by noordiana kasim. modern i/o devices 1. printer 2. monitor 3. keyboard 4. audio speaker 5. dvd...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
INPUT & OUTPUT ORGANIZATION IN
COMPUTER ARCHITECTUREBy Noordiana Kasim
![Page 2: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
MODERN I/O DEVICES
1. PRINTER
2. MONITOR
3. KEYBOARD
4. AUDIO SPEAKER
5. DVD DRIVE
![Page 3: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. USB Port 2. Parallel Port 3. Serial Port
INPUT AND OUTPUT PORTS
![Page 4: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
SYNCHRONIZATION
To prevent problems, programmed I/O relies on synchronization.
That is, once it issues a command, the processor must interact with the device to determine when the device is ready for another command.
![Page 5: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
POLLING
The basic form of synchronization that a processor uses with an I/O device is known as polling.
How does software perform polling ?By using a fetch operation.
![Page 6: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
THE INTERRUPT
an interrupt is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention.
An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing.
The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an interrupt handler to deal with the event.
![Page 7: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
THE INTERRUPT
How does the processor know which device is interrupting ?
The processor uses the bus to find out.
Interrupt vector :a pointer to software that handles the device
![Page 8: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
How are values installed in an interrupt vector table ?
Software must initialize interrupt vectors because neither the processor nor the device hardware enters or modifies the table.
To overcome the differences in devices, architects have introduced a modification of the interrupt scheme that provides multiple level interrupts.
![Page 9: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
HOW ARE INTERRUPT
ASSIGNMENTS MADE?
FIXEDFixed, manual assignment used on small embedded system
FLEXIBLEFlexible, automated assignment used on general-purpose systems
![Page 10: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS (DMA)
A smart I/O device that can transfer data into memory directly.
A device that uses DMA can transfer data between the device and memory without using the processor.
![Page 11: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ACCESS LEVEL FOR I/O OPERATION
Level 3
• Application ProgramLevel 2
• OS FunctionLevel 1
• BIOS FunctionLevel 0
• Hardware
![Page 12: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Interface hardware uses 2 methods to accommodate bidirectional
transfer :
Full-duplex interaction• Allow
communication in both direction, simultaneously.
• e.g.: telephone lines
Half-duplex interaction• provides
communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously).
• e.g.: walkie-talkie
![Page 13: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
KEYBOARD
A computer keyboard is an array of switches, each of which sends the PC a unique signal when pressed.
![Page 14: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Two types of switch are commonly used:
Mechanical Rubber-membrane
![Page 15: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
MICE
The commonest mouse used today is opto-electronic.
Also inside the mouse are a switch for each button, and a microcontroller which interpret the signals from the sensors and the switches, using its firmware program to translate them into packets of data which are sent to the PC.
![Page 16: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
MICEOperating an opto-mechanical mouse.
1. moving the mouse turns the ball.
2. X and Y rollers grip the ball and transfer movement
3. Optical encoding disks include light holes.
4. Infrared LEDs shine through the disks.
5. Sensors gather light pulses to convert to X and Y vectors.
![Page 17: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
TOUCHSCREEN
A touchscreen is an intuitive computer input device that works by simply touching the display screen, either by a finger, or with a stylus, rather than typing on a keyboard or pointing with a mouse.
Built-in touchscreens are internal, heavy-duty touchscreens mounted directly onto the CRT tube.
![Page 19: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The touchscreen interface - whereby users navigate a computer system by touching icons or links on the screen itself - is the most simple, intuitive, and easiest to learn of all PC input devices and is fast becoming the interface of choice for a wide variety of applications, such as:
· Public ··Information Systems
· Restaurant/POS Systems
· Customer Self-Service
· Control / Automation Systems
· Computer Based Training
![Page 20: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Subsequently, several types of touchscreen technologies have emerged, each with its own advantages and disadvantages that may, or may not, make it suitable for any given application:
a) Resistive
b) Infrared
c) Surface Acoustic Wave
d) Capacitive
![Page 21: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
DIGITAL CAMERA
In principal, a digital camera is similar to a traditional film-based camera. There's a viewfinder to aim it, a lens to focus the image onto a light-sensitive device, some means by which several images can be stored and removed for later use, and the whole lot is fitted into a box.
![Page 23: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
SUMMARY
Computer systems interact with external devices either to control the device or to transfer data.
The I/O aspect of architecture means a connection between a computer and the external world.
![Page 25: By Noordiana Kasim. MODERN I/O DEVICES 1. PRINTER 2. MONITOR 3. KEYBOARD 4. AUDIO SPEAKER 5. DVD DRIVE](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070414/5697c0231a28abf838cd3c9c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
THE END
Thank you………