by n. t ialiat for school · 2014. 6. 30. · iii 11e11111i ir v i r osa sch001firesendangerthe...
TRANSCRIPT
by J.g T "
FI ILr'- a s
Egt
(-)1(ficeTi
A
#as E-N N f
SECURITY
I../ WV" 1. I.r
GENCYirotor
Education2. r-1
C-&-Q nA ta.4 LIA
_
Commissioner
a-E
N = 2 a__=
at
ialiat for School
Bulletin No. 13
X.
of
S 041, _a
.,Npanimor,
ammiwmt
Wft
EMEWEr
LIM= 11 1
N. .
-
,t,71
-7_--=_= ' -.. _-- . . _ -1--- = --7 --7.- --. a .-_ V
= -- .== =._
... =,- .--- ,--,-__-- F-.. -.. ..---- m -=.7---. F .-__... ..-. _ r= .- -. _ ...-- m- ....-
Forewo d___E
-ffru
School and
and
commi ISchool fires_ _
s==.
r responsibility_t, y
Furnace RoomsHeatingSystemQ
Furnace roomsHeating and ventilating systems
lor F'ir
and
'WS" '0' Roof A ti ge 5 gAtal41 e *1*.1 AL
Roofs_Attics_
School nfion rre t V' dA _E
Shop location an6
Shoph
a .3L=. Aa--s_A's
4,1A r=1-1s
-sI LILIELeS
A
1-1-,4 Is'74 1 .
construction .
LaboratoriesPower equipment
IIIti ri 0 n rt===9 E A a.-:= A '..-.Sa 1 %.,... kaa ,
am.
.1.
- ^
Rome
Stoves and other heat units _
Hot waterTT
vh.OAL
liming room
heaten_
sito
leanir
:=11. -ventilation_
ng units
Ventilating
Economics
CBI
4
MM.
Page
r7
10
1010
12
12
1515
16
16I- a0_
17
18
18
e-
11,
L 'MEV Safety_ _
_
iNINI I
VI
2
3
_ _ _
_______
Iv.
Shbp equipment 0. e..... 13__ 14
OW II esw am. .... . ma. w mi
N.v. Cafeterias,__ ....
_ _ _ .
_ ____________ _ _ _
_ 17= _
Electric s
18..
, _ ..... 18_ .....____...
AP
_ _ _ _
2_
U.. 6
. _ 4, 6
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
_ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
1111
1117
[m r
lII
III
Irn
milf
m! i
iiir
IV - CONTENTS
VI. Science Laboratories..,aboratory equipmentHeat units _
Chemical hazards1),F1 iscellaneous
ClassroomsArrangementRoom decorations
4121.
Mlo
MM.
Page
19
1919
- 1920
Room activities 22Room housekeepin 22
VIII. Assembly and Gymnasium Areas 22Auditorium and gymnasium exits 23Control and use
_ _ _23
Auditorium stage hazards_ _ _ _ _ _ , e . ... 24Motion pictures in auditoriums_ _ 24Miscellaneous _ _ _ _ . .. .. ..w ..- tM =..
)
IX. Incendiarismnous arson
Electric ervic ir re HazardsI- I
General building wiring serviceMotors and equi Anent _
Switches _
Fusing_ _ _
Portable electric unitsMiscellaneous
=. OM. _
28_
XI. Reducing Storage Fire Hazards _ 29Principles of safe storage _ _ _Storage of current supplies and equipmentStorage of highly combustible materialFuel storage_Protecting -school records from fire loss_Miscellaneous,
293030303199
XII. School housekeeping, Minor Repa:rs, Buildslug Control, and Fire Safety 33
Hous.4ng Current maintenance andmindii repair _
Building control,11,
3335
S.
Pk
a
_
VII.r-
,
X.
.10 .MO. MEV 111=1. .
202021
2525
2626
2727
28
,
_
_
_
IOW
.01.1.
_ _
_
_ _ _
.. ,e .,
_
am. nor all.
27_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. _ _ __ _ _ _ _
_
_ _ _ _ _ _.
_ _ _ _ _ _
CONTENTS
XIII. Building Structure and Fire Protection
Xli
Page
Some principles of building construction andfire cInTtat 37
Structural and design types and fire safety _ 37Floor and other openings that affect fire
read 38Fire doors_ _ _ 39_ _ _ _ _ _
Building finishPlanning new buildings__ 41Inspection and rehabilitation 41State responsibility for structral fIres4tfety 42
Traffic and Exit FacilitiesSome princi-n,ornoors
airs_ _
Exits
Of fire-exit
1M, .....
fety 43o
Lf
44Some special bui ( mg traffic and exit
hazards 46Fire escapes_ _ 46Emergency exit procedures_Exit maintenance__ _
r'P
V.v Inspections_Responsibility for inspections _
Use of outside assistance_Self-inspections_
4848
v_r Y'ff
A WV ita ent_ _ . 52Principles of fire extinguishment_ _ _ 52
_ _ 53Types of firesSchool fire extinguishers
.11
Building standpipes and hose installations_ _
Sprinkler protection _Use and care of school-fire extinguishing
facilitie
54
5555
55
XVII. Programs f se Safety _ 56Such program should be cooperatiVe _ 56Extent of Twopup 57
57Organization of the programThe State also has a responsibility in
.1Mio 57
58
_ _ 36
_
40_
42_ _ MNW
_
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 46
47
4:______
a
_ _ _ _
School
firesafety .
WibEssamyky
a
- Jr!
A
_ _ _
_ __ _
,
_ _ _ _ _ _
4
_
... _ _ _ _ _
S
. _ _ _
-
P.
1
III
11E
1111
1iIr
V I
r
osa
SCH001 FIRES ENDANGER the lives of the pupils who arerequired or permitted to attend school, cause property losses,and may disrupt the school program ,or weeks or months_The schooI8 have an obligation to develop and maintain fire-safe conditions in the school plants. Local ano State school..nd other officials, teachers, parents, and custodians mustaccept a share of this responsibility. Sustained spool firesafety requires careful planning and continued ltilance.School Fire Safety stresses the importance of safe condi-tions in :school plants, lists various !lizards, and outlines certainprocedures for avoIt is designed as r. guide or those interested,in and responsiblefor school sqfet. However, the vario
ina or elimkiatii some of these hazards.
value to teacnersafety.
sections should be, offsource material for class instruction in tire
(ALEN JONES, Director,Division of Elementary and Secondary Schools.
as
^ I t . r-
"- .! .
FO EWORD
./
0111
1111
111a
1111
1111
11N
1011
1101
11
4
SCHOOL FIRES OANGER pupiLl lives and annually, aheavy toll in school property losses. Fortunately many school firesoccur when the buildings are not occupied, and to some extent the life
is reduced. Fire hazards are present in many buildings. Ifnot controlled, these potentials may be changed quickly- into seriouslosses.
School officials, teachers, parents, and the public have an interest inschool tire safety. Because of other interests and a lack of assignedresponsibility in this area fire safety is too, often neglected. Witheffective and sustained school fire safety programs the fire hazards maybe reduced to a minimum.
Some factors in successful school fire safety programs are, for :losein charge:
1. An awareness of the importance of fire safety in schools.2. A knowledge of the nature and effect of fire
mt.- 3. The ability to recognize fire hazards.4. Some knowledge of the procedures for eliminating fire hazards, and for fire
detection and extinguishment.,5. Untiring vigilance by all having concern or responsibilities in these areas.G. A school or school and community organization to maintain fire safety.
Maintaining school fire safety would be a simple matter if all'hazards could be removed, never to .return again, in one campail.m.This possibility does not exist. School fire hazards may develop inunexpected areas and at unexpected times.
School fire protection should begin with the planning of the buildingand should be a principal . factor in many essential remodeling pro-grams. It should Ze an integral part of all school-plant managementprograms. t School activities should be so planned that the creation offire hazards will be reduced to a minimum.
In order to dewlap and maintain an adequate program o-f fireprotection the school administrator should have some knowledge q theproblems involved. He should be able to interest his coworkers andcommunity citizem in fire ety and to obtain their. continued co-orwralon in flung sal' conditions. He should know where togo for added information and amstance.
11
,or
-
=
take tit
hazard
.
f
SCHOOLFIRE
SAFETY
4
1111
11 R
I1 I
t 111
1111
1111
11 ii
l qf
1111
1111
1111
4
SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
The following information and suggestions on school fire protectionare not intended to provide a complete list of all of the fire hazardsfound in schools or to indicate all possible corrections. It is hopedthat, these suggestions will aRsist in directing attention to existing andpotential fire hazards, and will indicate the need for adequate protoc.tion. The information outlined here should serve as source materialfor those responsible for school-plant fire safety.In a few instances where emphasis seems necessary, information on-a certain hazard may be included 'n more than one section.
I. Responsibility and Need for F. Safety ProgramsSchool
In
and taommuna, Responsibility
United States we generally accept the principle of compulsoeducation for youth to some acceptable age or achievement level.This cames with it a public obligation to provide a maximum degree offire safety in the sc.too.s these pupils are forced or ff=-rmitted lo attend.1. Scope of responst
(a) The first or most important part of this obligation is for the protec-tion of the lives and Iodies all who use the school buildings.(1) Students are required to attend school.(2) Patrons, teachers, and others are encouraged or permitted touse the school buildings.
(b) The obligation also applies to the protection of large investmentsin school plants.(1) The loss of school plants destroyed by fire is complete. Thereis no return. Replacement may create a heavy tax burden.(2) If replacement is delayed, educational progress may be seriously
impede,.(c) It applies alike to schools at all levels from the one-room ruralschool, through the metropolitan secondary school, to the collegesor universities.
2. Placing responsibility for protection.(a) The responsibility for protecting school students is definitely amoral and, in some cases it may be a lwial obligation.(b) The parents ana the veneral public must acmpt a part of the obli".gation to provide fire side conditions.
(1) The:, citizens should hol school officials rsporisiblnv and maintaining safe conditions.
(2) Parents would be justified in requiring that school buildings bemade reasonably fire safe Imfore permitting their children totx3 endangered in them.
(c) Principals, teachers, and custodians chargedcare of the lace school plant have responsibilitieswithin their spheres of action. In accepting a p=
for develop-
fho
# 4
ILIOn Z:
2
.s
the
of
E
.
with operation adfor fire safety
in
,
-
I ,k te'
a. A -
RESPONSIBILITY AND NEED FOR PROGRAMS 3school, each school employee or official also accepts certain respons-ibilities. Negligence on the part of any school employee in thematter of fire safety may lead to disastrous results.
(d) The State, here represented by officials of the State department ofeducation or by other designated officials, has a definite obligationto promote the development and maintenance oT reasonable firesz=dety for all students attending school in the State:(e) The principal obligation for fire safety in the local schools falls onthe administrative officials and, staff responsible for organizing,directing, and financing the local school program.(1) These officials should plan the safety programs, direct employeesin plant-care programs, and hold them accountable for results.(2) Ignorance of existing conditions, of the need for improvements,or of procedures to be followed are not valid excuses for thefailure of these officials to maintain reasonable degrees offire safety. The official who does not know how to maintainfire safe conditions should seek the advice of those who doknow.
In order to develop and maintain successful fire safety programthe school administrator should know &Owe V2%i.44=& of the nature offires, the dangers of loss, the usuai causes of Ives and laceswhere school fires may originate.
1. The nature of school fires.(a) Most school fires start small and can be controlled if attacked early.Probably 80 vereent of all school fires could be checked easily inthe early stages.(b) Fires do not start without combustible fuels and without enoughheat to bring this fuel to the kindling point. Controls involveprevention, the elimination of adjacent combustible fuels, andextinguishment which is usually done by cooling to below the
a 1 1 ling point or smothering by cutting oft the oxygen supply.(c) Unco _stoned fire can he a merciless enemy, destroying life andproperty and leaving ruin, sorrow, and pain in its wake.2. School fire dangers.
School officials should understand the potential nangers of schoolfires. Tfxy should realize that pu.pib are perishable but not expendable.0k I CA. 7sIA; 0
f. l" ; jr.77-771
01 EA I
in pupil safety is inexcusable, and education woUld be ofit_, alue to the pupil who fails to get out of a burning building.
(a) Flee darwers are present in many school buildings, and new onesmay evelop(1) It often requires a caxastrophe to awaken peeop to some of theschool fire hazards. Even then, unless the loss is made vividby its nearness, they mAy drop back quickly into a self-satisfied feeling of safety.(2) The fci4ing that it can't happen in our school may be dangerous.(b) Each school fire reprOwnts a potential loss of life and/or property.940872 -51-- 2
,
.7.477/7.
..
tat
t
ear
School fires
the
quickly.
aI. ,..,...
. J it ri.
ir r: : P .. ;
0. 7 x. .
.'it i .",..1,?,' .. .j.s ') i ; ,.i . .. f. fii ..4'.. - '' I .r r I.,. .,_,v -- ''- ' .' ov146. E.- ,'--i.r....c..,-.,.-_-2-__J,,...Ii_:,-__,-,.-1-
1- . , .
T .4 - . .44. "11141: L-1 1.4&14-. = Ctdt:, 7
X
4
n
. -
2 -
-42t;
.1,
.1°11t. k 1,1 4. .
4
iiiili
tiliM
ililli
Mili
imill
aiim
mm
iiiiil
iiim
imii
SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
(1) The National Fire Protection A&sociation estimates that dur-ing th years 1930-46 there were on the- average more than2,100 school fires a year. The reported loss of Iivei in 31school fires during the years i910- was 396.2 This is notnecessarily a complete listing for these years.(2) It is difficult to obtain accurate data on school property firelosses. The Aionalof average school and
The Protection Association estimatesrui-x-r.y fire loss in the United
States for the years 1941-46, inclusive, were about $7 500,000 3p-er year. Reliable data on school life and property lames forthe years 1946-60 are not yet available. General propertylosses seem to he increasing.(c) School tires occur innearly all types of school buildings.The following saynNe --adlines on school fires were selected atrandom from a limited coverage of newspapers for a period of 3months from January 11, 1947, to April 11, 1947.
"School Swept by Flames on Northside"Pittsburgh, Pa., Post-Gazette, rill"300 ._Asca School Fire"at Basketball GameNewark, N. J., News, 1/14/47
"275 Children Escape School Fire in 'Drill'Minneapolis, Tribune, 1/21/47"230 Safe in St. Martin's School Fire, Policeman Going toBlaze KilledLouisville, Ky., Courier-Journal, 1/23/47"High School Blast Kills 4 Burns 6" at Monroe C.New York, World Telegram (AP) 1/23/47"Cranston School Damaged By Fire"Providence, R. I., Journal, 1/24/47"Students Suffer Flash Fire Burns"Birmingham, Ala., Age-Herald, 1/28/47"88 Flee Flames, School Destroyed"Philadelphia, Inquirer, 2/6/47
"Dormitory Fire Routs 65 Students"Philadelphia, Inquirer, 2/8/47"800 Children Escape Uninjured at Fire Level Hazelhurst
School"Atlanta, Constitution, 2/11/47"Hundreds of Students EscapeEno
"900New
Pa.,School Blaze"
Displack-Herahi, 2/22/47Walk to Safety in High School Fire"
OM, World Telegram, 2/24/47"Maine NUTIS Save Pupils inBoston, Herald, 2/26/47
at Warren
"School Protection Boston, 1946. p. 5.C-mby. F1ke Forster, Handbook of Pim P41m. Boston, Nektnai IrO Prot=titm1948. p. 6.3 Op. dt., p. 12.
im
k.
.
,
,a ,11.
(.
college
"
_ __"
.
Blew"
4I Arse," National Fire
7-=
t., .#.1
,r.I t 1
, .1 t 1 I .a' ? ....i. .. t-. . ,. , - , 4
',.!,: '.4,:-. 1 .-I: .11!:!.,131:1-r;;56../4.-V;4-til.
,.. .
-17
=IM!
WINME
a.
___
---z.----_
_._
-__-_-
m
._...I:a _
1i1.
4*
Association,
Anotiation,
RESPONSIBILITY' AND NEED FOli GRAMS
"Students Flee in Connecticut Dormitory Fire"New York, Herald Tribune, 2/26/47
March Out of , N. J. School as Smoke Fills;
New York Times, 3/14/47
"Girl 19, Woman 68 Die in College Fire"New York Times, 341/474 filno oiw-f
DiscoversWheeling, AI
Pupils Left Classrooms Shortlyaze. I I
Intelligencer, 3/15/47
Before Janitor
"Service Slated Today for Girl Missing in (Junior College)Fire"
Rochester, N. Y., Denw rat and ChrontdP 3/1647/
"Fire Destroys High School"New York, Herald Tribune, 3/19/47
at College"
Seriously wurned in School Cooking Class",aitir==-Dre, Evening Sun, 3/24/47w
"Siedy Action by Six ChecksStage"
Atlantic City, N. J. Press, 4/2/47
"Hint Vandals to Blame in School Fire"
Spread of Fire on
Minneapolis, / A42:-/
A q
Fire Damage School at Bishopville"uuner, 4/9/47Newst-iiitilx---0111 S. C., UM&7
1-101, uo4-0 1.ilia.
School Blasts"Inquirer, 4/11/47
8. Causes of SchoolSchool fires originao om various
Auditorium
Some of t,ngecameo result from the tvw, of au, vitiw, carrieq on in the building, somefrom outside exposurc=s q0W-.4-74 from defective building or equipmentparts, and some irom care&m-sne--2-,-.8.
The causes of 1,1divided as follows:
Heating defe
Faulty S rt=:-. -4"- =ffir E -
school
am MEM.
Defective or ou-urri in-stalled chimneys orflues
ft`-='4 rAi= .44
hot ashes or CO1of
1=-73 in laboratories.
le
tire
18.0
10.0
6.4
1.6
f 4/
revorted by the N. F. P. A.4 were
Per
49,4/.
4
Carelm handling of flam-mable liquids 1_
Special hazards associatkdwith
Open -flu=m nun! '--airuirr-
oratoriesdeviand
_- - in lab-kitchens
a f=L
L--- ma.,_=-7314.,#
4.6
4.4
a
"1500
Va.,
,"FireDallas, N 0/47
e.
"Gir02'
Star,
"Bla;t,
-2H by
frilrgesmay causes.
_
Careless
Percent
S.
igniting
flammableOJI, p. 1270.
6
taigas
_
.
3 Including use of4 cit.
_
im
illit1
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
Percent
Misuse of electricity_ _ 17.0 Explosions (gas heat-Smoking and matches__ 142.1 ing, cheMical, andSpontaneous ignition of oily flammable vapors) AO. 4111,
rags or materiel 10.3 LightninIncendiary (arson) _ 8 . 8 Exposure_
_
Improper rubbish disposal _ _Miscellaneousmethods_ __ _ . 05
ID
..11P IN
3. 08 . 02 .
6 . 241,Mal
100.04. School building hot spots.
It is desirable to know the hot spots, the places in school bui_dingswnere fires are most likely to originate. The N. F. P. A.' showed thatfor 613 school fires the places of origin were: for student-occupied areasabout 36.6 percent of all fires; for service areas, 34.1 rcent; from outside,
2.4 percent; anfl for miscellaneous known places of origin, about 17.0percent. This record also showed the specific areas in which these firesoriginated. So tile of the _ported points of origin of these 613 sen001fires were:
Clawooms _
Workshops, laboratoriesAuditorium, gymnasiums..Furnace rooms ..
Basements_ _ _
m.
Closets, storerooms_ _
Perci,
7 . 6
11.38 . 68.3
14.27.2
KitchensRoofs_Yards_Outside buildingAttics-roof space_
Perms'
2.47 .
2 . 61 . 83 . 6
As indicated, fires occur in all types of buildings. Org record ofschool fires showed that nearly 70 percent of the fires reported occurred inbuildings with masonry walls and wooden interiors.fires occurred in fire-resistive buildings.
i 64
Hlwever, some of these
Furnace RoomsHeating and Ventilating SystemsHEATING ANDschool fires.fire
The naturehazards. However,
1
will reduPPcontrol
Furnace rooms
THATING
F
4.1 ka.
1gl VI el usea0"---__ g
The furnace room is onenumerous Kah,,fuel and heat
firIN
alf4r,I
usual v somewhat cirii A
T
todian is in another
of6
ffILIA A a
Le- theeonstn
T T,16,
Vjtla
F -um um
nd adequaiA..
mak DOTF--- triI -
=
It often ID---LE combustibles4
g.jenv cri?ata .-
and is omen unatthn_ot the building.
while
"School Firm" National Fire Prottion A4tIon. 1kt Man., 1946 p. 27.at Op. dt., p.
orisLb
_
-4
7-4
a
111.
Amid
Total
am& _ _ 8
L.
sys1-=40_,
plant crea Joesuitable care and
lag-rrtios a
the imams of many
the in building and
ht:
tispgr-
II
a
_
_
_ _
_ _
_
_ _
4
areheating
30.
itrm
,117
1111
11W
P??
Ill
f
Is
ct#
TTINE-NT
8. Keep the furnace room clean:
a
RE S(tFE 1 Y
Etubbish furnishes tinder for fire.4. Keep motors clean. Do not permit .oils from engine or motor bearingsto drip on Lne noors.
6. Do not permit waste to accumulatefired beaters located
aridLack
heating
of heatingoeFcinon iL
Flp
in or around incinerators or coal-furnace room.
of proper care and poor opprating practices may make even goodplants into DGtentiai machineL--; of destruction.1. Furnace overheating may be hazardous. it should not be necessara toforce the furnace for the morning warm-Up period or during the day.
other flammable oils to start fires is dial!gei-2. The use of nr3. Banking firee with fire-b-ox doors open may be hazardous.4. Ashes should never be piled on the furnace room floor or placed in com
buMtible containers. If a fireproof storage bin is not availa' le, ashe3should be removed from the building az soon as feasible.5. Explosion possibilities should be reduced to a minimum. Boiler wer=e-eilevels 1111 be checked frequently. Blow out and pop valves should
be in good woorting order and the6. Defective heating plants cause many
be repaired.z
often.fires. Cracked furnaces should
Broken parts should be replaced. dma÷:r controlsshould kept in good working order.
g -lantA .7. el4t, mechanical equipment, such as motors and engines, shoulde adequately maintained and proteeteed.8. The furnace is not an incinerator. Rubbish and waste paper should not
be burned in it or stored in it during vacations.9. Relief valves on hot water tanks should overate freely.
10. The whole heating system should be inspected periodically by a competentperson for operating safety and fire hazards.
Fuels,1. Coal storage 012 LE-..A
may occurfront of Th
!e the building is preh=rab1e Coal bin fire.Ranticipated.wnen not
bin E,"? E. *before it 'ora-Aig
Old slack coal should Lee moved to thethe season.
2. X'A I iiing 10"10I nor rYt., stored in fuel hisit
;31:
3. Coal fuel chutesMi3 V
4. Stoker r----ulators and cut-offs should be podtive and should be checkedoften.
5. Oil storage
feedshould not fftd directly from the bin to the furnace. They
btrKer r*rs.
outside th-trapped. (Watch V
burners forextinguished oil
6. Gas line
aildi Oil feed lines shouldor overflow. Never reli
burner u_iera oilwhencut-offs should
ue-e a pilot light in lightin,7. All vas uaari Ahrmiel have
theIn the fire pit.)
Watch for
htan
malodorant to facilitate detection and pressuresshould be within safe limits.
C'nt 7-11.101=r0KgA132..a. nrp the warm of numerous rintense heat and some ol them extend through concealed spaces.
subjected to
sat
water in
Care plant
kerosene
be
fuel storageclassroom
to
tanki.should be be1
is freebe outside building. gas leaks.
fires.c
neve
fire hazards. The:
a\
1:74
r. I 4-- -I 44" - 2+1- rsa
't*
BE
IMIN
ME
NU
10z
SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
4. Vent duct outlets from classrooms shouldshould extend through the roof or to an enclosed plenum chamber.6. Corridor ventilating systems may spread fire and create smoke blocks ill
ot be colinected in walls but
traffic lanes.6. Heat ducts serving several rooms should have cut-off dampers. Fanblower cut-offs should be available.7. Air filters may be combustible and should not be exposed to fire.
-
MANY SCHOOL FIRES originate on roofs or in attic areas. Theroof probably is more exposed than my other part of the building tofire hazards from other buildings. It is also exposed to sparks fromthe building furnace and from lightning. The attic which is oftenused to store combustible waste may have exposed wiring in contactwith combustible joists. Each of these areas I hansit isolatedfrom view and may be very dry from the effects of p4jjflg buildingheat. Fires originating in these areas may spread quickly beforebeing detected.
1. Roof surfacing should be of noncombustible or fire-retardant materials.Old curled shingles and broken or frayed sheet roofing aro invitationsto fire and should be replaced.
2. The use of combustible wood roof framing and sheeting may endanger abuilding xiat is crta-rpoiRtive3. Leaves and
wr-li and -fle-r construction.LJLSh in gutters and valleys may be ignited by sparks
and should be rerr4. Loose flashings may cotnbustible waste and should he repaired.6. Small burned spots or pits on roofs from sparks are indications of nre
hazards. Using spark arresters, increasing the chimney height, orchanging fuels may b---e desirable.
6. Roof skylights, cupolas, and dormer windows often have some combustiblematerials in their construction. They may collect dirt and waste andcreate fire hazards.
7. Electric wires in contact with roofs may Jose their insulation throughabrasion and becomerelocated.
8. There is no one best type of rooting for all si
direct 01 fires. Such wires should be
a noncombustible roof slab is consideredasbegtog ft or metal roofaframing, have a of fireol tar roofs or
_ 5 E; .sm Blzilt-un roofing overcue, .CgT aiid
when on noncombustibleHeavy huilt-up asphalt
C,TIT 170 I 3sulon shingles with protective slag or gravelsuriaci help retard fire a9. Roof !adders in the attic may facilitate frequent roof inspections.
: =1-
Is
4
4o.
11.
III. Roof and Attic
Roofs
in
collect
a cause
fire-resistive.
high degree resistance.
4 s . , , ,.1%'1 r r I ,r/r
it*; -41:;11;' rk 10 ".
LJlk,!
==
ROOF AND ATTIC 11
Attics
t *I E =C-4
.64. 6'3 6-32-3t.
h
and
may gain much headway
_
A .0. 2y =1-- ttsmoke 36 3
A0 AwiewA = k-3 antim. =-= --
5.
extended throughI.1 stort
7-1
ee_4
-7_kre being Le:dud.
6 3
prohibited.E4Ai ordecorations, old '000
ret stored in g3_,=; a ea ea.,=
through A A.r--0 -=ff.
iaekR into A ALne atm area may
Combustiblea .._=6 a 332
=
V7w
These ---
intoA ITAWAAr-,wL'--7 roof.
often
g.
0in
mutt.
old windowlily LI&
aff.tga3-3 2,2 g"
aaaa
a a 63sat.icri
I et 1U..111"
,leaks bn000i=
attics mate fire hazards- and should be
L. attic.nE- A,
=ggc-.Some of 4 air is knobold.into contact
7i-
7 -EA;111-iff--)n deteriorates-
hazards atne'combustible &Tete-hole covers Wilt* retard
lower areas from spreading through the attics.
saa w ri combustible
the bareLat a:=4 W-=7
or blockj1nvj slab orplaM
6. Frequent attic inspections for fire hazards should be required.946672 .-51
4 in
-
_
o
. HAZARDS
5.11140vOsar.' - ).1.4,
Roof
.
f_
1. Attic &Amid b materials,as
become.
2. Some Chimney deft-
74-0 el
8. Ventilating ducts 'emptying.
4. Wz Ia and tubewiring. may and
In somemerit
maynoncom=
bub1i wore az ov lould be kept in
g
LI
- =
andbroken
Old sagjoists.
fire tluit
be and
Mil1
11/1
1111
1111
,1,1
tp I
tit
'''"1
1111
1111
4 11
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
HM
IIIIII
IIIIII
INII
ifIfI
lmrt
rnim
rttn
rT
IN In
lcirm
trn.
tim
!ti m
innt
i Irr
In
-a-
12 SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
Shop
THERE ARE MANY (FES of shops in school buildings. Someof these are used for school repair and maintenance work. Othersare used for various types of student instruction. Some of theseshops are used only for regular daytime &Moot classes, while othersmay be used for night classes of youth or adults or as workshops forlocal hobby groups.
.The types of materials and equipment used, the presence of heat-producing devices, and, the nature of the work .done in the variousshops may create numerous fire 'azards. Obviously there may be
in others. Thc-2,-z hazards maywith the types of shop activities and
of constructiov, orwrating procedures, andmghouse practiic--:'3.
more fire r%r-d-r---11 some shops 1--1--hazards invary in niamir and in sevenShop V
.r%1 1 a c
In LEI
nt andnerai cii&ussici
und
a
in Aran(e".= 1Thrtly
;&-
0 1 * C'rj lsit-
- T.,Wa
0 I arta6:2- a ,..7r
tne severity ot
iit_41j11
L.V A
of fire ;=ards in school build.erato all o
Some
to or eli-tanigs
thE hazardsg
tnere for si comprehensiveshops. LI
supervisors, sho.to the needresponsibility.
for
in a.. school S opsehers and maintenance personnel should
eliminating
. LEst=A k k =. 7 -gjA_
be asuch hazards in their
Shop location and construction
spneres
4.A
The location of the shop may be an important factor in Ore safety.1. Some shoc----c-; ShOUld lx_s isolated from other parts of the building by distance
and/or construction.(a) The use of basement areas for shops should be discouraged.(b) The more hazardous sh Fhould be outside the regular classroom
wings; other less hazardous shops may be a part of the glbuilding if completely enclosed or set apart by fire-resistive con-struction. It preferable
the maina wialu. ofhazards that Mit7
10 locate InCkSt shops at one er or Inbuilding in ord_. L.° reduce the fire andbe caused by a fire orivinatinw in them
(t) Shops comp ete'ly segregated from other
e Ifa AY
v 'LW 0! I -TB -012_ ra.-4_
tible and roof construction if adeiivate xiti are provided.2. As indicatpd , iieral _omit' teflon stan ..ds may in part on loca-
wall
tion. However, certain ti such the floors around forg, foundryand welding shops should be of fire-re--sistive materials regardless of thetype of exterior wall construction.
8. Heavy duty electric power and/or heating circuits should be mimrste
M-7
.4.
Fire Nosariss
the
it isnot feasible to .-ivethat are t school ski of I.
comments iñI to =z-i. L of but do notin
only to .:'n .6
: al. Otht may pplyHowever, fire hazards ...I
and is study ofthe 1! hazards
4.
of
school
is
bull&
deas
ir I I .""T
5. " 4r . , r
apt,- r . >,ree . .
s
INT. School
types
ing types shops,particular types
inthe types
.
=I=
SCHOOL SHOP FIRE HAZARDS 13
from the lighting circuits, and all plug-in power outlets on these circuitsshould have special approved high voltage receptacles.
4. A master switch for the power circuit should be mounted in a protectedlocition available for instant use in case of fire.
6. 'There should t+i ample exits. Where it is feasible, some-exits should leaddirectly to the outside. Those between shops and other parts of thebuilding should be covered with approved fire doors.
Shop equipmentVarious umLs of shop equipment may create fire hazards. Proper use and
protection will reduce the hazards.
1. Power equipment, such as engines, motors, saws, and planers, may createnumerous fire hazards.
(a) Equipment, such as planers and wood saws, that operate on combus-tible materials and create much waste should have adequate dustcollecting systems. For smaller units creating less dust, an ap-proved program of dust removal should be enforced.
quipment used in metalworking should be so located and protectedthat sparks and bits of hot metal will not fall on or otherwisecome into contact with'combust ule materials.
2.
Heavy-duty machines should have oil drip cups or parts for oilarings s-t that oil will not drop on floors or combustible materials.
Heavy-duty shop motorg'When used in areas w
should have rigid electrical connections.dust may collect the motors should be
of a closed or shielded tv
Noncombustible bench tops should be provided for bench workinvolving the use of high heat or own Electrical benchtops should be of mane having low conductivity.
Tools such Pq grinders that produce many sparks should be shieldedat the aides, top, and rear. A waste-catching tray or pan under
units helps prevent the spreading of hot sparks.Mopr switches or starters should be enclosed and of an approvedthe
Lype.Portable power tools such as drills, vibrat_rs, buffers. and sanders
should only with extension cords approved for such use.Grounding for these units is desirable.
Gas and gasoline engines may create- fire hazards. Their use inshow;shouldadeguate
--TM)
17,--e limited and carefully supervised. Exl-t-auHtSvented to the outside of thc.Larance.
Wing and should have
equipment such as ovens, ki1ns torches, welders, and forgescreate fire
(a) Flainchazard*
4=-
to combustible materials near them.nrk =
in nlaCeS where &JAGS m uth t., oils,areas wnere aat_-=a
(b) Welderswaere
1 Aumunits mu never
t.w- gas or electric cutting- might fall
may
I
quipment should not be usedLamm-Able inatetak.
ould be done in shielded booths or *LLA 4uequateirons should not
-"eidingportable 8Welds.
u zor 'such tasks?flZ has been
AM.-1111.
-
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
flames.
(f)
(g)
.-
(h)be used
(i)ould
neat
azi/or
larly,to
the hot on
(c) BlOi ring befurniture weir un L Ecombustible
removed.
bedangerous. This appl'.- partial-
or other flammable materials may
di(
...
. .s-
1r , i., s ...%, -, - . , , , A ,,..- I 4, f-is s ' : . ? x... .......ja- . - ,....,-.--....: -- 1.42, . 11.- ...4......-A--,..t.kt..... -AY'__V_ I_ XS 11.--1.
? . i i ,r ,_ , ' ...-iA,L..4.-,.2.,-,.......,.0. , N
be
be
andas
IvIm
iIH
ME
NE
ME
NN
IMM
IMM
UM
MI
Mel
14
kch
SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
Shields should be provided between glue pots and the benches underthem Visib)e pilot-light indicatorsheated 1-_-vots
Heat-treating furnaces, ceramic kilns, and dryers should be solocate
are desirable for electrically
Ample insulationsides, andesirablo
there are no combustible mat-maand clearance should be provided
near them.the top,itorn. In some cases exhaust or circulating fans areAutomatic desirable.controls are
Forges should tw so located that fire hazards from them areto a minimum. Cooling vats should be available near each forgestirs 01 heat-producing units should be required to exercise extremecare in their use wrvisors should instruct students in theiruse hind should
not inavy-duty ekctricrolled.
be responsible for having all such units turned oa
.eating unils should be thermostatically con-
&arte shop aciviti create numerous
1. Paint shops and finishing rooms. The dangerstaneous ignition are always pment.(a) Spray paintin
The boothbooth and equipped with norve ark fan des
(b)
(9)
hazards.
of fi
;hould be aone in a protected gi,ho,
IOC
res and spon-
w well ventilated with fan motors outside
It is difficult to remove all paint residues.should tr done outswe thnonsparkingbooths.
Brush pamti an-done at DO
Bleaches,
Power paint removal_aoth. Scrapers -:,houlu also _
ri Vs- should be
e . ISO v n=
theohibited around the
iaint removal should bemot, irom flarneproducing sources.paint thiwers uers, oils, and st: v nt8 havingflash point should be used with caution and only unuersion.'alas and other
cabinets.r-t-LivePaint drop cloths
arm abie finish mat-vr
they may f
lowrvi-
should tx- stored in re-
rags should i)e removed from areas where
Paint storage rotventilated.
s S should be of fire- construction, and wellpro e A s- s
quate sprinkler or other automatic fir-e-4.--_-xtinvais gade-
system.r2. Automotive shop activinefs may involve acme spray painting and the useof flammable liquids. They may also involve the use and repair ofinternal combustion engines
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Automotive shops should be isolated by distance and/or constructionfrom other parts of the building.Automobile painting should tits done in protected areas as outlinedabove for spray painting.Automotive engint work should be over fire-rei tive floors and inprotected ammo,.Gasoline s thrace in t
ties aUnderwrite
shouldlal
building should be limited tn small quanti-in (approved "safety" containers bearing the
- e : ,
(e)
that
t
(f)redR .13
(g)
when use.(
fire Thof these hazards may ftie..uced
booth.
the
oftype.
(c) use
(d)a
(0)
(f) and wipefire hazards.
They should hen feasible by tui
beers
be
be
(7
-M7
OIi
in shops.
(e)
(f)
SOIOOL SHOP 'FIRE HAZARDS
Facilities should be provided for protecting any essential temporarystoragerubbish. a
and for frequent removal of waste oils, waste rags, and
Floors should oe cleaned often. Oil accumulations on floors shouldbe
(g ) Battr'=chirging services, batteryervi pment, anti acidrage should be in well-ventii protected area... Stands
be rigidly constructed there will be no spilling ofracks that are not oasdy
upset or broken. Srmking shouid e prohibited in these areas.
t_ %a
acids. Acids should be kept in i)ot
There m. explosion
ny shop supplies are combustible.
1. Secret"Stuntshop
ta .7. 'N. YV
-ck of proper care and storage
in
Siamincreases
of them hn g
the danger of fire disasters
volatile oils and oth=r ilarnmab1t materials .rom other suppli--
4_-
-o-rPsistive eabin4s or closets.provisions for storing lurnbr, paver stiprlies for tlie print
:)Lntr COMaceessibili
1 1 S Ible mate1 inspection. 111-1,
*
as discussed in previous parr -"9
manner permittingpaints, acids, anti
Miscellaneous operating anu housekeeping hc*zarchNum
and froth poorazards develop in sch
housekeeping nractic-es.a few of these hazards.1. Protective noncombustible shields sho
units and combustible materials2. Shavings and sawdust should not
floors or arouna wood worKinw machave 6-** = - 6 -the air IngAV 1Lless.
8. Equipment should De well maintaincircuits, overloaded motors,, or arcing switches may be hazardous and
s from operating procedures..ible to discuss re only
tIft provided between allthem.permitted to accumulate n the
Quantities of such ust in
rie-1
Hot hearings. electric short
should he prevented or renair=4. Metal containers should be provided for rags and waste materials.6. Shop cleanliness should b- a M UST. All personnel should be trained to
maintain a clean shop.6 Suitable approved fire-÷x devices should be readily accessible
and7. Tern are8. Pilot9.
10.
-
properly * --#1EivrtILL E=-.4 each shopand _xwnsion-cord wiring should be kept ,; minimum.
hts should be installed in the circuits for electric heaters.oontrols valves should
t 4 _
011_ andolatile A 1--3
"on" positions.such as gasoline should not be used in the shop in cleaning
machine parts, shop uoors, or the naLluz. 01 Lalt- Wtia
ed to show quickly and clearly the
11. "Fireproof" lockers should be provided for Lit =torc of shop clothingof ev.== h4idE1LS Or other work rs. Cl thing oru by inters should bestored in metal-covered containers or removed from the building.
12. High heat ------fired was should De attended at all times when in use.
I.
15
prohibited..
should so that.
be hazards.
Shop supplies4
low
2.and in an orderly
44f
gasoline
fireIt is
neart]e
at
be d
.4*
AM.
r
'
1
X.
ISIM
MIN
NIB
MIU
MM
OM
MIM
EM
EM
EM
ME
MM
Onm
omm
omm
illim
mod
om
16
THE AAA OF
SCHOOL' FIRE SAFETY4
Home&ILIA Lroorms_L _
e ._. A-1 _ ,_ ,_ _-___ ',..,._. ___-__ _ _ ___TF-..,,t_. ...,....7- A----. -=. .---.=
THE ACTIVITIESused 1,,1 lunchrooms,ment school
ments create somepoor maintenance nrac,:,!cl-Ys.work done. I ---=!nnina
F
Some
ieuho _
n tile eampA
depart-hn 7 .__ rs10,e-01-&_.-,r.s.,...: A, _.,.7S. frauresuL,
_a some are created by the type of"anves n operating ',mak andmore attention to fire prevention will aid in eliminating or reducing theeffect of these hazards.
Power equi mentNumerous power-equipped units are used in cafeteria or lunchroomkitchens, and some are used in homemaking laboratories. Most of theseunits have small motors, but even these small motors may create some firehazards.
1. Motors should be of the closed type ant should be kept clean.2. Where it is feasible) rigid connections should be used. Motors and con-nections should be properly insulated.3. Such units as deep freezers, cold cases, and refrigerators that must remainin use at night or over the week end when the room is unoccupied shouldbe protected
Stovc-- and =
In many cafeterias most of the cooking is done on large central stoves orranges. These are usually easily shielded and ventea. In small lunchroomsand in home economic kitchens, cooking is often done on sniall stoves or hotp1ates lacking proper protection and distributed over the room.1. Ranges and laundry stoves.
(a) Stoves fired with coal or wood should have a clearance of at least36 inches at the top and 48 inches at 'he front from combustiblematerials.(b) Side and rear clearance needs will depend on other protection suchas baffles, but clearance should Lye
1 equivalent to ..:-217 least 86 inchesof air-space distance.(c) Clearance for gas- or oil-fired or electric ringe may be slightly(d) 'These units should be on :,-.,____,__ V= a-. "a.:D-a,a.-------=-=3i f7-t I r.---1 nig 0_._-a
metalbustible floors, prouticuon shou_d
lens.If they are on com-
extexid under the atom,ana ror coal or wood-fired units to some distanc* in front of thestove.2. Heavy-duty ovens should be protected at the sidm rear, and front u out-lined above for rajs abd stovei.
e_ of _r the top E rn ovr---tpw,_1%;
8. Gas and electric(a) When hot
should be
Top urotection may be partially
t plat's shouldm are located
E,-7,,setarding materials.A_ ! _
1
combustible _ _1
thereAleast mehey, 1 air space be-metal protectton thd at
f.mf--.1-1 eh, and the tabh OD,(b) Gas h t plates should have mid gas connectionn.
II
t.
/.Ajo
v. Cafeterias, Economics
endin and
tire hazards. of these
az heat unit%
if withhave ample
oat
-miner
r4- ,
4..tA .
-7, I..1:11.4.
r e.** ifst
j,:ji.".
; zo,
kt
47
.
is covered
CAFETERIAS, LUNCHROOMS, HOME ECONOMICS LABORATORIES 17
(c) Gas ovens should be lighted by the use of a pilot light.(d) Electric hot plates should have red pilot-light indicators.
4. Kerosene stove burners should be located over drip pans. An oiL spaceFbetween this pan and a combustible base rovide added insulation.
5. Miscellaneous(a) Gas turn-off cocks should be dearly marked to show "on" and "off"
position& However, the turn handle should be so shaped thatit is not likely to be turned on by catching on the clothing of theworkers.
(b) Accumulations of oil or greases around- stoves are haztardous andshould be removed.
(c) Open fire-box doors may create fire hazards to floors or to the cloth-ing of tha workers andoshoLdd be prohibited.
(d) Cafeteria èarn-tabIe pressures and temperatures should be con-trolled to safe lii
(e) Pei othe
L
gasmay
s or pans over aq burners may boil over and extinguishfire. Relighting the gas before the room has been aired(langerOUs.
Hot water heatersHigh water temperatures are required for sterilization in dish washing.
In many cases the hot water heater is in or near the kitchens or food labora-tor_es. Some of these hot-water tanks are heated by open or partially en-closed flames.1. Combustible materials should not be near the heating unit.2. Open flame-gas or oil-fired heaters, other than those properly controlled
and designed for continuous operation, should be turned off at the endof the work Gay.
Thermostatic and relief-valve controls should be provided for all suchfleattrg.
exhaust - -4 -4 E e=
Steam and oil-laden vapors are thrown into the air in the cooain prams.If not removed from Lne room, the oils and dust from the air gather on wallsano other surfaces where they may create serious fire hazard8. Hence, ex-haust ventilation is ess-ential where much cooking is done.1. A large canopy hood with a vent is desirable over stoves or rang-
extensively for cooking.2. Since accumulated greases in the _xoa,st vflYIT nolt- ducts may burn,A
the ducts should be well(a) They should be of(b) Duct waP ld bc
(e)
constructed.gaze iron and have riveted joints.at least 9 inches from any combustible ma-
thietS L.,11 -1E ft lead directly 141
from an tfl
tha outside and houYk-A be Frz,naraLe
(d) There should 'oe no dampers in the ooto).(e) Hand holm for disclaim ==y he desirable.
8. Rapid exhaust ventilation and frequent claaning will reduce the hazards.(a) Exhaust air speeds of from 1,200 to 1
roriove most of the oils in _he air(b) Automatic s=
rq
mstioreir--it Der minute aunt to
ev AL 4g1
=4
of the exhaust fan in Ca--% of fire is desirable.
be
131.
ht
taniale.
ventilating system.
fr+
F.
L.. ... - .
1.; -& il .
4. 1,14..-,; .p.6.,:!.. ZI;...-..sit t°;. : ' A i .... . . ..
I.; '1'...; .1. ',' : ... -./. ' 4- J..der- .(,,,Z4-1...,;
. ,
0. ;2
, ; . I# . s. 'if?, ss. - I
i 1 I .4( va C .. ;=, r : 0L1,..1
.
used
1111
2111
1111
1111
1111
MIM
IIIIII
IMIK
IIIIIM
Mill
tant
alim
mom
mtn
amIT
fin
1111
11M
V11
111
111'
111
1111
1111
1177
", g
lo 1
111
1111
1111
0111
1111
1C71
1111
P1,
1111
111
1 11
11 1
18
(c) Frequent ductthe fire
SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
cleaning to remove grease accumulations will reduc,?risk.
inzng room tnsThe fire hazards in dining room areas arise principally from their location,equipment, and congestion.
1. It i preferable that cafeterias 1:4-1 at or near round level.2. Adequate travel exits should be available for all dining rooms.
narrow8. Exit
stairsoa-q--t3rnent, doshould
ant_ should operate
not provide aa n sl exists.Steep,
out, should be fitted with exit panic hardware,freely.
Overcrowding of0 s
should4. atm fi rooms, _and tables, particularly those
prohibited. Dining room seatswith winch seats attached, may
impede mold exit. Aisle passageways shouki be kept open.5. The kitchen and storar-i room areas should be segregated by a partitionfrom the dining room.
m a ___,& -=e ? ----:i = -= ...-...=- . ,=-, . . , a--=
Many of the hazards listed eslewhere underSome of those often foundcussed here for the sake of temp
renerrtc service a-p
school homemakin=7 departments are
1. All electric nPat units suchdryers should
2. Electricshould C
0 0-_
ninsthere.
irons, percolatom, stoves, toasters, andhave an indicating red pilot light in r
Irons shwa u nave a temperature control. When heated, theyplaced on iron stands whem temporarily idle.
3. Electric dryers and heaters should be adequately protected. Portableheaters are not recommended.
Cafeteria and homemaking acuartment supply and equipment storagecreate fire hards.1. Matches should Eal, stored in fire- and roilent-proof containers.2. Self-cloying metal
itintrk:41 waste.8. Cool room or semi Armament
mrmit easy inspection. it is often
milk should be Lot. aper
may
and other easily
facilities should be .rranged todesirable for the
office to require periodic inspection reportsof them.
4. The storage of volatile liquicontainers approven lor such
5. Cleaning and6. A gale storage
fritim
1 A- 0
..ould be_a_Ci
shotilti
0EArm
g----0,401 YU
and to maintai a record
in quantity and to safe
instored gis_14.-I V 2
nietai
closet should be 1--omr;k% --10 fo t-AnV Mv_I and..,rs,
7 WeJimanacdapplicators.a
of ood holm:!met,a nri in =, departments.
bnot.8. Floor sweepings should b- .
Canina
toGeneral house
A
1. Dry ekaniP------A7
in thn
cleaning isvolawith
of &thinge
are available.
containers.of dust
should be
lleu& elwhere, this n is limitedCleaning preparations.
with ian'mabk liquids should not be permitted
ventila qnffiffi ff wfi --a=0 - cleaning-
liqpidsis desirable.
7-=.=
.9 .
use,
&tors open
betales
S.
fare
Ca-
the
/
tiorass
same
provided
storage
limited
oi beused storage
and axstorage, a practices,
maci seetiocriea
tame lerziosaafts laboratories.'Adequate
ttlf;. P -prk, ,011.1,1
4 ,
'.
(. r ;
at,j#
-4
'?=
,tit
E.
;,i'll
uo=
zspo
ssiw
ot.,.
1
a--
2. laboratories...E 8. Fume hoods and ducts should be fire-resistive, with the exhaust fiLl.9. motor outhid=_, the duet.
SCIENCE LABORATORIES 192. The cleaning of floors or other room surfaces with flammable liquid.tshould t- et na Dmea .
hea4-ing atsBE
4
Science Laboratories4
e hazar._s in wience laboratories. Variouslow-ton-shell, lamps, dyTlS or ovens may have
open flames aiMI of them produce intenw heat. Many of thee materials used are flammable. Some of
the chemical comp6u==d-73 nd compressed gasses are explosive. In
chemicals and some of
a.aWnr nv -4
la 01
by inexperienced
=arried on by pupils, and evenactivitiesthe "6---1.4
ff_ oi cetLain equipment and chemicalsyouth MaYer fi --V%
E:=-24=
a _ _7.I Z4. 4
Vg
1. Laboratory desi2. Labor-44-0 which
acid- andthere may be flamma ie vapor or gasses should be
with vapor-promPkp-0 csnu awl cluis.'t Adequateearn
ventilation reduces -Lnp hazard of dangerous gas concentrations in
a
4. Laboratory floors should have a fire-resistive base or covering.
Heat units1. Bunven burners, torch- , alcohol
9
3.A
and other heat um havinge-am, burners may creatm fire hazards if not properly used.
uutoff for burnersgas should be attached to rigid connections.The fuel p_q used should contain a maiodorant.Laboratory furnaces tffi other units of heatintense should be insulated.
baffles and air space will aid in protecting combustiblesnear kola.
5. Steriliser:, evaporators,the students are out of thesin atrolled.
dryers that *-7- be con, ind-A in tme w_canroom should 'm properly installed and in-
Where it is poaibe, they should be thermostatically con-
Chemical ,_z--axasVariott9 =micaIs and chemical mrsamnation?, may create fire and explosionthazards. ts not,4- teasiole to list here the MMUS chemicals which might
1. 9Some metals near them may create hPat.2. Ofjnie plastics and other substances are easilya. chemicals beaune explosive when contathimited
"'WA=4
r. g-
-, 1.;
4.
.- crw-7-r,
.
bpe
\s, . l'-c'\.
k
i-l-
1THE MAY nysuch as
some
addition thesupervision
te rt
. should have heat-reestin, ts)in
protected
lamps,open
Fire-resistive
and
irm r
1
is fume and corrode ;ind- itad.
Some with dust.946072*-51 4
BW1
r7'1
a
-
VI.
areclose
,
/ Je ,.
g i- . - . .`14 ..
Iwo& alCaAs - jirma ....A....a - _
ra
EN
NIN
INIM
MIli
niN
IMM
EN
IMIN
IMM
EN
1111
111
11
1111
1111
11,1
1am
miim
mig
i
a
-0 3
m.
ff
k A
210
4. Some gasses may
SCHOOL FIRE SA vtillYz 4_4
ignite with explosive suddenness.5. Some chemicals lecse on -K-i-v-Iraure toL air and w-fifor.
Miscellaneous1. Earthen jars should be provided for certain types of waste in chemical
laboratories.2. Acid carboys should be stored in tilting
corrosive puir E".a mijor be equipped
permit draining without spilling.cr;14, non-
3. Safe segregated storage in steel cases fitted with locks should bE4 providedfor the more hazardous chemicals. The amount of such storage inlaboratories shoul limited.
4. Smothering blankets and/or flood showers should be provided in organicchemistry laboratories.
Ample gas and electric outlets shouldtion without long connections.
5. be Provided to permit local applica-p&xi .475. Ne/a a conductors and
protection for electrical appliances should be provided.6. Teacher control and supervision
(a) Should aid in(b) Should
G EN 1:411 R A L
reducingacl;aiur in=
a physicalunderstanding
necessary preventwnen
1might noav.71 I N., A. Ca UN,/
trendsrecent in classroom
k it
nets
UI
tin=,A,Act-Al
ace-4-11-1 v-11E-in 7kiag---= Rib
T. movablebe
thethe laboratory.
Pf involvedthat might criin.e 111Z: LI i-16-A A
r. rds
CUISITIOMS
sliai1v have fewerm-ri
Oi 2"a !atm.Amanagement E Ez
_ .
1
and
However,ark
_ -``"w I
V
inv-0 aa -.A
a a At °" rn gl V f3- r be _.limcs so grou -
__._-_.f I
. Aa -aa4 that mwd.E_...,_
__=_._,..7_____ 1.F.1. . .-.., L, as-.-- -., c--746 A
the activ;tytyr pro rornitaa..ra
move eGuipment tne rooms, have more -Dpliances, use moresome of which are combustible. With increased enrollmentssupplies,
many rooms are overcrowded. In many secondary classrooms chmr.&eating is so anianged that safe rapid room evacuation is impossible.School administrators and teachers should give specific attention tothe elimination of conditions that might create fire hazards and tothe improvement of facilitiesClassroom acii i.eit
1. Room exits.(a). wo wan-1-s(b)
arE. desirableoom awing sh 2 2
ana
proCedUre&
are a necessitythe lineown: swinff with
luiDatd =Nita hardware that cannot tin,Any locks atta_Knob or latch.
2. Room meth*.(a) If loose ease g it should be o arranged that free and fairly
direct trn
for lateof traffic and should betocked against egress.
Pit a r. oraIrorlin Dy trio usual exit r,
lanes to the dwr are maintaimd.
generate
t.
racks
be
hazar in
viz .
places wheresome
in t2'1%-01-
to pupils.impeded.
in wild
exit and
rooms.
is ,
1
fires
With
im 1
1171
1 III
IIfi
ft Ifl
ffl?
n !e
rn!,
nit
ruft,
tm tt
i rIli
n11
11' 1
1111
1111
1111
11 1
4111
1111
1111
111
1111
1111
11Il
i!II
iii11
P111
'11
;;111
1i1
1111
111
1111
1111
1111
1111
111'
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
111i
1111
1 11
1111
1111
111,
11 1
1111
111a
1. Curtains(a)
uviin
andg."
ka-a-
2 Pae
a
Mai I kitY14 SAFETYf-
should
to theag fa_ a-a-ala I as Va aa
A
curtains
ata---11L-Z71t
3. Decoration shou_
4,6.
Room1.
2.
lefta
Miscellaneous
(a)(b) e-ora
(c) Corn
"42-e hanging or f2-_ff. be
not_ ==E _ ;
Irma,
A
suspended
ffs2 2 2.-7= E.saa=aa--2_3a a A .aa vv. a
ns or other loot7--ga
aa1 I .2-a= a a
_atmay a a_as.a V al
h aridhanging
fflta=a a,
-ar.I _a as. a a v.a a_s
The use ^y6..9. 4
m nricted
of Forrt_V 2
irta 7=.j
.a
V
=
aLFZ
pEall ..%,--7.4
a
4.
5. Room
1.
a aF f I 5A A =
A ,eaVVa. F_
flA
# thatin charge.
k*.aa
General school ho
2. Storage
loosemay --
of highlytpffA cans.
V I a Vun n n3 R
g'l
MtMig.
-a
_
2 A N ra-v
.-7-.190111w---9 2 2 1. a-v L**...,ion
or makeshif4
proceduresa-
;.+
al-t &
a-Sfa----0
heads,
t--0
mayv
*a an11n1_ -,07 for 9. 6 64
=
a=
aA.La
greats
aa an9,4
(II ===---±a 2_A_-
ly suntrvizi.
programs should
aon =-NW a EA
gasoline, 5 the
nazards
LhP [tFtJI
rooms r,EA -a a=
,id be ci_j_er
should be routiniv.-A.
a
aa matte*a
1 ea z=m-7--=-ra
materials should
Anot
VIII. Againagy and GI..
_a M- a= aa IsL a a
rrrtF N aw
v 7-7'2
1 VVE
RN.aAVE V= a ME Haa E
A
LU =:= = =
occur.
carriedwhere
a fab_ . g A
-7--..v,.._a_vA =--- zthe pro ,-,__,___;___,;=:,:i_
*fit
a A=
be azam
in
on in
here lame nunbci
2 a
Vaaa -
Iv= _a = so. E-F lee4 VV'° elwatt;
--_--_ _v
# Aa
peopie assembleto help
--__
f.ijj A
6
-
-
I '
FIRE
may addold --..'gged may 1y ignited.
(b) drapes or magi of paper or other flammable mate-'re prohibited.
decorations such as p.ornaments might encourage flash should notin schoolrooms.
te fiat not be;
should 1.: piinkler
Paper shades o lamp ;Alike am hazardous.should *4oi t electricCkristul : trees and fire .hazards. Their use should be or
k
etrMw
by
U. cellar*,controlled or prohibited.
8. The u of volatile tmmable suckbe prohibited.
may tire by
exit
0--
in
0-. C
eke. leme somespecial iassrotm4ouinkmi grwtiess should hope.
Accumulations paper and ether waste ndties' fire hazards and should not
combustible be
AL.:-
ACTIVITIEXot
tr,x T64 av--: amw
hazards. combine
; ._ ile
1MM
IENMIMIEW
EMENEWMi=1:1:1M.NIMMNM MEIME
NWE
EMEI
11121
=NM!
41i133,
MEEN.
MEI.E1M=-
EIZIEEM
22
be
byused
be attached
and
liquids,
will be discussed
of pupils'
d
OFand school areas groups of mat*
fire create _th&seof injury in
&- is
oftenw I
e"-rt evE-"4 im 7V
&thewschoolcareless
110cae
We aa.1. from
6s-*44
4 Is 4
buildings tflfwvain=
='-
However,r--..__ff:---...-r--.
-t--p......_. a a , 6_,.- .= ._.,- _.,& *I
Aa tAka VS, S-4.
ASSEMBLY
manya may
C
rs-6 V iB les_66- a a
-#
s-ar s---s t=-1-A fr=---- a = EA WA 2 A
=-=2h
A
officials
c.-a a=4E to nrorh__
a761
how to evacuate
ND GYMNASIUM AREAS
audiencesIV 1
I § .a I §,A__
property, tint'
lanes ormat_
Ti It= iLn increawd
ofI
f fi ...I Inupeople who
t 95. u 01
a
them isedpartlyU or non-
c-- --a__ &-1 4- a 7---=='-x
r5
difficult
,s_ a .a-s,a aiaa_01R sER
AkAAL 'A.4aAA A., a
't -.ft #711 vr
Ato
ga,
g aea.a-T
use
rtA 147.6.0
1
a +aaMg% V ra I V.* the 011110= xiL9-A
,s *
to protect110 --="-bhave an (In'lt-T'ion a a A_v . a-- A
saie conditionsA plant.
---es in assembly a-A how tooccupants from suck areas
Auditorium and1. Thole
gyirr'kn.-_-;9
_a_11s
thOse whoa14 orareA
fv-i, a* a01 UMCIAls an III f-=
uni-Ls should be located at or neatsafe handling of crowds.
EP rot- 104 sr- La a _
2. There shod be a.HIUge regular" und emergency -rxits.(a) 1 exit doors equipped
fire
with panic bolt exit
Know4ri-a4=141-.*
0 facilitate
,a
lights.(b) Exit lanes marked W14 %.2 _lc/Droved signs and-Group loitering at exits should rw,
a pron 68._
should not '4- -sL:17-4I 1
a
v
1.s 6
s- Z... I-A
The use2. Control.
8.
(a)(b)
(c
(e)
Copies
of--- M-E w* linrri--t ga_.6 a, limited v.A.A J a a a =
extra seats in &-4,that,-; should
'"nn.n control reguLations
I,r4-41 "kjad4- L1
prohibited.
aaIT% duplicate.
a A aattrstinn ashould aa..e&M-a==-a
School roup should under normalthm
NonhccgnmUSA P
a-4
when the ------ohoogOut-of-f-xut . hour
S. a ar% a_
A aa a
&a n
schoo when using
uld be required to abide by school safety
nemployees i_P
1 SA-1 be of school property
auaitonum or gymnasium i in use.-v-isig 'torn spectators or program participants
3 f# a g
==.1-9
-===
e ,D- ioyees .A_Z
- a
y bum'tt #.4.0a gatherings.
o L. sw4L7,-,a protected
(a) Auditorium or
(b)
(c)
an
aref-or a Fam ment stall of em-
_row t.aA
=_=-gp4
Smoking shouldte;_,11
limitedorpromuior
nem even modally blocked...z-nting in auditoriums, not always avoidable in combination
ae1a=-
A-abA J A
A v ox& -9f-f
=a. ==-- n. Bcaton, Marc,0S.
Eleventh Edition, 1950
M1
difficult to ara,,_. opent to have1. are
withprotecting
of schoolor control
the of some 4 u
for orto th , These
th dzAi of reduce the'lady.
workday levels
should be devices.should bebe
A_ I_I
Control and use.
(a)(b)
off beIt supervision
erns.users
(d) school in charge
etelta of
are not well during event
net1 e of L:Asts it4rIng
-7 .F.tat widLN and40
oi the wagger o
1 Cob. N
,1. ' - .i . . ; :3 _ 1 ;Li L*-!-is 1 ' '4/ li '2 -
23
local
*A
police the building.(f) protected
be*raw.
assembly room spacing seatsin Exits Code.'
be of
a
Heading atotte
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1Inn
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
111M
EN
1111
1111
1111
1111
1311
10M
mum
mum
unta
mm
umam
outm
emom
umm
ovam
ostu
tum
mum
brIM
INE
IMM
INN
IMIN
ER
EM
INV
EIM
MO
VIR
MIU
mm
omM
IM
von SAFETY
auditoriumgwrinP9 may A
Uforced rapid evacuatious. This difficulty can beby fasteningtie sack rc
* 4 - A
aft auonumSuch factors
props,eliminate some
f*_
several stets thee her and by win--.together n place.t Onfa
should never
the qua
E that,T-
alia a r.
a 1tiriii on
a...=t:
arP 1-10
the== ot E-:te-=E-WE
and around the tahazards and to reduce the effects
1. Fire-resistive front stage curtainstreated to provici-e
2. The use of -rstan? to
a A
=le --cora Lions
desirable.arefiranlaR
L
to
of ot
eases ofovercome
clamps A
and the tit4G---e
shouldStage scenery
or limited to times when ample fire protection can8. Fly lofts, not generally recommended fn school stages,
prohibDrovid
may become draftchimneys for stage-0- fires. Where such lofts exist, they should be venti-lated
Stage(a)(b)
wIrin# al. A7As- -7-
La
cordExtension(c) The use of
standarrisrois should
OUla
flT National .9-1 -p _ _
inscected frequently.Iimitei to approved types of cords.
footlight bulbs orover g peui adea1.4
around other Llamps :1 a a.a. ji noL .A- A
5. Special exits should be provided .rwil the stazeto the outside or to a fire-resistive corridor.
Motion picturesSome of the following comments
and drming-room areas
also applicable to other than audi-
1. The use of ty film reduces the fire hazard.2. If picture
National Boardare installed, -ev shot)
Underwritersol rue Inventilation,construetion adequate4- a
E E= I 5 K--#
1. Mizig
(a)
(b)
rooms.
decoration
si.ch I Pa Iresthestandards of
and automatic shutters on owan.
dressing rooms should not 6.1 used as junkdepositories.
Gymnasium
2. Storage.(a)
a!cepzer anci
should kc-u frequently.
Highly colt e- r a t 1. 0en -
Rend etag* stvnery shautu inspected_
8. Window orAl.-.11AA_;
1
FE.
and ---w.d
eaw
destroyed or stored
frequently.ther auditorium drawn should tr---nt.
A Ali wire, bar, Ar other windoweasily opened, And ones
9 A= L.&"LIS M
9
S=4 a-Flit levelsto reduce
to make them
saa a_ tit- # .mh
24 kji
hards inin part
ticwhile
(d) Balcony seating
hazardsof type
help create is possible
or _ equipment should be
nd prinklor protected.4. meet the
im4e
colored paper
in :_ittoriums
aretorium areas.
booths rand theas fire resistive
St-stEvo
dressing room eon= t mayfire be
tge should' --r _.,kproor! not tat use.
(b)
be
except tied ones,owes only glass
a
1/4
c.-
to
be
stagebe
Code.bank
we
Em=-
be I_when .
guardsused
be I
lan:
obri
ssib
alhA
t
4k
m F. A.P.94-years
-Er-g E sLr,ai _aj
t
t
kill 1s
rn .r.).1-
indicate
A a "N Ci I' _
3=ff &ff_
F., A-
A = Irt. aat m
_ Ca
E-Iffa
of more e 11 n- a
Tftissu
am Wset,0 Pm'.A
W
I fires for theknown to be of
indicated uhat about 12.1resulted from rnoking and the careless
us E 7F-t---al of nearly 21 percent of all these schooldirectly to deliberate or careless psonaI
The total average annual school and college fire,..,...vortfui 2
ac ra
a
were MPOrlEiplant loss Torevti
%." v -
4 sw..AUt
Malicious Thm
1. Arson for profit does not mats to be a major cause of incendiarism in
WS elk 20_
attending
-In this basis maliciousfor an average school
iiy preventableIc could bean Cratra A
Batting
chools.Intentional
ka)
(b)
promrt= I I e
T4.4*
Ln does occur.112-______72m- such as spite, craving Lot
g g g _
A E ss-v- ss _k :h s_-- s_s _ ---_
#
excitement and generalforare given as causes incendiarism.
I y sn4,-a
sprinkler protectionV
ff_s_ 14. I
the original
ILL
by qhnf
Ad Buildings
CI a
Youths
was
claims.-
t,
such acts and automatic fire detection or;le provide the remedies. Pun-,
but it does not radon
irom unapproved activities, even when the actual31.
not done to dCzAro, a building,
g --.ss
resulty orirmate pats of the building not then
.
0_ are_ nu securely4 -e v.71 others may enter 'buildings.
Entrances are likely to m repeated if watchmin or custodialifl not ct M.
_ _n n-rirre-4.-----7; theunintentionalirniidous or
11,3 ma= and oaten 3 = #---= 7 prowlgrams are in a
Ea
buildings grows the danger of either
flTOtWfl - building when evening pro-
(a) For ,-DT4ctim periods, Ixtte_ teacher sumrvision vioul help control
(b) Effective building (eorrido ) blocks to unoccupied areas plus goodwhel'g will restrain mo---12 from two-Ming.
8. frrm_ _ _ .v041 buil uses should be9 'a
VtA L4ffs#NiErn partly to schoolunapproved uses should riot be permitted
Crosby, FL1.
=iimunity negligence. SuchtO
. a e 7nLW 1 e7.1
e U%.:-
Handbook of Fire Protection. Boston Ntiwai The Protection Amfvfq-'Math Edition. }#4 1270.
_
19
,
.;25
1,100that aThnut 8.S percent
incendiary (arson) origin. Thisof
ofcould be atbuv
of .1G: 41:yw)a aboutand to:el ,t
of tir arecauses. This loss od also the to
2.Various.
to1,4qt
act may be neassaloss.
B. School it 1thgmay in substantial
inof the
tomes. Such
\5!
t loc-Is
(a)(b) service
-,n
(a) An free use ofincreases.
. 2.
such activities.
buildingSchool
official and
1 riffketion,
==.
INCENDIARIBM
Ix. Incendiarism
fires
fires
tO be
These
, OP- city 1).
int1
1111
1111
1111
1111
41 tm
MI A
M M
t 1,,I
1 /ti
t,71%
, /1t
, mr
rttl
'Tr,
tt, to
trt
m m
utt,
MI 1
1111
..nr
imiir
mr1
0111
1Ilm
nrri
IIII
IIII
7711
11r1
1-1
26 SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
EEM g= C Service V-- Ag =
T Eg .3. FA.L.AnVei r = SERVICE SYSTEMS create many fire
hazards. Poor installations, overloading, ausu-e of appliances, andlack of care in use of eieet7thrF"
energy multin ,_i_=ards. Thescnrces of electrical fire hazards- are
sparking, and overloading.be reduced.and should be-Eieotrie Code.'type approved
The fopli Theml
-
om arcinv,ine number of electric idly hazards cap
Wiring should be done by one qualiieci to do such workin compliance wi the
i tricti equip
property.in a
ii
le -.:v1-i'`-._, 4,..., A I.. _.,
4
g g a
---ovisions of the Nationalg * 1t.:4 iff I should be of axriest
hazards are inpreventive ijl corrective
but is imulitEmeasure. hazards
of theT-hi2
be
wiring-71p
%a_-
'WE
ira t
may§
v..-r I
rL. n = azar
the particular
E
.,TY
gg7-A 4-0
tx-.! tounu in most
job of rewiri
9
In
InLHe
%
onw iogcase overloading shuu,
nownow
a=
0
kr .D service_
buildingentrances ,c; therun down the intowines tbnot, enter . 7 building throuto thmajor t ranstormen are in."e.-is.- I' a- a II re .=1
3. insofar as bdildino
shouldIT
eu n
installed& the
-
building,ft,
IWia n g
4. Open or the ordinary knob ana
5.
(a) Insulation may(b)
(c)
111SU ion ms-1-tr_ A .
Wires_1- sag,or aril .-:-t-s
T
Lag_t Ing-T3 ra.t.
tube(-Ica *=.e-i
I Cza-, withU tIL away or RP?,
letting expo:7-,
ouldwiring may creat 3 c.a.-- *.-'=5--L -_LO1
solution
geand-1211-t
67,0 1_
VP or corrective
dcd
he ok
its
ma--is complete
thatFIU
Z.4TZ
E7-1
g
oided.
ion. If wiresot
rinouiu be attached
Lioula be ina,
enclosed.fuilv
age ano exposure.rubbed Troni
wires come contact with rubbish
Vvirils for lighting circuits 9noull 1141 amine for normal lo.ds_desirableA minimum a -
7 ior sen niA ri lighting r" et-
%-I'm 1/0A VA= overloading =
illumination there is a tendencyWith demands for better
to Increase lamp sizes. ., isdesirable limit : _. . .to taut room im La - re -tri---;i to a .000- 1200--. -.watt load.
(c) Incandescent lamps generate much heat, particularly the lamPaper ExCleM or other combustible mar>:rials near them twri-*hazards.
Nationni Fire Code, Volume 6, N. Pamphlet No. 70.
ones.
-Ft
4! .
1,
V!Gsto -I
fef
' "'t?..
. rat..
,4114-d1 ,!.
z
,
SCHOOL
t.11::;.a-,
principal
andby the Underwriters'lists of fire as a gam.
suggested areare 'r,*. both
In some instances ri is not describedsuggested
Other school buildings.in buildings beyond
intended and full, hazards common. However,are also found i neJ; buildings. some service
improved *but in many e-4,
any kw.
,
General building1. Wire los so water will
to doground
building .throughIf they
possible ail be
the wire.Wires into
easily ignited.service.
(a)of No.
(b) A*
to
fire
13. F. U.,
,
1, 1
hazards
V% :
heads.
I
.Altr
qlow
iigon
ctol
iNal
lttIk
kkii1
1112
1111
111W
INIZ
OC
IISIS
1111
1111
11,,,
CR
INitt
iuic
auttL
.6. Miscellaneous -(a) are hazardous.
(b)
. AuxiIia(a) 171
Hazardsshoim and1. EiPct
FIRE
ng hazards,
I k rIt II I
Junction arm outict boxes should be
1---xes should have dead face
k
puniierom power
rofts
nd ligh ircu.ft alarm should i)e separ
iuiz heavy,not rEf
equipnient
Laboratories.
sho_
Connections should be
= =%Aid lict
4. Electric
.-7-1
riff
-.01--8 we
_a
should
auxiliary wiring
liscusw( Lin(
have ,he ap
er heaters=-.-ffe-
nnections-otors should b-e
arcing startingnot be near flammable gasses or materials.trouble.
a closed ue,45 clean, and equipped with non-
should
locked.
segregat-
and power circuits.
Underwriters'the
not be on lighting circuits,
switches. They should not Ix overlOaded and should
The types
ki
of switches commo
° -y t :Ft may
Pitted, burned
r-ft cr
witcriel 5-5
or
found in
from overloadingcorroded contact
miiy be pres--nt.*
L---4-t'rtravW)r moste&L-7, should
FusingOverlOading dec
get hot enouv1.
(a)(b)
ye
(b)
Va-iam
rt,1k f" V_
-=-11 = EtL.,
7,4
5_5
efleJoHed Aky
_
'Arty motors may cause
schools elc_nra 1=-1
poor contact.nts may
inarcing.
e, snap, and
circuits, snap switches are preferable. Knifehe limited to
2.5=-3 cBl
a sa5 5
circuits isfires.
CI -rt..4 .3
ana to taf,-- where 5uch switches
us. Overburdened iine may
aced in the circuits to serve as weak link, or
intend(11 to blow out or br-t--
blowing
that location.for
Eacht
room lighting
) Wiring
= eleva-ir
blocking
before the line to-o hot.or breaking may indicate overloading or otherf attention to the and its removal.
siz (resistance) recommended foreen ...0 fuies are generally recommended
Id be marked to show the
using
ype (am
of fuses,Ap.
_ link the circuit, andremoval sa.,,,tiy
of fuse
or
may lead to E=grious trouble. Such_
expedients should be pro-5
ELECTRIC SERVICE 27
andExposed wires
covered. Joint splices should ke soldered andPanel fronts and be
whin.telephone, and other
b) lines from lighting
Motors and equipment ,
the heading ofwill here.
of
2.3. Heavy duty and
rigidof
Air
'ttc
thethe automatic. fire hazards -cing.1. heat or
5IJuse8. fully use areas where flammable fumes
4.:Areas
re needed.
toPuma or bmker6
safetyare gets
Frequentand call cause
2. i dangerous.(a) should be of the use in
be used there.around fuses, penal. nd tying
of the in
.
be
circuits.
2
FuF-4-is and
4`
breakersI breakersann
-- 47=
SCHOOL FIRE SAFE1
snutliu in good mndioshould have clean 17-1.).14
1,5,_ 6- -
The use of nails or additional resistance strips in fusesPI
(c) Burne-and lead to line
(d)
strengthor
invites line troubles and should not beTougF1 potn corroded breaker poin
Fuses should he located in enelo,7-,
e gA-----iAs A A s.
xes.
:ome portiible !paint -nu power unie ir-e neeoe(lIn general, the number oi portable unIts should
Vive
permittedt stick
15.4 z-`s s school- -t tkrLIZI ouramsbe limited to a minimum,and those should meet recommended safety tandards.
Extension allt1 nt-:r4.FLw
Extension(.3) forcorus hand lamps, drills,unts should be properly insuiateti
(b) Hand iamp should be wire caged
2. Poor
Temporary5 s
can 1-,ci
(a) Amateur
wiringE
inst bra-lakag
other _Flow power
Socket beshould g
should not r--411 used when tixe enclosed wtritw
Wires should not be kshould ...ot be hung
oken insulation
o.ten impKLi or pincn
nailson or run
511
under rugs.and exposed rrflims may cr-eaW hrtzara.
Extensions notbad nrPC =,
coverea may short damp pl-st---,temporary 1 i=t h- sor t7
.ag-in connections should provide good contacts. Connectionsshould be arranged .or easy reteae in ease of icr2in on the wires.
Radios and(a) Aeriab
other .fLA units.
power and
Heat units.Pilot(a) Ii
lines shoulighting wirs
-tterns should be
protected Orn contac-
fled according to approved
w provided in circuits.(b) Electric irons tinouiu nave autDmatic controls.(c) Portable electric neat-4-3rs are not generally desirab-
with
for school tAf-_,YVV. rt variety and should notnon-TinE.Jetleybe used near combustible materials.
(d) Ultra-violet Lamp equip int;_
. r a Ere
(a)(b)
Dimmer L-
The use oi4. Decorative anti
_f=
should
e nilot lig
Christmas lighting is often hazardous. It shouldUSE only under dose supervision.
5. Electric furnaces and h
(a) 44.
units.to intense a*--td
A4s5 heat
ivaajon(b) High voitae units such
tion.
should have adequate
-nothr_L nave ample protec-
28
3. beFuses points.
(b) to
spots oroverheating.
Portable electric
used1. cords units,
nd
shellslated and
(c)
available.wiring.
wiring or repairs are(b)(e) Wires(d)(e) rubber in It
tack staple to(f)
Miscellaneous1.
and telephone be,
(b) Wiring iota*.2.
should
used, should be of bD.
should Itm
kart ouk ,beportable units
be
volva.7-:---
units may i
ma
t
is
.a_=.2.---
.m.-m,-m
1
be limited.
of
REDUCING STO
6 Lig_h
Where ILa 9 =1 connPoilon:.
- such units=
#F -nt fv.TI-- A L
USX-3 a gOou grouno shouldThis is°WU b*-4 tight. Dart- =AA aa a a jC#-
- _ theELMOKellichs where currerrolee connections to
and cause much da:i7. Static electricity hazard& .
add'
tit- building reinforcing_
azar1s from sthue V
than ir& e oiMPT establishments.sCrioots
(N
provided.
may jumpimportant
rornppo-rting Lzt-Lul
probably are less rious ina
&-4 ta_ e-1V
ne are .ess serious in nitAst atmospherv_Irou..ds tor variouF macnines
s
help cram oilis show(
ikirn vbe used
poured or agitated.
IRk
ges in places
azartzs
char` gtat a=
nsivetions.Periodic inspecflons by an experienced electrician are
_s fin7uPpla-
Lg Fire HazardsStorage
flammable
. 1 I'Ira 0 it',
desirable Aire quantities of SuPPlies.are combustible, aTl" flammable.some , highly
3rne schools
a-
discardedaye quantities Irrutureana cLuuipment. Out-of-use decon-ltivoof waste add t the storage problems.safe storaw- facilities, andareas where they create buildinhelps protect the stored mate'
#
In C r-; .L
t 17.1 c-4 ; and accumulationsFew scnoths have adequate
are stored in places ornateria_a
schoolsafe s'oraaj
nazards.building,
1. ;.cation and protection of storeroom.Storage closets should
plats where a#
SC_I-001
e occupants.
located under stairways or in otherfire originating in .71-11 migne endanger traffic
highly combustable materials bera closets for seiou.A of fl
should_M3iso co linmtrruion ana nave self-closing doors.
The use of combustible basement or attic rooms ror junk smrage isparr # hqir- L W
-- 2
Storeroom arranvemenLSupplySupplies(b)
(c)
storerooms
ous.
not Jjd for the storage o& na . /1should he svsternancauy stoNd to permit quick inspection.
Storeroom irispections should be mad frequently.Storeroom maintenance.
(a) .zing waste such a exceisior, straw, or scrap paper should not=red in the regular storeroom.
A a =. -.aa - -
29
(a) mils are ar,p,
(b)
as
schoolsdo existin
(a)(b)(c) to drain
8.
Some it tin Manythese
In of idle or
manySafe storage
the and
(a) not "-De
(b)
(c)
2.(a) should tie
8. .
its
I.
XI.
(b) Storerooms should be L.aa ER
(c) Building supply storerooms should not be used as junk depositorie:
age of %., supplies equipment41.
1. Supply storage.(a) Textbooks, bound flat paper stocks, and similar supplies do not
hazards .0create s-erious nre properly storea.(b) Toilet paper, light crepe or decorating paws, and other light
materials should not L*-- stored near beating units or otheesourcesof ignition.
2. Equipment(a) Storerooms for equipment shoulda = De away from
preferably separate from the storage of eurre.affic lanes and-tones.a(b) Storerooms should be well arranged to permit frequent inspection.
Storage of highly combustible materialsThe storage of highly combustible or flammable materials aaoul,_ be limitedin quantity and location. The storage or particularly hazardous materials
Fire-resistiveshould be restricted or prohibited in pupil-occupied buildi,spaces should be provided for them.1. Custodial supplies and tools.
(a) Floor waxes, oils, cleaners, and other flammable supplies should LK1stored in fire-resistive vaults or closets(b) Wax applicators and oily rags should be stored in metal cans or
CaSeS.(c) Dust and sweenincr mops should not be stored near combustible-.
materials.2. Flammable liquids or chemicals.
(a) Small amounts of gasoline may be stored in safety containers bear-,ing the Underwriters' approval label, but larger quantities shouldnot be stored in the building.
(b) The use and storage of certain flammables such P.-9 naphtha, ether,sodium, turpentine, or phosphorus should tke carefully refs:wawain school buildings.8. Paint.
(a) Paints, lacquers, and solvents, should be stored in safe areas and_aetai m wlh rot!,---4.-p--pfikRiA4 segregate ern from other cora
stored in the same area or storerooms.(b) Paint wiping rags, painters' uniform and protective
undergo spontaneous ignition and should not be stored in thebuilding any longer than necessary and then only in safe con-tainers.
4. Hot-spot storage areas.Such areas shou
Fuel storageI 1 LI VIA- oils should be stored
n Jr-proi-
in outsioe un647rgrnn2. Kindling should not be stored in the -aal rooms
tanks.
8. Coal-bin fires from spontaneous ignition.may endanger school buildin-
14.
1;
"
it
1
1
ers4="10,361,,,
411.
Fiat ta-Ait
storage.
.
in tip
canv4;1:4 may
be : d.;P
. 4
`Pk ,
k wag'
-it
1
t
A
ao SCHOOL mg SAkETY
t-? .
wo-auwg-wwaAAWWM4Wii1W4W041
It D eik:r
akT
ri PrhT
3
_4 II 73
111
R E
k.i4.1.1.,M.A
3
ALA
L
f
A 7 A T.-,
Ilk ai
.1.'1160
0ti
E
=
3
a a a
tam----L
on
f fJy raaacombustible
surroundings.
Much
of tho
school
coal
is stored
in Quantities
during
the
Some
of the
coal
pulverizes
in handling
and may
heat.
T'
reuured.
(a)
The
depth
of the
coal
pile
should
be
limited.(b)
AM
:1in
oi
(lust
ritcreas---n
summ
er.
hazards
the
Possibilities
of hPating
in the
bin(c)
There
should
be no
steam
lines
or
wood
posts
throuzh
the
storagepile.(d)
Alternate
(e)(1)
WPt-
_no
and
drying
mins
to promote
heating.
extendin
down
into
,ho
coal
sewn
to redum
Perforate.-
air
p
heating.It desirable
ture
oi Ln
line.
Protecting
EL
dI
School
atlbc3L
4-=
Dile
exceeds
140°
_114e,"
A
_
records
from
hre
nave
economic
piles
frequently.F. it
If the
tempera-
mav
be na
approachi
Idne9 6 0
historic
and vagibe in DarL
replaced.
Personnel
records
may
decades.
Num
erous
cases
might
be
fire tat-
protection
progeth
of the
mulling
embarrassm
ent-
against
any
and proper
uPP
of
danger
Br
9mC 4
needed
ror
four
on
jfive
LD
P
IOSA
of
school
records
to the Mr8O
ng
tthese
pff far_
_
A ,e--%
srAm
i .--
40S-;
This
irivolvei
safe
of Records.
National
Fire
Protintion
A_.yeistion,
Buxton,
Mem
.,
1947.
-
4
qeoftf.* r
3
- t .. .
-
" I
fiMIE
NF
.
-
.4
7
,0"
--=_=
-
-
'
-,.:F`
&
r=-.,
M--...
-
MS
G
-
4 fire
started
from
stored
in
can
is to check
#
records
lite
Cited
of
throughA
bsolute
fire
loss
is essential.stor
facilities
In
be
lotus.'
H11
1111
1.11
11 1
111
1111
111
111
1111
1[II
ItII
IIII
III 1
111
liii
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
111M
inut
omm
ettim
egai
mes
som
nim
mitu
mm
u11
111
1111
1111
1 11
11III
iF
ilil i
loi
ll11
1111
111
111
111
11
32 SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
1. Records can he made up in duplicate and one copy safely StAredmay not be too difficult current pupw-ulut-fra=rn ree-aras. ornent records it might be more costly than it would be to provide safestorage.
2. Fireproof storage facilities should be provided.(a) Filing case do riot provide the desired protection against the heat
of It maior fire.(b) A fireproof vault, noncollapsible with double doors, ample wallinstnatiOnt and swain
estroyed, is needed.prevent falling if the building is
(c) The vault should not be in a basement where its contents wouldbe subject to water ,amagp.
(d) The vault should be a walk-in type With flushed threshold to facili-tate easy transfer of records in wheeled filing
8. Records should in vaults.(a) Provisions should be made for quick return of records to the vault
(b)in cas-e of fire.
The vaults will not protect records which are kept in some room oroffice. Record-Tea-urn regulations should be enforced. Theremight be a fire.
Miscellaneous1. Bicycle storage should not be so located as to impede LTaIIIC in or near
the building.2. Closets, attics, and basement areas cluttered with junk may add to the
fire hazards.8. Ashes should not be placed in combustible containers to be carried out
nor stored in or next to combustible construction.4. Match (non-safety) should be stored in metal containers.5. Waste bins should be of metal, should be metal-lined, and should have
self-closing covers.6. Storage closets should have self-closing doors.'1. The korage of quantities of loose Dawl.,r in basement rooms may provide
tinder for a major fire. Such sterns should be controlled or pro-hibited.
8. Pupil use wrap and locker storage units may create some fire hazards.Frequent inspections will do much to reduce the hazards.
9. The removal of waste and sprinkler protection are excellent safety meas-uses for storage areas.
e: k
C- .r fr 4
.".-)
Thisfor perm -
.
that
cases.be kept
1 ., ' e ? V. . 1. t. 1 iiV..
i
'I..- i 1. "...' ; ;.. .. :-...1: .. °4-.1 ' d'11-4:1 .e
r f ' 1; A.. j'' -I. t.--
.. ,.11 : jiVZ,' A.4 tg vi. .7) ti'-is
, k 1 ,II-g:.. ; .
0.--}
iiiio
nmai
nnum
s_--, t=4
HOUSEKEEPIN93, REPAIRS, CONTROL, FIRE SAFETY
School al() moping, Minor Repairs, Buildingaontrol, and Fire Safety
THE b A THEing c%.%
c-3
ad,..1 IL
controfire
and
ani-Tr'T CUSTODIANSlie vGan. of the UP criers
the worA of the0
Mt-WV!: 1==.4=-- 1.1 C41ion protection= -9?
activio-t=vigilance
Effectiveof these
=
on C--k
4 Ir.
m _I %7-1EA.= .m
part
in building ^loanand pupils in room tr
minisirative staff in buildingin school plant
requires a coordination of theBrotfre6rInmils and sups in piai
of au. It requiresendanger a -c-.Lncrol and a single negligentC-3
in a Kre.
c:2=ep
fire tody one uestroy oract or z=4., in care may
and continued
Many of the housekeeping, repair, and control activities affectingfire safety have been. diRcus&cd in other sections, hence the followingis not a complete listing of such activities.
&
1.
L
Adequate housekeeping practices(a) mh, 1U{J.L of g-_- anasmall.(b) Most fires start
a
_ A
i7a fires Ofliflfl -rt
are I!nDortart factors indirt eliminates many llama_ _
9
preventing the lart 01 n
h or wasteRemoval of
fire safety.
may -rrve as a feedermen, rubbish may aid
itle or In rptn-d-- spreaa.(c) Cleaning activitiez Laay bring to light some hidden fire imam*2. The
nom*.
(a)
(b)
(c)
thus encouraOng their elimination.c-ieanin
potential fire hazards.activities should eliminate many existing
*V11,_ft swim anti Mae decorations of flammable materialsshould be limited or p tia partially flammable
shoulddecorations r=43 removed
baskets 5hrinjshould be made o'
-c=4kn--7
Waste
not beeumtled
ipijj to accumuin .2 4 tanity
= e inaterialL-cr sficuid not
abl0r
The furnace should not
stored inthe waste 7
brokenor equipment tempararii Aouu
LeWaste
waste paper baskets
aA.9m -ELT-49j
should bean indnerator.
of EISA areSome of it 1iP only Jung va.ue andLaud building.
(f) Packing should
(i
(k)
Fannie roma
-
Te.
burned daily.
sortie furnitureoften difficult to store.
removed from the
-ed or removed from the areas
should be
9
at alma.niv
tne furnaces, sttamshouldYi
in plum Combustible slip should -9-1-raa P.1a II
fiting an4,--w
et
Waste piper that mayVeto
9:4
inbufitiblel shouldswitch boards, or
enrn with, dv (awls
a
_ d_ in furnace
'044 9 ASIT L a 110M ntrillsahouidbe
eat-
di
aa
*
upkeep,
are vital factorsfire
result
nearUs
-0P and periodicand
Of
promar_4.Waste paper should
T
ke nes. estorage is not(d) be .2-4=k-ii an(a) Discarded t parts,
add
waste lakelfe it create fire h-
4:14,:aatai from Mesa,
furnace ti=1:ii-Aisg
the.Vt
11E ducts should asviG,04-4EL.
33
materials,
1
be
might
be
have been through /
t"". 1114 ; -16:-.1 ILA* -
FrI
lm11
1111
1111
1111
01"1
1111
1111
1111
1111
0 M
I111
1111
1111
1111
1117
IM m
inam
till r
im m
em r
Imin
iffiro
min
i mm
t,
-
fle=1
!
SC1 OOL FIRE iSitFETY
(i) Yard care may also be a factor in building protection. Dry grafr,weeds, or rubbish near the building should be removed. Poorl;maintained sheds and outbuildings intly endanger the schoo!building.3. Teachers and pupils have housekeeping obligations.
(a) ROOM supplies should be properly stored.(b) Waste such as sawdust or shavings in wood shops and ease oilfloors or work benches and around machines should be removed
regularly.4. Miscellaneous housekeeping and maintenance hazards.
(a) Curtains, drapes, or decorations near hot plates or gas burnersare hazardous and should be removed.
(b) Thawing frozen pipes with a blow torch may he hazardous.(c) Gas or oil line leaks create fire hazards. Using an open lamp tohunt for such leaks is inviting disaster.(d) flammable liquids should never he poured on old fire beds to revivethem nor used directly to start fires. Sticks or starters soaked
in kerosene may be used to start fires.(e) Flammable liquids should not be uscAi in the school building forcleaning fabrics or washing hands.(f) Any essential fumigation in schools should be done with non-volatile gasses.(g) Grease around machine bearings, on stoves, or in vent ducts overstoves may he ignited and should be removed.(h) Cans or other fire safe containers should be provided and used forstoring matches and other hazardous materials that must bemaintained in small quantities.(i) School bonfires should be limited to approved areas and times.
Advance provisions should be made for supervision and extin-guishment. Unsupervised bonfires should-be prohibited.
maintenanceMajor repairs remodean-
--=.:AB_%m.ff-
and rehabilitation' R.,aptinff fire safety arediscussed under building structures and A There are somemaintenance and repair tuks that are closely related to housekeepingshould be dismssed here.some of the custodian's housekeeping
J.L.t is not always
listed here are asually consideredbe worked into his daily routine.1. Floor Care.
gI_T or desirable to separate
and mamt_enance auLm. The samplescurrent tasks by the custodian and may
(a) Old woi-n wood floors may have little resistance to fires, and oil-ked doors may an invitation to fire.(b) Oil-soaKen stwi7-eping compounds, oily Tnnri--3 and
mops may be subject to spontaneous ignition.essential.
(c) Acemulatiu
some wa-x-e-,A).1i-et0E140
MMr--? P14+ ett%
of floor finish and wood dust -removed in Fandin naysending bag or deposited in com-
heat and start fires if left in theumtain&s.
(d) Gasoline or other flammable liquids should never be used in cLaningII0C6M
2. Furniture care.(a) The use of orne paint and varnish removers may be hazardous.
. _ *y_Fi 44, le:
I
34, t . p.
i.
- .. A6 .
, /
...
Current and
. other
N%,:t
be
is
b ziftle
;4
a
Cal
f
8.
HOUSEKEEPING, REPAIRS, CONTROL)
e=2ffe t wa,AEI-HMO
Some minor e.=
(a)
aAM N N ff-M
where(b) Bro.
Furnace,closing
d) serfl
'control
should not IlipLagi
might - - - 14.= Ng-grggg § Ba
FERE Q, A anirirtvyAL1 1
lean furniture upholstery.y
'ire antrnric-e--w
. e s -I m . A,eE e===- =.44s., G
j4i i1flf-
40
64,kV WI._.--*-0 V
g difficulta. a A,
g controlSchool plant management.= 4
L.!!
g et. waff. A
= 4aff.2 .,sEas
A
=ff 4. 2EER ff--g ria s.4
plant A
for
Uncnt.rcfled
C.2
A. .0_ awa sfAva.tli
Glir #__AT ortool..0,,
e
VTI rire t 1-1= =i
a,hn
panelsminor
may EL--=
control in g......,,..; 2=4, ..-= areas.
a
Such,,to concealed
aAhtTire haTmrds.
4
len q
ann -
In many cases
to °'rt":4 ne-A4 ;.,
Droclad- the control andAM 2 a ff .`0. rti"="*"'w-t.'=Aewt
in maintaining school-plant fire *Atty.uuL increue the difficulties of
tiRes may Increase
"
A 1 OC2 2 _-=ff.
Ot=inlvla- do
cupantsfromhazards
_ a-2 .1, increase LLea_Jn A+e-.7*o responda
fl 4
aznr--=a &, yI 4rt. ---aantn1 litera. . a a, 'az, 21
to Ej sari.-*
35(b) to
retrki.5 ...IAD
would breaks should be dosed.window
(c) or createthe leaks a teal.
wall or ceiling fireis to
IDA"c,
use factorsuses and a school activities
the waof
always
S.
, 4
A
- t.
.7
.41
Y7.=.
-,14F"-; , i_ 2X1V _ .
- ''-°=14.W. 4 -iAt'PVf- '1.f"T"71-,
y
r
S.
4.
SI
:-...i. :. - --.-
. .. r.f 4...,-=-1- i f .. . .:,!,
't , J., ,: ; ,- ..
w..-- .-.,./ ,-- .-ID
;44., t ; "00471.
.1,S.t. I'
-,411 /.
-ft 1.J ,
,, -.` YeAct",q111tit
*i.i..$1"-
---
firer
4 ,' '- ',' . i" n '. . s I .. f
1111
1111
1111
11M
OM
MIlm
inim
mun
imili
mili
mili
nuim
min
mom
min
iiim
oinf
finem
non
frfO
rii1,
7i11
I111
1111
1111
II
111
'1A-1
36 SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
regulations and school emp_oyee directions. Some of those extended and out-of-school activities are carried on nIgnt when -ewer custodians or teachers,Who might provide some strty.--rvision are in the buildings.I 1. School responsibility.
(a) School custodial employees should be on duty at all tim when thebuilding is open for use.
(b) Teachers in charge of or sponsoring evening groups hould beresponsible for their supervision.
(c) While the custodian usually dot not supervise the activities ofpupils or other building visitors, he should have definite authorityto check any actions or activities which may materially decreasebuilding safety.
2. Control devices.(a) The custodian should serve as the "k of the keys." Master keys
should not be made available except t esi abad employees.(b) Use of some of the newer changeable lock barrels simplifi keycontrol.
(c) The use of corridor barriers, either doors or folding gates, may helpoccupants to designated areas. If not properly. mulct evening
located and controlled, theynmd.
miuht rapid evacuation. .in =1-ct-e
should 110 be unit as corridor block duringP-111.
Lc-= Se38101188. arious school an nickel!. a vt tft su oc 00. 1,t---1
plays, school athletic events, an practice periods for Flays, carried on..
out of regular school hours may create some serious lire hazards(a) The various activities ropy permit more fr&-."--- and supervision isUSW-311 news lax.
(b) Open butCommunity adults crrs=v1
e z St-fee-7a,fia:..,W2-1A
building. Smoking me.equipieent or the
XIII.
of the building loitering.may invitetheir .ffitaia
01 protectionflammable materials
rZ,_ itt:ff AAg c
of .heir .=(4..._ Co
use of electricalLhe hazards.
TO OBTAIN GREATEA FLEXIBILITY and to decked* &Wispmice school administrators often eat for inexpensive buildings thatcan be abandoned and replaced after they have been used a fewyears. Temporary construction is not necessarily the answer to thisrequest. Certain basic safety and protective features are entiaiin all school Light& or cheaper monstruction may it_Fef in mixt ry buildings. In any except
ety precautions require constructionWe are conammi hav pnmari y *I.
__ .., -.-L-:---a,-----Cilli-ine ,
,-- ,,....-.,._
a. =E E. . -..,_._ -A v.,"F
_.1.7...--fr -31'= - . = .a
first _,-,-__L- L.. 11_,-.,--411i2 =Ilft---i--- -=7--a---__ z __.;-=-
-
7
----m A-:-=;--i-2-1Jn oT.
,.,= -.=-b 3 E --
...==- and lives ' -' iAS"E if
A 3_i °t
d 3 1k-".--7.1: and
--L
ot tem
a
7
a-=
-'ar
I
at
waiter
delayor
schoolsextevaliti. school
4. object to, controls I.against
of i
.4110 I,
Bun
S.
al
P.'
P
.4.41-
4. . ..:.r17#:-111,1..
2ri.
=,
;41.
,.
aa
rf.
4.. 1 ,1
' 4!_,2.-.2.72.1 214:24t',.
eri ri
.
- _
, .f '.' °Ate
119 ..00. i I. t ;i4a, ?'"
t factors iU
ef
t*,
... , .. . -.--. 11.,. 4, op-,
_e, PAS( . ?1!41,."41 " f;11.*t p
as
parts
lackuse
.
and
onings is
should be givenbuilding occupants. lista
types of construction are fire
k
BUILDING STRUCTURE AND ritiJ PROTECTION 37rpea of construction that offer many ozmortunities for fires to origi-
na sprean, or designs ,hat fail to provide ample exit ways in-crease
L n S for=A.A%- e building occupants.ao occur zn fi
.tire -rens ve buildings.fire in such buildings ls usuattysafe 077747.2CA- ' sklia andnon-fire-resistivetoo nwn a,of fire alfbe made
of rtNiUcifigIn a'1Ideno
thezorshould be
property
However, the spread ofrapid, and the probabilities of
losses are greater than inbuildings, if notSeine uve
rtrArtil TSCA 1. 4-Qh s_ _ a
officials shcl understandtile roofs do not jflhave combustible
can made ---eeto pro 1G a fairA.in fiAns e ill that ts not and cannotabandoned. teachers, and school
1-3
that masonry exuenor waits slate orbuilding Such
, .fire-resistive. bundirffq micrne,A
interior construction, poorly protected exit waysand many other hazards that e danger the pupils forced to attendschool in such bull
aorne mind buaav ng construction and fire' safetye I 1
Certain basic principles of fire safety should be considered i planningall school buildings._ not stArt without fuel. Construction that eliminates or reducesthe quantity oLf combustible materials in areu where fires are most
likely to originate may prevent the spread of many fires.2. Small w and become more dangerous as they spread. Con-_
struction that redur_--P---s fire spread may prevent major property lossesand reduce8. Facilities for safe ecavuation in case of fire decrease the fire risk for the
occupant& t. sec. XIV for information on exits.)
pers-onalei
E- r IVt- for the occupant&
atniettel.It is
that1.
=Able to discuss
Buildingfire safety.height and
types - utyhere only a few of the structural.and design types
construction affcting personal safety; some suggestedminimum standards.(a) Buildings of one story may be of almost any type of construction pr
wilted ample exit facilities are maintained and the dangers of flash
(b) Buildings of two eforte,ufire-resistive gz.and ,
ne
should have at least acceptablewags fro,' each_ classroom
masonry wallsto the outside.
resistive walkways', means fire-resistive stairs atmP tpre-r.rsuzve _e-oi lEdIr
and thatintnimums14141-t_.,= desirable.are
(c) Buildings of more80111eittne8 =marry for schools, should be of fire-resistive
floors, gels, and ceilings. Note tAcd these areother fire-resistive floors, roofs, walls, and par-
ft e-t_4dthan two stories, not g.,..,ra.- .fErwwwiw...LA g ff 111 T = -i==2 but
throughout.taCM
2. Typei of construction andFire--
sl
design.mktter 2 tore*.
wlthstaid a ft-___--vpre glA
construe-
in many instances fire-resistive-at. for cl...1- 0 ITII
Lect Occupants t, , rou.h044*
-a give op-alertedey are
1;---t,
z
less
if properly designed be deg:-
-, 4 et,
sho antia
lava may
(See
OStia
feet
fires eliminated.
goer-,-71%
'
is ause fiat-0-rtunity ts t evacuation
..tri
And
..-m
-1r.-Sire8
and Assign
.
,4,... -I
"-
--' "
=44etWft .-
e---*;-_,Le ,14 0.0 ) .
illlii
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1,11
1111
1171
771T
RA
TN
ITIr
riirr
irrim
iirm
38
to the danger, although it may not protect the building. In some easesa resistance of a 4-hour rating is desired.and delays its spread gives the fire ot-a-
a
control the fire.
Resistance that retards a firet"ng forces a otter chance to
(a) The term "fire-resistive school bmlambuildings having fire-resistive exterior run floOrs,roofs constructed of noncombustible materials.used here does not mean total tireproofness. Itthat sorile combustible noor surfacing, trim, andbe found in these buildings.
(b) M asonry walls extending through the roofs of combustible buildings
here refers topartitions, andThe term aeis understoodcontents may
3kr.
help confine losses to the areas in which fires start.(c) Special hot
should be segregatedspots or sr-lots where fires are more likely to originate
from pupil-occupied ^Teas by fire-resistiveconstruction or distance. Combustible furnace rooms shouldnever be locate4e under dustman or corridors.
(d) Areas such Dos auditoriums or gonen mums where groups of peopleassemble should Its at ground floor levels and so located thategress is direct or nearly direct tA3 the outside.
8. Some structural factors -'=*L31.ES jai a control.
(a) Wood shingle roofs, wood gables, dormers, and other com _ustibieroof projections increase the fir-. hazards.
(b) Combustible attic areas er-ea_e_ hazards. The danger is materiallyincreased if ventilating ducts empty into the attic. If this com-bustible area ifft not cut into ee nts by fire walls, arse originating
(c)
(d)(e)
in one place may ca.el thre gh the attic orducts to other parts of the building.
be Cal-naea' by these
Cracked walls may fail to check nre spread L.Tte poor bearing U70110w i
and r_prm:t fi ead from.S J Ablock
one area to anotherParapet walls help retec---e. the eiposure h&-earas.Unprotected stvel girders or e -may bend when subjected to much
heat and their deflection may open new areas to fire darnwe.(f) Plaster on met protects M
aL,..11, eTtlgrere heat exposureffirrialr-7-R roand delays entrance of fire into concealed en-aces.
(g) Old lumber affected with dry rot or by termite tunneling may furnisheasily ignited fuel for fire.
Floor and Dealer k affect tire pIcdFires not confined to their places of origin may enrPA to endanger all of a
building and its occupants. The rate of sprziend reaten'aliv affected by-0fuel available, the reeietanee encountered,School firers normally spreadwalls, through vertical orgenirgee
"&
oreeninp from room to room,
burningfrom one
and the help givenhrouolt comb iFTJ
nceor to another, a a -b ea ff
teer
currents.
-i-litions andh horizontal
through open d firmiff, " 10. a aa=Drafts in vertical wain encouraffe the transfer of fire from lower tofloors. Ducts tnat pr a I upperwan combustiblew fuels. !ray fire Etymon ineeen,-z-hazards.1. Floor and ceiling openings.
There are numerous vert gvni
even from bwe---_eeeeeeeelat to -attic.---sIS.V.ff a8 extending from floor
the
to floor or
aolt
8C11001; ritt , =
as used
.
or to
by
AC
$1.
operLings
is
14i1
111Z
A11
1161
1111
1111
1L23
SM11
1611
Liii
tilki
t.
E
BUILDING STRUCTURE AND FIRE PROTECTION
(a) Stairways should be enclosed. Open stairs invite an upward flow ofheat, smoke, and fire to increase the hazards on upper floors.This flow may make the stair ineffective as an exit.
(b) Chutes and dumb waiters should be of fire-resistive construction ormetal lined and capped. Each opening into these ducts shouldhave self-closing doors.
(c) Hot-air and ventilating ducts should be of fire-resistive materials andshould not empty into attic spaces. These ducts should extendthiough the roof or be combined into one large vent in a fii-e-resistive plenum ehaoo-ther.
(d) Scuttle holes to atticishould be covered with heavy covers, prefer-ably self-clasint-
2. Other opening hazards.(a) IJEk- of spans between wood joists or studs as hot-air or vent ducts
is hazardous.(b) Use of corridors as return ducts for hot ait or as ventilation exhaust
ducts may cause them to serve as funnels for fire gasses and smokethat might create serious panic hards for pupils.
3. Concealed spaces.Openings into conc-ealed spaces may permit fire to enter. In some of
these concealed space.-_ detection and extinguishment are often very diffi-cult. In some concealed areas where drafts may be created fires spreadrapidly.(a) Furred and hollow walls With combustible construction in them offer
opportunities for fire spread.(b) Open spaces under floors may also provide places for fires to spread.(c) Breaks in wail plaster offer opportunities for fire to enter concealed
spaces in walls.(d) Smoke and draft stops should be provided where feasible in such
concealed areas.
r= z
1. Purpose, location.(a) Fire doors prevent fire spreading from place of origin and to block
off mrtain building areas as safety zones.(b) Fire doors are desirable to re'ate hot sixs where fires might
a.
orici-of=t-P in some cco-48 with explosive effects, from the rest of thebuilding. Furnace room s-1---_-gregation by fire doors illustrato.m oneuse.
(c) Use of heavy fire doors in school corridors to prevent fire spread fromone part of a building to another might delay pupil evacuationand is not considered desirable. The use of properly designedlight-weight --iira,..mlistive doors at stair well openings as outlinedin the section on exits is desirable.
of tir-----&nors.
(a) Door action may be: astio-laiii,...,closes automatically when leasedbemuse of the action of the heat (the door may stand open atother times) ;mee
or self-c&ontfriwmch is normliy closed by somedevim each timc opened.is Illustration: the ordi-
nary spring on a scree(b) Fire doors may have either iide or
slide type is usually automatic.
door is one type of a self-closinv device.hinge action dosing. The
4-;
4
4 39
.1
Types
it
4.
r.1
-
Act ,
4.
A.
.."-> = ,s: ,.
:4.1 1e 54 t .0
1""40-t-- - ,r
-
-
1
11
1
4r' "r1"-
.
MIN
IMU
NN
IMM
INIS
MI
1111
1111
1111
1111
1'11
1111
1111
1111
111'
1111
1111
1111
111I
IIl
JIII
IJJ
rno
mm
unm
nmm
muu
mm
u
40 SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
(c) Fire doors should bear the approval label of the Underwriters'Laboratories and should b adapted for the use to which they areput.
barrie)*(d) Wired g re may retard fires long enough for pupils toleave i-te building. They are n t usually designed to hold majorufires and should not be installed for that prupose.
3, %Installation.(a) The framing around tire doors should be G. noncombustible materials.(b) Release of the fire door should be by some fusible link or burn-out
COrd tit vpe that will provide *-t----qit'v netion when needed.(c) Doors to stair wells should so arrai==,--eu that
by a moderate pull when desired withouteffect.
4. Maintenance.(a) Doors should dose easily and should not rub or bind.(b) The release and the dosing device should work properl(c) The doors should never be blocked open.
tied back or looped over projections to nrevent free action.(d) Frequent testing of fire-door action is desirable.
ey can closedwaiting for the at
Weight cords should not ae
BuildingEven fire-resistive buildings can have fire hazards. Some of the inside
finish in most buildings is of combustible mat ri Certain insulating,acoustical, and drapery materials used in many schools aretible. With proper selection, treatment, and use of these materials Li.e firehazards may be materially reduced.1. Wood trim.
(a) Wood trim should not be used around fire door or wired gia&s windowoe+-ninkrs.
(b) Wood trim should not be close to steam lines or heat producingunits.
(c) Fire-preventing impregnating and surface-coating treatments of
highly combus-
wood and other combustiblerihave value in preventing
interior finishing materials seem toa rapid gnr;==qd of F Such
treatments are not intended to provide continuedintense heat.
2. Insulating and acousti:u(a) Insulating materials
mo17=
41.A- their fire-reistance._ such as spun glass, may have
85- IT Infra' A_
grg"V= I I
=j
little resistance to fire spread.(b) Untreated
The t._
41_IIWe
stance to
rile materials,, .Limn reststancv; while others, such
n oard acousticalFIWo tile should
ormilary vapor seals, have
nint,Pnata maykna,
to a solid background.8. Miscellaneous.
(a) The use of proteave or detorati-.mathriais ff re----qaht form
(b) It is also &Arable - nE4v I. A
noil 6
therunners
_ IrMf tg5
(c) Loose hamigne_ untreatEd winmay become 'serious fire hazards,
A
=t
be combustible.u4vt.:nt.7-ut
I .10 1.1
highly CIM1bUSti b1 -
IP-_-_, avoided.of finishing materials ti.a
Mil
give
ow shad, and cloth curtains
aiw be
wool ts ers.-14
nits seemly preferably
oftire
usetoxic fumes when
E
finish
BUILDING STRUCTURE AND FIRE PROTECTION
4. Flameproofing.(a) Flameproofing of fabrics is a protection against flash fires but
does not oinst continued intense heat.anery
resistant...(c) The(d)
(e)
same or
and curtains should be treated to make them flame-
similar treatment can be provided for drapes.Some flameproofing materials are toxic, and
orFIRmeproo TILT ot existing drapes and curtains can be done in the
school. Most treatments lose their effectiveness with launut ring
others affect colors
and may need to-bx-Th reveated.
Planning new building1 . Responsibility.
(a) The administrator must accept the responsibility for planning safebuildin-r- His is the professional long-range responsibility.
(b) 'rchitects, engineers, and contractors can advise local 'officialson the effectiveness of **rain features or materials in fire protec-tion. However, decisions must be made by the school officials,and they cannot afford to be negligent of the future safetyof pupils.
2. Safety and financial considerations.In most cases fund limitations prevent the inclusion of desired
features in a new school building. Where funds seem to be ample thedesires appear 1..-o increase accordinb.y.(a) Changing programs and teaching technigtws demand increased
activity spaces.(b) Community interests demand beauty in a building.(c) In many cases community use calls for increased space. This is
th_lie insists that the school audi-particularly the case when thetorium serve ai a community auditorium.
(d) The local school officials, while perhaps in sympathy with all ofkeepmus the building program in balance.these demands
(1) It is usually not necessary to sacntice beauty in order to obtainsniety. Certainly costly towers or ornamental facades should'not absorb funds that should be devoted.to safety.
(2) The same principle applies to space. If it becomes necessaryto omit some svecial room or tournament seating space in agymnasium in order to provide essential safety features,thensuch spaces should be omitted. In other words, do not sac-rifice safety.
8. New building nd the public(a) The need for safe,_-:-45- rims may not be P.fi readily appreciated by
the public as are more easily featres such as space or orna-.mental
(b) The may 6 a.nc nemspartzit to sell to the staff and theplzblie the. ideaimportance.
All but. ERUE,
that pupil safety provisions should be of paramount
rehabilitationshould be impeeteu
for structural or e-i3 nTn-ral9 4g
7w,r3a = mr_v2thnt authority.1- a IC",C4- It Inspection
4
- .
41
protect..tage
,
a
fabri
.
seen
administrator
I -.14.1
. t , i1: ..by
other
l
1
(A. .
r , _ .a
*
-- -11-;..j ...;.); 244 . 4,44 . - 7:4 ;'/. JI v!, :"e
--r.dal;16.C'--=,---''"-4----=441:=2.1421:-..---- -k=. - - _ - ...1.1,41,1.1
-FT
\
.
yft
11,4
IP
a
SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
_
reports should be in writing to serve as a ,asis for oorrections and asbasis of protection for the local school officials.9 Where needed, rehabilitation programs 'should be planned to correct e
isting defects.(a) If an existing building can be made safe the necessary improvement
should be made.(b) If a building cannot be made safe, or if because improvement costwould be too high, then the building or the part in question
should be taken out of use for pupil occupancy.
State resportsam-..v,ty for sfructuraA fire-safety1. The State has a responsibility in the protecnon of all school students inthe State against preventable fire hazards.
(a) State laws require youth to attend school.(b) All public schools are State institutions and operate under State
autnority.(c) Students attending Private schools are aLso citizens of the State
and thW-Rtate na an obligation to help protect its citizens.`) State supervision of school fire-safety may be exercised through variousState and or local agencies.3. State departments of education have a special obligation in this area(a) Many State departments advise local officials on requirements
and arran Inefit.(b) Most of the State departments accept no or only a limited reponsi-
bility for fire-safety in planning new or remodeling old buildingstructures.
(c) Under meLern administrative patterns it seems desirable for Statdepartments of education to accept more of the responsibility forchool fire safety. The (iepartment can:
(1) Set up standard guides and regulation.(2) Provide a staff to carry these regulations into effect.(3) Hit is impossible for the department officials to carry out all
of these provisions, they can seek the advice and cooperationc, State and/or National agencies with staff members ableto provide the assistance needed.
(d) If State departments do not provide service in the area of pupilprotection, they may -find the schools subject to nonflexible andsometimes ill-advised legislative regulations promoted by a$0.aroused public after some particuldr fire loss.
_FX Idat a A A
MANY SCHOOL BUILDINGS are constructed at least partly ofcombustible materials. Even trifidings of fire-resistive or &-fmi-fire-resistive construction usuaAv have some combustible materials in thetrim ana -x)raLons, and in the contents.
Because of completelyconditions no school are fireIt is desirable to provide anu inaia
tam in all school buildingsa a
42.
a
C.
and Facilities
these buildingssafe.
e, ,
r. t . P.. *,./. .*
IF
Exit
umm
t4w
mic
uotA
luog
aito
stut
imtu
ittita
utlo
wlu
tttit
ftn
,-Atuare safe
TRAFFIC AND EXIT FACILITIES
lanes and exits so that the occupants a 'Ivmnsferred quickly irom points endangered bx fire to safe areas.chooi buildings house many pupils. Some of thetz re toonmature to know how to prweet Lhemelves in ease of danger.chooI or community gatherings may create special problems in groupevacuationome prirtclpi tire exit& safety
Fire safet) for rsons involves the 'prevention of tires, warnings to andsafe., evacuation. of the building occupants., and somedelaying the spreao of fire.All occupants should be au&
nre injuries.to get out t
Ivisions for
it ratfic or8. Safe exits should be adequate under all conditions for all the people whomight be in the building at one time.4. The layout patterns for corridors, stairs, and
of these facilities are basic featUres in traffic and evacuation safety(a) Building loading should be limited. Occupancy in excess of 25people per 1,000 square feet of total floor arc-,a may incrtzase exitdifficulties.
and the maintenance
b) There should be more than one way out.other large areas should have at least two .00rs.
Large classrooms
CoL.Eledors
1. Construction.(a) In buildings of more tha
resistive construction,one Iry the corridors should be . tire
or `1'kt(b) In one-story buildings ordinary construction ma) be used if ampleexits are provided.
2. Corridor widths should hemple to carry the maximum anticipated crowds.8. Each corridor should terminate at or near an exit. Extensions of corridorsbeyond exits (or stairs) should not exceed 36 feet.4. Corridor blocks, projections that might slow traffic, or sharp corners thatmight cause prohibited.should be5. Corridor vestibule side pockets into which pupils might be ied underpanic conditions should be eliminated.
Stairs1. Number.
'(a) There should be at least two stairways, remote from each other, frombasement or upper -storyllevels to the ground floor level.(fr The total number of stairways should be computed on the basis 'ofstandards set up in the Building Exits Code) However, a roughestimate will be one stair exit lane of 22 inches for each 60 peopleor major fraction thereof.(c) There should be s stairway exit within 100 feet of ti..e corridor doorof each classroom on other than the ground level floors.2. Location.(a) Stairs should not be located in the corridors where they may reducethe corridor clear passage width but at right angles to the corridors.
Bu üding Erits Code. National Fire Protection Association, Boston, Mass., 1950. p_ 66 68.
-
43traffic
pupils
of1.
2.of building
exits,
iftiki
walls,
injury
3
7
lig11
1111
1117
1911
1',I
IIII
IIII
IIII
IIII
ITIS
ION
1111
1111
11ff
ivin
imiu
mum
anto
mm
asof
fill
'
IIHREMMEEMI 11TI ME RHIOUI V MIN
{111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
11
-7 7r-7777n -P-'77,7"'* -
-==
44 SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
(b) Stairs shovld be so located that the ground floor end empties at ornear an exit.
8. Construction and design.
(c)
Stairs should be of fire-resistive construction.School stairs from one floor to another should be in two runs with
an intermediate landing having a clear width at leeeslt equal to thestair width.
A stair run from a landing to either noor should not have more than16.risers.
Risers should not exceedand overhang, shouldshould equal 17 or I7 inches.
Each riser should be fullregular traffic lane stairs
Stair widths of 44 to 60
634 inches. Treads, exclusive of nosingne not less than 1034 inches. R piw T
width. There should be no winders in
inches are desired. These provide twotraffic lanes (minimum width 22 inches each) on each stair.
There should be solid handrails 26 to 80 inches high on each side ofthe stair.
Short stairs of 3 to 4 risers in corridors may IThi=4 .azardous.Doors should not open directly on stairs or landings.Storage closets under stairways or adjacent to landings are undesir-
able.(k) Stairs should be enclosed in fire-resistive stair wells.(1) Corridor entrances to stairs should be protected by siThñeretaining
shields from the ceiling down to the stair door height. The doorsshould be fire-resistive and glazed with wired daze. Some schoolofficials object to use of the fml-swinging, double-action, or the
XIII forself-closing (close each time they are oissned -it-eese oec.definition) doors on stair wells and maintain that they imndsdedaily traffic. This objection need not apply to the automatic,fusible-link, or cord-release door with weight or spring-closing.These doors can be held open for ordinary use by a catch or cordand relermd to close automatically by heat, or can be released byhand with a slight jerk or pull for special or emergency use.This makes them available as smoke blocks even when there islittle heat.
(m) Treads should have non-slip surfaces. Nosings, if any, should beflush with the treads.
4. Installing fire-resistive stairs in existing combustible interior buildings isnot always feasible. In most cases it is possible to erect outside fire-proof stair wells and stairs at or near the ends of corridors or stairsand to extend the corridors to them. In these it is important tocasesprotect the openings to delay the spread of fire that the stairs maybe used safely.
D. ExitsI. Number.
(a) Door exit capacities are also computed at 22 inches per unit or lane.The Building Jxit Code exit 2 standards E.= for door exit lanesabout as follows:
3 op. cit.
de
1
Ai; ; ;. f-:
1 Ai`
:7 -1;. : .
(q)(b)
,,.%
./
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)(i)()
.37.0
I
ar
II
e._..E=.=_._
TRA"Pe1C AND EXIT PACILITIES
One unit of door width for each 2,400, or major fraction thereof,square feet of upper and basement floors emptying through thefirst or ground floor exits;One additional unit of door width for each 4,000, or major fractionthereof, square feet of first or ground floor area other than auditoriumor aymneasium area;One additional unit of door width for each 600 square feet ormajor fraction thereof, of auditoriums and gymnasium areas onthe first floor.
(b) Another rough measure of exit lane needs is:Compute loading capacity of classroom wings at 40 square feetper person, auditorium and gymnasium areas at 6 square feet perperson. Allow exit lanes: one for each 60 persons coming fromfloors above or below the yround floor level, add one exit lane foreach 100 persons coming from ground floor classroom wings, addanother for each 100 persons coming from auditorium and gym-nasium areas. Ali of the preceding measurements are computedon the basis of capacity loadings.
2. Location.(a) Exits from auditoriums and gymnasium assembly areas should be,as nearly as possible, directly to aqta oa4tside.(b) At least one exit from areas wher, fire hazards may be more pro-nounced as in furnace rooms,;ce =Pin shops, and large kitchens-t4
outside.should lead directly to the(c) A stage exit should permit stage evacuation either into a fire-resistive corridor or to the outside without the occupants havingto pass through the auditorium.
3. Door types.(a) Exit doors should be at least 86 inches wide. Howevo, existing40-inch doors may Lee counted as two exit units.(b) Revolving doors are not recommended for schools. If installed,they should be flanked with properly installed standard leaf doors.4. Door action.(a) Exit doom should open out.(b) nach exit door, including each leaf of double exit doors, should beequipped with exit
of not over 16 pounds on the activating bar. amte, dead boltsof any type, p, bottom, or side, should n used on exit doors."J(c) Classroom doors awing with the line of travel and should be equippedwith a type of hardware that cannot be locked against wren.If locks ar installed, they should he of a type that is activatedby the usual knob or latch used for egress.
6. Exit lanes should he well lighted and marked. Liihted exit signs should
.ardware that operates with a pressure
be proviued for auditoriums.6. Exit vestibules.
(a) Vestibule or. storm
(b)
same swing Emu aE4t,
& -._Rt ease.r
-,=-1UR ped with panic exit,,
hardware.__....a,
Vestibules should not reducee traffi
doors at any particular exit should have thecapacity at least equal to the regular exit door
Such doors should free acting, outward, or be
ndtyr and ald have nopockets into which pupils might a pushed in caie of a hurriedevacuation.
_
45
,
. -
panic
be
t12:6. Lfi
a
4
be
111
1011
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
11E
1111
1111
1111
1MIN
IIIIII
Some building
SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
traffic cuia W
1. Gymnasium seating of the fixed type usually has stair aisles. Foldingor demountable seating should also be equipped with stair aisles.2. The u.w of loose seating on gymnasium or other floors for assembly pui
poses should be limited. When so used, the seating should be arrange.1in definite blocks with wide front to back aisles and cross aisles ifneeded. Some device should be used to maintain these formations orto maintain safe passageways.
3. Auditorium(a) Seating rows open at each end should be limited to 14, and those
open only at one end should be limited to 7 seats. This regula-tion may be stated as follows:
A person should not haye to pass more than 6 seats to reachan aisle.
(b) Main floor aisles may slope but should not have steps. Slopingaisles should have non-slip surfaces. Aisles should terminate atexits. The minimum aisle width should be 30 inches. Thisshould be increased a.t3 the load increases.
(c) For large auditoriums special emergency exits, not used as entrances,are desirable.
4. School auditorium and gymnasium exits should be at or near the groundlevel to facilitate safe exit.
5. Exit or classroom doors having glass panels should be glazed with wiredor safety glass.6. Ample exits direct to corridor or outside, should be provided for stageand gymnasium dressing room areas.
Fire OSCGDOS
The best "fire escape" is an enclosed fire-resistive stair well. In someexisting buildings where enclosed stair wells are not feasible, outside escapesmay be needed. If installed, they should meet certain safety requirements.1. rhey should extend from the point of entrance to the ground. Weightedsteps or ladders should not be used for schools.2. They shoula be entered at floor level preferably through a door, panicbolt fitted. If fire escapes are entered through a classroom, the class-
room should be treated as a corridor and frog amtge aisles throughthe room maintained. Also the door swing and hardware shouldfacilitate such passage through the room.
8. The discharge end of the esearm should be away from the building, open,and not blocked.4. Any windows within 10 feet of the escape should have metal sash and
framing and be glazed with wired glass.5. Stair escapes should have handrails.
EitLergenc" exit pro;n, aregSince detailed information on tire purro)n----es of the organization, procedures,and direction of emergency evacuation in provi(Inii in a previous Office ofEducation publication School Fire Drilln 3 and in the Building Exits Code, 4only general principles will be outlinwl hers.
Vile", N. E., School Fir, Drills. Washington, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1948, Federal SecurityAgency, Office of Education, Pamphlet 103, 19 p.4 Building Exits (744e, 1950, Natidnal Fig) Protection Association, Boston, Maas.
z"r1-
v
special hazards
4
172,-
46
101-
INSPECTIONS 471. Alarm signals should be positive, different from any other building sig-nals, and audible at all places in the building under all conditions.2. Exit drills.
Exit drills should be set up on definite schedules as follows: Plannedto fit the bvilding and the age of the pupils; under complete controland observed by everybody in the building with no exceptions; practiceduntil routine is perfected; and repeated as often as needed to maintainroutine.
Exit maintenanceSome exit maintenance procedures discussed under other sections will berepeated here for the sake of emphasis.
1. Exit doors.(a) Exit doors should be maintained to operate freely at all times, andshould never be blocked or locked when the building is occupied.(b) Panic hardware should operate freely.(c) Exit door closers should operate freely.
2, Stairs.(a) Handrails should be solid.(b) Treads should be non-slippery; nogings should be solid.(c) There should be no storage of combustibles under or near the stairs.8. Corridors, traffic lanes.(a) Floors should not be slimiery.(b) Cases, tables, equipment, and tools should not block free passage-way in corridors.(c) Traffic lanes should be well-lighted and marked.(d) Traffic lanes outside the building should not be blocked by parkedcars, bicycles, or other obstructions(e) Outside exit steps, if any, should not be covered with ice that mightimpede evacuation.
4. Fire Escapes,Fire escapes should be in good repair, unlocked and ready for use;and should be free of ice or blocks.
Vr7 7 cpectionsFIRES Dk, OCCUR in all types of school buildingcreate potential life and property hazards.without the building occupants being aware of them. Sc_rio
an, each fire mayFire hamrds may develop
and employees should recognize the need for fire safetyofficials
buildingand be alert to any conditions ,_,at might create.fire hazards. Plan-fling alone is not enough.from0
,.A.
49- ror;---ET;on 6 school activ.
az,..ds may deve.ong 51j 1 V ely
or other causes and may oftenfound in areas where not anticipated.requent inspections should be made of all areas where fire hazardsmight develop. A well-planned inspection program might include
===--
-4
in the
Fire
-
a II
IIIV
IIII
IIPi
ttilim
min
nnill
imim
min
ilmilm
mim
irir
tim
48 SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
frequent lf-insprections by the local staff, periodic inspections by thefire department and the rating bureau, and such special inspectionsas can be provided by boiler and electric wiring technicians.
nairai:i.v tor inspections1. Administrative.
(a) The school administrative staff should organize and direct theinspection programs.
(b) The governing school board should hold the administrative staffresponsible for the inspections.
2. The teaching staff members should be responsible for safe conditions intheir areas of operation and alert to hazards throughout the buildings.
3. The custodial and maintenance staffs should participate in and be respon-sible for making certain inspections. They should report in writing onconditions found.
outsideLTS- of enistance1. Insurance inspection bureaus usually make up rating sheets on each
building showing various fire hazards for which rate penalities are added.most instances the rating bureaus will advise on corrective methods
and will provide copies of the rating sheets for local use.2. Local representatives of fire and casualty insurance companies and other
interested groups will advise on inspections and on the elimination offire hazards.
3. Local fire departments have a definite interest in fire prevention and areusually available for assistance to
(a) Advise'on fire risks, and preventive measures.(b) Assist in inspections.(c) Suggest evacuation and other life safety measures.(d) Advise on primary extinguishing procedures.(e) Cooperate in setting up an alarm notification system.
fSelf-inspections
Self-inspection programs should be well organized. Instructions .andprocedure outlines should be specific.
1. Daily.(a) Require the custodian to make a last minute check of the building
each evening before closing.(b) Require a brief check on opening the building in the morning.(c) Require frequent checks on certain hot spot areas.
2. Periodic inspections.(a) Inspect some areas weekly.(b) Make over-all building inspections at fixed datings each month.
8. Some inspection areas.(a) Check exit lans for clear passage.(b) Try door checks, panic-exit hardware, etc.(c) Test fire alarm signals.(d) Examine fire escapes, if any.(e) Check storage, attic, basement, heating room areas.(f) Check fire hose, fire extinguishers.(g) Test fire door action.
==
.
sIn
.
I
?ep-
ir
ifa
INSPECTIONS
(h) Check carefully on housekeeping practices, accutions ofrubbish, etc.
4. Organizing self-inspections.(a) Designate persons to be responsible for over-all Inspections.(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
49
trash,
Require teachers to inspect areas where they work.-Have designated times for inspections. Note that inspections incertain hazardous arms should be more frequent than the over-all
building inspection.Require written inspedion reports. Also require written reportson c"L hazards found in daily use of tile building.L a,--A
Hold staff responsible for reports and results. The principal,and custodian in accepting positions have accepted cer-teacher,
tam responsibilities. They 'should be responsible for and to theextent of their own negligence.5. Use of inspection forms.
(a) Special forms should iv prepared for areas such as shops, furnancerooms, storag-e rooms, stage, that need frequent and perhapsspecial inspections.
(b) More comprehensive forms should be prepared for over-all buildinginspections.
(c) One copy of each report should be retained by the maker and others
FIFAM. a within
---13 in the administrative offices as ired. Inspectionreports sho 'd be made available to the govjining b ard and tothe public.(d) A copy of a comprehensive "Self-Inspection Blank for Schools"nreParza a
Other forms adapted to local conditions can be prepared as desired.
oy the Nationa Board of Fire Underwriters follows.
SELF-INSP'CTION BLANK FOR SCHOOLS
The National
Chicago
Prepared by
f Fire Underwriters
ar-iaeo4" 4V
Approved and Adopted by
National Association tabik School Business Officials
precautions sre .ft_en tore occurs, real
mhoc4-
2 0me pa -.ra I
progressthoughtnt
Inspection to be madeat whiCh inspection on!inspection, a
A., ER =.--5.1;;
p,a-v3Psw----=
sha
.11
Assthe anno-fxmade in
I fire and to provide for safety
care in pmetirP can
INSTRUCTIONS
ear+ monik hv
life and protectingeliminate practically nil
duthe (_-,J2,mn ana a
Atemn I LP nPon
coat-a-Mete L
member of the facultyno reported.
fire aenortmen# shea
ix-A4t...y and quarterly)&Noel Commissioners.
I ItvproduepA by perm .
shouic be filled antIs to De meu with
At the uunzE,E.J
got,
the above in-9aretort of eaen n-
m y bt
a
Board
New York San
ne of
ease be fegunirdinffproperty.
20 oo the accompabsr
SIM ttV
the Beard of Education or
.V
IC
and
.111
21.1
111E
3511
1111
11iii
iiii1
IiiiiI
IINIM
INIM
ME
INE
1111
1111
11'1
1ili
alM
1111
1151
1111
Il1
lff
ellin
3111
1111
1111
Ulli
nlu
i-um
umu
scHgOL FIRE SAFETY
Questions are so LLIV-S6 negative answer will indicate an unsatisfactoryAg_ 6
condition.
Name of SchoolClass: Elementary
Datp
!at,d r. .
7
Junior High Senior HighCapacity of School? Number now enrolled1. Are all exit doors equip with panic locks?. _ _ Are tbese lochs
Dotest eacn week to ._aure ease of operation? _. . thewlock securely so that additional locks, bolts or chains are not necessary?
Are such additional locks open whenever 7'-aair is Inua_a?
2. Are all outside fire ear eas free from Owtructos and in _oral. workingorder? Are fg fire drills? _
3. Is all heating equipment, including Pala lines:aaaa, ,antaa ana(a)(b)
in gocaa serviceable condition and W3 insulatedy and Senfter. eda 8
maintained?from ail combustible material bya safe distance?
4. Is coal pile Inspected nerimlically for evidences of heating?5. Are ashes placed in a a_,u4v., I-- containers lased .or only?
a whereby oil supply line may be shut off in an..6. is remote control pa: ...J--..M
emergency?7. Where is outside shut-off valve on gas supply line?8. Check any of the following locations where there are accumulations of waste
rubbish, I014 v-4 furniture, stage scenery, etc., and explain under re-marks: _ _ _ _ _ _ Dra-----7,emen49 _ iLtrrit°- room, stage,
dressing room in connection with atm e, attic, other locations
9. Is the space beneath stairs free from accumulations or storage of any mate-terials?10. What material or preparation is used for cleaning or polishing floors? _
Where stored?_ _ Quantity on hand?
11. Are approved metal cans, with self-closing covers or lids, used for the stearageof all oici waste, polishing cloths, etc.?12. Are approved metal containers with vapor-tight
gasoline, etc., on the preminear _
materials kept on the premises?
covers used for a.1 kerosene,VITL,wr are such 2
v-c n. Tiff V- vi
13. Are premises free from electrical wiring or equipment which is defective?(If answer is No,explain unner Remarka.)14. Are only approved extension or portable cords used? _
15. Are all fuses on lightingcapacity?
16. Are electric pres
or small appliance circuits of 15 amperes or less
4 Is* g.ME.ars %Yam -9 equippedand provided with neti nd?
with automatic heat coniroi or gnal
17. Are sufficient fire extinguishers provided on eachfeet trave - reaaira
floor so that not over fa=
nearea unit? in mama,training shops and in stage; 50 feet?
50
A
worded a
. ___ Ns; ____ .s* OW OM law OD ow _
they sed.a Mo GO
that purpose
paper,_ _ _
. _
_ _ _ _ _
. -
_ _
_v4
to reach the __ _ _
.._ _ _
_
_
_
_____ _
_ _
,
_
_ _ _ _
_
________ _
_
_ _ _
_ _
ro
18. Have c emiPal etkigtiiflher hecm recharged wham.4, . a year?Is date ol recnarge shown on tag attached to extinguisher?19. Is building equipped with standpipe and hose having nozzt
.1a 26-61ft-
woolen readily avgli_we in theIs a #2 g-0 0
for use in case clothing Is ignited?
Remarks (Note any changes since last inspection)
attached?
domestic science laboratory
The following items to be included in each quarterly inspection21. Bunting construe ion
23.
1,,,V 6-41A0 _ _
aaa a a-a a
NO. Ms-mooing__Which ffA
tn,
t
_ No.
of the buildings
Fi flr-QF_J
Sion
are eausunea
two means of egress from
with automatic sprink-
ea,n floor of the blind-Are these so located that the distance measured alongravel does not exceed
Goo!. of any classroom, 125 feet?
0'
point in auditorium, assembly hail or gymnasium, 100 feet?24. Are all windows free from heavy screens or bars?fta-tE Do a eAi.
7-ai a 6
fftTa Are allontwr,d?
terice stairways end .,,41?...enclosures of &elf-a a g
withinAre windo28. Are manual
29.
icwate4
a a a
From any
Are doors to these
t of nre escapes glazed with wiretraining, domestic
Fire in tate will ninthatis a
30. Are
Frience other laboratories a.2_ the cafeteria socut A6WE
.=aa r="" exit fromany .-4%., building?rta ---eh noncombustible matoriats, andoutside, r=wealeed fcw the rano--.r picturea 6 t 6-=
plant and fuel supply rooms c t-off from the main corridors by tire-.resistant walls, ceiling and doors?_31. n V CHWitting0E ducts terminate outside of building?32.
U.
State type of construction of any temporart buildings in school yard _
ts nearest teHow often
35. Are
muwarv,huil in-
are Aire drills4
nrovisions made for
6-1-1Mfta r
a 1 '
g at least 50 feet from main building?held?-__
soundingIs sounning
Give _ oa nearest city fire
_
A-Z-764
Remark@
distant
Average time of
alarm LP fire irom any floor of build-device accessible? _
s_.arrn box _
from the premises?.
I"
n°r11-43ft"-
tor /E 0010006.0 16%.
r61.-1 Aa arse*,.nv..
_
ene
r-
INSPECTIONS 51
% serviceable4.11 IMO
large blanket
Rest'
22.
Are at leasting?
line ofFrom the
doors
type27. 10
a
smoke-tight ojection 1::t ofvented to the machine?
heating
__ 4.111. .11.
_
24.ty
ing?
M.
_ Plainly
4r.
eWM.
_
_
Is
lers?
glass?
_
_ _ _
.all a*
_ . _ _ _ _ _
4. -
a
EIH
NIM
IN11
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
WIN
NIn
iism
outtm
envm
mam
mon
imi
trri
o rt
ntr4
1111
.111
1111
111
IIIT
It M
ITIn
tcR
IM
I II
52 SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
ExtinguishmentTHOSE IN CHARGE of ----- tff_ I U __
r 1 1_7 Igliv% ' i!
of Lrie princilocal .thool fire extinguishing program is not to be
Proceduresgs should have soi;
involvedknowlelige
extinguishment.
stitute for E
be checked or
s "k-'716-1=ZAV,AC--;1 'iLVA
.e
rtinent service. However, some school fires mayA
El I 1balled the eal stages iy using first aid ex-tinguishers. If unchecked, the fires might in many- cases gain headwayand, become ,major fires before die department fire fighting unitsarrive. It is anticipated that the whool employees will give first atten-,tion to the protection of pupils. Property protection while secondaryin importance, should not be neglected. In order to provide essentialprotection school officials and employees need to understand somethingof the nature of fire, the classes or typ--z-3 of fires, the principles ofextinpiaishment, types and use of extinguishers, and the care ofsprinkler or other extinguishing devices.
are extinguishment1. Nature of fire.
(a) Fires do not start or continue until the materials to burn are heatedto the kindling point. The temperature of this kindling or ignitionpoint is very low for some of the volatile gasses or liquids andhigher for the less flammable materia. .
(b) Fires will not persist if there is no fuel near them.(e) Fires cannot continue unless there is enough oxygen available to
support the chemical action of burning.2. Extinguishing principles.
(a) The elimination of all combustible fuel is desirable but not alwaysfeasible in constructing and equipping *school buildings. It isoften difficult to remove fuel from the vicinity of a fire that hasstarted. However, this measure is used in reducing the dangerfrom heating coal piles.
(b) Cooling or lowering the temperature so that *t is below he kindlingpoint is one way to stop fires. Water is the cooling agent hiobt,used.
(c) A third method of checking fires is to cut off the oxygen supply.This is ordinarily called smothering or blanketing.
3. Effectiveness of local extinguishment.(a) Some school fires originate on roofs around chimneys, in attics or
other secluded or enclosed areas not easily reached by school handor hos-e extinguishing devices and where detection often comes toolate for effective use of these devices.
(b) Many school fires start as small fires and could be extingujahed, orcontrolled until help arrives, if adequate extinguishing deviceswere available and are properly used.
4. Regulations and plans for using the school extinguishing devices.(a) Sprinklers should operate automatically when activated by heat.(b) Custodians and others should be taught how to use the first aid fire
extinguishing devices.
1
-4
and in firea sub-
in
cfiTles of
e
XVI.
liv.:,
%tr
.wrlA
nivb
,01
1011
6NP
RO
NIN
IRI4
IN
EXTINGUISHMENT 53(c) It is generally desirable to instruct those in charge to attempt;extinguishment nen:
the fire is mall and extinguishment seems possible; whenextArnsnment procedures will not delay .or hamper safepupil evacuation.(d) Notifying the fire department should not be delayed. Plans fornotifying the fire department should be developed and the respon-sibility for notifying them easthgned to certain people
ay-
Extinguis.jug procedures are based partly on the classes of fires andextinguishing equipment should be located according to the type of risk.1. Class "A" firc=z---44 ,.inary combustible materials such as paver, VI006.,straw,7
extinguish'. a_
2. Class_ "B" _
d solid fuel. The cooling process is generally used in
such materials as flammable nits and volatileliquids. The mini extinguishing procedure is by smothering or cuttingoff the oxygen swap*. Some cooline may be effected by the smothering
fire Gut --a----ady; give them a chasm bacwo it is we hate.
!e,
= sr
:
textiles,
greases,
,
t
-a_
_J., A
-.644*--1
Goa
=,
t
11- -' ,
.4
_
g
rt
1.1
14
I 7--
fires
di
III 1
1111
1111
;111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
III M
I!II
IIri
lllll
lIllI
l
54
4wr
SCHOOLG FIRE SAFETY
elements, but the use of streams of water on oil fires may help sirea Ithe fire.3. Class "C" fires around motors or electric wires. In some cases oiaround the electric units may add to the fire hazard. The evtirwo;-0-hir,-medium must be a non-conductor of electricity or else the operator MR
School
be endanger. Fortunately some of the nonconducting extinguishilozagents are also valuable for smothering fires.
1. SizesHand extinguishers are generally preferred for schools. These aremobile and can bo carried easily by one man to the point of use.2. The numr of extinguishers needed will depend on building size, typeof construction and finish, and the hazards involved. It is desirable toprovide extinguishers for each floor. If the usual soda-acid ..lass Aor cooling tyi:w of extinguishers is used one of these for each 5000
feet of floor area may be sufficient if the hazards are light. This numberdoes not include th special smothering types ot extinguishers that mayLun nstai1ed in shoDs and lab° atone.3. Locations will be determined
(a) General use coolingaccessible to all. It is rtl-rnilyone need not walk over 100
(b) It
b.y theCc- w 1
ro a LA k-4 44-3 1a;
or around motors.azards prerwnt or anticipated.should be located in owl; Ofii
to iocat these w.) thatI CA-1....rsea- DIe
evrirn-no!icher.
--14V = .cianerally desirable to locate tnef---_--3 in wall niches or to hang
ti.ein about 5 feet above theor disturbed by
(c) Other extinguis ers, of a type adapted o the particular need,should be locat-Ni in shop, .n i.11 or furnace rooms, "°.nd otherhot spots.4. The type of extinguisher should be adapted to local nc-Tds.
AE,1.
floor where they are not easily u
nem is no one typ-p of extinguishor best adaptd to all ums Asindicated in this section, the ---clingz vvse fire extinvuishers are usuallypreferred for ordinary or c)-p-qt Ito
Dtanketinnonconductingand fires
types for oil fires;electrical=and units.
(a) Several extinguishers are designed primarily for cooling. Some ofthe most common are the soda-acid with a chemically crented
(b)
age
9 the waor..r with pressure createdand the water pumper withextinguishers
hand-createdand others using water nr6;-
freezing ;Lziuse in locations where
c-1 CO: _
LO hewing. Forpossible, extinguishers using anantifreeze solution are available. Thew may be charged with acalcium chloride solution or an alkMin It 'Fir%e
%dui'a
ine foam _ A 4,e(ternwsi a loaded -= A =
withcarbondiox'de ex-
tinguishing agents a_so have some cooling effect.There are several tyrws of blanketing or smothering extinguishers.(1) Foam type extinguishor v".
(2)
DicarwmaLe -naL= aluinuningredients are combined by
separate ingredients (&odiumutions).
tipping the extinguisher, vVCd AZMeexpel cariNon-dioxide bubbles that help w blanket or smother
Oiz Urea,The vaporizing liquid rs usually have a carbon
tetrachloride base. In some casesdevelop pressure and in other eaves
used A
r_Oa nand n!!-n---_-a is
preapressure 2
I
fire extinguishers
square
feet to get anis
I
ftty fo
byprima*. T
subject
When these
J
mayIt4
4
1121
1111
1111
1211
1111
1111
1MIN
iiini
timm
aim
mum
mam
mum
niun
tum
ME
N11
1111
1111
1111
1111
1111
111
4
EXTINGUISHMENT 55by itored air or carbon dioxide. The blanketn vapors chokeoff the oxygen supply. Consequently, then extinguishers aremost effective in areas where the wind does not dissipate theblanketing fumes. The stream should be directed at the baseof the fire.
(3) Carbon-dioxide extinguishers operate from a pressure tank. Therange of throw is limited.Carbon-tetrachloride bombs or grenades are sometimes boughtfor attic installation. Timely applications from these atticunits at the base of the fires cannot be guaranteed and theirvalue for such use is questioned.
(5) Dust or powder wraymg extinguishers are also used to give ablanketing effect, but these are not much used in schools.Nonconducting extinguishing 'agents are needed for fires aroundmotors and electric wiring or applicances. The carbon tetra-chloride v- riving liquid and the carbon-dioxide extinguishers areusually recommended for such locations. The carbon-dioxideextinguishers for such use should have non conducting horns.
standpipe egk fs ,insrauGUOTIS
Many of the older and some of the newer school buildings have partiallyeffective standpipe and hose fire extinguishing facilities. Such facilities canbe made effective.1 Amp.e pressure should be available for-the standpipe. Feeder linesshould be large enough to provide continued pressure in case of need.2. Hose outlets on each floor should be close enough together to permitreaching any point with a stream from a 75-foot hose3. Unlined linen hose is recommended. The hose should be racked readyfor instant use.
S1rinkicr proL---ga
Sprinklers should overate automatically when subjected to heat. Hazard-ous combustible buildings should be completely sprinklered.1. Some sprinkler values.(a) They are ever-ready watchmen and operate whether or not thebuilding.is occupied.
They automatically apply the extinguishing agent, water, at thep43int of fire (Ieat) and reduce fire spread.2. Installations.
(a) More complete protection is obtained if a building is fully sprinklered.(b) Even where it is not feasible to provide a complete sprinkler job,it is often desirable to install sprinklers in certain hot spots suchas storage rooms and basement areas.(c) Where there is danger that sprinkler lines and heads may freeze itis possible to install a dry pipe sprinkler systkrn. work inabout the same manner as the wet line system except that thewater head is held back of the freezing area by valves and Mrpressure.
and core of arch 1"1. Sprinkler..
(a) Valves in water feed lines should be sealed open.
fire extinguishing faciea
-
e t.
(4)
(c)
Building
=
These
se
r
SO
,=
S
=
=-
74_
"111
1111
1111
1111
1111
1 if
TIII
ITIM
I ir
MIN
IMM
EM
EM
IIN11
1111
1111
1111
0311
1Ell
liNki
iiiii,
n111
1111
1111
1111
1
a
SCHOOS F SAFETY
(0 Should be free of cormtitCn(c) Wet piping- 174ytiilf3 should not be permitted to freeze.(d) Air pfl-ures on dry lines should be checked often.(e) c-*-4-3 or other articles should not be stored near sprinkler heads.
2 Standpipe and hose_(a) Where the use of the fire hose might impede free safe pupil evacua-
tion such use should be delayed until the pupils are out of thearea involved.
(b) Hose should be dried after use and then re-hung.(c) Watel leaking from tne lines into the hosemay cause the hose to rot.(d) Hose should be attached, nozzle should he open ready for use.
3 Fire extinguishers.(a) Should be checketl often to see if in place and ready for use.(b) Foam and soda-acid extinguishers should be refilled annually. In
many cases the local fire department membeis will pick up, filllabel, and return with no cost other than for the filling ingredients.
(c) Carbon didxide impeller capsules should he weighed often. A lossin weight may mean a loss in power.
(d) Extinguisher exhaust tubes should be checked often to determinewhether they are open.
(e) Foam or scda-acid extinguishers that have been upset should b4refilled.
(1) Fire extinguishers should be cared for and used as per the manu-facturer's instruction.
W'
SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY PROGRAM, do not just happen. The\must be planned, and the responsibility Tor operation n.,,As fixed.Succegiful programs must have public supw-Jrt. Obviously the
to eliminate school firehazards and to reduce school fire life and property luseu%-.
primary purposes of such programs are
..omarns,..5houta b-oon ., iie evea_ _
1. All school personnel should participate.(a) Area of participation should be out for all school employees.(b) Student groups should have a part in the program.
2. The local community should have a paloin the program. Parent-teacherand other groups can help sustain intereq, and can cooperate in reduc-ing congestion and activity hazards arising from community use of the
he local fire department should given an opportunity to List in theprogram. They can point out rtain fire hazards, check extinguishersand alarm systems and aGvise n evacuation prom_tures.
4. The local school officials should be responsible for program ()mania tion,supervision, and succte
I
=4,
.4
N.
-re
XVII. Programs Lor School Firs Safety
ke
r building. -,r
.----
N \ . .
.( .I
, \,
PROGRAMS FOR Siiirr 041 SAFETY
Extent of prcçjcim
I The program should have contim,(a) Sporadic or special drives tui s'ome value in exciting interest.(b) It is the day to day continuin
in preventing the growthThe program should cover all of
in it.(a) It should include
programs that are most effectiveof bre hazards.
insivaions.
school lant and all of the activities
(b) It should-cover operatini practices that might create hazards.(c) It should include specific organized instruetu)n in safety at all gradelevels.d) I_ should cover evacuation pro-Ndures
3. Fire safety should begin with the planning ()Ithrough to its abandonment as school property
Organization of LtLe program
and carry
Goals should be defined. One )f the goals should be to develop anawareness of the importance of fire safety arid a Continued aJtrtnes tofire hazards.Leadership should be developed or assigritd.
(a) In each school or building there should be some one person chargedwith the responsibility of promoting and directing the program.(h Other group, squad, or area leaders may diruct tioris
gram.teports should be required.(a) Leaders should report periodici
trative officer in charge of inspecA
Ons4-11Wit
b)aria recommendations.
All school employees, even if having no special safety assignment.,should report on hazards found.Arrangements should be made for periodic reports to the staff, theschool and to the publk on the fire risk involved in the buildingand its use.
of the pro-
n writing to the adminis-fltiOflS
ne L--Aate also has a responsibility in fire safetyMa 1
1. State code regulations should be limited to general safety irovisions2 State departments of education have an obligation.(a) Should provide advisory service on fire safe
buildings.(b) Should provide assistance in remodeling old buildings(e) Should provide course of study materials, and arrange to provide
preservice and inservice training in safety for temachers andcustodians.d) Should advise on safe op*ationai practices.
in planning new
3. A qualified State agency should have the authority to prevent the use ofbuitdini which are hazardous for school purpoSes.School officials should endeavor to maintain fire-safe conditions in theirbuildings. Buildings should be so planned that they do not provide manyfire hazards. All school employees should be required to become familiarwith some common school-fire hazards. These emp.oyees should b,responsible for assisting in maintaining safe conditions. The totalresponsibility for fire safety in school buildingsmust be shared by all peoplewho have any part in authorizing, planning, or directing the school system.
a
57
2 the
the building
1
2
1r3
found,
(c)
They.
1411
1Mm
1112
4'11
1111
IIII
IIIT
Itill
ill,1
1111
{II7
I1M
il
58 SCHOOL FIRE SAFETY
BOSWELL, B. HODGKIN. Fires and How To Prevent Then).Manual. State Department of Education, Frankfort,
Fire e-reve
The Dallas Civilian Club in coofreration with the Dallas Fire Departmentand Fire Prevention Council. Dallas, re
CROSBY, FISKE FORSTER. N. F. P. A. Handbook of Fire Protection.Fire Protection Association, Boston, Mac ..entli Edition,
HOLMAN, A. T. Fire Fighting on Farim,.
Nationalp.
Washington, U. Se Government PrintingOffice, 1946. U. S. De :iculture, misc. Pub. No. 612. 54 p.
NATIONAL BOARD OF FIRE MDERWRITEIRS. Are School Drills a Farce in YourSchool? New York, T Board.
et
Self-Inspection Blanks. New York,The Board.Fire Protection as Applied to the Public and Parochial Schools. New
York, The Board, 1935.
Construction of School Buildings and Improvement of Existing Structures.New York Tne Board, 1937.
Protection of Openings in Walls193° .
nd Partitions. New York. The Board,
---- First-A- Fire Appliances. New orK, The Board, 1948.NATIONAL COMMISSION ON SAFETY JDUCATION. Fire Safety for Teachers of
Primary Grades. Washington, D. C., National Education _;soeiaLlon, 1950.24 p. (Fire Safety Series No. 1.)
Fire Safety for Teachers of Intermediate uraues. Washington, D. C.National Education Association, 1950. 32 D. (Fire Safet Series No. 2.)
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION. ...tional Electric Code. Boston,Mass., The Association. 416 p.
Building Exits Code. Boston, Mass., The Association. 1950. (1ithEdition.)
Protection of Records. Boston, Mass., The Association, 1947.T--- School Fires. Boston, Mass.,' The Association. 1946. 48 p.OFFICE OF EDUCATION. A Curriculum Guide to Fire Safety.
Government Printing Office,Education, Bulletin No. 8 31 p.
Washington, El. S.(Federal Security Agency. Office of
BLIC BUILDINGS ADMINISTRATION. Manual of Fire LossFederal Fire Council. Public Buildings Administration, U. S. General
Prevention of the
Services Administration. (Second Edition) Washington, U. S. GovernmePrinting Office, 1945. 169 p.
REPORT OF THE COMM= ON FIKEPKEVgNTtON EDUCATION. The President'sConference on Fire Prevention Lae 29
VILEs, N. E. The Custodian at Work. New York, University PubiiBing Co.,1941. 391
School Drills. ineo Government Printing Office,1948. Federal Security Agency, Office of Education, Pamphlet No. 103)19 p.
I 1
--mrt.
9
Ky., 1949.
1940.
1948.. 1544
of
e
63 p.
1946.
1947.
p.-- F:re U. S.
.
0
- r
.. A"
Bibliography
log
4
r