byrne parliamentary house presentation 20 june 2011 - dementia ·...

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An#psycho#c Medica#on in People with Demen#a GERARD BYRNE BSc (Med), MBBS (Hons), PhD, FRANZCP, MFPOA School of Medicine, University of Queensland Mental Health Service, Royal Brisbane & Women’s Hospital [email protected]

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Page 1: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

An#psycho#c  Medica#on  in  People  with  Demen#a  

GERARD  BYRNE  BSc  (Med),  MBBS  (Hons),  PhD,  FRANZCP,  MFPOA  

School  of  Medicine,  University  of  Queensland  Mental  Health  Service,  Royal  Brisbane  &  Women’s  Hospital  

[email protected]  

Page 2: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

Prevalence  of  Demen#a  By  Age,  Australia    

Jorm  et  al.  Acta  Psychiatrica  Scandinavica  1987;  76:  465-­‐479

%  

Page 3: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

Propor#on  Of  Popula#on  Aged  65+  Years  Projec#ons,  Australia  

Page 4: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

Probability  Of  Being  In  Permanent  Aged  Care  By  Age  &  Gender  

DoHA  Technical  Paper  on  the  changing  dynamics  of  residen#al  aged  care,  April  2011  

Page 5: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

Behavioural  &  Psychological  Symptoms  of  Demen#a  (BPSD)  

•  Behavioural  symptoms  – Noisy  behaviour  (screaming,  calling  out  etc)  – Agita#on  &  aggression  (hieng,  kicking  etc)  – Motor  overac#vity  (pacing,  wandering)  – Appe#te  &  sleep  disturbance  

•  Psychological  symptoms  – Apathy,  Anxiety,  Depression,  Delusions,  Hallucina#ons,  Misiden#fica#on  

Page 6: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

Behavioural  &  Psychological  Symptoms  Community  Prevalence  by  Demen#a  Severity  (in  Cache  County,  Utah)    

Lyketsos  et  al.  (2001)  IJGP  16:1043-­‐1053  

%   NPI*  

*Neuropsychiatric  Inventory  

Page 7: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

Persistence  of  Symptoms  Maasbed  Study  (The  Netherlands)  

NPI*  %  

Aalten  et  al.  (2005)  Int  J  Geriatr  Psychiatry  20:  523-­‐530  

N  =  199  ambulatory  pa#ents  with  demen#a;  76.4yrs;  2yr  persistence  means  presence  of  symptom  at  all  4  assessment  periods  over  2  years;  80.9%  had  one  or  more  BPSD  at  baseline;  NPI  administered  4  #mes  over  2  years  

*Neuropsychiatric  Inventory  

Page 8: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

An#psycho#c  Drug  Use  By  Age  &  Gender,  Australia  

PBS  Data;  Hollingworth  et  al.  (2010)  ANZ  J  Psychiatry  44,  372-­‐377  

Page 9: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

An#psycho#c  Use  In  Sydney  Nursing  Home  Residents  (2009)  

•  690  (28%)  of  2,465  residents  of  44  Nursing  Homes  were  taking  an#psycho#c  medica#on  regularly  

•  537  (21.8%)  were  taking  modern  “atypical”  an#psycho#cs  

•  286  (11.6%)  were  taking  risperidone  •  180  (7.3%)  were  taking  olanzapine  

44  of  48  Nursing  Homes  in  the  catchment  of  the  Sydney  South-­‐West  Health  Service  par#cipated  in  this  survey.  Snowdon  et  al.  (2011)  Med  J  Aust  194,  270-­‐271    

Page 10: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

Efficacy  Of  An#psycho#cs  

•  In  clinical  trials  of  an#psycho#c  medica#on  in  people  with  demen#a  complicated  by  psychosis,  agita#on  or  aggression  approximately  16  of  every  100  persons  treated  showed  some  improvement  –  this  is  considered  a  small  effect  size  

•  Trials  generally  went  for  8-­‐12  weeks  only,  so  very  limited  knowledge  of  efficacy  beyond  this  

Page 11: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

Common  Side-­‐Effects  Of  An#psycho#cs  In  Older  People  

•  Seda#on  •  Parkinsonism  

•  Falls  •  Weight  gain  

•  Diabetes  •  Increased  lipids  

Page 12: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

Excess  Mortality  In  NH  Residents  Treated  With  An#psycho#cs  

•  Meta-­‐Analysis  of  clinical  trials:  – An#psycho#c  4.5%  mortality  

– Placebo  2.6%  mortality  – Rela#ve  risk:  1.7  

•  For  every  100  people  with  demen#a  treated  with  an#psycho#cs,  one  death  will  occur  each  10-­‐12  weeks    

Chahine  et  al.  (2010)  Harvard  Review  of  Psychiatry  18,  158-­‐172.  

Page 13: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

PBS  Authority  Rules  

•  Olanzapine  (Zyprexa™)  –  Schizophrenia  –  Bipolar  I  disorder  

•  Risperidone  (Risperdal™)  –  Schizophrenia  –  Bipolar  I  disorder  –  Behavioural  disturbances  characterised  by  psycho#c  symptoms  and  aggression  in  pa#ent  with  demen#a  where  non-­‐pharmacological  methods  have  been  unsuccessful  

Page 14: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

An#psycho#c  Drug  Use  By  Age  &  Gender,  Australia  

PBS  Data;  Hollingworth  et  al.  (2010)  ANZ  J  Psychiatry  44,  372-­‐377  

Page 15: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

Survival  Following  An#psycho#c  Discon#nua#on    

Ballard  et  al.  (2009)  Lancet  Neurology  8,  151-­‐157  

UK  NH  residents  with  AD  

Page 16: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

Behaviour  Auer  Discon#nua#on  

•  NH  residents  with  mild  to  moderate  behavioural  disturbance  (NPI  ≤  14)  – An#psycho#c  vs  Placebo  difference  =  0.49  (95%  CI:  -­‐5.63  –  6.60)  [lixle  difference  but  NS]  

•  NH  residents  with  severe  behavioural  disturbance  (NPI  15+)  – An#psycho#c  vs  Placebo  difference  =  -­‐5.33  (95%  CI:  -­‐15.82  –  5.17)  [favours  an#psycho#c  but  NS]  

Ballard  et  al.  (2008)  PLoS  Med  5(4):  e76.  doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050076  

Page 17: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

Non-­‐Pharmacological  Treatments  For  BPSD  

•  Two  main  evidence-­‐based  approaches:  –  Behaviour  management  techniques  to  reduce  frequency  of  

problem  behaviours  –  Caregiver  training  to  reduce  burden,  distress  &  depression  and  to  

increase  coping  

•  Other  specific  interven#ons  –  Mainly  designed  to  temporarily  modify  behaviour  (i.e.  for  30  

minutes  or  so)  

Ayalon  et  al.  (2006)  Arch  Intern  Med  166:  2182-­‐2188;  Logsdon  et  al.  (2007)  Psychology  &  Aging  22:  28-­‐36;  Selwood  et  al.  (2007)  J  Affect  Dis  101:  75-­‐89;  Opie  et  al.  (1999)  Aust  NZ  J  Psychiatry  33:  789-­‐799;  Bird  et  al.  (2002)  Commonwealth  Dept  Health  &  Ageing;  Turner  S.  (2005)  Aging  &  Mental  Health  9(2):  93-­‐104  

Page 18: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

Alterna#ves  To  An#psycho#cs  

•  Ins#tute  person-­‐centred  care  •  Include  rela#ves  in  the  care  of  the  resident  •  Implement  structured  ac#vity  programs  

•  Create  domes#cally  scaled  environments  

•  Provide  flexible  care,  not  rigid  rou#nes,  thereby  reducing  resistance  to  care  

•  Improve  professionalism  of  care  staff  

Modified  from  Rosenwarne  et  al.  (1997)  

Page 19: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

Summary  

•  Increased  longevity  &  popula#on  structure  -­‐>  increased  demen#a  

•  High  probability  of  NH  placement  •  Challenging  behaviours  prevalent  but  tend  not  to  persist  •  Inappropriate  use  of  an#psycho#c  medica#on    •  Increased  mortality  with  an#psycho#cs  

•  Discon#nua#on  ouen  successful  •  Insufficient  use  of  non-­‐drug  interven#ons  

•  Problems  with  the  funding  model    

Page 20: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

Some  Policy  Sugges#ons  

•  Use  rate  of  an#psycho#c  drug  use  in  people  with  demen#a  as  a  quality  indicator  for  NH  audits  

•  Set  targets  for  reduced  use  of  an#psycho#cs  in  people  with  demen#a  in  Commonwealth-­‐supported  programs  

•  Support  targeted  training  programs  for  Registered  Nurses,  General  Prac##oners,  Psychiatrists,  Physicians,  Psychologists  (&  students  of  these  disciplines)  

•  Mandate  a  formal  curriculum  for  non-­‐pharmacological  interven#ons  by  NH  personal  care  staff  &  an  annual  training  budget    

•  Improve  access  to  clinical  psychology  input  to  people  with  demen#a  at  home  and  in  RACFs  

Page 21: BYRNE Parliamentary House presentation 20 June 2011 - Dementia · An#psycho#c*Use*In*Sydney*Nursing* Home*Residents*(2009)* • 690*(28%)*of*2,465*residents*of*44*Nursing* Homes*were*taking*an#psycho#c*medicaon*

More  Policy  Sugges#ons  

•  Await  Produc#vity  Commission  report  on  a  new  NH  funding  model  -­‐  improved  psychosocial  treatment  will  have  cost  implica#ons  

•  Pursue  vigorous  pharmaceu#cal  detailing  via  the  Na#onal  Prescribing  Service  (NPS)  

•  Augment  exis#ng  Demen#a  Behaviour  Management  Advisory  Service  (DBMAS)  

•  Develop  properly  funded  &  supported  psychogeriatric  NHs  in  each  region  to  manage  the  most  challenging  behaviours  

•  [Prosecute  ‘off-­‐label’  prescribers]