Featuring North America!s Leading Travel Destinations

Commemorating the Sesquicentennial,the 150th Anniversary of America!s

Civil War and Emancipation

Hampton Inn/WoodstockThe Yellow Barn

TTaassttee && EExxpplloorre Shenandoah

Thrilling visitors from around the world, Shenandoah Caverns is the only cavernin Virginia with elevator service! Explorers of every age and ability will discover an underground world of wonder. With level walkways and no stairs to climb, only thesights are breathtaking. The Family of Attractions includes amazing parade floats andpresidential inaugural props at American Celebration on Parade. Delightful antique animated department store window displays on Main Street of Yesteryear. Experiencethe live indoor beehive and model trains in motion at the Yellow Barn. Four attractionsat one low price! Open every day except Dec. 25th. www.shenandoahcaverns.com

Indoor Pool atHampton Inn

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American Celebration on Parade

The Grottos at Shenandoah Caverns

Visit the five wineries

of the ShenandoahCounty Wine Trail.

Taste & Explorree SShheennaannddooaahh

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Hampton Inn & Suites, Woodstock, VA has achieved #1 in Virginia and #5 in the nation, votedby our guests! The Hampton Inn & Suites strives to make each guest feel as comfortable as they can.Everyone should feel as though this is their home away from home. With an indoor heated pool, 92rooms (including 30 luxurious suites), wireless Internet, and 32” flat screen TVs, the HamptonInn/Woodstock is the newest, most exclusive hotel in the Shenandoah Valley. It is located in the quaint,historic town of Woodstock, and central to many of the Valley’s breathtaking and unique attractions,including Skyline Drive, Shenandoah National Park, Shenandoah Caverns and many Civil WarBattlefield sites. Located just 15 miles from Bryce Resort, check out the new overnight Bryce Golf

Packages from just $99.00 per person, double occupancy. www.hamptoninnwoodstock.com

The Bushong Farm at New Market BattlefieldState Historical Park is one of many Civil War

Historic Sites in Shenandoah County

Wine Tasting, Caverns, Attractions, Rt. 11 Yard Crawl,and Civil War Battlefields in the heart of the Shenandoah

Valley of Virginia 90 minutes from the WashingtonBeltway

Shenandoah County Tourism 888-367-3965 • www.shenandoahtravel.org

America’s Civil War was one ofthe most difficult periods in ournation’s history. North against

South, brother against brother, familyagainst family, the toll of the conflictwas measured in far more than casual-ties on the battlefield. Casualties that

are unprecedented in American history.As we approach the Sesquicentennial of the Civil

War -- the 150th anniversary of the attack on FortSumter, South Carolina -- we reflect on the WarBetween the States and its impact today.

In this issue of Byways we focus on theSesquicentennial by visiting many of the historical sitesmade famous by the Civil War. Places that were sleepyvillages or local creeks became chapters in U.S. historybooks, and became some of the most revered travel des-tinations in North America. Places like Manassas, BullRun, Shiloh, Antietam, Gettysburg, Appomattox, NewMarket, and Richmond.

The introduction to the Civil War is written by ScottHarris, Director of the New Market Battlefield StateHistorical Park in New Market, Virginia. Scott exploresthe causes of the War, and provides an overview of whyevents were spinning out of control, and even last ditchdiplomacy was doomed to failure.

Our coverage is not designed to cover every event,every battle of the Civil War. We begin in SouthCarolina, where it all began, with the firing on FortSumter by Confederate forces, and conclude with thesurrender of General Lee to General Grant atAppomattox Court House. In between, someof the most famous battles and some of theleast well-known are highlighted.

A special focus is presented on Richmond,the capital of the Confederacy. We visit theMuseum and White House of the Confederacy,and tour Richmond, taking us from Civil War,to Reconciliation to Emancipation. And thenwe view Richmond today, a modern, progres-sive Southern city which emerged from theruins of war.

The goal is to highlight the many opportuni-ties we will have over the next several years toexperience the impact of the Civil War on ourcountry, and to visit many of these famous sitesas we relive and commemorate this uniquetime in our nation’s history.

In researching the many articles and locating

many of the outstanding photographs we’ve presented inthis issue, we understood that 150 years is not a longtime. Many of the scars of this war still remain, for thosewhose ancestors fought on both sides, and for those inslavery whose future freedom would be determined bysuccess or failure on the Battlefield.

The Civil War had a monumental impact on theAmerica we know today. The Civil WarSesquicentennial presents us with a unique opportunityto go back in history and learn and experience thisunique period in our nation’s history.

We encourage all of our readers to join in the com-memoration of the Civil War Sesquicentennial. Youwon’t be disappointed.

PREVIEWBy Steve Kirchner, Editor & Publisher

Battlefield Tour in Gettysburg

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Malvern Hill Battlefield artillery demonstration

FeaturesThe Sesquicentennial of America!s Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8War -- Fort Sumter Attacked! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12The Museum and White House of the Confederacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Forging Freedom: Headquarters, Heroes and Haunts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16The Battlefield Comes to Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Antietam, War Comes to Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Contrasts Highlight Tennessee!s Civil War History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Civil War in Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30The Siege of Vicksburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Tragedy in Gettysburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Worldwide Interest in Gettysburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36History Awaits at New Market Battlefield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Newport News Highlights Land & Sea Battles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Appomattox Court House, The Final Battle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Out of Ashes, Richmond!s Reconciliation and Revival. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46DepartmentsByways Preview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Advertisers Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54What!s HappeningLouisville!s MEGA Cavern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50In the Heart of the Ozarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Coming in future issues of Byways… Upcoming coverage includes Iowa!s tour destinations, a focus on Oklahoma, coverage of America!s

Scenic Byways, and the top group tour destinations in North America.

Volume 27, Issue No. 3, 2010

Richmond, Virginia, a modern and progressive Southern City, served as thecapital of the Confederacy. Today it!s the centerpiece in the commemorationof the Sesquicentennial, the 150th Anniversary of America!s Civil War andEmancipation. In-depth coverage of the Sesquintennial begins on page 8.

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Covered bridge near Winterset in Madison County,made famous by Iowa novelist Robert Waller.

A Mississippi River overlook near the Black HawkRiver Bridge along the Great River Road in Iowa.

888-733-5287 • nmn@motorcoach.com

The National Reservation CenterCharter a motorcoach anywhere in North America

motorcoach.comOzarks’ Kirkwood Tour & Travel

Sweet Magnolia ToursTrieloff Tours

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The Sesquicentennial of America!s Civil War

Shiloh National Military Park in Tennessee is considered one of thebest-preserved Civil War battlefields in the nation.

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The Sesquicentennial of America!s Civil WarWhy Civil War?By Scott Harris, DirectorNew Market Battlefield State Historical Park

What caused the American Civil War? Although this question has been debated by historians, politicians, andthe general public for nearly 150 years, there is still no uni-

versally-accepted answer. However, among several factors that contributed to the out-break of war in 1861, most historians acknowledge the institution of slavery as theoverriding, decisive cause.

American colonial settlement patterns reflected dif-ferent geographic, economic, and cultural forces. Thesouthern portion of the original 13 British coloniesdeveloped an economy largely based on cash crops liketobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton. These labor-intensivecrops demanded large numbers of workers, most ofwhom initially were enslaved Africans. In the north,conditions generally favored smaller-scale agriculture,maritime trade, and manufacturing. Immigration, espe-cially from Ireland and Germany, provided a larger shareof the labor force than in the south. The border regionsbetween north and south included most of these factorsin varying degrees.

Although slavery existed in all the colonies (laterstates) initially, by the early 19th century most northernstates had either abolished the practice outright or estab-lished processes for its eventual end. Broadly speaking,the northern states supported free labor, high import tar-iffs to protect domestic manufacturing, and religious andpolitical movements that sought to contain or eliminateslavery. In the south, the plantation-based economy fos-tered support for low tariffs to import foreign goods, andslavery as both a stable labor force and as a means ofsocial control. Even with the end of the African slavetrade in 1808, natural increase caused steady population

growth. The 1860 census showed a slave population offour million. Representing only 13% of the total U.S.population of 31 million, slaves constituted 39% of thenine million southerners counted in 1860.

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Union reenactors in Tennessee

A Civil War Battlefield cannon in Tennessee

The U.S. Constitution defined a slave as three-fifthsof a person for purposes of apportioning congressionaldistricts, giving slaveholding states an advantage in con-gress. The fear of this “slave power” was a strong moti-vating force in the north to oppose the spread of slaveryto new territories, particularly the vast lands acquired bythe Louisiana Purchase and by conquest in the MexicanWar. Conversely, slaveholding states wanted no federalgovernment limits on the spread of slavery into futurestates, believing that such limits would be the first steptoward total abolition.

The debate over slavery fractured the American two-party political system along sectional lines during the1850s. The rise of the abolitionist movement in thenorth, along with that of the Republican Party whichopposed the spread (if not the existence) of slavery,made southern Democrats harden their resistance andagitate for secession from the Union to protect theSouth’s “peculiar institution.” The election of AbrahamLincoln in 1860 caused South Carolina and six otherslaveholding states to pass ordinances of secession anddeclare the Confederate States of America by the springof 1861. South Carolina forces fired on Fort Sumter inCharleston Harbor on April 12, and Lincoln called for75,000 volunteers to put down the southern rebellion.This action pushed four wavering states, includingVirginia, into the Confederate camp.

Not every southerner fought to preserve slavery, just asmost northerners did not initially fight to end it. For

many on both sides, the issue was whether the federalgovernment could override states’ rights by force.Southerners took up arms to defend their homes frominvasion, while northerners sought to ensure the sancti-ty of the Union. Despite these aims, the war evolvedsteadily, perhaps inevitably, into a final showdown overthe existence of slavery.

The Hall of Valor, New Market Battlefield State Historical Park, New Market, Virginia

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Reenactors depict Confederate troops

Abraham Lincoln’s victory in the presidentialelection of 1860 triggered South Carolina’s dec-laration of secession from the Union. By

February 1861, six more Southern states made similardeclarations.

On February 7, the seven states adopted a provisionalconstitution for the Confederate States of America andestablished their temporary capital at Montgomery,Alabama. A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861met in Washington in a failed attempt at resolving thecrisis. The remaining eight slave states rejected pleas tojoin the Confederacy. Confederate forces seized most ofthe federal forts within their boundaries.

Fort Monroe in Virginia, Fort Sumter in Charleston,South Carolina, and Fort Pickens, Fort Jefferson, andFort Taylor, all in Florida, were the remaining Union-held forts in the Confederacy, and Lincoln was deter-mined to hold them all.

Under orders from Confederate President JeffersonDavis, troops controlled by the Confederate govern-ment under P. G. T. Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumteron April 12, 1861.

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War -- Fort Sumter Attacked!

Fort Sumter, South Carolina, where the Civil War began.

Richmond, Virginia was thecapital of the Confederacy.

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Decades of growing strife between North and Southhad erupted in civil war. Fort Sumter surrendered 34hours later. Union forces would try for nearly four yearsto take it back.

Northerners rallied behind Lincoln’s call for all thestates to send troops to recapture the forts and to pre-serve the Union. With the scale of the rebellion appar-ently small so far, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteersfor 90 days. For months before that, several Northerngovernors had discreetly readied their state militias; theybegan to move forces the next day.

Four states in the upper South (Tennessee, Arkansas,North Carolina, and Virginia), which had repeatedlyrejected Confederate overtures, now refused to sendforces against their neighbors, declared their secession,and joined the Confederacy. To reward Virginia, theConfederate capital was moved to Richmond. The citywas the symbol of the Confederacy.

Visitors relive history as they walk the grounds ofFort Sumter today.

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The Museum and WhiteHouse of the Confederacy

The back portico of the White House of the Confederacy

Since opening its doors in 1896, theMuseum and White House of theConfederacy in Richmond has been a

tourist destination, and the Sesquicentennial ofthe Civil War will be no exception.

The Museum was founded in 1890 andopened its doors in the home occupied byJefferson Davis and his family during the CivilWar. Now known as the White House of theConfederacy, in April, 1865, the house becameheadquarters for the occupying Union Army.During Reconstruction, the house was head-quarters for the Military District of Virginia. Atthe end of Reconstruction it became a schooland remained as Central School for 20 years.In 1890, the ladies of the ConfederateMemorial Literary Society assumed possessionand began the process of collecting the arti-facts, photographs, and documents, whichwould be displayed in the museum.

The Museum continued to be located in thehouse until 1976 when the artifacts were trans-ferred to the new museum building and thehouse was closed for restoration work whichwould let visitors see it as it looked when theDavis family lived there. The restoration wascompleted and the house opened to the publicin 1988.

The collection is well known by scholars,authors, and other historians of the AmericanCivil War as an important location for researchand study of the Confederacy. The Museumpossesses more than 20,000 artifacts and morethan 100,000 documents and photographs. Itscollection of wartime Confederate flags, in

excess of 550, is the largest of its kind.The Museum building has three floors of exhibits and

is self-guided. Audio wands are available for the mainfloor exhibit. The current exhibit on the second floor istitled “Between the Battles,” and focuses on the life ofthe common soldier when he was not engaged in battle.An exhibit on the lower floor displays art of theConfederate soldiers both during and after the war.Another exhibit on the same level is about theConfederacy in Virginia history. There are guided toursof the White House which last approximately forty-fiveminutes.

The Museum and White House are open Mondaythrough Saturday from 10:00am to 5:00pm, and12:00pm to 5:00pm on Sunday. Both sites observeThanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year’s, and areclosed on those days. There is a $9 charge to visit onebuilding and a combination ticket to the Museum andWhite House is $12. Discounts are available for groups,seniors, AAA members, and Youth 7-13. Active dutymilitary personnel are admitted free.

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The Parlor of the White House

White House Dining Room

The path to Freedom burned throughRichmond. Steeped in authentichistory and attractions, the past

comes to life in the Richmond Region.With the 150th anniversary of the CivilWar and Emancipation spanning 2011-2015, Richmond is a great place to beginyour journey.

Day 1 – RichmondBegin your tour at the Virginia Capitol

where the Confederate Congress met andRobert E. Lee accepted his commission inthe Confederate Army. While on thesegrounds visit the numerous monumentshonoring Virginia leaders and trailblazers.Don’t miss the Virginia Civil RightsMemorial that tells the story of BarbaraJohns, a 16-year-old student who organizedand led protests against segregated schools.The protests led to Brown vs. Board ofEducation and desegregation.

Then it’s off to the Museum and WhiteHouse of the Confederacy, which houses16 • Byways

Forging Freedom: Headquarters, Heroes and Haunts; Civil War andEmancipation, 150th, Richmond VA

Richmond, 1862

the largest collection of Confederate artifacts in thenation. The house is as it was when Jefferson Davis andhis family lived there.

We’ll have our lunch in historic Shockoe Bottomamong the cobblestone streets and old tobacco ware-houses.

We visit the Richmond National Battlefield ParkCivil War Visitor Center at historic Tredegar IronWorks that houses two floors of museum exhibits, evoca-tive voices of soldiers and civilians and a 20-minute filmabout Civil War Richmond. From here one can choosea battlefield for personal tours such as Gaines’ Mill inHanover County, Drewry’s Bluff in Chesterfield County,or Glendale/Malvern Hill in Henrico County. Theentire Richmond Region is filled with Civil War battlesand skirmishes throughout the years from 1861-1865. InNew Kent County, you can take the trail of J.E.B.Stuart’s famous ride around the Union Army.

We walk next door to the adjacent American CivilWar Center. “In the Cause of Liberty,” the Center’s flag-ship exhibit, presents the story of the Civil War, its caus-es, course, and its legacies from the viewpoints ofUnionists, Confederates, and African Americans -- thewar’s three main participant groups. The dynamic inter-

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Reenactment of Confederate troops at Gaines! Mill Battlefield

Virginia Capitol in Richmond

play of three peoples at war changedAmerica forever and created a vastly dif-ferent country from the one that existedbefore the war.

The Overlook, located across fromTredegar Iron Works, tells the story ofthe burning of Richmond as theConfederate Capital fell. Tonight wehave a Civil War dinner complete withsouthern entertainment! Day 2 – Richmond/Petersburg

To learn an overview of Virginia, wevisit the Virginia Historical Societywhose headquarters, Battle Abbey, wasconstructed by the ConfederateMemorial Association as a shrine to theConfederate dead. The society collectsand interprets Virginia’s past through“The Story of Virginia” exhibit as well astraveling exhibits.

Visit the Chimborazo MedicalMuseum. This was the site of the largestmilitary hospital in the world from 1861-

1865. Here, 76,000 patients were received andtreated, 17,000 of which were wounded sol-diers.

We head to Petersburg to visit the PamplinHistorical Park located on the site ofBreakthrough, the battle that ended thePetersburg Campaign and led to the evacua-tion of the Confederate capital in Richmond.This park features four museums and planta-tion homes as well as living-history interpreta-tions of military and civilian Civil War life.We’ll have lunch here before the tour.

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Monument Avenue, Richmond

Stonewall Jackson, Monument Avenue

Reenactment at Cold Harbor Battlefield

When we return to Richmond, the coach takes usdown Monument Avenue which is the nation’s onlyavenue that’s designated a National HistoricLandmark. Several of the six monuments are dedicat-ed to Confederate leaders.

Next we visit the Confederate War MemorialChapel built in 1887 by Confederate veterans as amemorial to the Confederate dead.

Late afternoon we visit Hollywood Cemetery. Thisis the final resting place of two U.S Presidents,Jefferson Davis and his family, 25 Confederate gener-als and 18,000 Confederate dead.

Tonight we attend a Civil War wedding and recep-tion dinner with dancing! (beginning November,2010)

Day 3 – ReconciliationTo take a journey through Richmond’s past, we

must address the role of the city’s engagement of slav-ery as we visit the Manchester Slave Trail.

From 1680 until 1780, Richmond was the secondlargest slave market and a principal port of entry for

Africans being sold into slavery. For 40 years prior to theCivil War, Richmond was the nation’s center for theexport of slaves. Walk the path that the slaves took. TheManchester Slave Trail is a memorial to those whowalked this route.

Now, as it was 150years ago, this walk is anemotionally powerfulexperience. Option:This can be done atnight with a torch lightguided tour.

Next tour the SixthMount Zion BaptistChurch, which wasorganized in 1867 byRev. John Jasper. Born aslave in 1812, he gainedhis freedom to become anationally celebratedpreacher. Jasper was bestknown for his 1878 ser-mon “De Sun DoMove.” Lunch will beserved here at thechurch with great south-ern cuisine.

After lunch, we visitthe ReconciliationStatue which raises thelevel of awareness andinformational accuracyabout Richmond’s rolein the slave trade. Thestatue depicts two people

melded in an embrace and is linked to similar memori-als in Liverpool, England and the Republic of Benin,West Africa.

This afternoon we take a Canal Cruise on the canaldesigned by George Washington. Hear a narration of thecity and its history. (Available seasonally.)

Stroll along the nearby Richmond Canal Walk to seethe historic exhibit, “African-Americans and theWaterfront,” which chronicles the African Americancontribution to the development of Richmond’s river-front.

Dinner tonight will be filled with excitement as wecelebrate Emancipation with African American danceand music by the Elegba Folklore Society.

Day 4Depart for home.

Contact for additional information:Janie Lawson, CTIS – Tourism Sales ManagerRichmond Metropolitan Convention & Visitors Bureau800-370-9004 or 804-783-7409jlawson@richmondva.orgwww.VisitRichmondVa.com

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The Reconciliation Statue, Richmond

Two major battles of the Civil War were fought inVirginia at Manassas Junction, and becamefamous under two different names. That is

because in the South the battle was named for the near-est artificial object near the field of action. In this case,Manassas, the railroad junction. In the North, it wasnamed for the nearest natural object near the scene ofthe conflict. It this case, it was the creek known as BullRun.First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run)

The First Battle of Bull Run, also known as the FirstBattle of Manassas (the name used by Confederateforces and still often used in the southern UnitedStates), was fought on July 21, 1861, near Manassas,Virginia. It was the first major land battle of theAmerican Civil War.

Just months after the start of the war at Fort Sumter,the Northern public clamored for a march against theConfederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, which couldbring an early end to the war. Yielding to this politicalpressure, unseasoned Union Army troops under Brig.Gen. Irvin McDowell advanced across Bull Run againstthe equally unseasoned Confederate Army under Brig.Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard near Manassas Junction.

Expecting an easy Union victory, civilians fromWashington, DC packed picnic lunches and rode by car-riage out to view the battle.

McDowell’s ambitious plan for a surprise flank attackagainst the Confederate left was not well executed by hisinexperienced officers and men, but the Confederates,who had been planning to attack the Union left flank,found themselves at an initial disadvantage.

Confederate reinforcements under the command ofBrig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from theShenandoah Valley by railroad and the course of the

battle changed. A brigade of Virginians under a rela-tively unknown colonel from the Virginia MilitaryInstitute, Thomas J. Jackson, stood their ground andJackson received his famous nickname, “StonewallJackson”.

The Confederates launched a strong counterattackand as the Union troops began withdrawing under pres-sure, many panicked and it turned into a rout as theyfrantically ran in the direction of nearby Washington,DC. Those who came for a picnic fled at the horror ofthe battle.

Both sides were sobered by the violence and casualtiesof the battle, and they realized that the war would poten-tially be much longer and bloodier than they had origi-nally anticipated.

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General Stonewall Jackson received his nicknameat the first Battle of Manassas.

The Deep Cut Monument is one of many on the Manassas (Bull Run) Battlefield.

The BattlefieldComes to Virginia

Second Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) The Second Battle of Bull Run, or, as it was called by

the Confederacy, the Battle of Second Manassas, wasfought August 28-30, 1862. It was the culmination of anoffensive campaign waged by Confederate Gen. RobertE. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia against Union Maj.Gen. John Pope’s Army of Virginia, and a battle of muchlarger scale and numbers than the First Battle of BullRun (First Manassas) fought in 1861 on the sameground.

Following a wide-ranging flanking march,Confederate Maj. Gen. Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jacksoncaptured the Union supply depot at Manassas Junction,threatening Pope’s line of communications withWashington, DC. Withdrawing a few miles to thenorthwest, Jackson took up defensive positions on StonyRidge. On August 28, 1862, Jackson attacked a Unioncolumn just east of Gainesville, at Brawner’s Farm,resulting in a stalemate.

On that same day, the wing of Lee’s army commandedby Maj. Gen. James Longstreet broke through lightUnion resistance in the Battle of Thoroughfare Gap andapproached the battlefield.

Pope became convinced that he had trapped Jacksonand concentrated the bulk of his army against him. OnAugust 29, Pope launched a series of assaults against

Jackson’s position along an unfinished railroad grade.The attacks were repulsed with heavy casualties on bothsides. At noon, Longstreet arrived on the field fromThoroughfare Gap and took position on Jackson’s rightflank. On August 30, Pope renewed his attacks, seem-ingly unaware that Longstreet was on the field. Whenmassed Confederate artillery devastated a Union assaultby Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter’s V Corps, Longstreet’swing of 25,000 men in five divisions counterattacked inthe largest, simultaneous mass assault of the war. TheUnion left flank was crushed and the army was drivenback to Bull Run. Only an effective Union rearguardaction prevented a replay of the First Manassas disaster.

As the Union Army concentrated on Centreville, Leeplanned his next move. He sent Jackson on anotherflanking march in an attempt to interpose his armybetween Pope and Washington. Pope countered themove and the two forces clashed a final time at theBattle of Chantilly (also known as Ox Hill) onSeptember 1.

Lee immediately began his next campaign onSeptember 3, when the vanguard of the Army ofNorthern Virginia crossed the Potomac River, marchingtoward a fateful encounter with the Army of thePotomac in the Maryland Campaign and the Battle ofAntietam.

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The Stone House at Manassas (Bull Run) Battlefield. It was used as a field hospital during both battles.

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Antietam, War Comes to Maryland

As troops battled across the cornfields,this road became Bloody Lane.

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For nearly 100 years after its founding in 1763, the smallvillage of Sharpsburg in Washington County, Marylandenjoyed a serene and peaceful existence. But the events

of September 17, 1862 would change the place forever as thesurrounding fields played host to “the bloodiest single daybattle” in American history. The legendary engagement pro-duced an estimated 23,000-plus casualties, more Americanlosses than in all of the War of 1812, the Mexican War, andSpanish-American War combined.

The Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, thebloodiest one-day battle in American history and theculmination of Gen. Robert E. Lee’s first invasion of theNorth, was one of five Confederate offensives conduct-ed on a 1,000-mile front that fall. As Lee’s Army ofNorthern Virginia (about 40,000 men) marched acrosscentral and western Maryland, other Confederate forcesmoved into Kentucky,northern Mississippi, andthe Kanawha River valley ofwestern Virginia. Neveragain during the war wouldso many Confederate armiesbe on the offensive at thesame time.

Lee’s invasion was thebloodiest and the most deci-sive of these incursions.Following his success at theSecond Battle of Manassas(Bull Run), Lee wrote toConfederate PresidentJefferson Davis onSeptember 3, “The presentseems to be the most propi-tious time since the com-mencement of the war forthe Confederate Army toenter Maryland.... If it is ever

desired to give material aid to Maryland and afford heran opportunity of throwing off the oppression to whichshe is now subject, this would seem the most favorable.”Surprisingly, Lee then wrote, “The army is not properlyequipped for an invasion of an enemy’s territory. It lacksmuch of the material of war, is feeble in transportation,the animals being much reduced, and the men are poor-

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Reenactors walk the cornfields of Antietam.

Dunker Church, as seen today, was an importantlandmark during the battle.

ly provided with clothes, and inthousands of instances are desti-tute of shoes. Still, we cannotafford to be idle, and thoughweaker than our opponents inmen and military equipments,must endeavor to harass if wecannot destroy them. I am awarethat the movement is attendedwith much risk, yet I do not con-sider success impossible, andshall endeavor to guard it fromloss.”

Meanwhile, less than 25 milesaway, Union Gen. George B.McClellan was staging his Armyof the Potomac, roughly 85,000men.

While camped in Frederick,Maryland, a few days later, Leedecided on a bold move.

Because the 12,000-manFederal garrison at HarpersFerry posed a threat to his linesof supply, communication, andretreat, Lee could not safelyoperate north of the PotomacRiver without neutralizing it.

Accordingly, he divided hisarmy into four parts. He directedGen. Thomas J. “Stonewall”Jackson to supervise the envel-opment of Harpers Ferry withthree Confederate columnsnumbering more than 25,000men. Lee assigned the newlyarrived division of Gen. D. H.Hill to guard Turner’s Gap nearBoonsboro. He later orderedGen. James Longstreet to leadthe rest of the army, about10,000 strong, to Hagerstown,Maryland, near the Mason-Dixon Line and prepare to enterPennsylvania.

All of this changed when acopy of Lee’s plan (Special Orders No. 191) fell intoUnion hands. McClellan’s army gave chase and forcedthe Confederates into a holding action in the SouthMountain gaps. Lee gathered his army at Sharpsburg anddecided to make a stand northeast of town onSharpsburg ridge. Two days later the armies met in bat-tle. The Union named the conflict the Battle ofAntietam in honor of the creek while the South calledit the Battle of Sharpsburg in honor of the town.

Simple landmarks took on legendary status once thesmoke of battle cleared, including the Cornfield, Dunker

Church, the Sunken Road, and Burnside’s Bridge.Although outnumbered two to one, Gen. Robert E.Lee’s Army held off the Federals in what most historiansconsider an inconclusive outcome. Lee was forced toorder his battered army to withdraw across the Potomacinto the Shenandoah Valley.

Open year round from 8:30am-5:00pm (6:00pm insummer), the Antietam National Battlefield’s VisitorCenter offers films, ranger programs, museum, a book-store and driving tour maps. The roads of the park stayopen until dusk. For more information on visitingMaryland, go to http://visitmaryland.org.

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Contrasts Highlight Tennessee!sCivil War History

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Shiloh Civil War Monument

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Tennessee’s Civil War history is a study in contrasts: a secessionist state with staunch Unionloyalties, divided cities held by both Union and

Confederate troops, constant danger and hardship, andnagging uncertainty among friends, neighbors and familiesabout who was friend or foe.

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Reenactors at Parker!s Crossroads inTennessee

In 2011, Tennessee commemorates the 150thanniversary of the Civil War. The state has the secondmost Civil War sites in the United States. More than1,462 battles, at least one fought in each of Tennessee’s95 counties, brought destruction to the landscape. Thestate’s central location, river and rail paths, industriesand farmlands all combined to make Tennessee a crucialstate for both Union and Confederate forces, and causedit to be hotly contested for the entire duration of the war.

In Chattanooga, follow the footsteps of 124,000 CivilWar soldiers through the Chickamauga Battlefield. TheChickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Park isthe largest of its kind in the nation, with districts at theChickamauga Battlefield, Point Park, Missionary Ridge,Orchard Knob and Signal Point.

Fort Negley, originally built in 1862 with the assis-tance of black laborers, is one of the largest fortificationsbuilt by Union troops residing in Nashville during theCivil War. The unique star-designed Union fort fromthe Civil War is located between Greer Stadium and theAdventure Science Center near downtown Nashville.

Shiloh National Military Park, established in 1894, isconsidered one of the best-preserved battlefields in thenation. The two-day battle, which involved approxi-mately 65,000 Union and 44,000 Confederate troops,resulted in nearly 24,000 casualties. The park includesthe Shiloh National Cemetery, along with the well-pre-served, prehistoric Indian mounds that are listed as a his-toric landmark.

The Carter House, built in 1830 by Fountain Branch

Carter, was the stage for the second Battle of Franklin,one of the worst disasters of the Civil War for theConfederate Army. This Registered Historic Landmarkwas used as a Federal Command Post, while the 23members of the Carter family hid in the cellar during thefive-hour battle.

Just down the road, the McGavock family opened thedoors of Carnton Plantation as a field hospital forwounded Confederate soldiers during the Battle ofFranklin. In 1866, the McGavocks, concerned about theconditions of the Confederate soldiers buried in shallowgraves, designated land near the family cemetery for there-interment of nearly 1,500 Confederate soldiers.Today, the McGavock Confederate Cemetery is thelargest, privately-owned military cemetery in the nation.Do not miss the riveting tale of Carrie McGavock inRobert Hicks’ New York Times bestselling novel, “TheWidow of the South.”

Tennessee is a perfect touring ground for Civil Warenthusiasts. Today, visitors can follow in the footsteps ofthe Blue and Gray on battlegrounds large and small onTennessee’s Civil War Trails, a program that makesdeveloping compelling itineraries to Civil War sitesthroughout the state easy for individuals or groups of anysize. Trails consist of markers and sites across the statethat lead visitors from well-known and sacred sites likeShiloh, to never-before-interpreted locations likeParker’s Crossroads. For more information, visitors andtour operators can visit www.tnvacation.com or call 1-800-462-8366.

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Carnton Plantation

In the Civil War, Missouri was a border state that sentmen, armies, generals, and supplies to both opposingsides, had its star on both flags, had separate govern-

ments representing each side, and endured a neighbor-against-neighbor intrastate war within the largernational war.

By the end of the Civil War, Missouri had suppliednearly 110,000 troops for the Union Army and about40,000 troops for the Confederate Army. There werebattles and skirmishes in all areas of the state, from theIowa and Illinois border in the northeast to the edge ofthe state in the southeast and southwest on theArkansas border. Counting minor engagements, actionsand skirmishes, Missouri saw over 1,200 distinct fights.Only Virginia and Tennessee exceeded Missouri in thenumber of clashes within the state boundaries.

Missouri also helped produce some of the most recog-nizable figures of the Civil War era.Missouri was the pre-war home to DredScott,William T. Sherman and UlyssesS. Grant. When war came, Missouri’sbattlegrounds shaped the lives of suchnotables as Grant, Jesse James, MarkTwain, George Caleb Bingham andWilliam Clarke Quantrill.

Prior to the Civil War, Missouri washome to a bloody guerilla war along theKansas-Missouri border. Pro and anti-slavery forces ambushed and raidedeach other in an attempt to influencethe question of slavery in Kansas. Thisfighting prepared Missourians for thetype of Civil War they would witness.The atrocities and violence against

family members of these early years helped motivateMissouri’s Confederate irregulars and “Bushwhackers,”such as the James brothers, Cole Younger, William“Bloody Bill” Anderson and William Clarke Quantrill.

Zigzagging across the Missouri-Kansas border betweenhighways 71 and 69 south of Kansas City, Civil Warbuffs will find a number of small-town museums and his-torical markers related to the Kansas-Missouri borderwar between 1856 and 1861, and to the retreat of Gen.Price’s army after the defeat of Westport in October1864.

Many facets of the Civil War can be found at nation-al and state historic sites, museums, interpretive sitesand cemeteries throughout Missouri.

For additional information on Missouri Civil Warevents, visit http://www.visitmo.com.

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Civil War in Missouri

Civil War Museum,Carthage

Anderson House, Battle of Lexington State Historic Site, Lexington.Photos courtesy Missouri Division of Tourism.

The Siege of Vicksburg was the final major militaryaction in the Vicksburg Campaign of theAmerican Civil War. In a series of maneuvers,

Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of theTennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove theConfederate army of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton intothe defensive lines surrounding the fortress city ofVicksburg, Mississippi.

When two major assaults (May 19 and May 22, 1863)against the Confederate fortifications were repulsed withheavy casualties, Grant decided to besiege the citybeginning on May 25. With no re-enforcement, suppliesnearly gone, and after holding out for more than fortydays, the garrison finally surrendered on July 4. Thisaction (combined with the capitulation of Port Hudsonon July 9) yielded command of the Mississippi River tothe Union forces, who would hold it for the rest of theconflict.

The Confederate surrender following the siegeat Vicksburg is sometimes considered, whencombined with Gen. Robert E. Lee’s defeat atGettysburg the previous day, the turning point ofthe war. It also cut off communication withConfederate forces in the Trans-MississippiDepartment for the remainder of the war. Thecity of Vicksburg would not celebrateIndependence Day for about eighty years as aresult of the siege and surrender.

The Vicksburg National Military Park com-memorates the campaign, siege, and defense ofVicksburg. The park is located on ground highabove the Mississippi River. Over 1,340 monu-ments, a restored Union gunboat, and NationalCemetery mark the 16-mile tour road.

The Vicksburg National Military Park is America’smost monumented national military park, where thefate of our nation was decided in 1863. Within the Parkyou’ll also find a Union ironclad gunboat with over6,300 artifacts that had been submerged on the bottomof the Yazoo River for 102 years. The largest NationalMilitary Cemetery of Union dead in the United Statesis located in the park, and a few miles away 5,000Confederates repose at Soldiers Rest in City Cemetery.The Vicksburg Battlefield Museum, just east of the mil-itary park, features models of gunboats, the film“Vanishing Glory” which tells about civilian life duringthe siege, as well as a diorama depicting the Siege ofVicksburg.

For additional information on visiting Vicksburg, vis-it the Vickburg Convention & Visitors Bureau on-lineat http://www.vicksburgcvb.org.

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The Siege of Vicksburg

Vicksburg National Military Park

Texas Memorial

The Battle of Gettysburg is called the most famousand most important Civil War Battle. It occurredover three hot summer days -- July 1 to July 3,

1983 -- around the small market town of Gettysburg,Pennsylvania. What began as a skirmish, ended withcasualties numbering 51,000 Union and Confederaldead, wounded and missing, the largest number of casu-alties in the Civil War. Gettysburg is often described asthe War’s turning point.

Before the Battle, major cities in the North such asPhiladelphia, Baltimore and even Washington wereunder threat of attack from General Robert E. Lee’s

Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. TheConfederate Army had crossed the Potomac River andmarched into Pennsylvania. The Union Army of thePotomac under General George G. Meade, a new anduntried commander, marched to intercept Lee.

The skirmish began on July 1 with the two armies col-liding at Gettyburg. Events would escalate quickly, asLee rushed 25,000 men to the site; the Union had lessthan 20,000 soldiers there. Meade, however, anticipat-ed reinforcements totaling up to 100,000 men to arriveand strengthen his defensive plans.

Confederate General James Longstreet saw the Union

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A tour group on Little Round Top, where Union Forcesawaited the final charge of Confederate GeneralRobert E. Lee!s Confederate troops.

Tragedy in Gettysburg

position south of the town along the high ground atCemetery Ridge as impregnable and recommended Leeshould leave that position alone and instead move eastbetween the Union Army and Washington and build adefensive position, forcing the Union Army to attackthem instead.

But Lee believed his army was invincible. He decidedto attack the Union Army’s defensive position at thesouthern end of Cemetery Ridge which he believed wasless well defended. Some of the most bitter fighting ofthe Civil War erupted at places now part of Americanmilitary folklore such as Little Round Top, Devil’s Den,

the Wheat Field and the Peach Orchard.The Union lost some ground during the

onslaught, but still held a strong defensiveposition along Cemetery Ridge. War coun-cils on both sides gathered to plan the nextday. Meade decided to remain in place andwait for Lee to attack. Longstreet tried againto talk Lee out of attacking such a strongposition, but Lee believed the Union soldierswere nearly beaten and would collapse underone final push.

Lee decided to gamble to win the Battle ofGettysburg and in effect, win the Civil War.He believed attacking the Union line at itscenter would be the least expected. TheRebels moved into the woods oppositeCemetery Ridge for the coming charge.

Just after 1:00pm, 170 Confederate can-nons opened fire to pave the way for theRebel charge. This was the heaviest artillerybarrage of the War, but many shells missedtheir targets. The Union army returnedheavy cannon fire and then ceased, hoping tofool the Rebels into thinking the cannonswere knocked out -- and that is exactly whatthe Rebels did think.

Longstreet was overwhelmed with emotionas he gave Lee’s order to advance. “Chargethe enemy and remember old Virginia,”yelled Pickett as 12,000 Rebels formed a linestretching a mile. In silence they headedtoward the Union Army. The Union firedtheir cannons, killing many; but the Rebelswent on, screaming the Rebel yell. A fiercebattle ensued as they got very close to theUnion army, but Union reinforcementsswarmed in and opened fire. The battered,outnumbered Rebels finally began to giveway. This great human wave that had beenPickett’s Charge began to recede as the mendrifted down the slope.

The supreme effort of Lee’s army had beenbeaten back, leaving 7,500 of his men lyingon the field of battle. Lee met the survivors,telling them, “It is all my fault.” Lee led his

army on a torturous retreat back to Virginia. The gam-ble had failed and the tide of the War was now perma-nently turned against the South.

On November 19, 1863, President Lincoln went tothe battle field to dedicate it as a military cemetery. In alittle over two minutes, the President delivered the his-toric Gettysburg Address to honor the fallen and rede-fine the purpose of the War. Over time, the speech andits words -- “government of the People, by the People,and for the People” -- have come to symbolize the defi-nition of democracy itself.

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Tragedy in Gettysburg

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Union reenactors fill the streets of Gettysburg

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Worldwide Interest Expected in Gettysburg

The Sesquicentennial Anniversary of the Battle ofGettysburg will undoubtedly be the focus of thenational commemoration of the Civil War, from

2011 to 2015.As the site of the war’s most famous battle, Gettysburg

is expecting worldwide interest in this smallPennsylvania town. Travel groups of all ages and inter-ests will make plans to learn about, experience and paytribute to the tragedy that occurred in Gettysburg near-ly 150 years ago.

In Gettysburg, history comes alive. The battle isbrought to life through living historians, interactivemuseums and engaging tours through the 6,000-acrebattlefield and the quaint town where thousands of sol-diers fought among the streets in 1863.

Start your trip at the Gettysburg National MilitaryPark Museum and Visitor Center, equipped with a spe-cial group entrance and motorcoach parking. Visitorsare ushered into the film, “A New Birth of Freedom,”the famous Gettysburg Cyclorama Painting and the 12museum galleries. An onsite restaurant is perfect forboxed lunches.

From there, experience the most-visited battlefield inthe country with a tour of the Gettysburg NationalMilitary Park. An expert Licensed Battlefield Guide willboard your motorcoach and present an engaging,humanizing story of this great battle. Groups may alsomarch the field of Pickett’s Charge, the famous -- butfailed -- attempt by the Confederate troops on the thirdand final day of the Battle of Gettysburg. Smaller groupsmay experience the battlefield on horseback or bySegway personal transporter.

The town of Gettysburg offers dozens of museums,restaurants, shopping and tours, including evening can-dlelit ghost walks and history tours that will make visi-tors feel like they’re standing in 1863. Personalized toursfor groups are available through many ofGettysburg’s tour guides and museums.

The 150th anniversary will bring newand expanded events to Gettysburg.Beginning in 2011, museums and otherattractions in Gettysburg will offer specialprogramming and activities for theSesquicentennial anniversary. On week-ends throughout the summers, living his-torians and re-enactors will set up campon the battlefield and give visitors an up-close look at the Civil War from a sol-dier’s perspective. Groups can alsoarrange for personalized, interactive liv-ing history tours anywhere in Gettysburg.

At the centerpiece of Gettysburg’s150th commemoration is Schmucker

The Battle of Gettysburg, July 3, 1863, by Currier and Ives.

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An evening candlelit Ghost Tour inGettysburg.

Guided tours are available.

A motorcoach tour stops at the Pennsylvania Memorial on the Battlefield grounds.

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A horseback tour of the Gettysburg battlefield.

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Hall, set to open in April 2013. This new muse-um will focus on the first day of the battle, CivilWar hospitals and faith in the Civil War.Currently the home of the Adams CountyHistorical Society on the Gettysburg LutheranSeminary campus, Schmucker Hall will be thenewest of many great attractions for group travel.

In November of 2013, Gettysburg will honorAbraham Lincoln and his immortal speech --The Gettysburg Address. Visitors can walk in thefootsteps of Lincoln in the Soldiers’ NationalCemetery, visit the David Wills House museumor take a Lincoln tour in downtown Gettysburg.

Gettysburg features dozens of group-friendlyhotels within close proximity of GettysburgNational Military Park and all major attractions,tours, shopping, restaurants and entertainment.

Groups interested in visiting Gettysburg duringthis important American anniversary, shouldcontact Jenny McConnell, Director of Sales,Gettysburg Convention & Visitors Bureau, at717-338-1053 or by email atjenny@gettysburg.travel.

For more information on group travel toGettysburg, visit www.gettysburggrouptours.com.

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President Abraham Lincoln reenactor isa familiar sight in Gettysburg.

Located in Virginia’s beautiful and historicShenandoah Valley, the New Market BattlefieldState Historical Park tells the story of one of the

last major southern victories in the Civil War’s“Breadbasket of the Confederacy.”

On May 15, 1864, Confederate forces under Maj.Gen. John C. Breckinridge defeated a larger Union armyunder the command of Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel on theBushong family’s farm near the town of New Market.Breckinridge’s army included 257 Cadets from theVirginia Military Institute, facing their baptism of fire.Never before, or since, has a college student body beencalled into pitched battle as were the VMI Cadets, tenof whom were killed or mortally wounded.

Established in 1967 and administered by VMI, theNew Market Battlefield State Historical Park is aNational Historic Landmark comprising nearly 300acres of the core battleground, including the historicBushong Farm and Hall of Valor Museum. The Hall ofValor, one of the first Virginia museums accredited bythe American Association of Museums, interprets theBattle of New Market and the saga of the entire CivilWar in Virginia. Colorful dioramas, exhibits, and com-puter kiosks describe the incredible acts of enduranceand resilience demonstrated by soldiers of the North andSouth. The Civil War Preservation Trust named theNew Market Battlefield its “Civil War Discovery TrailSite of the Year” for 2005.

The Hall of Valor also features an Emmy™ Award-winning film, Field of Lost Shoes, which depicts the bat-tle in vivid detail. The title refers to the enormousmuddy field across which the VMI Cadets charged, with

shoes literally sucked from their feet as they advanced.The Museum Store contains a wide variety of distinctivehistorical books, prints, ceramics, jewelry, toys, and qual-ity souvenirs, including an extensive Civil War videocollection. The museum, including restrooms, is handi-capped accessible. An additional restroom and vendingbuilding accommodates bus groups.

Each May New Market experiences again the sightsand sounds of combat during the annual Battle of NewMarket Reenactment. This living history event is theoldest battle reenactment in the United States, and oneof the few still held on the original ground. The eventfeatures thousands of authentic Civil War reenactorsdepicting Confederate and Union soldiers and civilians.

The Park’s interpretive programs cover such topics asthe Battle of New Market, Civil War soldier life, and19th century farm life. Self-guided and staff-led walkingtours of the Battlefield originate at the Hall of Valor.Step-on guides for bus groups are also available. A vari-ety of group programs are available, suitable for bothchildren and adults. Youth programs are designed tocomplement the Virginia Standards of Learning, andmay be adapted to fit other states’ academic standards.Adult tour offerings can likewise be tailored to specificinterests.

The Town of New Market offers noteworthy 19thcentury buildings, family-friendly restaurants and shops,and several hotels, all within minutes of the Battlefield.The New Market Rebels, a collegiate wooden-bat base-ball team, plays other Valley League clubs during Juneand July, and New Market Heritage Days are celebratedin October. The Shenandoah Valley is home to exten-

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History Awaits at New Market Battlefield Reenactment at New Market Battlefield

sive caverns that are open to the public, including LurayCaverns and Shenandoah Caverns/AmericanCelebration on Parade, which features a collection offestival and parade floats and memorabilia.

The scenic Shenandoah National Park and SkylineDrive are easily accessible from New Market. The townis also centrally located near other historic Valley townssuch as Winchester, with its renowned Apple BlossomFestival; Staunton, site of the Frontier Culture Museumand Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library; andLexington, home of the Stonewall Jackson House andVMI Museum. For more information on the Town ofNew Market and other Valley attractions, contact theShenandoah Valley Travel Association at 540-740-3132, or visit the web site at www.visitshenandoah.org.

The New Market Battlefield State Historical Park islocated at Exit 264 off Interstate 81. Operating hoursare 9:00am to 5:00pm daily except for New Year’s Day,Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Eve and Day. Tolearn more about admission rates and interpretive pro-grams, call 866-515-1864, or e-mail nmbshp@vmi.edu.For Park information, visit www.vmi.edu/newmarket.

Newport News HighlightsLand and Sea BattlesThe Sesquicentennial of the American Civil War

(2011-2015) offers Americans an opportunity tolearn and commemorate our country’s greatest

national crisis while exploring its lasting significancetoday. In Newport News, Virginia, student and adultgroups alike have the chance to explore and discover thehistory, battles and legacy that shaped our nation.

Virginia was a crucial element in Civil War history asit witnessed both the first battle between Union andConfederate forces and Lee’s surrender of the Army ofNorthern Virginia. Three out of every five battles werefought here and there are over three times more CivilWar battlefields in Virginia than any other state.Newport News saw the birth of the modern navy, thefirst, primitive forms of aerial reconnaissance and theultimate irony of a conflict being lengthened by theenforced labor of the very people many hoped the warwould free. The history of the Civil War has alwaysbeen valued in Newport News and is honored withannual events and activities.

All year long, groups can visit The Mariners’Museum’s USS Monitor Center and learn about thefamous Civil War “Battle of the Ironclads,” theUSS Monitor and CSS Virginia, and walk the deck of afull-scale Monitor replica in the award-winning exhibi-tion, “Ironclad Revolution.” The exhibition alsoincludes the Battle Theater, where visitors can experi-ence the action of the Battle of Hampton Roads, and geta first-hand look at the conservation of the turret. Youcan also jump aboard the Civil War Bus Tour! MichaelMoore, Registrar for Lee Hall Mansion, will take yourgroup on a customized tour along the Civil War trails of

the Union andConfederatearmies.

Be sure topay a visit tothe VirginiaWar Museumduring yourtime exploringN e w p o r tNews. TheMuseum offersan expansivegallery of U.S.military histo-ry from 1775 tothe presentday. Displaysof uniforms,vintage mili-tary vehicles,weapons andart work focuson the menand womeninvolved inAmerican mil-itary actionsfrom theRevolutionary War to the Vietnam War. The galleryincludes displays on the War of 1812, the Mexican War,the Civil War, the Indian Wars, World War I, WorldWar II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.

This is just a taste of what is to come in Newport Newsas we pay tribute to the heroism of the past. Come andrelive history! For more information on Newport News’Civil War Sesquicentennial events and activities, or torequest our new 96-page Group Planner, contact TristaAttoh, group tour marketing manager, with theNewport News Tourism Development Office, at 757-926-1442, toll-free at 888-493-7386.

E-mail tattoh@nngov.com. Discover our backyard…and embrace our nation’s his-

tory!

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USS Monitor in action with CSS Virginia, 9 March 1862. Painting created by Julian Oliver Davidson (1853-1894)

Southern KitchenHome Cooking Since 1955

Close to Bryce Resort, Shenandoah Caverns& New Market Battlefield

New Market, Virginia I-81 Exit

Steaks • Seafood • Chicken • Breakfast

540-740-35149576 S. Congress Street

Open 7 Days a Week 7 am - 9 pm

Come by and meet your hosts,Randy & Rebecca Newland

The Battle of Appomattox Court House, fought onthe morning of April 9, 1865, was the finalengagement of the Civil War.

Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia, havingabandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond, afterthe Siege of Petersburg, retreated west, hoping to joinhis army with the Confederate forces in North Carolina.Union forces, under the command of Lt. Gen. Ulysses S.Grant, pursued and cut off the Confederate retreat.Lee’s final stand was at Appomattox CourtHouse, where he launched an attack tobreak through the Union force to hisfront, but he assumed the Union forceconsisted entirely of cavalry. When herealized that the cavalry was backed up bytwo corps of Union infantry and his troopswere surrounded on three sides, he had nochoice but to surrender.

The signing of the surrender documentsoccurred in the parlor of the house ownedby Wilmer McLean on the afternoon ofApril 9. On April 12, a formal ceremonymarked the disbandment of the Army ofNorthern Virginia and the parole of itsofficers and men, effectively ending theCivil War.

Dressed in an immaculate uniform, Lee

waited for Grant to arrive. Grant arrived in a mud-spat-tered uniform -- a government-issue flannel shirt withtrousers tucked into muddy boots, no sidearms, and withonly his tarnished shoulder straps showing his rank. Itwas the first time the two men had seen each other face-to-face in almost two decades.

The terms were as generous as Lee could hope for; hismen would not be imprisoned or prosecuted for treason.In addition to his terms, Grant also allowed the defeat-

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The reconstructed McLean house, where Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865, to end America!s Civil War.

Appomattox Court House,The Final Battle

Union troops at Appomattox Court House

ed men to take home their horses and mules to carry outthe spring planting and provided Lee with a supply offood rations for his starving army. Lee said it would havea very happy effect among the men and do much towardreconciling the country.

Lee never forgot Grant’s magnanimity during the sur-render, and for the rest of his life would not tolerate anunkind word about Grant in his presence.

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The parlor of the restored McLean house, where surrender papers were signed.

General Robert E. Lee

General Ulysses S. Grant

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Out of Ashes, Richmond!s Reconciliation and Revival

Historic Canal Walk and Canal Cruise in downtown Richmond

Richmond today is an economically progressivecity. As Virginia’s capital, Richmond offers awealth of amenities not easily found among other

East Coast municipalities. It’s a far cry from the burned and defeated city that

served as the capital of the Confederacy at the end of theCivil War nearly 150 years ago.

Richmond’s complete livability can be measured innumerous ways. Here are a few:

• Beautiful neighborhoods with striking architecture• A vast cultural and educational heritage befitting its

more than 200,000 citizens, and• Noted historic prestige tracing back to the early

English settlers.Nationally recognized for its vitality and New

Economy embrace, Richmond’s diversified employmentbase extends from chemical, food and tobacco manufac-turing to biotechnology, semiconductors and high-techfibers. The city consistently ranks among “Best Places toLive and Work in America” in several national publica-tions.

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The Richmond Folk Festival

Richmond Ballet

Visitors view theCapitol.

48 • BywaysThe Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden

Richmond is among a handful of mid-sized cities tooffer a flourishing cultural community enhanced by sev-eral first-class museums and prominent universities, itsown symphony, professional ballet and opera, andnumerous theater companies and art galleries.

While offering easy access to the ocean, mountainsand Washington, DC, Richmond features countless pas-times at home. Trendy boutiques and restaurants,numerous sports and entertainment attractions, outdoorpursuits among one of the nation’s largest river park sys-tems, and a treasure trove of historic landmarks providefun and good times.

Celebrate more than 400 years of American heritage– all at once – with a visit to the historic RichmondRegion. Tour the site of many of the nation’s most sig-nificant moments in history.Patrick Henry’s famous “Give meliberty or give me death” speech.The former capitol of theConfederacy. The first Americanhospital and U.S. canal system.America’s first African-Americangovernor and the first AfricanAmerican Woman to start abank. All these milestones tookplace here, lending toRichmond’s highly distinguishedhistorical profile.

But the full breadth ofRichmond as a city extends farbeyond historic sites and illustri-ous figures from the past. Today,the city sets a modern precedentby blending upscale shopping, fabulous restaurants,

world-renowned museums and action-packed fun for allages. Richmond is increasingly recognized for the manydistinguished yet often unheralded qualities longenjoyed by those who already live here.

Today, the metropolitan area draws millions of visitorseach year. Explore the unique blend of historic charmand modern culture that define the City of Richmondunlike any other, one that is now known as one of themost welcoming destinations along the East Coast.

Agecroft Hall, an historic 15th centuryTudor manor house

Maymont, a Gilded Age estate in Richmond

Richmond!s 17th StreetFarmers Market

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National Park Service and American Civil War Center

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What’s HappeningWhat’s Happening

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Louisville is home to one of the largest caverns in the United States…so large,it has been dubbed the “MEGA” Cavern!

Louisville!s MEGA Cavern!

What once started out as Louisville Crushed Stoneand one of the best kept secrets in the city of Louisville,Kentucky has now been revealedto the public. It was created by amassive limestone quarry -- withminers blasting out a mind-bog-gling amount of rock for over 42years during the middle of the20th century. It was acquired in1989 by private investors who sawthe potential to develop a portionof the cavern into an environmen-tally-conscious high security com-mercial storage facility.

The cavern spans under a num-ber of roadways above and is partof 17 miles of corridors locatedunder the Louisville Zoo. It’s agreat tour for all ages, whether youwant to learn about science andhistory or simply want to see what

a giant cavern of this magnitude looks like!You’ll hop on an SUV-pulled tram and be joined by a

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The Louisville MEGA Cavern Visitors Center

MEGA Cavern expert who will guide youon your underground adventure. It’s a 60-70 minute tour, strategically lit to enjoyhighlights such as:

•Early cavern formations•A historic replica of the Cuban missile

fallout bunker•A worm recycling/tasting room•Sights and facts of the early mining

operation•Hear about the storm dog and pigeon

eating hawk and more surprises aroundevery corner!

Louisville MEGA Cavern is an all-weather attraction. The temperatureinside the cavern hovers at a comfort-able 58 degrees year round. Because youonly ride and never walk through the cav-ern, it is especially convenient for parentswith small children, seniors and the phys-ically challenged.

This coming holiday season Louisville MEGA Cavernwill be transformed once again into an underground hol-iday light spectacular for 2010-2011. It’s a 30-40 minuteride through part of 17 miles of underground passage-ways, which will feature double the lighted displays fromlast year with triple the animation.

Since its opening last year, the MEGA Cavern’s“Lights Under Louisville” allows the public to onceagain drive their own vehicle inside the cavern to expe-rience this one-of-a-kind holiday transformation. It’s agreat way to get your family in the mood this holiday sea-son, so load up the vehicle and enjoy the sights andsounds of “Lights under Louisville.”

And yes, motorcoaches are welcome!To make special group arrangements during the day,

for a school, church, or motorcoach, please contactGroup Sales at 502-855-3580. Space during the day islimited, and on a first come, first serve basis.

Since the early 1990s, a massive amount of recycledconcrete, brick, block, rock and dirt were (and continueto be) off-loaded at the cavern to fill in the holes andcreate floors and internal roads.

Construction to carve out offices and storage spaces isongoing, making just a dent in the more than 4,000,000square feet of space. Even though it’s underground, theLouisville MEGA Cavern is actually the largest buildingin the state of Kentucky -- and by tonnage is the largestrecycling center in the state. Now you can experience allthe wonder and adventure of this unique attraction.

Byways • 53

54 • Byways

Byways is published bi-monthly by Byways, Inc. and distributed electronically throughout North America.Byways is emailed to more 9000 tour operators, 21,000 travel agencies and 100,000 frequent travelers through theinternet. Subscriptions are complimentary.

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Byways Magazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Louisville MEGA Cavern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53motorcoach.com/National Reservation Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Pulaski County, Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Shenandoah County, Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3Hampton Inn, Woodstock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Shenandoah Caverns Family of Attractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Shenandoah County Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Southern Kitchen Restaurant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Virginia Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

In the Heart of theOzarksWhether you are coming to Pulaski

County, Missouri for a Military gradu-ation, attending one of the many

County festivals, getting “your kicks on Route66,” or planning a float trip along the scenic BigPiney or Gasconade Rivers, you’ll find it all herein the heart of the Ozarks.Route 66 in the Ozarks

Start your tour with 33 scenic miles of HistoricRoute 66 running through Pulaski County.Deemed the Main Street of America, this routewas commissioned November 11, 1926.

Route 66 ties together the towns of Devil’sElbow, St. Robert, Waynesville and Richland.

Discover the newly remod-led Piney Beach Cabins,which were originally a cot-tage court from the 1940s,the Elbow Inn and Bar�B�Q,originally the Munger MossSandwich Shop, the SugarBowl bluffs, a scenic overlook of a1940s wooden railroad trestle

bridge, Sheldon’s Market, built in 1941, the oldStagecoach Stop, Pulaski County Courthouse Museum,Buckhorn and Laquey...spot remnants of times past.

The Pulaski County Tourism Bureauand Visitors Center offers a self-guidedauto tour which leads you throughout thecounty pointing out historic sites alongthe way. Motorcoach groups may book astep-on guided tour of Route 66 toenhance their experience along HistoricRoute 66.Museums of Fort Leonard Wood

Pulaski County, Missouri is home toFort Leonard Wood, which features astate-of-the-art museum complex. Threeindoor museums feature detailed histori-cal displays of the Engineer, MilitaryPolice and Chemical Corp divisions ofthe United States Army. Visitors can walkthrough the tunnels of Vietnam, see abridge builder, walk through Check PointCharlie, and shoot an M16.

The WWII Building Museum is locatedjust across the street. One of the museum’sunique projects is the restoration of theWWII company area that features a din-ing facility, barracks, company headquar-ters, and officer quarters from the 1940s.See the history of the German prisonersthat were housed at Fort Leonard Wood

and learn about segregation during the early years.The museum complex also offers vintage military

vehicles and Soldiers Memorial Park which honors ourfallen.

To plan your visit to the Ozarks and Pulaski County,contact Beth Wiles, Executive Director of the PulaskiCounty Tourism Bureau at 573-336-6355.

email@visitpulaskicounty.org.

Byways • 55

12 - WWII Building Museum Complex

Old Stagecoach StopCivil War Hospital

The Fort Leonard Wood Visitors Center

56 • Byways

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