by susan pojer and thomas ross. the “little ice age”: 1350-1700 in the 17c, europe relied on a...
TRANSCRIPT
By Susan Pojer and Thomas Ross
The “Little Ice Age”:The “Little Ice Age”:1350-17001350-1700
• In the 17c, Europe relied on a very inefficient agricultural system to feed its population.
• Poor harvests led to higher grain prices and starvation
Feudal Common Field Feudal Common Field SystemSystem
Supplemental Income Supplemental Income Cottage Industries: Cottage Industries: “Putting-Out”“Putting-Out” SystemSystem
Family EconomyFamily Economy
• All family members participateAll family members participate
• Father weaves, rest of family spinsFather weaves, rest of family spins
• Form single production unitForm single production unit
• St. MondaySt. Monday– Pace of work is at families discretion as Pace of work is at families discretion as
long as all work is done on agreed upon long as all work is done on agreed upon due datedue date
Advantages of the Putting-Out Advantages of the Putting-Out SystemSystem
1. Agents of textile manufacturers arranged for peasants to spin wool into thread
2. Peasants could supplement their agricultural incomes.
Take advantage of winter months when farming was impossible.
3. Merchants could avoid the higher wages and often demanding regulations of urban labor.
Easier to reduce the number of workers when the economy was bad.
4. Merchants could acquire capital, which would later play a part in funding industrialization itself.
Peasants acquired future skills.
5. Young people could start separate households earlier, thus contributing to population growth.
Disadvantage of the Putting-Out Disadvantage of the Putting-Out System??System??
When demand rose [which it did in the 18c] this system proved inefficient.
Merchant-capitalists found it difficult to induce peasant-workers to increase their output.
This dilemma eventually led to the factory system
All the workers were concentrated in one place under the supervision of a manager.
Water or steam power could easily be applied there.
Late 18c: French Economic Advantages
Late 18c: French Economic Advantages
V Napoleonic Code.V French communal law.
) Free contracts) Open markets) Uniform & clear commercial
regulationsV Standards weights & measures.V Established technical schools.V The government encouraged & honored
inventors & inventions.V Bank of France European model
providing a reliable currency.
French Economic Disadvantages
French Economic Disadvantages
V Years of war) Supported the American
Revolution.) French Revolution.) Early 19c Napoleonic Wars
V Heavy debts.V High unemployment soldiers
returning from the battlefronts.V French businessmen were afraid to
take risks.
Why England?Why England?
• Single largest free trade zone in Single largest free trade zone in EuropeEurope
• Taxation was moderateTaxation was moderate
• Political structure was stablePolitical structure was stable
That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
The Enclosure Movement
The Enclosure Movement
Characteristics of Enclosure Characteristics of Enclosure
• Well financed by large land ownersWell financed by large land owners• Provides a labor force for factoriesProvides a labor force for factories• Larger concentrated farmsLarger concentrated farms• Social turmoilSocial turmoil• Increased food production, profits, Increased food production, profits,
depopulation of countrysidedepopulation of countryside• Rational land use to create economic Rational land use to create economic
benefitsbenefits• ““Commons” fenced offCommons” fenced off
Technology and AgricultureTechnology and Agriculture
• Jethro Tull = Seed DrillJethro Tull = Seed Drill
• ““Turnip” Townsend = Crop rotationTurnip” Townsend = Crop rotation
• Use of horse, fertilizer etc…Use of horse, fertilizer etc…
• Technology and Enclosure = Technology and Enclosure = increased food productionincreased food production
• Landowners implement these reforms Landowners implement these reforms because demand for food and thus because demand for food and thus prices of food keep risingprices of food keep rising
“Enclosed” Lands Today
“Enclosed” Lands Today
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Early CanalsEarly Canals
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
ù More powerful than water is coal.ù More powerful than wood is iron.ù Innovations make steel feasible. * “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”
ù Henry Cort: produced more and purer iron at low cost
* “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. * Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners
Child Labor in the Mines
Child Labor in the Mines
Child “hurriers”
Child “hurriers”
British Pig Iron Production
British Pig Iron Production
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory
System”
The “Water Frame”
Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in
oneplace [materials, labor].
) Located near sources of power
[rather than labor or markets].) Requires a lot of capital
investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.
) Only 10% of English industry in 1850.
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850224, 000 looms
>1 million workers
The Factory SystemThe Factory System
Rigid schedule.
12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.
Result: uncertainty, layoffs, falling wages
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Textile FactoryWorkers in England
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Jacquard’s LoomJacquard’s Loom
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
The Power LoomThe Power Loom
James Watt’s Steam Engine
James Watt’s Steam Engine
• Steam Engine makes Industrial Steam Engine makes Industrial Revolution PossibleRevolution Possible– Undergoing modification since 17Undergoing modification since 17 thth
CenturyCentury– Wood shortages force use of coalWood shortages force use of coal
• Charcoal is scarce, does burn “hot” enough Charcoal is scarce, does burn “hot” enough for iron productionfor iron production
• In 17In 17thth Century demand for Iron is limited Century demand for Iron is limited
Steam TractorSteam Tractor
Steam ShipSteam Ship
An Early Steam LocomotiveAn Early Steam Locomotive
Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives
The Impact of the Railroad
The Impact of the Railroad
Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on
Display
Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on
Display
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
Crystal Palace:American Pavilion
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau
Riche
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
Industrial Staffordshire
Industrial Staffordshire
Women WorkersWomen Workers
• Mostly work in textile and garment Mostly work in textile and garment industryindustry
• Young women vulnerableYoung women vulnerable– Fewer family and community tiesFewer family and community ties– Relationships less enduring, more Relationships less enduring, more
illegitimate birthsillegitimate births– Women’s jobs are considered low skillWomen’s jobs are considered low skill
• Women are not considered independentWomen are not considered independent• Jobs viewed as less valuable than menJobs viewed as less valuable than men
Women WorkersWomen Workers
• Factory dormitories unsafeFactory dormitories unsafe
• Still can’t voteStill can’t vote
• New positions open to women but low New positions open to women but low paypay
• More and more women become More and more women become associated with household dutiesassociated with household duties– Married women = home and familyMarried women = home and family– Key job becomes child careKey job becomes child care
The New Industrial City
The New Industrial City
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore
Worker Housing in Manchester
Worker Housing in Manchester
Factory Workers at Home
Factory Workers at Home
Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today
The New Urban Poor:A Dickensian Nightmare!The New Urban Poor:A Dickensian Nightmare!
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”Private Charities:
The “Lady Bountifuls”
The Urban CityThe Urban City
• Centers of industry but filthyCenters of industry but filthy– Cholera, human wasteCholera, human waste– Families in one roomFamilies in one room– One toilet for whole buildingOne toilet for whole building
The Luddites: 1811-1816
The Luddites: 1811-1816
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle
The LudditesThe Luddites
The Neo-Luddites Today
The Neo-Luddites Today
BritishSoldiers Fire on British
Workers:
Let us die like men, and not be sold
like slaves!
BritishSoldiers Fire on British
Workers:
Let us die like men, and not be sold
like slaves!
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
The ChartistsThe Chartists
KeyKey
Chartistsettlements
Centres of Chartism
Area of plug riots, 1842
The “Peoples’ Charter”
The “Peoples’ Charter”V Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
V Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.
Votes for all men. Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement
that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.
Payment for Members of Parliament.
Annual general elections. The secret ballot.
The ChartistsThe Chartists
A physical force—Chartists arming for
the fight.
A female Chartist
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Give manufactures more outlets for their products.
Expand employment. Lower the price of bread. Make British agriculture more
efficient and productive. Expose trade and agriculture to
foreign competition. Promote international peace
through trade contact.
Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus
Population growth willoutpace the food supply.
War, disease, or faminecould control population.
The poor should have
less children.
Food supply will then keep up with population.
David RicardoDavid Ricardo
“Iron Law of Wages.”
When wages are high,workers have morechildren.
More children create alarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John
Stuart Mill
The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John
Stuart Mill The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number.
There is a role to play for government
intervention to provide some social safetynet.
The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].
Government Response
Government Responsek Abolition of slavery in the
coloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].
k Sadler Commission to look intoworking conditions * Factory Act [1833] – child labor.
k New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. * Poor houses.
k Reform Bill [1832] – broadens thevote for the cities.
By 1850: Zones of
Industrializationon the European
Continent
By 1850: Zones of
Industrializationon the European
Continentù Northeast France.ù Belgium.ù The Netherlands.ù Western German states.ù Northern Italyù East Germany Saxony
Industrialization By 1850Industrialization By 1850
Railroads on the Continent
Railroads on the Continent
European Industrial Production
European Industrial Production
Shares in World Trade:Leading European
Nations
Shares in World Trade:Leading European
Nations
The Politics of IndustrializationThe Politics of
Industrializationù State ownership of some industries.
) RRs Belgium & most of Germany.ù Tariffs British Corn Laws.ù National Banks granted a monopoly on
issuing bank notes.) Bank of England.) Bank of France.
ù Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets.
ù New legislation to:) Establish limited liability.) Create rules for the formation of
corporations.ù Postal system.ù Free trade zones Ger. Zollverein
Bibliographic Sources
Bibliographic Sources
) “Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html
) “The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/primary.htm