C and E DictionaryMikaela B

2010

Goal One

• 15 words• February 12• Civics…

1. Albany Plan of Union2. Autocracy3. Checks and Balances4. Committees of Correspondence5. Electoral College6. Factions7. Federalism8. First Great Awakening9. Free Exercise Clause10. Jamestown11. Original Colony Regions12. Proclamation of 176313. Separation of Powers14. Theocracy15. Totalitarianism

Original Colony Regions

• New England: Imported and exported goods mostly to Europe. The land was not well enough to plant on.

• Middle: Grew plants, still not as good of a place to grow on.

• Southern: Known for their plantations and cash crops.

Albany Plan of Union

• Benjamin Franklin created this document in the presence of six Iroquois tribe leaders. The format of the constitution is based off of the Indians’ draft.

Proclamation of 1763

• This allowed the English settlers to expand the west a little more (back then, Tennessee and North Carolina were one state.

Electoral College

• A group of people who vote on election day. (The US isn’t all about majority rules). Each person in the electoral college is given a certain number of points for their state. Whichever candidate that has the most amount of points in the end wins the election. If there is a tie, a committee must break it.

Separation of Powers

• The US government is split into three powers for equality:

• Legislative: makes laws• Executive: carries out the laws• Judicial: reviews the laws

Factions

• A group of people that share the same opinions or beliefs…sometimes known as an interest group.

Free Exercise Clause

• Allows people to practice what ever religion they want to freely.

Totalitarianism

• Government in which has almost total control of you life…almost like communism.

Theocracy

• A government based on a theory or philosophy.

First Great Awakening

• A period in time that reflected a lot of religious activity in Europe and in the new New England colonies.

Federalism

• Someone has a strict interpretation of the constitution…AKA: conservative.

Autocracy

• Ruled by one person; one person has complete power.

Checks and Balances

• The three branches are split because they are even out that way. No branch makes a decision with out the other one knowing first.

Jamestown

• The first permanent colony that was settled in the early Americas. Jamestown eventually had it’s own town meetings and legislative house.

Committees of Correspondence

• This committee was alive before the revolutionary war. It allowed the colonies to write to countries outside of the colonies. The main audience was usually England.

Goal Two

• Concurrent Powers• Expulsion • Ex Post Facto laws• Deficit Spending• Censure• Bills of Attainder• Cloture• Reprieves• Enumerated/Expressed Powers• Whip• Judicial Review• Commute Sentences• Treaty • Full Faith and Credit Clause• Expenditures

• Feb. 19

Concurrent Powers

• Powers shared by BOTH state and federal government.

Expulsion

• When someone in Senate or HOR has done something really bad, they get automatically kicked out.

Ex Post Facto Laws

• Laws that are made and passed through congress after an event has occurred that must change this law.

Deficit Spending

• Money that is spent over a set period of time.

Censure

• A formal charge of reprimanding the President, a member of congress, or a judge if they have done something wrong.

Bills of Attainder

• This makes sure people who have committed a crime worth capital punishment get what they deserve.

Cloture

• A debate is closed and votes are immediately taken.

Reprieves

• To postpone or relieve from punishment.

Enumerated/Expressed Powers

• Enumerated: Nonspecific responsibilities…

• Expressed: Expressed/ Specific responsibilities…

Whip

• Side parties that help

Judicial Review

• If a case is undecided or a very important case, it will be reviewed, or redone.

Commute Services

• Anything/one that delivers you to your specific destination as a service.

Treaty

• Usually a document written to settle a previous disagreement between two people, countries, etc.

Full Faith and Credit Clause

Expenditures

• When you exceed a certain budget.

Goal Three

• 10 Words• Feb. 26, 2010

1. Disaster Relief2. Board of Education3. Redistricting4. Annexation5. Referendum6. Woman’s right to vote7. Political Corruption8. County Commissioners9. Statutes10. Public Schools

Disaster Relief

• State and Federal Government should play their necessary roles in disaster relief of any part of America, or even any other part of the world.

Board of Education

• A group of people that ELECTED to oversee the district/county’s schools. This is part of establishing a district.

Redistricting

• States redraw voting districts within their own state.

Annexation

• When a city expands and takes in more territory to gain as their own.

Referendum

• If there is a vote that is held about changing an amendment and everyone vote “yes” to the proposal, then there is another vote that is taken called a referendum.

Women’s Right to Vote

• The nineteenth amendment was ratified and women’s suffrage was granted in 1920.

Political Corruption

• Some “leaders” (national/state) partake in illegal activities, without anyone knowing. Things like bribery and using a politically fit job as a way to earn money.

County Commissioners

• ELECTED representatives of the county. They make sure the needs of the county are being met within the state law.

Statutes

• Simply, “state laws”.

Public Schools

• Created to make sure every child has an equal opportunity at achieving an education (free/no tuition).

Goal Four

• 15 words 1. Political Parties2. Mock Elections3. Community Service4. Civil laws5. Voting6. Electoral college7. Mass Media8. Jury Duty9. “Just Plain Folk”10. Name Calling11. Conservative12. Polls13. Petition 14. Platform15. Majority Vote

Political Parties

• Two main political parties are Republican and Democrat. You also have other smaller parties like “Green” party helping conserve the earth, etc.

Mock Elections

• Elections that are not official. Usually to predict what will happen or who will be elected.

Community Service

• Doing something to better the community for no salary or wage (like working at a soup kitchen, picking up trash, cleaning public restrooms)

Civil Laws

• Laws protecting people’s rights and laws against civil situations.

Voting

• When there is a problem in a community or you are trying to find a political leader (whether for your country or county), you vote for them.

Electoral College

• Majority Rules doesn’t matter in this case. This is a group of people that have a certain number of points for the size state that you live in (in most cases). When voting for a president, the electoral college votes and their value wins president’s offices.

Mass Media

• Media (Television and Radio) that is publicized to many people nationally.

Jury Duty

• Time you must spend in a jury for a certain case. You are pulled from your job to serve on a jury. If you are predicted to be biased, you are pulled from the jury and must participate in another one.

“Just Plain Folk”

• When a politic says, “I was born and raised here and I know everything about this town. I was a hard worker on the family farm” to him/her win people over.

“Name Calling”

• When a politic criticizes someone and calls them a name that is usually negative.

Conservative

• Has a strict interpretation of the law.

Polls

• Places that people can go to vote on an issue or person.

Petition

• A non-violent way of presenting an argument of disagreement.

Platform

• Things that a certain party believes in. Laws that a party would put in place or protect.

Majority Vote

• Setting the electoral college aside, majority vote is based solely on popularity.

Goal Five

• 15 Words 1. Debate2. Appellate Jurisdiction3. Verdict 4. Annexation5. Voting6. Petition7. US Supreme Court 8. Dissenting Opinion9. Defense Attorney10. Subpoena11. Probable Cause12. Writ of Certiorari13. Felonies14. Indictment15. Filibuster

Debate

• When both sides of a party present their case/side and argue it.

Appellate Jurisdiction

• If a court has original jurisdiction, it is allowed to have an appellate jurisdiction to review the case.

Verdict

• A verdict is a decision a jury or judge makes. They will either pronounce you “guilty” or “not-guilty”.

Annexation

• Cities or towns expand.

Voting

• People should vote to participate in their community.

Petition

• A large group of people supporting something (usually peacefully).

US Supreme Court

• The highest court in the country.

Dissenting Opinion

• If judges vote differently at the end of an appellate court case, they must have one of these.

Defense Attorney

• Tries to defend the accused…even if it means lying (as long as they get paid).

Felony

• A more severe type of misdemeanor (can include killing someone)

Goal Six

• 15 Words 1. Rehabilitation2. Deterrence3. Iroquois League4. Restitution5. Detention 6. Media7. “ignorance of the law is no excuse”8. Death Penalty9. State Bureau of Investigation10. Food and Drug Administration11. Chamber of Commerce12. Think Tanks13. Department of Justice14. British Common Law15. Secret Service

Rehabilitation

• “Transform”, almost like therapy for criminals to make them obedient citizens of the law.

Deterrence

• If you name harsh punishments, people will often be deterred to do anything punishable.

Iroquois League

• The Iroquois Indians made an impressive mark on the new American Government, that they decided to take their method of document and make our own like that.

Restitution

• Restoring all that someone has stolen/done.

Detention

• Someone is limited to the places they can go or do.

Media

• Many forms of media are made, not just television. You can advertise over radios, newspapers, magazines, almost anything.

“ignorance of the law is no excuse”

• Citizens should pay attention to the law; they could be charged with something (a law) they didn’t know existed.

Death Penalty

• Most serious charges of punishment; usually if someone murders someone.

State Bureau of Investigation

• States top investigative ‘company’. Researches crimes to civil disputes.

Food and Drug Administration

• Responsible for almost anything dealing with foods, drugs/ medication, etc.

Chamber of Commerce

• Most businesses are joined with them to improve growth.

Think Tanks

• Organizations that research solely certain subjects/topics.

Goal 7

• 10 Words 1. Needs 2. Wants3. Incentives4. Assembly Line5. Specialization6. Productivity7. Marginal cost8. Natural Resource9. Producer10. Capital

Needs

• What people NEED to live…like water, food, oxygen, etc…

Wants

• Things people WANT to make life more enjoyable like ipods, chocolate, and purses. (things we can live without)

Incentives

• Sales pitches that motivate people to buy their product(s).

Assembly Line

• A bunch of people or laborers put together to achieve one goal.

Specialization

• A specific task someone takes on while working on an assembly line. This is usually used to make sure things get done fast and efficiently.

Productivity

• The time and rate products are being produced (time is money).

Marginal Cost

• How much it will cost to produce one more unit or product…will the rate and price go up or down?

Natural Resource

• A resource people can find that grows on the ground or is found in your backyard.

Producer

• Someone/thing that produces a product that should be sold and gained profit from.

Capital

• An instrument used to make a business…literally.

Goal Eight

1. Voluntary Exchange2. Disposable Income3. Substitute Goods4. Unlimited Life5. Strike6. Time Deposit7. Supply-Side Economics8. Equity9. Merger10. Lock-out

Voluntary Exchange

• People usually trade goods, services, resources, etc. for something of value that will make them gain in the end as well (usually money)

Disposable Income

• Money left over after paying taxes. They can do what ever they want to do with it.

Substitute Goods

• Goods that can be used instead other goods that work just the same.

Unlimited Life

• If the owner of a company dies, the company will still go on.

Strike

• When workers will not work until their needs and wants are met.

Time Deposit

• Bank accounts people can access after a set amount of time.

Supply-Side Economics

• This theory believes in cutting taxes so that business can spend their money more loosely on labor and production.

Equity

• Output is distributed equally among citizens.

Merger

• When two companies, that sometimes don’t have anything to do with each other, merge together as one.

Lock-out

• Because of ‘strikes’ and their known ‘rowdiness’, some owners will order a lock-out and will not permit them to come back to work.

Goal Nine

1. Consumer Protection2. OPEC Oil Embargo3. Child Labor4. “Tight Monkey” policy5. United Nations6. NIMBY7. Migration8. Operation Iraq Freedom9. Bear Market10. Bull Market

Consumer Protection

• Makes sure no product on the market is destructive or unsafe.

OPEC Oil Embargo

• Made gas very scarce…lines became longer and so did gas price numbers.

Child Labor

• Using child to work to maximize their growth and productivity.

“Tight Monkey” Policy

• Government goes on a high reserve with their money.

United Nations

• They want to deal with international issues…New York is it’s central.

NIMBY

• (Not In My Back Yard) Phrase used when people don’t want a big industry business to ruin their small “communitiness”.

Migration

• When people move from one country to another.

Operation Iraq Freedom

• 2003 on a mission to stop Saddam Hussein.

Bear Market

• When economy stalls and less money is being invested.

Bull Market

• Prices rise steadily over a set period of time.

Goal Ten

1. “Graying Population”2. Volunteerism3. Waste Disposal4. Rehabilitate5. Natural Disasters6. Acid Rain7. Literate8. Graft and Political Corruption9. Patriotism10. Poverty

“Graying Population”

• Another word for “baby boomers”; babies born soon after the depressions to the 1950s.

Volunteerism

• Giving time and energy to something, without money.

Waste Disposal

• What to do with chemicals and other potential poisons when we are done with them.

Rehabilitate

• Transformation of a citizen…

Natural Disaster

• Destruction caused by hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, and other natural occurring situations.

Acid Rain

• Chemicals in the atmosphere are absorbed, thinking they are rain, and let out in the clouds.

Literate

• Being able to read and write…

Graft and Political Corruption

• Politics that use their job and power to get money.

Patriotism

• Having a love for the US…

Poverty

• When people lack lots of money and they can’t afford the things they must have to live.