By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss RaiaBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss RaiaBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss RaiaBy: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss Raia

Causes & Causes & ProtoindustrializationProtoindustrialization

• What were the political, social and What were the political, social and economic causes of the Industrial economic causes of the Industrial Revolution? (Make sure you look up Revolution? (Make sure you look up through page 8 before you describe through page 8 before you describe them)them)

• How did the Cottage Industry benefit How did the Cottage Industry benefit peasants and younger people?peasants and younger people?

• What are the political, social and What are the political, social and economic reasons why Britain economic reasons why Britain industrializes first?industrializes first?

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

× Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.

× 12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.

× Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.

× Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

1850 England: The 1850 England: The StatisticsStatistics

• Produced 2/3 of the world’s coalProduced 2/3 of the world’s coal• Produced more than ½ of the world’s Produced more than ½ of the world’s

ironiron• Produced more than ½ of the world’s Produced more than ½ of the world’s

cotton clothcotton cloth• GNP rose between 1801 and 1850 GNP rose between 1801 and 1850

350%350%• Per capita income increased almost Per capita income increased almost

100% between 1801 and 1851100% between 1801 and 1851

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

Continental Continental IndustrializationIndustrialization

• Why did some areas industrialize Why did some areas industrialize quickly while others not at all?quickly while others not at all?– Napoleonic wars hindered their growthNapoleonic wars hindered their growth– They lacked the capital and/or natural They lacked the capital and/or natural

resourcesresources– Shortage of factory workersShortage of factory workers– Governments did not help to foster a Governments did not help to foster a

growing middle classgrowing middle class

Continental IndustrializationContinental Industrialization• After 1815 continental Europe began to catch up After 1815 continental Europe began to catch up

to Britainto Britain• They borrowed British technology, hired British They borrowed British technology, hired British

engineers and gained British capitalengineers and gained British capital• Belgium, Holland, France and the US began their Belgium, Holland, France and the US began their

revolution in the 1820’srevolution in the 1820’s– Holland pioneered the beginning of Big Business – Holland pioneered the beginning of Big Business –

stockholders corporations etc.stockholders corporations etc.– France’s Credit Mobilier of Paris helped to build France’s Credit Mobilier of Paris helped to build

railroads all over France and Europerailroads all over France and Europe

• Germany, Austria, and Italy in the 1850’sGermany, Austria, and Italy in the 1850’s• Eastern Europe and Russia industrialized near Eastern Europe and Russia industrialized near

the end of the 19the end of the 19thth century century– Why?Why?

Continental Continental IndustrializationIndustrialization• Britain was unsuccessful at maintaining a Britain was unsuccessful at maintaining a

monopoly over technical advancesmonopoly over technical advances• Tariff policies were used to protect native industries Tariff policies were used to protect native industries

on the continenton the continent– France raised tariffs on many British exportsFrance raised tariffs on many British exports– Germanic States create the Zollverein, a tariff which Germanic States create the Zollverein, a tariff which

established a free trade One among member states but a established a free trade One among member states but a large tariff was levied on foreign importslarge tariff was levied on foreign imports

Industrialization By 1850

Industrialization By 1850

Railroads on the Continent

Railroads on the Continent

Social ImplicationsSocial Implications• New Social OrderNew Social Order• Golden Age of the Middle Golden Age of the Middle

ClassClass• New class of factory owners New class of factory owners

called the bourgeoisiecalled the bourgeoisie– Upper bourgeoisie: great Upper bourgeoisie: great

bankers, merchants, and bankers, merchants, and industrialists who demanded industrialists who demanded free enterprise and high tariffsfree enterprise and high tariffs

– Lower Bourgeoisie: AKA petite Lower Bourgeoisie: AKA petite bourgeoisie, small industrialists, bourgeoisie, small industrialists, merchants, and professional merchants, and professional men who demanded stability men who demanded stability and security from the and security from the governmentgovernment

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Social ImplicationsSocial Implications• Certain ethnic and religious groups Certain ethnic and religious groups

became successfulbecame successful– Quakers and Scots in EnglandQuakers and Scots in England– Protestants and Jews dominated banking in Protestants and Jews dominated banking in

Catholic FranceCatholic France

• As factories grew larger, opportunities for As factories grew larger, opportunities for advancement declined in well-developed advancement declined in well-developed industriesindustries– Capital intensive industry made it harder for Capital intensive industry made it harder for

skilled artisans to become wealthy skilled artisans to become wealthy manufacturersmanufacturers

– Formal education thus became more important Formal education thus became more important as a means of social advancement (but the cost as a means of social advancement (but the cost was often too much for the lower classes)was often too much for the lower classes)

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wages

under 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.

11 - 1611 - 16 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.

17 - 2117 - 21 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.

22 - 2622 - 26 17s. 2d. 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.

27 - 3127 - 31 20s. 4d. 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.

32 - 3632 - 36 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.

37 - 4137 - 41 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.

42 - 4642 - 46 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.

47 - 5147 - 51 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.

52 - 5652 - 56 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.

57 - 6157 - 61 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.

Industrial Staffordshire

Industrial Staffordshire

Problems of PollutionProblems of Pollution

The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858

The New Industrial City

The New Industrial City

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”Private Charities:

The “Lady Bountifuls”

Child LaborChild Labor• Abandoned children became a Abandoned children became a

main source of labor from local main source of labor from local parishes and orphanagesparishes and orphanages

• Owners exercised authority Owners exercised authority over children much like Slave over children much like Slave owners owners

• Work hours were very long and Work hours were very long and conditions were appallingconditions were appalling

• Children worked as chimney Children worked as chimney sweeps, market girls, sweeps, market girls, shoemakers, etcshoemakers, etc

• It was not new and it was It was not new and it was actually coming to an end as actually coming to an end as the industrial revolution the industrial revolution maturedmatured

• Children and their parents Children and their parents worked 12 hour daysworked 12 hour days

Child LaborChild Labor• Parliament sought to end child laborParliament sought to end child labor• The Saddler Commission investigated The Saddler Commission investigated

working conditions and helped initiate working conditions and helped initiate legislation to improve conditions in legislation to improve conditions in factoriesfactories– Factory Act of 1833Factory Act of 1833

• Limited workday for children ages 9-13 Limited workday for children ages 9-13 to 8 hours a dayto 8 hours a day

• Limited hours ages 14-18 to 12 hoursLimited hours ages 14-18 to 12 hours• Prohibited hiring children under age 9; Prohibited hiring children under age 9;

children were to go to elementary children were to go to elementary schools factory owners were required schools factory owners were required to establishto establish

• Ironically helped to destroy the pattern Ironically helped to destroy the pattern of families working togetherof families working together

– Employment of children declined Employment of children declined rapidlyrapidly

• Mines Act of 1842 – prohibited all Mines Act of 1842 – prohibited all boys and girls under the age of 10 boys and girls under the age of 10 from working undergroundfrom working underground

The Luddites: 1811-1816

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle

The LudditesThe Luddites

The Neo-Luddites Today

The Neo-Luddites Today

Union MovementUnion Movement• Certain leaders began Certain leaders began

organizing groups of organizing groups of workers to resist workers to resist exploitation of the exploitation of the proletariat by business proletariat by business ownersowners

• Combination Acts (1799)Combination Acts (1799)– Parliament prohibited labor Parliament prohibited labor

unionsunions– Reaction to fear of Reaction to fear of

radicalism in the French radicalism in the French RevolutionRevolution

– Widely disregarded by Widely disregarded by workersworkers

– Repealed in 1824 and Repealed in 1824 and unions became more unions became more tolerated after 1825tolerated after 1825

Union MovementUnion Movement• Robert Owen in 1834 organized the Robert Owen in 1834 organized the

Grand National Consolidated Trades Grand National Consolidated Trades UnionUnion– Lanark factory became a model Lanark factory became a model

socialist/utopian citysocialist/utopian city– His unionization efforts failed and British His unionization efforts failed and British

labor movement moved once again after labor movement moved once again after 1851 in the direction of the craft unions1851 in the direction of the craft unions

The Chartists

The Chartists

KeyKey

               ChartistChartistsettlementssettlements

                 Centres of Centres of ChartismChartism

           Area of plug Area of plug riots, 1842riots, 1842

Sought political democracy

Demanded universal male suffrage

The “Peoples’ Charter”

The “Peoples’ Charter” Drafted in 1838 by Drafted in 1838 by William LovettWilliam Lovett..

Radical campaign for Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.Bill of 1832.× Votes for all men.Votes for all men.

× Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts.× Abolition of the requirement that Abolition of the requirement that

Members of Parliament [MPs] be Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.property owners.

× Payment for Members of Payment for Members of Parliament.Parliament.

× Annual general elections.Annual general elections.× The secret ballot. The secret ballot.

The ChartistsThe Chartists

A physical force—A physical force—Chartists arming for Chartists arming for the fight.the fight.

A female ChartistA female Chartist

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

4 Give manufactures more outlets for Give manufactures more outlets for their products.their products.

4 Expand employment.Expand employment.4 Lower the price of bread.Lower the price of bread.4 Make British agriculture more Make British agriculture more

efficient and productive.efficient and productive.4 Expose trade and agriculture to Expose trade and agriculture to

foreign competition.foreign competition.4 Promote international peace through Promote international peace through

trade contact.trade contact.

Social Effects of Social Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization• UrbanizationUrbanization

– Largest population transfer in human historyLargest population transfer in human history– Birth of factory towns and industrial centers Birth of factory towns and industrial centers

such as Manchestersuch as Manchester• Working class injustices, gender Working class injustices, gender

exploitation and standard of living issues exploitation and standard of living issues became the 19became the 19thth century’s great social century’s great social and political dilemmasand political dilemmas– Family structure and gender roles within the Family structure and gender roles within the

family were alteredfamily were altered– Productive work was taken out of the homeProductive work was taken out of the home– As factory wages increased for adult males, As factory wages increased for adult males,

women and children were separated from the women and children were separated from the work placework place

Social Effects of Social Effects of IndustrializationIndustrialization• Gender-determined roles at home and Gender-determined roles at home and

domestic life changed slowlydomestic life changed slowly– Married women came to be associated with Married women came to be associated with

domestic duties while men tended to be the domestic duties while men tended to be the sole wage earnersole wage earner

– Women were now expected to create a Women were now expected to create a nurturing environment to which the family nurturing environment to which the family members returned after workmembers returned after work

– Married women worked outside the home only Married women worked outside the home only when family needs, illness or death of a when family needs, illness or death of a spouse required them to do sospouse required them to do so

– Single women and widows had much work Single women and widows had much work available but that work commanded low available but that work commanded low wages and low skills and provided no way to wages and low skills and provided no way to protect themselves from exploitationprotect themselves from exploitation

Effects in IrelandEffects in Ireland• Irish workers increasingly came to Great Irish workers increasingly came to Great

Britain to become urban workersBritain to become urban workers• Many Irish were forced out of rural Ireland Many Irish were forced out of rural Ireland

by population growth and increasingly poor by population growth and increasingly poor economic conditionseconomic conditions

• Overpopulation and rural poverty most Overpopulation and rural poverty most severe in Irelandsevere in Ireland

Irish Potato FamineIrish Potato Famine• Industrial Revolution may have prevented large-scale human Industrial Revolution may have prevented large-scale human

tragedy like in Irelandtragedy like in Ireland• Most lived as tenants and Protestant landlords did not Most lived as tenants and Protestant landlords did not

improve agricultureimprove agriculture• Disease in potato crop continued to increase along with Disease in potato crop continued to increase along with

accompanying fever epidemicsaccompanying fever epidemics– In 1845 and 46 and again in 1848 and 1851 the potato crop In 1845 and 46 and again in 1848 and 1851 the potato crop

failed in Ireland and much of Europefailed in Ireland and much of Europe– Higher food prices widespread suffering and social unrest Higher food prices widespread suffering and social unrest

ensuedensued

Irish Potato FamineIrish Potato Famine• Result of the Great Result of the Great

FamineFamine– At least 1.5 million people At least 1.5 million people

died or went unborndied or went unborn– 1 million fled Ireland 1 million fled Ireland

between 1845 and 1851; between 1845 and 1851; 2 million left between 2 million left between 1840 and 18551840 and 1855

– Most went to the US or Most went to the US or BritainBritain

– By 1911 Irish population By 1911 Irish population was only 4.4 million was only 4.4 million compared with 8 million compared with 8 million in 1845in 1845

– British government British government response inadequateresponse inadequate

The Politics of IndustrializationThe Politics of

Industrializationù State ownership of some industries.State ownership of some industries.

RRs RRs Belgium & most of Germany. Belgium & most of Germany.ù Tariffs Tariffs British Corn Laws. British Corn Laws.ù National Banks granted a monopoly National Banks granted a monopoly

on on issuing bank notes.issuing bank notes. Bank of England.Bank of England. Bank of France.Bank of France.

ù Companies required to register with Companies required to register with the government & publish annual the government & publish annual budgets.budgets.

ù New legislation to:New legislation to: Establish limited liability.Establish limited liability. Create rules for the formation of Create rules for the formation of

corporations.corporations.ù Postal system.Postal system.ù Free trade zones Free trade zones Ger. Ger. ZollvereinZollverein