GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

SYSTEM(GIS)

BY:-

RAVI MALKAT

HARSH JAIN

JATIN ARORA

CIVIL -2ND YEAR

Geographic – 80% of government data collected is associated with some location in space

Information - attributes, or thecharacteristics (data), can be used to symbolize and provide further insight into a given location

System – a seamless operation linking the information to the geography – which requires hardware, networks, software, data, and operational procedures

…not just software! …not just for making maps!

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based system including software, hardware, people, and geographic information

WHAT IS GIS?

A method to visualize, manipulate, analyze, and display spatial datato study the world

CAPTURE

MANIPULATE &

ANALYSE

INTEGRATE

OUTPUT

RETRIEVAL

STORE

DISPLAY

GIS

ESSENTIALS OF GIS

4 M’S

MEASUREMENT

LAND USE/LAND COVER

CADASTRALAGRICULTUREHYDROLOGY

MAPPING

MONITORING

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESMENT,

DRAINAGE NETWORK

MODEL,TERRAIN MODELS,DTM

ETC.

MODELLING

GIS

MATHEMATICS

SURVEYING

PHOTOGRMATERY

DIGITALPHOTOGRMMET

RY

REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY

STATISTICS

GEOGRAPHY

CARTOGRAPHY

CAD, CACCOMPUTER SOFTWARE

AUTOMATEDCARTOGRPHY

CONTRIBUTING DISCIPLINES FOR GIS

WE LIVE IN TWO WORLDS

Self-Regulating Managed

Natural World Constructed World

. . . These Are Increasingly In Conflict

The possibilities are unlimited…Environmental impact assessmentResource managementLand use planningTax MappingWater and Sanitation MappingTransportation routingand more ...

WHAT CAN CIVIL ENGG. DO WITH A GIS?

GIS data has a spatial/geographic reference

This might be a reference that describes a feature on the earth using:

a latitude & longitude a national coordinate system an address a district a wetland identifier a road name

HOW DOES A GIS WORK?

Vectors Topology

Networks

Terrain

Surveys

Images CAD

Drawings

Annotation

Addresses

27 Main St.

Attributes

ABC

107’

3D Objects

Dimensions

GIS PROVIDES DATA INTEGRATION

COMBINING VARIOUS DISPLAY METHODS

SPATIAL TOPOLOGY: lines-nodes-segments

1

3

2

4

AB

C

D

E

Seg “A”

1:500,000 scale map of Harrisburg

1:50,000 scale map of Harrisburg

Vector A series of x,y coordinates For discrete data represented as points, lines,

polygons Raster

Grid and cells For continuous data such as elevation, slope,

surfaces

A Desktop GIS should be able to handle both types of data effectively!

TWO FUNDAMENTAL TYPES OF DATA

Raster

Vector

Real World

DATA REPRESENTATION

GIS OBJECTIVES

MAXIMIZE THE EFFICENCY OF PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING.

PROVIDE EFFICENT MEANS FOR DATA DISTRIBUTION AND HANDLING.

ELIMINATION OF REDUNDANT DATABASE-MINIMIZE DUPLICATION.

CAPACITY TO INTEGRATE INFORMATION FROM MANY SOURCES.

COMPLEX ANALYSIS/ QUERY INVOLVING GEOGRAPHICAL REFERENCED DATA TO INTEGRATE NEW INFORMATION.

HOW ITS MAKE CIVIL ENGG. WORK EASIER????

Problem Statement – ?????

Formulate the question

Mitigate and change Seek solutions

Observe, acquire data

Geospatialdata

Ground-BaseddataOther

Ancillarydata

Analyze

Socio-Economic

data

1. PROXIMITY ANALYSIS

Two or more data layers are overlaid GIS creates buffers around features on a

particular layer This allows analyses such as flood zone

delineation and features near a route such as hotels along a bike route.

2. QUERY AND OVERLAY ANALYSES

Query building is a data exploration operation Example statement: ‘([acres] > 500 AND [age] >

55)’ This would highlight all land parcels of greater

than 500 acres owned by people older than 55 years old in a data set loaded into the GIS.

Map algebra with raster data, in this type of operation mathematical operations are done on each pixel of multiple data layers. This results in a new data layer that is calculated from all the input layers.

3. PLANNING FOR UNDERDEVLOPED AREA

4. 3-D MINE WITH DATA

GPS

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. department of Defence.

GPS was originally intended for military applications, but in the 1980s, the government made the system available for civilian use.

GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day.

There are no subscription fees or

setup charges to use GPS.

THANK YOU