By the end of this lesson Understand how the lives of civilians were affected by the war. Understand what opposition there was to the Nazis during wartime from both civilians and the military. To understand how Germany was defeated and how it was punished.

By the end of this lesson

Understand how the lives of civilians were affected by the war.

Understand what opposition there was to the Nazis during wartime from both civilians and the military.

To understand how Germany was defeated and how it was punished.

Wartime Germany revision

1

Issue/ groupEarly years of warLater years of war (Once Germany was losing)Rationing2/5 ate better, but food monotonous, rye bread and lots of vegReduction of rations in bread, sugar and other foods, introduce rationing of meat. Cigarettes now rationed (1 per day for women.Civilians in generalNot much aside from rationing.Allied bombing raids from 1942 killed over 500,000 and left many homeless.

Old peopleNot muchMen too old for army had to join the Volksturm as of 1944 which would be the last line of defence.WomenMany worked, encouraged to have kids, not much change.In 1943 the Nazis tried to get three million women to work, only managed to get one million to work in factories.Young peopleInitially evacuated but quickly returned. Hitler Youth had to collect metals and such for recycling, work on farms and carry out fund raisers. BDM helped care for the wounded and wrote letters to support men on the front. Once allied bombing raids began, young were evacuated.Older members had to join Volksturm in 1944.JewsGhettos, EinzatsgruppenFinal Solution

How did the lives of civilians change during the war years?

A German propaganda poster of 1944.

Use source C and your own knowledge to explain how life changed for German civilians in the later years of World War Two. (6 marks)

Mark Scheme

1-2 marks

Extracts information, no own knowledge.

3-4 marks

Uses source and some background knowledge to explain one reason.

OR LISTS SEVERAL REASONS BJUT DOES NOT EXPLAIN.

5-6 marks

Uses source and own knowledge to explain two or more reasons for change.

The civilian population within the Reich remained relatively sheltered from enemy action until 1942. In that year, the British and American air forces abandoned their policy of avoiding areas of heavy civilian population.

Goebbels claimed that between December 1941 and January 1942 Germans gave 1.5 million furs and 67 million woollen garments to help clothe the German army in Russia. Other campaigns urged people to save fuel, work harder and even try to avoid tooth decay. Extra food rations were given out at Christmas 1942 to help keep up morale.

There is much evidence to suggest that Nazi propaganda has been so effective that public confidence in Hitlers leadership remained high, even when Germany was on the verge of defeat.

Propaganda

4

By 1943 it was clear that the war was not going to go Germanys way. The Government began preparations for Total War with every part of German society geared to the war effort, producing arms, growing food, caring for the sick or fighting. Anything that did not contribute to the war effort was eliminated.

Albert Speer was appointed as Reich Minister for Armaments and Production in September 1943. This post gave Speer responsibility for all industrial output and raw materials.

Despite Allied bombing, the last years of the war saw a significant improvement in industrial production and an increase in military expenditure.

Between 1939 and 1944, only 200,000 extra women entered the workforce despite the chronic lack of labour. In 1939, the number of women in employment was 14,6 million, a figure which actually declined to 14.2 million in 1941 and peaked at 14.9 million in 1944.

Even with the move towards Total War, the subsequent campaign to encourage women to work from January 1943 had little effect with only 400,000 extra women being recruited by the end of the war.

Total War

5

By 21 September 1939, an order had been issued that Jews were to be concentrated in separate areas within cities (ghettos). This 'short-term' measure to contain and control Jews son developed into a long-term policy towards the Jews.

GHETTOS

Of the countries which Hitler invaded by 1940, Poland had the highest population of Jewish people. For years, Hitler had been waging a non-stop war of persecution against the Jewish people in Germany. With the invasion of Poland, Hitler took the opportunity to round up all the Jewish people and place them into ghettos or send them to concentration camps.

The main problems were overcrowding (with an average of seven people per room,) hunger (people were given 250 calories of food a day) and inactivity.

Originally seen as a short term solution. As time went by conditions in the ghetto became appalling.

Although the Nazis established the ghettos, they were normally run by a Jewish Council or Judenrat who were responsible for keeping order. They established soup kitchens, and were permitted to run four primary schools, which also ran adult classes on a Sunday. Culture was also an important part of ghetto life; people could attend lectures, concerts, theatres and art exhibitions.

6

Plans to isolate the Jewish population of Warsaw came into being immediately after Poland was invaded. The Jewish people made up over 30% of the Warsaw population and were rounded up and placed into an area only 2.4% of the citys size. During November a huge wall was built around the ghetto to physically segregate the Jewish people from the rest of Warsaw. Over the next two years, thousands of Jews from other Polish cities were sent to the Ghetto. By 1940 there were already 450,000 people living in an area only 1.6 square miles in size surrounded by high walls, barbed wire and guarded by Nazi military. In the space of three years this number dropped to 37,000. Every day, people died in their hundreds from diseases such as typhoid, starvation and malnutrition.

Children were particularly vulnerable in the ghetto. Thousands died of starvation.

7

EINZATSGRUPPEN

These were mobile killing squads made up of SS officers who went directly into Jewish communities and killed them rather than taking them to Ghettos or camps.

Their focus was killing any racial or political enemies of the Nazis so Gypies, Russians, and the mentally and physically disabled.

Shooting was the most common method of execution but by 1941 it had been noted that this was having serious psychological problems so they began to use gas vans.

In total the Einzatsgruppen killed nearly two million.

The Einzatsgruppen were used as countries like Poland and Russia had a high population of undesirables such as Jews and Gypsies. The worlds focus was on the war and so the plight of these individuals went unnoticed in most media.

8

As more and more Jews were under Nazi control, Hitler and leading Nazis wanted an answer to deal with the Jewish problem. In the Summer of 1941, a final solution was decided to exterminate the Jews in death camps.

Hitlers hatred and demand for a pure master race were the reasons behind this. In January 1942, leading Nazis met at Wannsee in Berlin. Death camps were to be built in Poland, far away from Germany, where Jews would work until death. By the Summer of 1943, Jews from all over Europe were being sent to these camps.

The most infamous of the death camps were Auschwitz-Birkenau where as many as 2 million may have been murdered; Sobibor where about 250,000 were murdered; Treblinka where 725,000 may have been murdered; Chelmno where 600,000 were murdered; Belzec where 600,000 were murdered and Majdanek where 235,000 were murdered. Another camp was found in north-west Poland at Stutthof where 67,000 were murdered. All of these camps were in Poland with four of them near the Russian border (Belzec, Majdanek, Sobibor and Treblinka) while Auschwitz-Birkenau was in the south-west of Poland while Chelmno was in central west Poland.

FINAL SOLUTION

9

Describe military opposition!

The July Bomb Plot of 1944 involved several high ranking members of the army.

It was led by Claus von Stauffenberg who was an injured war hero. Ludwig Beck and Wilhelm Canairs (Head of army intelligence) were also involved.

The plan was to kill Hitler then arrest key Nazi figures and surrender to the Allies.

Stauffenburg was at a meeting with Hitler and other key officials at the Wolfs Lair where he planted a briefcase bomb in the room with Hitler and escaped. It detonated but did not kill Hitler.

Why did members of the military oppose the Nazis?

By the summer of 1944, some senior figures in Germany's military believed that Hitler's leadership was dooming Germany to defeat - many believed that defeat was simply a matter of time, especially after the Russian success at Stalingrad.

members of the military wanted to surrender the war to end unneccessary deaths.

Stauffenberg did not like the treatment of the Jews and other minority groups.

How much of a threat was military opposition?

IT WAS THE BIGGEST THREAT!

Organised, trained, had access to weapons and key members of the military.

Unlike other opposition they had a plan for removing the Nazis.

10

Edelweiss Pirates

Youth group, refused to join Hitler Youth. They went on marches, handed out Allied propaganda and harrassed Hitler Youth groups. NOT EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE AS ON A SMALL SCALE!

White Rose Group

Set up in 1941 by Sophie and Hans Scholl. Issued six different pamphlets to persuade people of the evils of the Nazis.

NOT VERY EFFECTIVE OPPOSITION!

Protestant Opposition

Martin Niemoller and Dietrich Bonhoeffer both key leaders of the Confessional Church. Both spoke out frequently against the Nazis. 2/3 Germans were Protestants.

Catholic Opposition

Bishop von Galen was head of the Catholic church in Germany. Initially did not oppose the Nazis but spoke out against Gestapo and use of Euthanasia. Became known as the lion of Munster.

REASONABLE THREAT!

Swing Groups

Listened to Jazz music met in bars and night clubs and occasionally sheltered enemies of the state.

NOT A BIG THREAT TO NAZI RULE!

Civilian Opposition

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tHHxCaQ30I&hd=1

11

White Rose GroupThe White Rose, was formed by students at the University of Munich in 1941. Used passive resisitance, publishling leaflets calling for democracy and social justice.

Edelweiss Piratesgroups of youths who opposed Nazi rule, specifically Hitler Youth. Common across western Germany often having localised names like Navajos. Went on hikes and camping trips, listened to Jazz music. During wartime they were believed to have spread pro British anti Nazi propaganda.Martin NiemollerLeading Protestant pastor, preached that God not man should be obeyed. Arrested and sent to concentration camp.Cardinal von GalenCatholic leader in Germany who protested against use of euthanasia on those with physical or mental disabilities.Military oppositionMany in military wanted an end to the war as tit was becoming evident that German would inevitably lose. Also some did not agree with the human rights abuses conducted by the Nazi regime. In the July Bomb Plot a group led by Colonel von Stauffenberg attempted to assassinate Hitler and end the war. This failed and led to a crack down on the military.

If the Youth and Religious opposition had all worked together they could have formed a successful, effective opposition to the Nazis, however they did not and so were ineffective.

Military opposition was most serious due to their organisation, training, position and methods of opposition.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/organised-opposition-to-the-nazis/3285.html

12

Mark scheme1-2 marksMentioned what is in the source, did not mention why it was useful.3-4 marksMentions why the sources are useful (basic content covered and mention of authors)5-6 marksAs above, but uses own knowledge to support what the sources say and gives a simple decision on how useful they are.7-8 marksAs above, in detail, and comes to a conclusion based on what you have commented on.

10 minutes

You now have ten minutes to answer this question in full!

Both sources are useful for telling us about the reasons why specific civilian groups opposed the Nazis during wartime Germany. Source E shows us that the White Rose Group, a student group based at Munich University wanted a return to democracy rather that the Nazi dictatorship they found themselves in, however it fails to mention the impact that seeing Nazi war atrocities had on Hans Scholl when he was a medic on the front lines.. The source is an example of the propaganda that this group created so is therefore biased as it was created to persuade people to join their cause, but this does not make the information contained in it any less accurate..

Why did Germany lose World War Two? (potential 6 marker!)

HEARTS

talingrad (First major loss signalled beginning of the end for Germany.

merica joins in (As of 1944 Germany was fighting a war on two fronts)

esources (As of 1944 Germany was fighting a war on two fronts)

xcellent leaders (for UK, America and Russia)

itlers decisions (took too much control over military and made tactically poor descisions)

War on two fronts)

Mark Scheme

1-2 marks

Extracts information, no own knowledge.

3-4 marks

Uses source and some background knowledge to explain one reason.

OR LISTS SEVERAL REASONS BJUT DOES NOT EXPLAIN.

5-6 marks

Uses source and own knowledge to explain two or more reasons for change.

5 minutes

Hitler finally accepted that defeat was close at hand. At around midnight on 28th April Hitler rewarded his long term partner, Eva Braun.

After the wedding, Hitler wrote his final instructions, blaming the start of the war on the British and the Jews. He named Admiral Donitz as his successor to lead Germany after his death.

On 30th April, Adolf Hitler committed suicide by gunshot, his wife Eva, committed suicide with him by swallowing cyanide capsules.

After their bodies were found by Goebbels at 3.30pm, their bodies were taken into the garden. In accordance with Hitlers wishes the bodies were taken out to the garden, drenched in petrol and set alight. (Hitler did not want his body to be displayed after his death)

As the Soviet Army advanced into Berlin Adolf Hitler was based in his bunker underneath the Reich Chancellery building. Bomb proof and with its own air recycling plant, the complex had been built without a proper communication system.

On 1st May Jossef Goebbels poisoned his six young children and then committed suicide with his wife.

The burned remains of the two bodies were found by Soviet troops on 4th May and taken away for forensic testing to confirm their identities.

After the deaths in the bunker, Admiral Donitz tries to negotiate with President Eisenhower to try to ensure that most of their troops would surrender to the western allies rather than the Soviet Union.

Eisenhower rejects Donitz terms, insisting on surrender on all fronts and threatened to resume air raids on Berlin.

Dontiz accepted Eisenhowers terms and had his second in command sign the document at 2.41 am on 7 May, 1945. This document meant the Germans had to cease military operations by 11.01 that night.

16

A photograph of some of the defendants in the Nuremburg trials.

NameInformationSentenceBormann, MartinNazi Party Secretary after Hess fled Nazi Germany. Not at the trial and sentenced in his absence. Tried and hanged.

Dnitz, KarlLed Germany's Navy and succeeded Hitler on the death of the Fhrer. 10 years in prison.Frank, HansRuled occupied Poland. Tried and hanged.Frick, WilhelmHitler's Minister of the Interior.Tried and hanged.Gering, HermannCommander of the Luftwaffe and various departments in the SS. Tried and committed suicide before execution.Hess, RudolfHitler's deputy before he left GermanyLife in prison.Kaltenbrunner, ErnstHighest ranking member of SS to survive the war. Involved with the Einzatsgruppen units in Russia and security in Germany itself. Not charged with Indictment 2.Tried and hanged.

Ley, RobertSenior Nazi industrialist; commanded the German Labour Front. Committed suicide before his verdict.Committed suicide before his verdict.Von Papen, FranzHad served as German chancellor prior to HitlerAcquittedRibbentrop, JoachimNazi Germany's Minister of Foreign AffairsTried and hanged.Rosenburg, AlfredNazi racial ideologist and Protector of the eastern Occupied Territories.Tried and hanged.Schirach, Baldur vonHead of the Hitler Youth and later in charge of Vienna. 20 years in prisonSeysss-Inquart, ArthurIn charge of HollandDeathSpeer, AlbertMinister of Armaments. 20 years in prison

Table showing the fate of Senior Nazis at the Nuremburg trials.

The Allies agreed to put on trial leading members of Nazi Germany as war criminals. Twenty two senior ranking Nazis were tried at Nuremberg, a place chose because of its association with the development of the Nazi Party. The defendants were accused of conspiring to wage war, commit crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, and commit war crimes such as abuse and murder of prisoners.

The trials began on 21st November 1945 and ended on 1st October 1946 and over 200 Nazis were tried, with 146 being found guilty of at least one of the above crimes.

An extract from a GCSE textbook.

17

When the Allies agreed to divide and occupy Germany at the Potsdam conference in 1945, the idea was that although each country would take responsibility of a specific section of the country, they would rule together through the Allied Control Council. This did not last and soon the Western zones joined together forming a West German union, with the Soviet Zone soon after creating the German Democratic Republic in the East.

18

The renaming of a German street in 1916.

Denazification was the Allies' policy of removing traces of the Nazi regime form German society, culture, press, economy, judiciary, and politics. The Allies not only had to punish and remove senior Nazis, but wanted to make sure that Nazism was removed from everyday life. By 1947 the Allies held 90,000 Nazis in detention and almost 2 million were forbidden to work as anything other than manual labourers.

30th August 1945: The wearing of the uniform of the German Army is prohibited.

10th October 1945: The Nazi Party was dissolved and its revival made illegal.

1st December 1945: All German military units dissolved.

12th January 1946: All those who held a significant position in the Nazi Party or were a member of the Party before 1937 (the year when membership became compulsory for German citizens) and removed from public office.

13th May 1946: Confiscation of all media that could contribute to Nazism of militarism. A list is drawn up of over 30,000 book titles ranging from school books to poetry which were banned.

A list of the measures passed by the Allied Control Council.

19

Mark scheme1-2 marksMentioned what is in the source, did not mention why it was useful.3-4 marksMentions why the sources are useful (basic content covered and mention of authors)5-6 marksAs above, but uses own knowledge to support what the sources say and gives a simple decision on how useful they are.7-8 marksAs above, in detail, and comes to a conclusion based on what you have commented on.

Mark Scheme

1-2 marks

Simple statements, extracts information from evidence. May make vague reference to interpretations.

3-4 marks

Gives reasons to support the interpretation in the question. Identifies counter interpretation by extracting information from evidence.

5 marks

As above but also makes a judgement using some contextual knowledge.

6-7 marks

Good use of own knowledge to explain both interpretations and makes a judgement about the interpretation.

8 marks

As above but will judge the extent to which they agree with both the interpretation and the counter interpretation.

9-10 marks

Excellent historical knowledge to evaluate both the given interpretation and the counter interpretation.

Good comments on the worth of each evidence in supporting/rejecting the interpretations.

10 minutes

End

Mark Scheme

1-2 marks

Simple statements, extracts information from evidence. May make vague reference to interpretations.

3-4 marks

Gives reasons to support the interpretation in the question. Identifies counter interpretation by extracting information from evidence.

5 marks

As above but also makes a judgement using some contextual knowledge.

6-7 marks

Good use of own knowledge to explain both interpretations and makes a judgement about the interpretation.

8 marks

As above but will judge the extent to which they agree with both the interpretation and the counter interpretation.

9-10 marks

Excellent historical knowledge to evaluate both the given interpretation and the counter interpretation.

Good comments on the worth of each evidence in supporting/rejecting the interpretations.

5 minutes

End

Use the mark scheme to mark the answers you have been given.

Possible 10/12 mark interpretations questions for wartime Germany.

Military opposition was the biggest threat to Nazi rule during the war years.

Civilian opposition was the biggest threat to Nazi rule during the war years.

Life got worse for civilians during the war years.

How life changed for civilians during the later war years.

Discuss July bomb ploy.

Only opposition which actively threatened the Nazis.

Organised, had plans for removal of the Nazis and almost achieved them in July bomb plot.

In the early years of the war diet became very monotonous due to rationing.

Jews sent to Ghettos.

In the later years of the war rations lessened.

Allied bombing raids as of 1942 left many Germans dead or homeless, as well as evacuation.

Volkstuurm introduced in 1944 so that men too old/young/unfit for the army could fight to the death in German cities as they lost the war.

Jews sent to concentration camps after final solution.

Protestant opposition such as Martin Niemoller had the ear of 2/3 of Germans however, they only preached against the Nazis and resisted. No tangible opposition.

Catholic opposition also had a big audience (1/3 Germans) and wider audience, however, again only preached against the Nazis.

Edelweiss Pirates, lots of different groups and some examples of attacks on Hitler Youth and local Gestapo outfits, however, they were more focused on resistance rather than opposition, as with Swing Riots.

White Rose Group only focused in Munich and whilst they produced anti Nazi propaganda it was read by a very limited audience.

2/5 Germans ate better due to rationing.

In early years of the war, life changed very little for the majority of German civilians.

Mark Scheme

1-2 marks

Simple statements, extracts information from evidence. May make vague reference to interpretations.

3-4 marks

Gives reasons to support the interpretation in the question. Identifies counter interpretation by extracting information from evidence.

5 marks

As above but also makes a judgement using some contextual knowledge.

6-7 marks

Good use of own knowledge to explain both interpretations and makes a judgement about the interpretation.

8 marks

As above but will judge the extent to which they agree with both the interpretation and the counter interpretation.

9-10 marks

Excellent historical knowledge to evaluate both the given interpretation and the counter interpretation.

Good comments on the worth of each evidence in supporting/rejecting the interpretations.

10 minutes

End

Mark Scheme

1-2 marks

Simple statements, extracts information from evidence. May make vague reference to interpretations.

3-4 marks

Gives reasons to support the interpretation in the question. Identifies counter interpretation by extracting information from evidence.

5 marks

As above but also makes a judgement using some contextual knowledge.

6-7 marks

Good use of own knowledge to explain both interpretations and makes a judgement about the interpretation.

8 marks

As above but will judge the extent to which they agree with both the interpretation and the counter interpretation.

9-10 marks

Excellent historical knowledge to evaluate both the given interpretation and the counter interpretation.

Good comments on the worth of each evidence in supporting/rejecting the interpretations.

5 minutes

End

Use the mark scheme to mark the answers you have been given.

Use the source and your own knowledge to (6 marks)

Explain why German munitions production increased after 1943.

Explain why life got worse for Jews during the war years.

Explain why civilian groups opposed Nazi rule.

How life changed for civilians during the later war years.

Explain why Germany lost World War Two.

Albert Speer appointed Minister for Armaments in 1943.

Reorganised production so all factories had sole responsibility for one product.

Brought in many foreign workers. (by 1944 29.2% of industrial workers were foreign)

Youth rebellion, didnt like conforming.

Catholic groups disagreed with treatment of church and euthanasia.

Want a return to democracy and an end to censorship of media.

As the war was on, the medias attention was focused on that and not the treatment of Jews.

Early successes in Poland and Western Russia brought more Jews under Nazi control. (More Ghettos and Einsatzgruppen)

Final Solution when realise they have lost the war.

Failure of autarky = Lesser rations.

Allied bombing as of 1942 left over 500,00 dead and many homeless. Also kids evacuated.

Creation of Volksturm in 1944 when they realise that they are losing the war.

Hitler taking control of key military decisions.

Excellent leaders in USA/USSR/UK.

America joins war effort.

Resources (we had them, they didnt)

The war on two fronts.

Stalingrad.