by: laura prentice one of the fastest growing segments of the animal industry
TRANSCRIPT
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Poultry Industry
By: Laura Prentice
One of the fastest growing segments of the animal industry
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What I am going to talk about…
• Consumption
• Largest Producers
• The Broiler Industry
• Broiler Houses
• Cannibalism
• Broiler Production
• Egg Production
• Egg Hatching
• Layer Industry
• Turkey Industry
• Other Poultry
• Careers in the Poultry Industry
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Consumption and ProducersCountries that consume and produce the
most poultry
China
United States
Brazil
Mexico
India
Other
U.S
ChinaBrazil
29%
49%
13%
Mexico 3%
4%
Oth
er
India 2%
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Top US. Producers
Live Weight (in pounds, per year)
GeorgiaArkansasAlabamaNorth CarolinaMisssissippi
Georgia
Arkansas
Alabama
North Carolina
Mississippi
6,882,700
5,937,500
4,766,000
5,419,200
5,787,000
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Broiler Industry• Roasters (chickens under 13 weeks old) constitute
virtually all commercial chicken production.
• Roasters also weight about 5 to 8 lbs. when processed
• Broilers are the same type of bird but younger (under 8 weeks)
• Broilers will weigh in at 3 to 5 lbs.
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Broiler Production• The process starts with the chicks hatching out of
eggs
• Parents are selected from breeds that are large and muscular
• And that is good for meat (larger the bird the more meat you get)
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Broiler Production• Most broilers are hybrids derived from mating of
different breeds
• Usually mated through artificial insemination
• And then results in hybrid vigor
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Hybrid Vigor•The resulting of the offspring being healthier and out producing the average of their parents.
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• Cornish Rock• Plymouth Rock cross with a white Cornish
Plymouth Rock
White Cornish
What do you get when you cross…
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Broiler Production• Most broilers are white
• Colored broilers have pigmentation spots in their skin which is undesirable to the consumer
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Broiler Houses
• The typical modern broiler house holds from 10 to 100,000 birds, with automated feeding and watering.
• The houses are generally lighted for 24 hours a day to cut down on cannibalism
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Cannibalism• Cannibalism is a problem that is associated with
large poultry flocks where the birds kept in close confinement peck at associated birds.
• Toe picking in chicks• Feather pulling in older birds from the head, tail or
body• Vent picking in older birds
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Egg Production• The eggs are expelled from the hens body and the
embryo develops outside the hens body
• Eggs are encased in a hard shell and can weigh several ounces
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Egg Production• The process begins with the release of the ovum
(yolk) from the ovary
• If the female has been mated, the ovum will be fertilized within the infundibulum.
• The albumin or white of the egg is secreted by cells in the magnum.
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Egg Production• The Chalazae is formed• It is a ropelike substance which holds the yolk in place in the center of the egg.
• Inner and outer shell membranes are formed in the isthmus
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Egg Production•The shell is formed in the uterus
• In 18-20 hours the shell is completed and moves to the vagina and out of the hens body.
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Egg Production• Hens prefer nesting boxes that are enclosed
• Gives the chickens a feeling of security
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Egg Production• Some facilities collect eggs with the use of a conveyor belt
• The egg rolls out of the nest box and onto the belt
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Egg Production• Eggs must be kept clean and free from contamination
• If the egg becomes soiled it will not be used for hatching
• Dirt may be easily scrubbed off the egg
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Egg Production
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Egg Hatching• Eggs are stored at 70-80 degrees
until being placed in the hatchery
• Within 48 hours after incubation begins the embryo has developed a circulatory system
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Egg Hatching• The circulatory system sustains life by carrying nourishment from the yolk to the embryo
• The eggs are turned at least two times per day
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Egg Hatching• Turning eggs keeps the embryo from sticking to the inside of the shell
• By the end of the first week, embryos are recognizable as chickens
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Egg Hatching•After two weeks, the chicks are covered with down
• Incubation takes about 21 days.
Cheep! Cheep! Cheep!
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Egg Hatching• After hatching, chicks are removed from the incubator, dried off, cleaned, and placed in a warm dry environment. (brooder)
• The chicks are sexed and separated into groups.
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Egg Hatching• At one day of age chicks are
vaccinated and the beaks are trimmed to prevent cannibalism.
• Chicks are then placed in ventilated cardboard boxes to be shipped to the broiler house.
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Egg Hatching• Before the chicks arrive at the broiler
house it must be cleaned and disinfected.
• Fresh bedding is placed in the house.
• Heaters, called brooders are suspended from the ceiling to keep the birds warm.
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Egg Hatching• Chicks are usually kept in the broiler house for seven to eight weeks.
• At that time they weigh about 5 to 7 pounds and are ready for market.
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Egg Hatching• When the broilers are transported
to the processing plant, the house is again cleaned.
• The bedding is very high in Nitrogen and is used for fertilizer, it may also be used as a source of
protein in cattle rations.
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Layer Industry•Per capita egg consumption in the U.S. has drastically decreased over the past thirty years.
•Even with the decrease in demand, the layer industry is quite strong.
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Layer Industry• Over 90% of eggs produced are by layers in cages.
• The most common grouping is four hens per cage.
• Some layers produce brown eggs and some produce white eggs.
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Layer Industry•Most eggs sold in the U.S. are white.
• In commercial operations, lighting is used to stimulate the hormonal activity of the hens to increase their production of eggs.
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Layer Industry•They produce eggs naturally when the days are longer than the nights.
•Most operations allow 14 - 15 hours of light per day.
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Layer Industry•As eggs are laid they roll onto a conveyor belt where they go to a work room where they are cleaned if necessary and refrigerated.
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Layer Industry•Eggs are coated with a thin coat of mineral oil to prevent carbon dioxide from escaping from within the egg.
•Eggs are graded according to size and checked for cracks and interior spots by candling.
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The Turkey Industry• Turkey represents a high quality, low cost, nutritious source of food protein.
• One third of all turkey sales occur during the weeks around Thanksgiving and Christmas.
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The Turkey Industry• The sale of turkey is second to chicken in
the overall sale of poultry meat.
• Between 1980 and 1990 turkey consumption increased 92% in the U.S. and is still rising
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The Turkey Industry• The modern white turkey is a
descendant of the wild turkey
• But as a result of a mutation which left the gene out for feather and skin pigmentation.
• Heavy muscled, broad breasted birds have been developed instead.
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The Turkey Industry• These highly developed birds are not
efficient breeders.
• The physical act of mating is difficult because of the weight of the birds and because of this they are needed to be A.Ihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgf6h588v-I
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vo2tQ6IL0mA&feature=my_liked_videos&list=LL7kNYfu3NdYzxQ0a9-siG_Q
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Other Poultry• In some parts of the world ducks and geese make up a major portion of the poultry raised and consumed.
• This is true in China and Southeast Asia.
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Other Poultry• In some areas quail and pheasant are grown for the gourmet food and restaurant market and for release in the wild to stock the population for hunters.
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Other Poultry• Game birds are also considered poultry
• They consist of:
• Peafowl• Pheasants• Quail• Pigeons• Guinea Fowl
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Sites sourced • http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al175e/al175e.pdf
• http://www.animalfarmlife.eu/images/chickens/hens_broiler_1.jpg
• http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PrTCh_DtR5g/UF2wexfnUiI/AAAAAAAAAL8/HQv5HYmhBCU/s1600/broiler-chicken.jpg
• http://static2.mypetchicken.com/images/ChickenPix/medium/Studio_WhCrnshCkrl_297_M.jpg
• http://static2.mypetchicken.com/images/ChickenPix/medium/Studio_BarredRockHen_1045_M.jpg
• http://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/about-the-industry/statistics/top-broiler-producing-states/
• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/80739/broiler-house
• http://poultryscience.uark.edu/ABRU.gif
• http://www.vivid.ro/images/90/broiler-house.jpg
• http://gothunts.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/quail.jpg
• http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/golden%20pheasant