By: Richard Kitain, Michael Fuchs, Samantha Ong, and Jordan

Lefkowitz

Encomienda- gave the Spanish the right to put the indigenous peoples to work in mines or fields.

Quinto- one-fifth of silver production reserved for Spanish monarchy

The Engenho- Brazilian sugar mills Indigenous peoples compelled to work in mines- sought

out to find silver and gold. Sugar (product made in the Americas) was used in

trade. In the Triangular trade, sugar/molasses was traded for slaves.

Columbian Exchange Conquistadors- Hernan Cortes- defeat of the Aztecs

-Francisco Pizarro- conquest of the Incas Settlers seize the land and issue their own rules

(treaties) Taino conscripted to gold

With the introduction of European foreigners, the indigenous peoples went from your typical hunter-gatherers to an enslaved nation working to please the monarchies oversea.

Columbian Exchange New resources- gold, silver, sugar, etc. Introduction of weapons leads to a

decrease in populations Mercantilism

Aurangzeb of Mughal Empire- Hindus taxed (jizya)

Vasco da Gama Trading posts of India Indian Ocean Trade The want to create sea link between

Europe and Asia India was middlemen Alfonso d’ Albequerque- set strategic

location for trading

Vasco da Gama first to reach India opens trade

Aurangzeb taxing Hindus leads to great animosity

Portuguese and the Indian Ocean Trade Europe becomes wealthier

Africa participated in the Trans-Saharan Trade, Indian Ocean Trade and Atlantic Trade networks.

Africa’s main trading products were gold, ivory and slaves.

Cash crops like tobacco and sugar began to grow in popularity.

Swahili states traded slaves to Arab merchants to the East.

Kingdom of Kongo and the Songhay Empire engaged in the Triangle Trade, where they traded slaves for European manufactured goods like textiles.

They got firearms from the Europeans which caused major power shifts because with guns, different people could rise to power.

The Portuguese established a trading post and colony at Angola

The economy within Africa, not involving outsiders, was severely damaged simply because of the sheer numbers of slaves that were taken.

More men were taken than women so women were forced to take a large part in the economy.

There was however some population growth because the Africans diets were improved due to the introduction of new crops from America.

Trans-Saharan Trade had been a large trading network for 1000 years, the Indian Ocean Trade had been around for about 700 years, but the Atlantic trade was brand new.

Slavery had always been an integral part of African Society but a change was that now slaves were being taken to other places, most importantly the Americas.

Clans, tribes and kinship groups usually ruled but now that firearms were introduced, corruption increased and anyone who could get a hold of guns could gain power.

American Crops gave Africans a better and healthier diet which led to population growth.

Exploration: Portuguese arrived in India and brought in immense profit at the ports they established; Allowed English and Dutch to enter the Indian Ocean Trade; Various other ports in Asia (especially Southeast Asia) and Africa were created; Mercantilism

Columbus in the New World: Began the Columbian Exchange; Crops and diseases spread between Europe and the Americas

Seven Years’ War: Competition for trading ports in Asia and the Americas; Britain came out dominant

Capitalism: Allowed private parties a chance for profit in the free market through their goods and services, Supply and demand (Prices depended on necessity),

Triangular Trade /Atlantic Slave Trade: Europe brought their goods into Africa for slaves, took the Slaves to the Americas, Returned to Europe with American goods

Change Western Europe enters the Indian Ocean trade,

bringing in an immense amount of profit. Islands in Southeast Asia are under European control (Philippines)

Columbian Exchange: Population increases in Europe from American crops leading to urbanization

Capitalism allowed for more freedom for businessmen to make decisions instead of the upper class and government (power shift)

Continuity Demand for Asian products Exploration and colonization

During expansion, Russia forced Siberia to pay them tribute in the form of products: Received furs in exchange for iron tools, cloth tea and liquor

Peter the Great created a port at the Baltic Sea, connecting Russia to Western Europe

Trade in Caspian sea and Volga River with the Indians and Ottomans

Built St. Petersburg, a major trading port Change Russia became more westernized Continuity Depended on agriculture

Main crops: wheat and rice. Tobacco encouraged trading after it was

introduced in 1600. American crops had little effect They traded along the silk roads

(gunpowder and silk) Change: Tobacco, coffee, and coffee

houses.

American foods accepted in Europe, but not in the Islamic empires.

Islamic empires mainly traded in old lands, while Europeans were prospering off new territory.

Both the Islamic empires and Western European countries were changed by coffee and tobacco.