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PRACTICAL DTP A PROJECT REPORT Submitted in partial fulfilment of the RequirementsFor the award of BACHELOR OF COMMERCE Degree

BARKATULLAH UNIVERSITY BHOPAL (M.P.)

PROJECT FILE

Guided By:- Submitted By:- Mr. Pawan Thakur Manish Kumar jain B.Com. 3rd Sem.

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONVidyasagar Institute of ManagementVallabh Nagar, BHEL Bhopal (M.P.)

1. What is DTP? Explain 10 commercial DTP packages and there uses?

DTP is an application software and combination of text and graphics which is use to create document and page. Document is collection frame object. Frame object is collection of text and graphics. DTP Desktop publishing software is a tool for graphic designers and non- designers to create visual communications for professional or desktop printing as well as for online or on-screen electronic publishing.

The 10 DTP commercial DTP packages are as follows:1. Adobe PageMaker. Adobe PageMaker one of the first DTP programs which is made by Aldus corporation in 1985. As an application relying on a graphical user interface, PageMaker helped to popularize the Macintosh platform and the Windows environment. PageMaker was awarded an SPA Excellence in Software Award for Best New Use of a Computer in 1986. Support for versions 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 6.5 is no longer offered through the official Adobe support system, The Windows version supports Windows XP, but according to Adobe, "PageMaker 7.x does not install or run on Windows Vista."2. MS Publisher. Microsoft Publisher is an entry-level desktop publishing application from Microsoft, differing from Microsoft Word in that the emphasis is placed on page layout and design rather than text composition and proofing. The current version is Microsoft Publisher 2010 for Windows; there is no version for Macintosh. In Microsoft Office 2007, Publisher retained the traditional toolbar of previous Office versions, unlike other Office 2007 programs, which featured the new ribbon interface. Microsoft Publisher 2010 contains the new ribbon interface.` 3. Ventura Publisher- Ventura Publisher was the first popular desktop - publishing package for IBM PC. The software was originally developed by Ventura Software, a small software company founded by John Meyer, Don Haskell and Lee Jay Lorenzen, all of whom met while working at Digital Research. The first version of Ventura Publisher was released in 1986. The original Ventura Software ceased operations in February 1990, and a new Ventura Software Inc., an affiliated company of Xerox, was formed at that time.4. Adobe Photoshop Adobe Photoshop is a DTP software .which is use to design and edit image come which to editors 1.adobe Photoshop and 2.adobe Photoshop extended. By using the adobe photo shop extended version be can use create 3D images, motion, graphics and advance image analysis. The first version of Photoshop was 1.0 design Tomas echall for menthols envirement. Photoshop files have default file extension as.PSD, which stands for "Photoshop Document." A PSD file stores an image with support for most imaging options available in Photoshop. These include layers withmasks,color spaces,ICC profiles, CMYK Mode (used for commercial printing), transparency, text,alpha channelsandspot colors,clipping paths, andduotonesettings. This is in contrast to many other file formats (e.g. .JPG or .GIF) that restrict content to provide streamlined, predictable functionality. A PSD file has a maximum height and width of 30,000 pixels, and a length limit of 2 Gigabytes.5. CorelDraw- CorelDrawis avector graphics editordeveloped and marketed byCorel CorporationofOttawa,Canada. It is also the name of Corel's Graphics Suite, which bundles CorelDraw with a bitmap image editor,Corel Photo Paint, and other graphics-related programs (see below). The latest version is designated X6 (equivalent to version 16), and was released in March 2012. CorelDraw was originally developed for Microsoft Windows 3 and currently runs onWindows XP,Windows Vista, andWindows 7.The current version, X6, was released on 20 March 2012. Several innovations to vector-based illustration originated with CorelDraw: a node-edit tool that operates differently on different objects, The current version of CorelDraw Graphics Suite X6 (version 16), contains the following packages:0. CorelDraw X6, an intuitive vector-illustration and page-layout application0. Corel PHOTO-PAINT X6, an image-editing application0. Corel Power TRACE X6, a utility to convert bitmaps into editable vector graphics0. Corel CONNECT, a full-screen browser to search the suites digital content0. Corel CAPTURE X6, a screen capture utility0. Coral Website Creator X6, new website creation software. 6. Quark xpress- is a computer application for creating and editing complex page layouts. It runs onMac OS XandWindows. It was first released by Quarkin 1987 and is still owned and published by them.QuarkXPress is used by individual designers and large publishing houses to produce a variety of layouts, from single-page flyers to the multi-media projects required for magazines, newspapers, catalogs, and the like. QuarkXPress once dominated the market for page layout software with over 95% market share among professional users. The first version of QuarkXPress was released in 1987 for the Macintosh. A Microsoft Windows version (3.1) followed in 1992.7. Studio Publisher-is adesktop publishing(DTP) application developed by c:four.studio Publisher 1.0 was eleased. on 6 January 2009 at theMacworld Conference & ExpoinSan Francisco. The most recent version, iStudio Publisher 1.1.8, runs onMac OS X10.4Tiger, 10.5Leopard, 10.6Snow Leopardand 10.7Lion. Studio Publisher can be used for thepage layoutandword- processingofbrochures,news,letters,magazines,posters,adverts,reports,essays,greeting cardsand many otherdocumenttypes, of any page size, and with the option ofspreadediting facing pages.I Studio Publisher has been designed to simplify desktop publishing and enable users to get started quickly.8.Adobe Framemaker- Adobe Framemaker is a document processor for the production and manipulation of large structured documents. It is produced by Adobe Systems. FrameMaker became an Adobe product in 1995 when Adobe purchased Frame Technology Corp. VERSION OF FRAMEMAKERFrameMaker 1.11b(1986) FrameMaker 2.0 and 2.1 (1989-90) FrameMaker 3.0 (1991) FrameMaker 4.0(1993) FrameMaker 5.0, 5.1, 5.1.2(1995) FrameMaker 5.5/5.5.6 (1997) FrameMaker 7.0 (2002) FrameMaker 7.1 (2003) FrameMaker 7.2 (2005) FrameMaker 8 (2007) FrameMaker 9 (2009) FrameMaker 10 (2011) Framemaker 11 (2012) 9.Page stream Page Stream is a desktop publishing software package by Grasshopper LLC (USA), currently available for a variety of operating systems, including Windows, Linux, Macintosh, and Amiga. The software was originally released under the name Publishing Partner for the Atari ST in 1986. Autotracing application BME included. USES OF DTP PACKEGES The commercial DTP packages uses to create document page and design News peper,Megzine, Visiting card, Marriage card, and others Graphics representation etc.

2. What is font and typefaces? Explain any five fonts families in DTP?FontA font is traditionally defined as a quantity of sorts composing a complete character set of a single size and style of a particular typeface. For example, the complete set of all the characters for "9-point Bulmer" is called a font, and the "10-point Bulmer" would be another separate font, but part of the same font family, whereas "9-point Bulmer boldface" would be another font in a different font family of the same typeface. One individual font character might be referred to as a "sort," "piece of font," or "piece of type".Font nowadays is frequently used synonymously with the term typeface, although they had clearly understood different meanings before the advent of digital typography and desktop publishing.Beginning in the 1980s, with the introduction of computer fonts, a broader definition for the term "font" evolved. Different sizes of a single style separate fonts in metal type are now generated from a single computer font, because vector shapes can be scaled freely. "Bulmer", the typeface, may include the fonts "Bulmer roman", "Bulmer italic", "Bulmer bold" and "Bulmer extended", but there is no separate font for "9-point Bulmer italic" as opposed to "10-point Bulmer italic".Font characteristicsIn addition to the character height, when using the mechanical sense of the term, there are several characteristics which may distinguish fonts, though they would also depend on the script(s) that the typeface supports. In European alphabetic scripts, i.e. Latin, Cyrillic and Greek, the main such properties are the stroke width, called weight, the style or angle and the character width.The regular or standard font is sometimes labeled roman, both to distinguish it from bold or thin and from italic or oblique. The keyword for the default, regular case is often omitted for variants and never repeated, otherwise it would be Bulmer regular italic, Bulmer bold regular and even Bulmer regular. Roman can also refer to the language coverage of a font, acting as shorthand for "Western European."Different fonts of the same typeface may be used in the same work for various degrees of readability and emphasis.WeightThe weight of a particular font is the thickness of the character outlines relative to their height.

Helvetica Neue weightsA typeface may come in fonts of many weights, from ultra-light to extra-bold or black; four to six weights are not unusual, and a few typefaces have as many as a dozen. Many typefaces for office, Web and non-professional use come with just a normal and a bold weight. If no bold weight is provided, many renderers (browsers, word processors, graphic and DTP programs) support faking a bolder font by rendering the outline a second time at an offset, or just smearing it slightly at a diagonal angle.The base weight differs among typefaces; that means one normal font may appear bolder than some other normal font. For example, fonts intended to be used in posters are often quite bold by default while fonts for long runs of text are rather light. Therefore weight designations in font names may differ in regard to the actual absolute stroke weight or density of glyphs in the font.Attempts to systematize a range of weights led to a numerical classification first used by Adrian Frutiger with the Universe typeface: 35 Extra Light, 45 Light, 55 Medium or Regular, 65 Bold, 75 Extra Bold, 85 Extra Bold, 95 Ultra Bold or Black. Deviants of these were the "6 series" (italics), e.g. 46 Light Italics etc., the "7 series" (condensed versions), e.g. 57 Medium Condensed etc., and the "8 series" (condensed italics), e.g. 68 Bold Condensed Italics. From this brief numerical system it is easier to determine exactly what a font's characteristics are, for instance "Helvetica 67" (HE67) translates to "Helvetica Bold Condensed".The TrueType font format introduced a scale from 100 through 900, where 400 is regular (roman or plain), which is also used in CSS and Open Type. The first algorithmic description of fonts was perhaps made by Donald Knuth in his Meta font and TeX system of programs.There are many names used to describe the weight of a font in its name, differing among type foundries and designers, but their relative order is usually fixed, something like this: Hairline Thin Ultra-light Extra-light Light Book Normal / regular / roman / plain Medium Demi-bold / semi-bold Bold Extra-bold / extra Heavy Black Extra-black Ultra-black / ultraThe terms normal, regular and plain, sometimes also book, are being used for the standard weight font of a typeface. Where both appear and differ, book is often lighter than regular, but in some typefaces it is bolder.SlopeIn contemporary European typefaces, especially roman ones, the font style is usually connected to the angle. When the normal, roman or upright font is slantedusually to the right in left-to-right scriptsthe lowercase character shapes change slightly as well, approaching a more handwritten, cursive style. In this italic type, character edges may even connect and ligatures are more common. In many typefaces uppercase letters are merely slanted in italic fonts, but in some they change their appearance, too, e.g. by gaining swashes. Although rarely encountered, a typographic face may be accompanied by a matching calligraphic face (cursive, script), which might be considered a further font style of one typeface.Cyrillic italicsIn many sans-serif and some serif typefaces, especially in those with strokes of even thickness the characters of the italic fonts are only slanted, which is often done algorithmically, without otherwise changing their appearance. Such oblique fonts are not true italics, because they lack the change in letter shapes which is part of the definition of italic.On the other hand, there are typefaces with upright characters that take a more cursive form without a change in angle. For example the Cyrillic minuscule may look like a smaller form of its majuscule or more like a roman small m as in its standard italic appearance; in this case the distinction between styles is also a matter of local preference.In Frutigers nomenclature the second digit for upright fonts is a 5, for italic fonts a 6 and for condensed italic fonts a 8.The two Japanese syllabifies, katakana and hiragana, are sometimes seen as two styles or typographic variants of each other, but usually are considered separate character sets as a few of the characters have separate kanji origins. The gothic style of the roman script with broken letter forms, on the other hand, is usually considered a mere typographic variant.Cursive-only scripts such as Arabic also have different styles, in this case for example Naskh and Kufic, although these often depend on application, area or era.There are other aspects that can differ among font styles, but more often these are considered immanent features of the typeface. These include the look of digits (text figures) and the minuscule, which may be smaller versions of the capital letters (small caps) although the script has developed characteristic shapes for them. Some typefaces do not include separate glyphs for the cases at all, thereby abolishing the bicamerality. While most of these use uppercase characters only, some labeled unicase exist which choose either the majuscule or the minuscule glyph at a common height for both characters?WidthSome typefaces include fonts that vary the width of the characters (stretch).Narrower fonts are usually labeled compressed, condensed or narrow. In Frutigers system, the second digit of condensed fonts is a 7. Wider fonts may be called wide, extended or expanded. Both can be further classified by prepending extra, ultra or the like.These separate fonts have to be distinguished from techniques that alter the letter-spacing to achieve narrower or smaller words, especially for justified text alignment.Most typefaces either have proportional or mono spaced (i.e. typewriter-style) letter widths, if the script provides the possibility. There are, however, super families covering both styles. East-Asian sonogramsSome fonts provide both proportional and fixed-width (tabular) digits, where the former usually coincide with lowercase text figures and the latter with uppercase lining figures.Optimal sizeSome professional digital typefaces include fonts that are optimized for certain sizes, e.g. by using ink traps. There are several naming schemes for such variant designs. One such scheme, invented and popularized by Adobe Systems, refers to the variant fonts by the applications those are typically used for, with the exact point sizes intended varying slightly by typeface:PosterExtremely large sizes, usually larger than 72 pointDisplayLarge sizes, typically 1972 pointSubheadLarge text, typically about 1418 point(Regular)Usually left unnamed, typically about 1013 pointSmall Text (Sm Text)Typically about 810 pointCaptionVery small, typically about 68 pointMetricsFont metrics refers to metadata consisting of numeric values relating to size and space in the font overall, or in its individual glyphs. Font-wide metrics include cap height, x-height, ascender height, descended depth, and the font bounding box. Glyph-level metrics include the glyph bounding box, the advance width (the proper distance between the glyph's initial pen position and the next glyph's initial pen position), and side bearings (space that pads the glyph outline on either side). SerifsAlthough most typefaces are characterized by their use of serifs, there are super families that incorporate serif (antiqua) and sans-serif (grotesque) or even intermediate slab serif (Egyptian) or semi-serif fonts with the same base outlines.A more common font variant, especially of serif typefaces, is that of alternate capitals. They can have swashes to go with italic minuscules or they can be of a flourish design for use as initials (drop caps).Type FacesA typeface is a set of characters that share common design features. Each typeface is designed, and there are thousands of different typefaces in existence, with new ones being developed constantly.The art and craft of designing typefaces is called type design. Designers of typefaces are called type designers. In digital typography, type designers are sometimes also called font developers or font designers.Every typeface is a collection of glyphs, each of which represents an individual letter, number, punctuation mark, or other symbol. The same glyph may be used for characters from different scripts, e.g. Roman uppercase A looks the same as Cyrillic uppercase and Greek uppercase alpha. There are typefaces tailored for special applications, such as map-making or astrology and mathematics.The term typeface is frequently confused with the term font. Before the advent of digital typography and desktop publishing, the two terms had more clearly understood meanings? See font for a complete definition of that term.As the range of typeface designs increased and requirements of publishers broadened over the centuries, fonts of specific weight (blackness or lightness) and stylistic variants (most commonly regular or roman as distinct to italic, as well as condensed) have led to font families, collections of closely related typeface designs that can include hundreds of styles. A font family is typically a group of related fonts which vary only in weight, orientation, width, etc., but not design. For example, Times is a font family, whereas Times Roman, Times Italic and Times Bold are individual fonts making up the Times family. Font families typically include several fonts, though some, such as Helvetica, may consist of dozens of fonts.The distinction between font and typeface is that a font designates a specific member of a type family such as roman, boldface, or italic type, while typeface designates a consistent visual appearance or style which can be a "family" or related set of fonts. For example, a given typeface such as Arial may include roman, bold, and italic fonts. In the metal type era, a font also meant a specific point size, but with digital scalable outline fonts this distinction is no longer valid, as a single font may be scaled to any size.The first "extended" font families, which included a wide range of widths and weights in the same general style emerged in the early 1900s, starting with ATF's Cheltenham (19021913), with an initial design by Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue, and many additional faces designed by Morris Fuller Benton. Later examples include Future, Lucida, and ITC Officinal. Some became super families as a result of revival, such as Linotype Syntax, Linotype Univers; while others have alternate styling designed as compatible replacements of each other, such as Compatible, Generis.Typeface super families began to emerge when foundries began to include typefaces with significant structural differences, but some design relationship, under the same general family name. Arguably the first super family was created when Morris Fuller Benton created Clear face Gothic for ATF in 1910, a sans serif companion to the existing (serifed) Clear face. The super family label does not include quite different designs given the same family name for what would seem to be purely marketing, rather than design, considerations: Caslon Antique, Future Black and Future Display are structurally unrelated to the Caslon and Future families, respectively, and are generally not considered part of those families by typographers, despite their names.Additional or supplemental glyphs intended to match a main typeface have been in use for centuries. In some formats they have been marketed as separate fonts. In the early 1990s, the Adobe Systems type group introduced the idea of expert set fonts, which had a standardized set of additional glyphs, including small caps, old style figures, and additional superior letters, fractions and ligatures not found in the main fonts for the typeface. Supplemental fonts have also included alternate letters such as swashes, dingbats, and alternate character sets, complementing the regular fonts under the same family. However, with introduction of font formats such as Open Type, those supplemental glyphs were merged into the main fonts, relying on specific software capabilities to access the alternate glyphs.Since Apple's and Microsoft's operating systems supported different character sets in the platform related fonts, some foundries used expert fonts in a different way. These fonts included the characters which were missing on either Macintosh or Windows computers, e.g. fractions, ligatures or some accented glyphs. The goal was to deliver the whole character set to the customer regardless of which operating system was used.The size of typefaces and fonts is traditionally measured in points; point has been defined differently at different times, but now the most popular is the Desktop Publishing point of 172in (0.0139in/0.35mm). When specified in typographic sizes (points, kyus), the height of an em-square, an invisible box which is typically a bit larger than the distance from the tallest ascender to the lowest descender, is scaled to equal the specified size. For example, when setting Helvetica at 12 point, the em square defined in the Helvetica font is scaled to 12 points or 16in (0.17in/4.3mm). Yet no particular element of 12-point Helvetica need measure exactly 12 points.Frequently measurement in non-typographic units (feet, inches, and meters) will be of the cap-height, the height of the capital letters. Font size is also commonly measured in millimeters (mm) and as (a quarter of a millimeter, kyu in romanized Japanese) and inches.Digital typeDigital fonts store the image of each character either as a bitmap in a bitmap font, or by mathematical description of lines and curves in an outline font, also called a vector font. When an outline font is used, a rasterizing routine (in the application software, operating system or printer) renders the character outlines, interpreting the vector instructions to decide which pixels should be black and which ones white. Rasterization is straightforward at high resolutions such as those used by laser printers and in high-end publishing systems. For computer screens, where each individual pixel can mean the difference between legible and illegible characters, some digital fonts use hinting algorithms to make readable bitmaps at small sizes.Digital fonts may also contain data representing the metrics used for composition, including kerning pairs, component creation data for accented characters, glyph substitution rules for Arabic typography and for connecting script faces, and for simple everyday ligatures like . Common font formats include TrueType, Open Type and PostScript Type 1, while METAFONT is still used by TeX and its variants. Applications using these font formats, including the rasterizers, appear in Microsoft and Apple Computer operating systems, Adobe Systems products and those of several other companies. Digital fonts are created with font editors such as Font Forge, RoboFont, Glyphs, Font labs Type Tool, Font Lab Studio, Fontographer, or Asia Font Studio.Types of typefacesIllustration of different font types and the names of specific specimensBecause an abundance of typefaces have been created over the centuries, they are commonly categorized according to their appearance. At the highest level (in the context of Latin-script fonts), one can differentiate Roman, Black letter, and Gaelic types. Roman types are in the most widespread use today, and are sub-classified as serif, sans serif, ornamental, and script types. Historically, the first European fonts were blackletter, followed by Roman serif, then sans serif and then the other types. The use of Gaelic faces was restricted to the Irish language, though these form a unique if minority class. Typefaces may be Monospaced regardless of whether they are Roman, Blackletter, or Gaelic. Symbol typefaces are non-alphabetic. The Cyrillic script comes in two varieties, Roman type and traditional Slavonic type.1. Roman typefacesSerif typefacesSerif, or Roman, typefaces are named for the features at the ends of their strokes. Times Roman and Garamond are common examples of serif typefaces. Serif fonts are probably the most used class in printed materials, including most books, newspapers and magazines. Serif fonts are often classified into three subcategories: Old Style, Transitional, and Modern. Old Style typefaces are influenced by early Italian lettering design. Though some argument exists as to whether Transitional fonts exist as a discrete category among serif fonts, Transitional fonts lie somewhere between Old Style and Modern style typefaces. Transitional fonts exhibit a marked increase in the variation of stroke weight and a more horizontal serif compared to Old Style, but not as extreme as Modern. Lastly, Modern fonts often exhibit a bracketed serif and a substantial difference in weight within the strokes.Sample text in Baskerville fontExamples of these are Times, New Baskerville, and Bodoni, respectively.Roman, italic, and oblique are also terms used to differentiate between upright and italicized variations of a typeface. The difference between italic and oblique is that the term italic usually applies to serif faces, where the letter forms are redesigned.2. Sans serif typefacesSans serifSans serif (lit. without serif) designs appeared relatively recently in the history of type design. The evolution of the sans serif font very likely stemmed from the slab serif font. The earliest slab serif font, Antique, later renamed Egyptian, designed in 1815 by the English type founder Vincent Figgins was succeeded one year later by the first sans serif font, created by William Caslon IV. The evidence of this is clearly shown in the uniform strokes in the letter forms. Sans serif fonts are commonly but not exclusively used for display typography such as signage, headings, and other situations demanding legibility above high readability. The text on electronic media offers an exception to print: most web pages and digitized media are laid out in sans serif typefaces because serifs often detract from readability at the low resolution of displays.A well-known and popular sans serif font is Max Miedinger's Helvetica, popularized for desktop publishing by inclusion with Apple Computer's LaserWriter laser printer and having been one of the first readily available digital typefaces. Arial, popularized by Microsoft, is a widely used sans serif font that is often compared to and substituted for Helvetica. Other fonts such as Future, Gill Sans, Universe and Frutiger have also remained popular over many decades.3. Ornamental typefacesOrnamental (also known as novelty or sometimes display) typefaces are used exclusively for decorative purposes, and are not suitable for body text. They have the most distinctive designs of all fonts, and may even incorporate pictures of objects, animals, etc. into the character designs. They usually have very specific characteristics (e.g., evoking the Wild West, Christmas, horror films, etc.) and hence very limited uses. See below for the historical definition of display typeface.4. Mimicry typefacesForeign brandingSimulated Hebrew.Represent the characters of the Roman alphabet but evoke another writing system. This group includes typefaces designed to appear as Arabic, Chinese characters, Cyrillic, Indic scripts, Greek, Hebrew, Kana, or Thai. These are used largely for the purpose of novelty to make something appear foreign.5. Black letter typefacesBlack letterBlack letter fonts, the earliest typefaces used with the invention of the printing press, resemble the black letter calligraphy of that time. Many people refer to them as gothic script. Various forms exist including textual is, rotunda, schwabacher, and fraktur.6. Gaelic typefacesGaelic typeGaelic fonts were first used for the Irish language in 1571, and were used regularly for Irish until the early 1960s, though they continue to be used in display type and type for signage. Their use was effectively confined to Ireland, though Gaelic typefaces were designed and produced in France, Belgium, and Italy. Gaelic typefaces make use of insular letterforms, and early fonts made use of a variety of abbreviations deriving from the manuscript tradition. Early fonts used for the Anglo-Saxon language, also using insular letterforms, can be classified as Gaelic typefaces, distinct from Roman or Antiqua typefaces. Various forms exist, including manuscript, traditional, and modern styles, chiefly distinguished as having angular or uncial features.7. Monospaced typefacesMonospaced fontMono spaced fonts are typefaces in which every glyph is the same width (as opposed to variable-width fonts, where the w and m are wider than most letters, and the I is narrower). The first mono spaced typefaces were designed for typewriters, which could only move the same distance forward with each letter typed. Their use continued with early computers, which could only display a single font. Although modern computers can display any desired typeface, mono spaced fonts are still important for computer programming, terminal emulation, and for laying out tabulated data in plain text documents. Examples of mono spaced typefaces are Courier, Prestige Elite, Fixedsys, and Monaco. There exist Roman, Black letter, and Gaelic mono spaced typefaces.8. Symbol typefacesDingbatSymbol, or Dingbat, typefaces consist of symbols (such as decorative bullets, clock faces, railroad timetable symbols, CD-index, or TV-channel enclosed numbers) rather than normal text characters. Examples include Zapf Dingbats, Sonata, and Wingdings.9. CJK typefacesCJK, or Chinese, Japanese and Korean typefaces consist of wide ranging sets of glyphs. They include all of the ASCII, European Roman glyphs and Cyrillic glyphs and often Persian, Hebrew and Arabic. Most uniquely, however their native character sets' glyphs are designed to fit within a square. This is somewhat similar to monospaced type faces, but allows for vertical, horizontal, right-to-left and left-to-right orientation. They also include a set of Extended Latin characters with glyphs and metrics redesigned for the square in addition to the standard variety. This commonly results in complex, often conflicting rules and conventions of mixing languages in type.10. MinchoMinchoWith CJK typefaces, Mincho style tends to be something like Serifs for the end of stems, and in fact includes Serifed glyphs for Extended Latin and Cyrillic sets within a typeface.11. GothicWith CJK typefaces, Goth style tends to be something like Sans Serifs with squarish, cut off end-caps for the end of stems, and in fact includes Sans Serif glyphs for Extended Latin and Cyrillic sets within a typeface.12. MaruWith CJK typefaces, Maru style tends to be something like Sans Serifs with rounded end-caps for the end of stems, and in fact includes Rounded Sans Serif glyphs for Extended Latin and Cyrillic sets within a typeface.Display typeDisplay type refers to the use of type at large sizes, perhaps 30 points or larger. Some typefaces are considered useful solely at display sizes, and hence are known as display faces. For typefaces used across a wide range of sizes, in the days of metal type, each size was cut individually, or even if pant graphically scaled would often have adjustments made to the design for larger or smaller sizes, making a "display" face have distinct differences.In metal type, if present in smaller sizes, ink traps (small indentations at the junctions of letter strokes) would be eliminated at display sizes. In smaller point sizes, these ink traps were intended to fill up when the letterpress was over-inked, providing some latitude in press operation while maintaining the intended appearance of the type design. At larger sizes, these ink traps were not necessary, so display faces did not have them. Today's digital typefaces are most often used for offset lithography, electro photographic printing or other processes that are not subject to the ink supply variations of letterpress, so ink traps have largely disappeared from use.When digital fonts feature a display variation, it is to accommodate other stylistic differences that may benefit type used at larger point sizes. Such differences, which were standard in metal type, are rare in digital type, outside of the very high end of type design. They can include: a lower x-height, higher contrast between thick and thin strokes, less space between letters, and slightly more condensed letter shapes.Decades into the desktop publishing revolution, few typographers with metal foundry type experience are still working, and few digital typefaces are optimized specifically for different sizes, so the misuse of the term display typeface as a synonym for ornamental type has become widespread; properly speaking, ornamental typefaces are a subcategory of display typefaces.Texts used to demonstrate typefacesA sentence that uses the entire alphabet (a pangram), such as "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog", is often used as a design aesthetic tool to demonstrate the personality of a typeface's characters in a setting (because it displays all the letters of the alphabet). For extended settings of typefaces graphic designers often use nonsense text (commonly referred to as greeking), such as lorem ipsum or Latin text such as the beginning of Cicero's In Catilinam. Greeking is used in typography to determine a typeface's color, or weight and style, and to demonstrate an overall typographic aesthetic prior to actual type setting.Five Fonts Families of DTP.1. Times New RomanThis family includes Times New Roman (roman, bold), Times New Roman Medium (roman, bold), Times New Roman Semi Bold (roman, bold), Times New Roman Bold (roman, bold), Times New Roman Extra Bold, Times New Roman PS (roman, bold, italics), Times New Roman Condensed (roman, bold, italic), Times New Roman Small Text (roman, bold, italic), Times New Seven (roman, bold, italics).Times New Roman is a serif typeface commissioned by the British newspaper The Times in 1931, created by Victor Lardent at the English branch of Monotype. It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and typographically antiquated. The font was supervised by Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older font named Plantin as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space. Morison's revision became known as Times New Roman and made its debut in the 3 October 1932 issue of The Times newspaper. After one year, the design was released for commercial sale. The Times stayed with Times New Roman for 40 years, but new production techniques and the format change from broadsheet to tabloid in 2004 have caused the newspaper to switch font five times since 1972. However, all the new fonts have been variants of the original New Roman font.Some experts believe that the design was based on an earlier original work of William Starling Burgess. This theory remains controversial. Because of its popularity, the typeface has been influential in the subsequent development of a number of serif typefaces both before and after the start of the digital-font era. One notable example is Georgia, shown below on the right, which has very similar stroke shapes to Times New Roman but wider serifs.Although no longer used by The Times, Times New Roman is still frequent in book typography, particularly in mass-market paperbacks in the United States. Especially because of its adoption in Microsoft products, it has become one of the most widely used typefaces in history.Times New Roman WGLIt includes fonts in WGL character sets, and only sold in TrueType format. It includes Times New Roman regular, bold, italic, bold italic.Times New Roman WorldIt is a version based on Windows Vista fonts. It includes fonts in WGL character sets, Hebrew, Arabic characters. Similar to Helvetica World, Arabic in italic fonts are in roman positions.2. ArialArial, sometimes marketed or displayed in software as Arial MT, is a sans-serif typeface and set of computer fonts. Fonts from the Arial family are packaged with all versions of Microsoft Windows, some other Microsoft software applications, Apple Mac OS X and many PostScript 3 computer printers. The typeface was designed in 1982 by a 10-person team, led by Robin Nicholas and Patricia Saunders, for Monotype Typography. The Arial typeface comprises many styles: Regular, Italic, Medium, Medium Italic, Bold, Bold Italic, Black, Black Italic, Extra Bold, Extra Bold Italic, Light, Light Italic, Narrow, Narrow Italic, Narrow Bold, Narrow Bold Italic, Condensed, Light Condensed, Bold Condensed, and Extra Bold Condensed. The extended Arial type family includes even more styles: Rounded (Light, Regular, Bold, Extra Bold); Mono spaced (Regular, Oblique, Bold, Bold Oblique). Many of these have been issued in multiple font configurations with different degrees of language support. The most widely used and bundled Arial fonts are Arial Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic, along with the same styles of Arial Narrow, plus Arial Black and Black Italic. More recently Arial Rounded has also been widely bundled.Design characteristicsEmbedded in version 3.0 of the Open Type version of Arial is the following description of the typeface:Contemporary sans serif design, Arial contains more humanist characteristics than many of its predecessors and as such is more in tune with the mood of the last decades of the twentieth century. The overall treatment of curves is softer and fuller than in most industrial style sans serif faces. Terminal strokes are cut on the diagonal which helps to give the face a less mechanical appearance. Arial is an extremely versatile family of typefaces which can be used with equal success for text setting in reports, presentations, magazines etc, and for display use in newspapers, advertising and promotionsIn 2005, Robin Nicholas said "It was designed as a generic sans serif; almost a bland sans serif."The letter shapes of Arial are based on Monotype Grotesque. Subtle changes and variations were made to both the letterforms and the spacing between characters in order to make it more readable at various resolutions.The changes cause the typeface to nearly match Linotype Helvetica in both proportion and weight (see figure), and perfectly match in width. Nevertheless, there are differences.One columnist observed "Arial was drawn more rounded than [Helvetica], the curves softer and fuller and the counters more open. The ends of the strokes on letters such as c, e, g and s, rather than being cut off on the horizontal, are terminated at the more natural angle in relation to the stroke direction."The styling of Arabic glyphs comes from Times New Roman, which have more varied stroke widths than the Latin, Greek, Cyrillic glyphs found in the font. Arial Unicode MS uses monotone stroke widths on Arabic glyphs, similar to Tahoma.The Cyrillic, Greek and Coptic Spacing Modifier Letters glyphs initially introduced in Arial Unicode MS, but later debuted in Arial version 5.00, have different appearances.3. HelveticaHelvetica is a widely used sans-serif typeface developed in 1957 by Swiss typeface designer Max Miedinger with Eduard Hoffmann.Helvetica was developed in 1957 by Max Miedinger with Eduard Hoffmann at the Haas'sche Schriftgiesserei (Haas type foundry) of Mnchenstein, Switzerland. Haas set out to design a new sans-serif typeface that could compete with the successful Akzidenz-Grotesk in the Swiss market. Originally called Neue Haas Grotesk, its design was based on Schelter-Grotesk and Haas Normal Grotesk. The aim of the new design was to create a neutral typeface that had great clarity, no intrinsic meaning in its form, and could be used on a wide variety of signage.When Linotype adopted Neue Haas Grotesk (which was never planned to be a full range of mechanical and hot-metal typefaces) its design was reworked. After the success of Universal, Arthur Ritzel of Stempel redesigned Neue Haas Grotesk into a larger family.In 1960, the typeface's name was changed by Haas' German parent company Stempel to Helvetica in order to make it more marketable internationally. It was initially suggested that the type be called 'Helvetia' which is the original Latin name for Switzerland. This was ignored by Eduard Hoffmann as he decided it wouldn't be appropriate to name a type after a country. He then decided on 'Helvetica' as this meant 'Swiss' as opposed to 'Switzerland'..4. Liberation fontsLiberation is the collective name of four TrueType font families: Liberation Sans, Liberation Sans Narrow, Liberation Serif and Liberation Mono. These fonts are metric-compatible with Monotype Corporation's Arial, Arial Narrow, Times New Roman, and Courier New (respectively), the most commonly used fonts on Microsoft Windows operating system and Office suite.CharacteristicsLiberation Sans, Liberation sans Narrow and Liberation Serif closely match the metrics of Monotype Corporation fonts Arial, Arial Narrow and Times New Roman, respectively.Liberation Mono is styled closer to Liberation Sans than Monotype's Courier New, though its metrics match with Courier New.The Liberation fonts are intended as free, open-source replacements of the aforementioned closed source fonts.5. VerdanaVerdana is a humanist sans-serif typeface designed by Matthew Carter for Microsoft Corporation, with hand-hinting done by Thomas Rickner, then at Monotype. Demand for such a typeface was recognized by Virginia Howlett of Microsoft's typography group. The name "Verdana" is based on a portmanteau of verdant (something green), and Ana (the name of Howlett's eldest daughter.

3.Write down the steps to create a new page in page maker use following option.

1. Paper size1. Page orientation1. margin1. Diffierent method of plesing text and graphics a document

Ans - To create a new page in page maker use follows the down written steps.Step 1. Double-click on the Adobe pagemaker icon to start the program.Step 2. First we going to file menu option.Step 3. file menu will be open then select the new option. The the new document setup dialog box open . :- show in the fig. given below

Step 4.Set the paper size and click ok button. b). Set page orientation:- To Set the page orientation in page maker use follows the down written steps. Step 1. First we going to file menu optionStep2. File menu will be open then select the new option. The new document setup dialog box open. show in the fig. given below. Step3. dialog box will be open and select the orientation, select no.of pages and click ok button. c) Set margin:-To Set the page margin in page maker use follows the down written steps.Step 1. First we going to file menu optionStep2. file menu will be open then select the new option. the new document setup dialog box will be . open show in the fig. given below

Step3. Set the margin and click ok button.d) different method of placing text and graphics :- different method of placing text and graphics use follows the down written steps. Step 1. Double-click on the adobe pagemaker icon to start the program.

Step 2. First we going to file menu option. Step 3. File menu will be open then select the place option. the place dialog box will be . open show in the fig. given below.

Step 4. Set the location of file and click open option.

The file is place in current page.Second method of placing graphics:-Step 1. First we going to file window option.Step 2. . Window menu will be open then select the plug-in palattes option.the plug-in palattes dialog box.will be open and click hide picture palatte optionStep 3. picture palatte option open show in the fig. given below.

Step 4. Select the picture and click open option. The file is place in current page.

4. What is Master Page in page maker? Write down the steps to create master page in page maker? In multipage publications, your design will be more cohesive if each page is built on a common foundation, or master page. A master page typically contains basic design elements, such asheaders, footers, and page numbers that are common to most or all pages in your publication. Master pages also contain nonprinting layout guides, such as column guides, ruler guides, and margin guides. Each publication can have a virtually unlimited number of master pages.You can create, modify, and delete objects on master pages just like any other objects, but you must do so from the master pages themselves.Each publication you open contains a Document Master page or (if the publication includes facing pages) a Document Master page spread. The Document Master applies to all pages in the publication until you specify otherwise, and -cannot be renamed or removed from the publication.An icon representing the master pages appears at the lower left corner of a publication window in layout view. The letters L and R (for left and right) mark the master page icon for facing pages; a single-sided publication icon is marked by an R alone. Click the icon to turn to the master applied to the current publication page.Creating master page.In addition to using the default Document Master in your publication, you can create a master page from scratch, or create a master based on an existing master or publication page. If you plan to have several master pages that share one or more design attributes (such as position and formatting of page numbers), you can save time by designing the Document Master page or spread, and then basing additional masters on the Document Master, rather than creating each new master fromscratch.To make a new master from scratch:1 Choose Window > Show Master Pages.2 Choose New Master Page from the Master Pages palette menu, or click the new master button () at the bottom of the palette.3 Type a name for the master, and specify whether you want a single page or a two-page spread.If your publication is single-sided, you do not have the option of creating a spread. See Setting up pages for more information on creating single-sided or double-sided pages.4 Specify the margins, number of columns, and space between the columns.If you are creating a two-page master spread, be sure to specify columns and the distance between them for both left- and right-hand pages in the spread.5 Click OK.PageMaker displays the newly created master page in the publication window, and adds its name to the Master Pages palette.To make a new master from an existing master page:1 Choose Window > Show Master Pages.2 Do one of the following: Drag the name of the master you want to duplicate to the new master button (). In the dialog box that appears, type a name for the new master, and then click Duplicate. Choose Duplicate from the Master Pages palette menu, and in the dialog box that appears, select a master to duplicate. Specify a name for the new master, and click Duplicate.The new master page becomes active, and its name appears on the Master Pages palette.To make a new master from an existing page:1 Turn to the publication page on which you want to base a new master.2 Choose Window > Show Master Pages.3 Choose Save Page As from the Master Pages palette menu.4 Type a name, and then click Save.Objects and guides are copied to the new master, as well as master elements from the masterpage applied to the selected publication page. The new master page then becomes active, and its name appears on the Master Pages palette.

5. What is toolbox or control box in page maker? Explain the different tools of toolbox in page maker?The Tool BoxThe Adobe PageMaker toolbox offers all the desktop publishing tools you need to design brochures, postcards, business cards, letterheads, or otherPublications in PageMaker. To display and access the Toolbox, click on the "Window" menu and click on "Tools." The toolbox will now be displayed. You can toggle between a visible and hidden toolbox as needed to maximize your workspace.

The Pointer Tool The Pointer tool enables you to pick, drag and drop text boxes, images and other objects, which can then be resized, moved or can have their attributes changed.The Text ToolThe Text tool enables you to select and edit text, as well as insert text boxes. Click the text tool and then click on the document and start typing in text.Rotate ToolThe rotate tool enables you to rotate a text box or image to a desired angle. Select the rotate tool, and click on the object's reference point. Drag the object to the angle you want it to be.Crop ToolEnables you to crop imported images down to size. You can only use this Page maker tool on .tiff Images.Oblique Line ToolEnables you to draw straight lines at an angle. Click on the oblique line tool, then click on the document. Drag in the desired direction to draw a line.Constrained LineThe constrained line tool enables you to draw horizontal, vertical and 45-degree angle lines. Click on the constrained line tool, then click on the document. Drag in the desired direction to draw a line.Box ToolThe box tool enables you to create rectangular shapes. Select the box tool and click on the document. Drag to create a rectangular shape.Rectangle Frame ToolThe rectangle frame tool enables you to create a rectangular text box that you can type your text into. Select the rectangle frame tool, then click on the document. Drag to draw a rectangular frame. Select the Text tool from the toolbox and click inside the frame. Type in your text. The text will be confined within the text box.Circle ToolThe circle tool enables you to create a circular or oval shape. Select the circle tool, click on the document. Drag to draw a circle or ellipse.The circular frame tool enables you to create a circular or oval-shaped text box that you can type your text into. Select the circular frame tool, then click on the document. Drag to draw the circular frame. Select the text tool from the toolbox and click inside the frame. Type in your text. The text will be confined within the text box.The polygon tool enables you to create a shape that has more than four sides. Select the circular frame tool, then click on the document. Drag to draw the polygonal shape. To modify the polygonal shape, click on Element and then select Polygon Settings from the drop down menu.Polygon frame toolThe polygon frame tool enables you to create a polygonal text box. Select the polygon frame tool, and then click on the document. Drag to draw the polygon frame. Select the text tool from the toolbox and click inside the frame. Type in your text. The text will be confined within the text box.The Hand ToolThe hand tool enables you to reposition a page on your screen for optimal view. It is especially useful when you are working with a large document and need to navigate a large page. Select the hand tool and click on the page. Drag to navigate from one part of the page to another.The zoom tool enables you to magnify or shrink the area of the page on your screen.Rulers and guides are crucial desktop publishing tools for document layout. The horizontal and vertical rulers are designed to help you position the different elements on your page. They need to be visible if you want to use the ruler guides. To display the rulers, click on the View menu and then select Show Rulers. To hide the rulers, select Hide Rulers in the View menu. To toggle between displaying and hiding the rulers use the short cut: [Ctrl + R].6. What is Multimedia? Explain the following elements of Multimedia with suitable examples? Text Images Sounds Animation and video.MultimediaAs the name implies, multimedia is the integration of multiple forms of media. This includes text, graphics, audio, video, etc. For example, a presentation involving audio and video clips would be considered a "multimedia presentation." Educational software that involves animations, sound, and text is called "multimedia software." CDs and DVDs are often considered to be "multimedia formats" since they can store a lot of data and most forms of multimedia require a lot of disk space.

Due to the advancements in computer speeds and storage space, multimedia is commonplace today. Therefore, the term doesn't produce the same excitement is once did. This also means it is not as overused as it was back in the late '90s. Elements of Multimedia.1. Text.Text is the most basic element of multimedia and the easiest to provide. It's the simple matter of words, numbers and punctuation. One frequently used tool with text in multimedia is the hyperlink, which allows you to link text directly to relevant websites. In this way, a user can select hyperlinked text and be transported to a different website with more information that relates to the topic addressed in the text.2. SoundSound is used to provide emphasis or highlight a transition from one page to another. Sound synchronized to screen display, enables teachers to present lots of information at once. This approach is used in a variety of ways, all based on visual display of a complex image paired with a spoken explanation (for example, art pictures are glossed by the voiceover; or math a proof fills the screen while the spoken explanation plays in the background). Sound used creatively, becomes a stimulus to the imagination; used inappropriately it becomes a hindrance or an annoyance. For instance, a script, some still images and a sound track, allow students to utilize their own power of imagination without being biased and influenced by the inappropriate use of video footage. A great advantage is that the sound file can be stopped and started very easily.3. VideoThe representation of information by using the visualization capabilities of video can be immediate and powerful. While this is not in doubt, it is the ability to choose how we view, and interact, with the content of digital video that provides new and exciting possibilities for the use of digital video in education. There are many instances where students, studying particular processes, may find themselves faced with a scenario that seems highly complex when conveyed in purely text form, or by the use of diagrams and images. In such situations the representational qualities of video help in placing a theoretical concept into context.Video can stimulate interest if it is relevant to the rest of the information on the page, and is not overdone. Video can be used to give examples of phenomena or issues referred to in the text. For example, while students are reading notes about a particular issue, a video showing a short clip of the author/teacher emphasizing the key points can be inserted at a key moment; alternatively, the video clips can be used to tell readers what to do next. On the other hand, it is unlikely that video can completely replace the face-to-face lecture: rather, video needs to be used to supplement textual information.One of the most compelling justifications for video may be its dramatic ability to elicit an emotional response from an individual. Such a reaction can provide a strong motivational incentive to choose and persist in a task.The use of video is appropriate to convey information about environments that can be either dangerous or too costly to consider, or recreate, in real life. For example: video images used to demonstrate particular chemical reactions without exposing students to highly volatile chemicals, or medical education, where real-life situations can be better understood via video.4. AnimationAnimation is used to show changes in state over time, or to present information slowly to students so they have time to assimilate it in smaller chunks. Animations, when combined with user input, enable students to view different versions of change over time depending on different variables.Animations are primarily used to demonstrate an idea or illustrate a concept. Video is usually taken from life, whereas animations are based on drawings. There are two types of animation: Cel based and Object based. Cel based animation consists of multiple drawings, each one a little different from the others. When shown in rapid sequence, for example, the operation of an engines crankshaft, the drawings appear to move. Object based animation (also called slide or path animation) simply moves an object across a screen. The object itself does not change. Students can use object animation to illustrate a point imagine a battle map of Gettysburg where troop movement is represented by sliding arrows.7. What is Text? Explain the following format of text? Plain text and formatted text. RTF HTML text.Plain textPlain text is the contents of an ordinary sequential file readable as textual material without much processing, usually opposed to formatted text and to "binary files" in which some portions must be interpreted as binary objects (encoded integers, real numbers, images,etc.).UsageThe purpose of using plain text today is primarily independence from programs that require their very own special encoding or formatting, and from computer architecture issues such as byte order, etc. Plain text files can be opened, read, and edited with countless generic text editors and utilities. Examples include Notepad (Windows), edit (DOS), ed, emacs, vi, vim, Gedit or nano (Unix, Linux), SimpleText (Mac OS), or Text Edit (Mac OS X).Many other computer programs are also capable of processing or creating plain text, such as countless commands in DOS, Windows, Mac OS, and UNIX and its kin; as well as web browsers (a few browsers such as Lynx and the Line Mode Browser produce only plain text for display).Plain text files are almost universal in programming; a source code file containing instructions in a programming language is almost always a plain text file. Plain text is also commonly used for configuration files, which are read for saved settings at the startup of a program, and for much e-mail.Formatted textFormatted text, styled text or rich text, as opposed to plain text, has styling information beyond the minimum of semantic elements: colors, styles (boldface, italic), sizes and special features (such as hyperlinks).Beginning of formatted textFormatted text has its genesis in the pre-computer use of underscoring to embolden passages in typewritten manuscripts. In the first interactive systems of early computer technology, underscoring was not possible, and users made up for this lack (and the lack of formatting in ASCII) by using certain symbols as substitutes. Emphasis, for example, could be achieved in ASCII in a number of ways: Capitalization: I am NOT making this up. Surrounding with underscores: I am not making this up. Surrounding with asterisks: I am *not* making this up. Spacing: I am n o t making this up.Surrounding by underscores was also used for book titles: Look it up in The C Programming Language.Formatting can be marked by tags distinguished from the body text by special characters, such as angle brackets in HTML. For example, this text:The dog is classified as Canis lupus familiars in taxonomy.is marked up in HTML thus:the dog is classified as Canis lupus familiars in taxonomy. The italicized text is enclosed by an opening and a closing italics tag. In Latex, the text would be marked up like this:The dog is classified as \text it {Canes lupus familiars} in taxonomy.Markup languages can be implemented with any text editor, needing no special software.RTF TextThe Rich Text Format (often abbreviated RTF) is a proprietary document file format with published specification developed by Microsoft Corporation since 1987 for Microsoft products and for cross-platform document interchange.Most word processors are able to read and write some versions of RTF. There are several different revisions of RTF specification and portability of files will depend on what version of RTF is being used. RTF specifications are changed and published with major Microsoft Word and Office versions.It should not be confused with enriched text (mime type "text/enriched" of RFC 1896) or its predecessor Rich Text (mime type "text/rich text" of RFC 1341 and 1521); nor with IBM's RFT-DCA (Revisable Format Text-Document Content Architecture) which are completely different specifications.Human readabilityUnlike most word processing formats, concise RTF code can be made human-readable. When an RTF file is opened in a text editor, without formatting or processing of formatting, the alphanumeric text is legible and the markup language (formatting) elements not too distracting or counter-intuitive. However, the RTF files produced by most programs, such as Microsoft Word (MS Word), will contain such a large number of control codes (for compatibility with older programs) that most files will easily be an order of magnitude larger than the raw text and very difficult to read. Formats such as MS Word's .doc are, in contrast, binary formats with only a few scraps of legible text.Human-readable XML-based formats are becoming more common, but during RTF's initial release, its level of readability was rare among document formats.RTF is a data format for expressing text documents. It is not really a markup language, as it was never meant for intuitive and easy typing. If some Unicode characters (e.g. letters with diacritics, or CJK characters) are used in an RTF document, they are difficult to read, as they appear only as escape codes, such as \'f1 for or \u21563 for RTF also supports Microsoft OLE embedded objects and Macintosh Edition Manager subscriber objects (since RTF 1.0) which are not human-readable.FontsRTF supports embedding of fonts used in the document, but this feature is not widely supported in software implementations. RTF also supports generic font family names used for font substitution: roman (serif), Swiss (sans-serif), modern (mono space), script, decorative, technical. This feature is not widely supported for font substitution, e.g. in OpenOffice.org or Abiword.HTML textHypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the main markup language for displaying web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser.HTML is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets (like ), within the web page content. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like and , although some tags, known as empty elements, are unpaired, for example . The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags). In between these tags web designers can add text, tags, comments and other types of text-based content.The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible or audible web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page.HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. It can embed scripts in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML web pages.Web browsers can also refer to Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. The W3C, maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML markup.8. What is video? Basics of video, analog and digital video?Video is the technology of electronically capturing, recording, processing, storing, transmitting, and reconstructing a sequence of still images representing scenes in motion.Characteristics of video streams1. Number of frames per secondFrame rate, the number of still pictures per unit of time of video, ranges from six or eight frames per second (frame/s) for old mechanical cameras to 120 or more frames per second for new professional cameras. PAL (Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.) and SECAM (France, Russia, parts of Africa etc.) standards specify 25 frame/s, while NTSC (USA, Canada, Japan, etc.) specifies 29.97 frame/s. Film is shot at the slower frame rate of 24photograms/s, which complicates slightly the process of transferring a cinematic motion picture to video. The minimum frame rate to achieve the illusion of a moving image is about fifteen frames per second.2. Color space and bits per pixelColor model name describes the video color representation. YIQ was used in NTSC television. It corresponds closely to the YUV scheme used in NTSC and PAL television and the YDbDr scheme used by SECAM television.The number of distinct colors that can be represented by a pixel depends on the number of per pixel bits (bpp). A common way to reduce the number of bits per pixel in digital video is by chroma subsampling (e.g. 4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:2:0/4:1:1).3. Video qualityVideo quality can be measured with formal metrics like PSNR or with subjective video quality using expert observation.The subjective video quality of a video processing system may be evaluated as follows: Choose the video sequences (the SRC) to use for testing. Choose the settings of the system to evaluate (the HRC). Choose a test method for how to present video sequences to experts and to collect their ratings. Invite a sufficient number of experts, preferably not fewer than 15. Carry out testing. Calculate the average marks for each HRC based on the experts' ratings.Many subjective video quality methods are described in the ITU-T recommendation BT.500. One of the standardized methods is the Double Stimulus Impairment Scale (DSIS). In DSIS, each expert views an unimpaired reference video followed by an impaired version of the same video. The expert then rates the impaired video using a scale ranging from "impairments are imperceptible" to "impairments are very annoying".4. Video formatsThere are different layers of video transmission and storage, each with its own set of formats to choose from.For transmission, there is a physical connector and signal protocol ("video connection standard" below). A given physical link can carry certain "display standards" which specify a particular refresh rate, display resolution, and color space.Many analog and digital recording formats are in use, and digital video clips can also be stored on a computer file system as files which have their own formats. In addition to the physical format used by the data storage device or transmission medium, the stream of ones and zeros that is sent must be in a particular digital "video encoding", of which a number are available.5.Analog videoAnalog video is a video signal transferred by an analog signal. When combined in to one channel, it is called composite video as is the case, among others with NTSC, PAL and SECAM.Analog video may be carried in separate channels, as in two channel S-Video (YC) and multi-channel component video formats.Analog video is used in both consumer and professional television production applications. However, digital video signal formats with higher quality have been adopted, including serial digital interface (SDI), Fire wire (IEEE1394), Digital Visual Interface (DVI) and High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI).6. Digital VideoDigital video is a type of digital recording system that works by using a digital rather than an analog video signal. Digital video comprises a series of orthogonal bitmap digital images displayed in rapid succession at a constant rate. In the context of video these images are called frames. We measure the rate at which frames are displayed in frames per second (FPS).Since every frame is an orthogonal bitmap digital image it comprises a raster of pixels. If it has a width of W pixels and a height of H pixels we say that the frame size is WxH.Pixels have only one property, their color. The color of a pixel is represented by a fixed number of bits. The more bits the more subtle variations of colors can be reproduced. This is called the color depth (CD) of the video.9. What is Multimedia and Hypermedia? Explain the features of Multimedia?MultimediaAs the name implies, multimedia is the integration of multiple forms of media. This includes text, graphics, audio, video, etc. For example, a presentation involving audio and video clips would be considered a "multimedia presentation." Educational software that involves animations, sound, and text is called "multimedia software." CDs and DVDs are often considered to be "multimedia formats" since they can store a lot of data and most forms of multimedia require a lot of disk space.Due to the advancements in computer speeds and storage space, multimedia is commonplace today. Therefore, the term doesn't produce the same excitement is once do? This also means it is not as overused as it was back in the late '90s. HypermediaHypermedia is used as a logical extension of the term hypertext in which graphics, audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks intertwine to create a generally non-linear medium of information. This contrasts with the broader term multimedia, which may be used to describe non-interactive linear presentations as well as hypermedia. It is also related to the field of electronic literature. The term was first used in a 1965 article by Ted Nelson.

The World Wide Web is a classic example of hypermedia, whereas a non-interactive cinema presentation is an example of standard multimedia due to the absence of hyperlinks.The first hypermedia work was, arguably, the Aspen Movie Map. Atkinson's HyperCard popularized hypermedia writing, while a variety of literary hypertext and hypertext works, fiction and nonfiction, demonstrated the promise of links. Most modern hypermedia is delivered via electronic pages from a variety of systems including Media players, web browsers, and stand-alone applications (i.e., software that does not require network access). Audio hypermedia is emerging with voice command devices and voice browsing.Hypermedia development toolsHypermedia may be developed a number of ways. Any programming tool can be used to write programs that link data from internal variables and nodes for external data files. Multimedia development software such as Adobe Flash, Adobe Director, Macromedia Author ware, and Match Ware Mediator may be used to create stand-alone hypermedia applications, with emphasis on entertainment content. Some database software such as Visual FoxPro and FileMaker Developer may be used to develop stand-alone hypermedia applications, with emphasis on educational and business content management.Hypermedia applications may be developed on embedded devices for the mobile and the Digital signage industries using the Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) specification from W3C (World Wide Web Consortium). Software applications such as Ikivo Animator and Inkscape simplify the development of Hypermedia content based on SVG. Embedded devices such as iPhone natively support SVG specifications and may be used to create mobile and distributed Hypermedia applications.Hyperlinks may also be added to data files using most business software via the limited scripting and hyper linking features built in. Documentation software such as the Microsoft Office Suite and Libre Office allow for hypertext links to other content within the same file, other external files, and URL links to files on external file servers. For more emphasis on graphics and page layout, hyperlinks may be added using most modern desktop publishing tools. This includes presentation programs, such as Microsoft Power point and Libre Office Impress, add-ons to print layout programs such as Quark Immedia, and tools to include hyperlinks in PDF documents such as Adobe In Design for creating and Adobe Acrobat for editing. Hyper Publish is a tool specifically designed and optimized for hypermedia and hypertext management. Any HTML Editor may be used to build HTML files, accessible by any web browser. CD/DVD authoring tools such as DVD Studio Pro may be used to hyperlink the content of DVDs for DVD players or web links when the disc is played on a personal computer connected to the internet.Features of MultimediaMultimedia presentations may be viewed by person on stage, projected, transmitted, or played locally with a media player. A broadcast may be a live or recorded multimedia presentation. Broadcasts and recordings can be either analog or digital electronic media technology. Digital online multimedia may be downloaded or streamed. Streaming multimedia may be live or on-demand.Multimedia games and simulations may be used in a physical environment with special effects, with multiple users in an online network, or locally with an offline computer, game system, or simulator.The various formats of technological or digital multimedia may be intended to enhance the users' experience, for example to make it easier and faster to convey information. Or in entertainment or art, to transcend everyday experience.A laser show is a live multimedia performance.Enhanced levels of interactivity are made possible by combining multiple forms of media content. Online multimedia is increasingly becoming object-oriented and data-driven, enabling applications with collaborative end-user innovation and personalization on multiple forms of content over time. Examples of these range from multiple forms of content on Web sites like photo galleries with both images (pictures) and title (text) user-updated, to simulations whose co-efficient, events, illustrations, animations or videos are modifiable, allowing the multimedia "experience" to be altered without reprogramming. In addition to seeing and hearing, Haptic technology enables virtual objects to be felt. Emerging technology involving illusions of taste and smell may also enhance the multimedia experience.Usage / ApplicationA presentation using PowerPoint. Corporate presentations may combine all forms of media content.Virtual reality uses multimedia content. Applications and delivery platforms of multimedia are virtually limitless.VVO Multimedia-Terminal in Dresden WTC (Germany)Multimedia finds its application in various areas including, but not limited to, advertisements, art, education, entertainment, engineering, medicine, mathematics, business, scientific research and spatial temporal applications. Several examples are as follows:1. EducationIn Education, multimedia is used to produce computer-based training courses (popularly called CBTs) and reference books like encyclopedia and almanacs. A CBT lets the user go through a series of presentations, text about a particular topic, and associated illustrations in various information formats. Edutainment is an informal term used to describe combining education with entertainment, especially multimedia entertainment.Learning theory in the past decade has expanded dramatically because of the introduction of multimedia. Several lines of research have evolved (e.g. Cognitive load, Multimedia learning, and the list goes on). The possibilities for learning and instruction are nearly endless.The idea of media convergence is also becoming a major factor in education, particularly higher education. Defined as separate technologies such as voice (and telephony features), data (and productivity applications) and video that now share resources and interact with each other, synergistically creating new efficiencies, media convergence is rapidly changing the curriculum in universities all over the world. Likewise, it is changing the availability, or lack thereof, of jobs requiring this savvy technological skill.2. EngineeringSoftware engineers may use multimedia in Computer Simulations for anything from entertainment to training such as military or industrial training. Multimedia for software interfaces are often done as collaboration between creative professionals and software engineers.IndustryIn the Industrial sector, multimedia is used as a way to help present information to shareholders, superiors and coworkers. Multimedia is also helpful for providing employee training, advertising and selling products all over the world via virtually unlimited web-based technology.3. Mathematical and scientific researchIn mathematical and scientific research, multimedia is mainly used for modeling and simulation. For example, a scientist can look at a molecular model of a particular substance and manipulate it to arrive at a new substance. Representative research can be found in journals such as the Journal of Multimedia.10. Explain Multimedia Software tools?The Various Multimedia Software Tools are: Graphic Tools Video Tools Audio Tools Multimedia Authoring ToolsGraphic Tools1. Photoshop. Photoshop gives you the ability to both enhance scanned photographs and to create drawn image and icons from scratch. There's a wide range of tools and filters available.Audio tools. Wave Studio (aka "Creative Wave Studio). This application can be used to record and edit your sound files. You have the ability to select from C.D., line input (a tape player) and a microphone input, mix them all together and record the mix as a .wav file.1. Wham.(Waveform Holdand modify). A simple audio editing application which supports a number of audio formats. Wham also allows you to convert from one audio format to another. It is able to read a number of different audio format files (such as .au, .aiff, and .wav) and save to these formatsaswell.Limited to 8-bit.2. Gold Wave.Another good audio converting and editing application. Gold wave also allows you to "resample" an audio file which Wham cannot do. Not limited to 8-bit. It can do 16-bit as well. Multimedia power is used for new ways of having fun. The idea is to use computers as a medium for entertainment. With the addition of computer games to the multimedia revolution, entertainment has reached new heights. Multimedia is also great for artistic expression.Video tools1.Premierea very powerful video capturing and editing application. Premiere allows for two tracks of video with a number of different transitions available from one to the other. Multiple audio tracks are also possible. Premiere can output in either Quick time or AVI formats.2. Adobe After EffectsAdobe after Effects 5.0 enables you to create motion graphics and visual effects for professional cross-media delivery. It is a complete tool set for 2-D and 3-D compositing, animation, and effects for film, video, multimedia, and the Web, and offers tight integration with Adobe Premiere, Adobe Photoshop, and Adobe Illustrator.Multimedia Authoring Tools1. Macromedia Flash.With Flash, a nonprogrammer can create dazzling Web sites that can include input, interactivity, sounds, music, graphics, and animations.2. Macromedia Director Uses a theater or movie production metaphor to help build a multimedia application. Can accept almost any bitmapped file formats Lingo script language with own debugger allows more control including external devices, e.g., VCRs and video disk players Ready for building more interactivities (buttons, etc.) 3. Author ware Professional multimedia authoring tool Supports interactive applications with hyperlinks, drag-and-drop controls, and integrated animation Compatibility between files produced from PC version and MAC version .Ace MediaAce Media is a multimedia content management software package. Its development was funded by the European Union. Ace Media was developed from 2004 to 2007, with the final review presented in February 2008. Ace Media is available in two editions, personal and commercial.FeaturesFeatures of the ace Media software include: it runs on several platforms (PC, set-top box, mobile phone, web interface) it manages different users that may that share content, and their associated access rights it includes image, language and video analysis functions that can automatically annotate content or handle textual queries in natural languageIt was developed by 15 European partners that can be classified in: research laboratories that provide innovative technologies from their expertise fields high-tech companies that may re-use or sell (parts of) the software Companies that manage image or video databases, that provides the test content. 12. Explain the different MIDI devices? 1. Connectors MIDI connectors and a MIDI cable. MIDI messages are sent in only one direction, so a second cable is necessary for two-way communication. There is no error detection capability in MIDI, so the maximum cable length is set at 15 meters (50feet) in order to limit interference. The cables terminate in a 180 five-pin DIN connector. Standard applications use only three of the five conductors: a ground wire, and a balanced pair of conductors that carry a +5 volt signal. Some proprietary applications, such as phantom-powered footswitch controllers, use the spare pins for direct current (DC) power transmission. Opto-isolators keep MIDI devices electrically separated from their connectors, which prevents the occurrence of ground loops and protects equipment from voltage spikes. The MIDI input and output lines are separate from each other, and few devices pass the input data to the output port. A third type of port, the "MIDI THRU" port, exists so that data can be forwarded to another instrument. In a "daisy chain" arrangement. Not all devices contain MIDI-THRU ports, and devices that lack the ability to generate MIDI data, such as effects units and sound modules, may not include MIDI-OUT ports. A MIDI connector, showing the pins as numbered. 2. Management devices Each device in a daisy chain adds delay to the system. This is avoided with a MIDI thru box, which contains several outputs that provide an exact copy of the box's input signal. A MIDI merger is able to combine the input from multiple devices into a single stream, and allows multiple controllers to be connected to a single device. A MIDI switcher allows switching between multiple devices, and eliminates the need to physically repatch cables. MIDI patch bays combine all of these functions. They contain multiple inputs and outputs, and allow any combination of input channels to be routed to any combination of output channels. Routing setups can be created using computer software, stored in memory, and selected by MIDI program change commands. This enables the devices to function as standalone MIDI routers in situations where no computer is present. MIDI patch bays also clean up any skewing of MIDI data bits that occurs at the input stage. MIDI data processors are used for utility tasks and special effects. These include MIDI filters, which remove unwanted MIDI data from the stream, and MIDI delays, effects which send a repeated copy of the input data at a set time. 3. Interfaces A computer MIDI interface's main function is to match clock speeds between the MIDI device and the computer. Some computer sound cards include a standard MIDI connector, whereas others connect by any of various means that include the D-subminiature DA-15 game port, USB, FireWire, Ethernet or a proprietary connection. The increasing use of USB connectors in the 2000s has led to the availability of MIDI-to-USB data interfaces that can transfer MIDI channels to USB-equipped computers. Some MIDI keyboard controllers are equipped with USB jacks, and can be plugged into computers that run music software. MIDI's serial transmission leads to timing problems. Experienced musicians can detect time differences of as small as 1/3 of a millisecond (ms) and a three-byte MIDI message requires nearly 1ms for transmission. Because MIDI is serial, it can only send one event at a time. If an event is sent on two channels at once, the event on the higher-numbered channel cannot transmit until the first one is finished, and so is delayed by 1ms. If an event is sent on all channels at the same time, the highest-numbered channel's transmission will be delayed by as much as 16ms. This contributed to the rise of MIDI interfaces with multiple in- and out-ports, because timing improves when events are spread between multiple ports as opposed to multiple channels on the same port. The term "MIDI slop" refers to audible timing errors that result when MIDI transmission is delayed. 4. Controllers MIDI controller There are two types of MIDI controllers: performance controllers that generate notes and are u sad to perform music,] and controllers which may not send notes, but transmit other types of real-time events. Many devices are some combination of the two types. 5. Performance controllers Two-octave MIDI controllers are popular for use with laptop computers, due to their portability. This unit provides a variety of real-time controllers, which can manipulate various sound design parameters of computer-based or standalone hardware instruments, effects, mixers and recording devices. MIDI was designed with keyboards in mind, and any controller that is not a keyboard is considered an "alternative" controller. This was seen as a limitation by composers, who were not interested in keyboard-based music, but the standard proved flexible, and MIDI compatibility was introduced to other types of controllers, including wind instruments and drum machines. 6.Keyboards MIDI keyboard Keyboards are by far the most common type of MIDI controller. These are available in sizes that range from 25-key, 2-octave models, to full-sized 88-key instruments. Some are keyboard-only controllers, though many include other real-time controllers such as sliders, knobs, and wheels. Commonly, there are also connections for sustain and expression pedals. Most keyboard controllers offer the ability to split the playing area into "zones", which can be of any desired size and can overlap with each other. Each zone can respond to a different MIDI channel and a different set of performance controllers, and can be set to play any desired range of notes. This allows a single playing surface to target a number of different devices. MIDI capabilities can also be built into traditional keyboard instruments, such as grand pianos and Rhodes pianos. Pedal keyboards can operate the pedal tones of a MIDI organ, or can drive a bass synthesizer such as the revived Moog Taurus. MIDI wind controllers can produce expressive, natural-sounding performances in a way that is difficult to achieve with keyboard controllers. 7. Wind controllers Wind controllers allow MIDI parts to be played with the same kind of expression and articulation that is available to players of wind and brass instruments. They allow breath and pitch glide control that provide a more human and realistic kind of phrasing, particularly when playing sampled or physically modeled wind instrument parts. A typical wind controllers has a sensor that converts breath pressure to volume information, and may allow pitch control through a lip pressure sensor and a pitch-bend wheel. Some models include a configurable key layout that can emulate different instruments' fingering systems. Examples of such controllers include Akai's Electronic Wind Instrument (EWI) and Electronic Valve Instrument (EVI). The EWI uses a system of keypads and rollers modeled after a traditional woodwind instrument, while the EVI is based on an acoustic brass instrument, and has three switches that emulate a trumpet's valves. 8. Drum and percussion controllers Drum controllers, such as the Roland V-Drums, are often built in the form of an actual drum kit. The unit's sound module is mounted to the left. Keyboar