public int Y { get { return y; } set { y = value; } }value; } }}}

Point a = new Point { X = 0, Y Point a = new Point { X = 0, Y = 1 };= 1 };

Point a = new Point();Point a = new Point();a.X = 0;a.X = 0;a.Y = 1;a.Y = 1;

Field or property Field or property assignmentsassignments

13

Object InitializersObject Initializers

public class Rectanglepublic class Rectangle{{ private Point p1 = new Point();private Point p1 = new Point(); private Point p2 = new Point();private Point p2 = new Point();

public Point P1 { get { return p1; } }public Point P1 { get { return p1; } } public Point P2 { get { return p2; } }public Point P2 { get { return p2; } }}}

Rectangle r = new Rectangle {Rectangle r = new Rectangle { P1 = { X = 0, Y = 1 },P1 = { X = 0, Y = 1 }, P2 = { X = 2, Y = 3 }P2 = { X = 2, Y = 3 }};};

Rectangle r = new Rectangle r = new Rectangle();Rectangle();r.P1.X = 0;r.P1.X = 0;r.P1.Y = 1;r.P1.Y = 1;r.P2.X = 2;r.P2.X = 2;r.P2.Y = 3;r.P2.Y = 3;

Embedded Embedded objectsobjects

No “new No “new Point”Point”

Read-only Read-only propertiesproperties

14

Collection InitializersCollection Initializers

List<int> powers = new List<int> { 1, 10, 100, List<int> powers = new List<int> { 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000 };1000, 10000 };

Must Must implement implement

ICollection<T>ICollection<T>

List<int> powers = new List<int> powers = new List<int>();List<int>();powers.Add(1);powers.Add(1);powers.Add(10);powers.Add(10);powers.Add(100);powers.Add(100);powers.Add(1000);powers.Add(1000);powers.Add(10000);powers.Add(10000);

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Collection InitializersCollection Initializers

public class Contactpublic class Contact{{ private string name;private string name; private List<string> phoneNumbers = new List<string>();private List<string> phoneNumbers = new List<string>();

public string Name { get { return name; } set { name = public string Name { get { return name; } set { name = value; } }value; } } public List<string> PhoneNumbers { get { return public List<string> PhoneNumbers { get { return phoneNumbers; } }phoneNumbers; } }}}

List<Contact> contacts = new List<Contact> {List<Contact> contacts = new List<Contact> { new Contact {new Contact { Name = "Chris Smith",Name = "Chris Smith", PhoneNumbers = { "206-555-0101", "425-882-PhoneNumbers = { "206-555-0101", "425-882-8080" }8080" } },}, new Contact {new Contact { Name = "Bob Harris",Name = "Bob Harris", PhoneNumbers = { "650-555-0199" }PhoneNumbers = { "650-555-0199" } }}};};

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Local Variable Type Local Variable Type InferenceInference

int i = 5;int i = 5;string s = "Hello";string s = "Hello";double d = 1.0;double d = 1.0;int[] numbers = new int[] {1, 2, 3};int[] numbers = new int[] {1, 2, 3};Dictionary<int,Order> orders = new Dictionary<int,Order> orders = new Dictionary<int,Order>();Dictionary<int,Order>();

var i = 5;var i = 5;var s = "Hello";var s = "Hello";var d = 1.0;var d = 1.0;var numbers = new int[] {1, 2, 3};var numbers = new int[] {1, 2, 3};var orders = new Dictionary<int,Order>();var orders = new Dictionary<int,Order>();

““var” means var” means same type as same type as

initializerinitializer

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Anonymous TypesAnonymous Typespublic class Customerpublic class Customer{{ public string Name;public string Name; public Address Address;public Address Address; public string Phone;public string Phone; public List<Order> Orders;public List<Order> Orders; … …}}

public class Contactpublic class Contact{{ public string Name;public string Name; public string Phone;public string Phone;}}

Customer c = GetCustomer(…);Customer c = GetCustomer(…);Contact x = Contact x = new Contact { Name = c.Name, Phone = new Contact { Name = c.Name, Phone = c.Phone }c.Phone };;

Customer c = GetCustomer(…);Customer c = GetCustomer(…);var x = var x = new { c.Name, c.Phone }new { c.Name, c.Phone };;

Customer c = GetCustomer(…);Customer c = GetCustomer(…);var x = var x = new { Name = c.Name, Phone = c.Phone }new { Name = c.Name, Phone = c.Phone };;

class ???class ???{{ public string public string Name;Name; public string public string Phone;Phone;}}

Projection style Projection style initializerinitializer

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var contacts =var contacts = from c in customersfrom c in customers where c.State == "WA"where c.State == "WA" select new { c.Name, c.Phone };select new { c.Name, c.Phone };

Anonymous TypesAnonymous Types

var contacts =var contacts = customers.customers. .Where(c => c.State == "WA“).Where(c => c.State == "WA“) .Select(c => new { c.Name, .Select(c => new { c.Name, c.Phone });c.Phone });

class ???class ???{{ public string public string Name;Name; public string public string Phone;Phone;}}

IEnumerable<???IEnumerable<???>>

foreach (var c in contacts) {foreach (var c in contacts) { Console.WriteLine(c.Name);Console.WriteLine(c.Name); Console.WriteLine(c.Phone);Console.WriteLine(c.Phone);}}

??????

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Query ExpressionsQuery Expressions

Language integrated query syntaxLanguage integrated query syntax

fromfrom idid inin sourcesource{ { fromfrom idid inin sourcesource | | wherewhere conditioncondition } }[ [ orderbyorderby orderingordering, , orderingordering, … ], … ]selectselect exprexpr | | groupgroup exprexpr byby keykey[ [ intointo idid queryquery ] ]

Starts with Starts with fromfrom Zero or more Zero or more

fromfrom or or wherewhere

Optional Optional orderbyorderby

Ends with Ends with selectselect or or groupgroup bybyOptional Optional intointo

continuationcontinuation

20

from c in customersfrom c in customerswhere c.State == "WA"where c.State == "WA"select new { c.Name, c.Phone };select new { c.Name, c.Phone };

customerscustomers.Where(c => c.State == "WA").Where(c => c.State == "WA").Select(c => new { c.Name, c.Phone });.Select(c => new { c.Name, c.Phone });

Query ExpressionsQuery Expressions

Queries translate to method Queries translate to method invocationsinvocations

Where, Select, SelectMany, OrderBy, Where, Select, SelectMany, OrderBy, GroupByGroupBy

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Expression TreesExpression Trees

public class Northwind: DataContextpublic class Northwind: DataContext{{ public Table<Customer> public Table<Customer> Customers;Customers; public Table<Order> Orders;public Table<Order> Orders; … …}} Northwind db = new Northwind(…);Northwind db = new Northwind(…);

var query = from c in db.Customers where c.State == var query = from c in db.Customers where c.State == "WA" select c;"WA" select c;

Northwind db = new Northwind(…);Northwind db = new Northwind(…);var query = db.Customers.Where(c => c.State var query = db.Customers.Where(c => c.State == "WA");== "WA");

How does this How does this get remoted?get remoted?

public class Table<T>: IEnumerable<T>public class Table<T>: IEnumerable<T>{{ public Table<T> Where(Expression<Func<T, bool>> public Table<T> Where(Expression<Func<T, bool>> predicate);predicate); … …}}

Method asks Method asks for expression for expression

treetree

System.ExpressionSystem.Expressions.s.

Expression<T>Expression<T>

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Expression TreesExpression Trees

Code as DataCode as Data

Func<Customer, bool> test = c => c.State Func<Customer, bool> test = c => c.State == "WA";== "WA";

Expression<Func<Customer, bool>> test = c => c.State Expression<Func<Customer, bool>> test = c => c.State == "WA";== "WA";

ParameterExpression c =ParameterExpression c = Expression.Parameter(typeof(Customer), "c");Expression.Parameter(typeof(Customer), "c");Expression expr =Expression expr = Expression.EQ(Expression.EQ( Expression.Property(c, Expression.Property(c, typeof(Customer).GetProperty("State")),typeof(Customer).GetProperty("State")), Expression.Constant("WA")Expression.Constant("WA") ););Expression<Func<Customer, bool>> test =Expression<Func<Customer, bool>> test = Expression.Lambda<Func<Customer, bool>>(expr, c);Expression.Lambda<Func<Customer, bool>>(expr, c);

23

LINQ Tech PreviewLINQ Tech Preview

24

C# 3.0 Language C# 3.0 Language InnovationsInnovations

Lambda expressionsLambda expressions

Extension methodsExtension methods

Local variable type inferenceLocal variable type inference

Object initializersObject initializers

Anonymous typesAnonymous types

Query expressionsQuery expressions

Expression treesExpression trees

var x = 5;var x = 5;

static void Dump(this static void Dump(this object o);object o);

c => c => c.Namec.Name

new Point { x = 1, y new Point { x = 1, y = 2 }= 2 }

new { c.Name, new { c.Name, c.Phone }c.Phone }

from … where … from … where … selectselect

Expression<TExpression<T>>

25

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TLN306TLN306 - LINQ Overview - LINQ Overview1:45 PM - 3:00 PM 1:45 PM - 3:00 PM

Halls C & DHalls C & D

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c#: future directions in language innovation anders hejlsberg tln307 technical fellow microsoft...

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