by professor brian j. o’brien - nasa · presentation of chang’e-3 measurements of dust...
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DEATH, TAXES & MOVEMENTS OF DUST ON THE MOON:
REALITY CHECKS APOLLO 11 TO CHANG'E-3 &-4
by
ProfessorBrianJ.O’Brien
<[email protected]>UniversityofWesternAustralia
www.web.uwa.edu.au/person/brian.obrien
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PROGRESSINSCIENCE
EXPLORATIONOFTHEMOON
• THISCONFERENCEASSUMESPROGRESSINSCIENCE
KNOWLEDGEADVANCESSTEADILYINTIME;
• SOTHATONECANRELYONROADMAPS,RELYONA
BASE2007REPORT,RELYONREVIEW&UPDATE,
UPDATESKGs&DISCUSSHEREFORNEWREPORT;
• SCIENCEOFDUSTONTHEMOONISUNUSUALIN
PARTBECAUSETHESCIENCEISMOVEMENTSOFDUST,NOTSIMPLYDUST,BUTDYNAMICSOFDUST;
• ASTRONAUTPROBLEMMOVEMENTOFDUSTFROM
SURFACEONTO&INTO SPACESUITS/WRISTGUARDS
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SECONDDIFFERENCEISSCIENCEIS
VERYNEW SHOWNIN2 KUHNCYCLES
PRE-SCIENCE LUNARDUST 2014YUTUIMMOBILISED
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SECONDDIFFERENCEISTHISSCIENCE
VERY NEW SHOWNIN2 KUHNCYCLES
PRE-SCIENCELUNARDUST POPULATED2014-2016
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LOOMINGPARADIGMCHANGEIN
PRIORITYIMPORTANCEOFDUST
CHINESEPRIORITIES
• ATELS2016,ZOUY.LETAL.
REPORTEDPRIORITIESOF
CHANG’E-4IN2018HAVE
CHANGEDTOGIVETOP
PRIORITYTODUST– FIRST
LANDERTODOSO
• ASOFDEC2017,NOTYET
CONFIRMEDBUTVARIED
OPAQUECOMMUNICATION
USAAPOLLOMINDSETS
• IN1964APOLLOMINDSET
“DISMISSED”THE
IMPORTANCEOFDUST
(SEENOELHINNERS,NASA
ORALHISTORY2010);
• CONTRARYTOAPOLLO17
SEVEREDUSTPROBLEMS
DESPITETECHNOLOGY&
MANYASTRONAUT
REPORTSOFPROBLEMS
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SERENDIPITOUSINVENTIONOFAPOLLODUST
DETECTOR(DDE)IN1966IS8th ALSEPEXPERIMENT:
INITIALLYRISKMANAGEMENTOFBRIAN’SCPLEE
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APOLLO12DUSTDETECTOR
EXPERIMENT(DDE)
CALIBRATEDUNITIN1968 APOLLO12DDEONMOON
NOTESPLASHESOFMOONDUST
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HOWDOESDUSTDETECTOR
EXPERIMENT(DDE)WORK?• 3ORTHOGONALSOLARCELLSFACEEASTWEST&UP
• THERMOMETERONBACKOFEACHCELL
• SOMEASURESBOTHCAUSE&EFFECT,TOTALSYSTEM
• CELLVOLTAGEVARIESWITHSUNLIGHT,COMPUTABLE
• SIMPLERCANUSECHANGESTOMEASUREMOVEMENTS
• DUSTONCELLCAUSES%CHANGEINVOLTAGEWHICHIS
FUNGIBLE,ANYRESEARCHERWITHAPREFERENCEFORA
GIVENDUSTJUSTDROPSITONHISOWNCELLTOMATCH%;
• COSTCIRCA$50,APOLLORECORD6YEARSCONTINUOUS;
• PARADIGMSHIFTINDESIGN,MEASURINGMOVEMENTSOF
BILLIONSTOTRILLIONSOFPARTICLES,NOTONEATATIME.
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YUTUPUZZLESOLVED(?)BY
APOLLO12DDESUNRISEEFFECTCHANG’E-3YUTUSTOPS
AFTER1st SUNRISE2014
DDEMEASURESSUNRISE
CAUSESDUSTSTORMS
(SHOWNATAMES2009)
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TRANSPARENCY&DUSTEFFECTS
YUTU-RELATEDPAPER
WITHDRAWN2017
PRESENTATIONOFCHANG’E-3
MEASUREMENTSOFDUST
WITHDRAWNATADELAIDE
2017,
ABSTRACTONIAC2017
WEBSITE
APOLLOTRANSPARENT
IN21st CENTURY
(BUTREJECTIONSIN1969-70
OFBRIAN’SFIRSTREPORTS
ONSUNRISEEFFECTS)
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SUNRISEHORIZONBRIGHTENING
&DUSTSTORMS
APOLLO12DDE1stSUNRISE APOLLO12DDELD2,LD3,LD4
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HOWRELEVANTTOPLANNINGARE14
PEER-REVIEWEDDUSTDISCOVERIES?
CONFIRMASTRONAUTVIEWS
FORHIGHESTREALISM(SEE
NEXTSLIDEFORDETAILS)
• NEEDNOWFORROOT&
BRANCHREMOVALOF
1964MINDSETS
DISMISSING IMPORTANCE
(SEENOELHINNERS:NASA
ORALHISTORY2010).
3SENSITIVEISSUES
1. STRONGPOPULARITYOF
POLARLANDINGSITES:
HAVEMOVEMENTSOFDUST
ATLOWSOLARELEVATION
BEENFACTOREDINYET?
2. HERITAGEASPECTSAND
SUSTAINABILITY
3. COMMERCIALINTERESTS
INCOST-EFFECTIVENESS:
DUSTDELAYEDASTRONAUTS
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ASTRONAUTPRIORITIESOFDUST
GAIER(2005)REVIEW
• Equipmentwasclogged
andmechanismsjammed
ineveryApollomission.
Includingzippers,wristand
hoselocks,faceplatesand
sunshades.
• Themostalarmingwas
howquicklyand
irreversiblythiscould
happen.
DIRECTQUOTES
• CernanDebriefing:
• “(Dust)probablyoneofour
greatestinhibitorstoa
nominalmission”;
• “..WECANOVERCOME
OTHERPHYSIOLOGICALOR
PHYSICALORMECHANICAL
PROBLEMSEXCEPTDUST”
• YOUHAVETOLIVEWITH..
CONTINUALLYFIGHTING...DUST
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QUICK-LOOKSUMMARY:DUSTAS
AFACTORINSITESELECTION
SUMMARYFROMAPOLLO
1. APOLLODDEDATAARE
FROMAPOLLO11,12,14
&15SITES;
2. WEHAVENOTHINGFROM
DUSTFACTORSTO
RIGOROUSLYCONTRIBUTE
DIFFERENTIATINGTHEM;
3. WERATEFARSIDEASVERY
HIGHPRIORITY,RICHEST
INKNOWN&UNKNOWN
UNKNOWNS.
SPECULATIONS
• VARIOUSDUST
DISCOVERIESREMAIN
UNEXPLAINEDBY
THEORIES;
• UNCERTAINTIESREMAIN
ABOUTSUNLIGHT
BRIGHTNESSALTERING
ADHESIONTOVERTICAL
SURFACE(1exampleonly).
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POSSIBLESTRATEGICIMPORTANCE
OFDUSTMOVEMENTSTO
LUNARPOLAREXPEDITIONS
• APOLLO12DDEMEASUREMENTSSHOW
DUST-CAUSEDVARIATIONSOFDAWNLIGHT
OF1TO4%ATLOWSOLARELEVATIONS
• RESEARCHERSMIGHTREVIEWIMPLICIT
ASSUMPTIONSOFDUSTPLAYINGNOROLES
ONPLANSFORPOLAREXPEDITIONSOR
• MOUNTAINSOFETERNALLIGHTLLW2018-44 15
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HERITAGEMANAGEMENT,DUST
&COSTEFFECTIVENESS
• MargaretRace&Commercialentrepreneurs
discussmanagingheritageandsustainability
• 14discoveriestodateprovideonlydust
measurementsofmovementstodatefrom:
• (a)humanandroboticactivities
(b)fromNaturalphenomenae.g.sunrise
effects&for6years
• Dustmanagementvitalincosteffectiveness
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COMMERCIALISSUES&
COSTEFFECTIVENESS
PRIVATEFIRMS’REVOLUTION
• INDUSTRIESNEED
SUSTAINABILITY&LOCAL
RESOURCES
• LUNARDUST&SUNRISE
EFFECTSANSWERBOTH
• NATURALPROCESSESAT
SUNRISERETURNMINED
SURFACETOOPTICAL
SMOOTHNESS,COHESION
• RELYONCOHESIVEFORCE
DENIALSBYLUNARSCIENCE
• APOLLO14PSR1972
TOMMYGOLDWITHTDS
DISCOVEREDCOHESIVE
FORCESOFDUST(seenext)
• DISCOVERYIGNOREDFOR
40YEARSUNTILO’BRIEN
(2011);
• TDSEXPERIMENTRETURN
TOHOUSTON,PUTIN
QUARANTINE&LOST.
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LUNARSCIENTISTS1972-2015:IGNOREDTOMMYGOLDCOHESIVEFORCES
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O’BRIENPURPOSESIN1966-67
ALL7PIsGETLUNARDUSTDATA
SHAREDDDEDATAALSEP
• O’BRIEN&BENDIX
ORGANISEDALSEP
TELEMETRYTOENSURE
EACHALSEPPIGOTALL6
CHANNELSOFDDERAW
DATAINCLUDEDINHIS
OWNINDIVIDUALPI
COMPUTERDATATAPES
• INWORD30
COMMUTATED
ENGINEERING&
HOUSEKEEPING
IN2009-2010O’BRIENRE-
PUBLICISEDSUCHFACTS
• 2009WITHNASAHQTRS
ANDJSCATHIGHLEVELS
• ATNASAAMESJULY2009
WITHYOSIONAKAMURA
• YOSIO&BRIAN2009-10
FORMATTEDDDERAW
DATAYOSIO1991TAPES
• ON-SHARINGWITHNSSDC
VIAYOSIOALLDUSTDATA
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LONG-STANDINGARTEFACTS OFFUTUREPLANNING,
SKGs&SITESELECTIONS,MAYREQUIRENEW
REVIEWSBECAUSEOFOUTDATEDMINDSETSONDUST
• GENECERNAN(Debriefing1972)"Wecanovercome(allproblems)exceptdust”ASTRONAUTS
• VASTMAJORITYOFSCIENCEGROUP&MAYREGARDDUSTONLYASNUISANCEGEOLOGISTS
LUNAR (N.B.UPDATERECOHESIVEFORCES)• 1964RANGERPHOTOSHOWEDBIGROCKSITTING"CALMLYONTHESURFACEANDNOTSINKINGOUTOFSIGHT“,SOWE"DISMISSEDTHAT(DUST)CONCERNALTHOUGHTOMMYGOLDKEPTATIT...WEHADTODEALWITHHIM.”
ADMINISTRATION:NoelHinners NASAOralHistory2010
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LEAVEOPENFORRICKYGUEST
13DEC.WASHINGTONPOST
VIDEO
• http://www.washingtonpost.com/video/national/health-science/apollo-17-left-the-moon-45-years-ago-that-dirty-space-gear-has-a-story-to-tell/2017/12/13/004583cc-e01e-11e7-b2e9-8c636f076c76_video.html
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THINKTESTonHORIZONGLOWIF DUSTHEIGHTIS100cm(asinDDE)
SURVEYOR7“AT” SUNSET:
ISDUSTINDAYORNIGHT?
APOLLO12DDEHORIZON
BRIGHTENINGAFTERSUNRISE
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5-STEPO’BRIENMODEL
1. COHESIVEFORCESSMOOTHSURFACE;
2. ROCKETGASESUNDERSURFACEFREEDUST;
3. FREED DUSTMOBILISESWHENCHARGEDBY
MASSIVESUNRISEPHOTO-ELECTRICEFFECTS
4. COULOMBFORCESLEVITATEFREED DUST;
5. DURINGEACHLUNARNIGHTSOMEDUST
FALLS&RECAPTUREDBYCOHESIVEFORCES
CIRCA1TO2YEARSBEFOREOPTICALSMOOTH
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