by: jennifer schaffer [email protected]. lnapl (light non-aqueous phase liquids) courtesy of...
TRANSCRIPT
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By: Jennifer [email protected]
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LNAPL(Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids)
Courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey
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3-D Image of LNAPL Plume
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Leaks & Spills: 1992-2002Sampling of Incidents at Shell Group Companies & Joint Ventures*
Derived from: http://www.shellfacts.com/downloads/Leaks&Spills2.pdf
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Prevalence of Gasoline Spills
• 8 sites on the NPL• According to National Response Center, have
been 7,957 gasoline spills on land since 1990.• Gas spills were primarily unreported until
recent history.– There were no formal reporting requirements
prior to 1970.– From 1970-1980, only spills that reached
navigable waters had to be reported
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• U.S. v. Apex Oil Co., Inc., 579 F.3d 734 (7th Cir. 2009)
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Sugar Creek, Missouri
http://www.krohm.com/sugarcrk/index.htm
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Methods Used for Cleanup
BiofiltrationScrubbersCarbon AbsorbtionBioremediation - microbialsFree product recovery – Skimming systemsFree product recovery – water table depressionVapor ExtractionDual Phase RecoveryPumps
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Bioremediation
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Scrubbers
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Carbon Absorption
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Skimming
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Water Table Depression
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Vapor Extraction
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Dual Phase Recovery
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Pumping
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Circulation pump
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Solar powered pump
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Enhanced Methods
• Steam• Surfactants• Phased soil heating• Chemical oxidation• Hot and cold water floods
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Steam
This process requires large facilities and operations as well as significant time and money.
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SurfactantsWetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lower the interfacial tension between the two liquids. These are already used in green cleaning products.
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Phased Soil Heating
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Chemical Oxidation
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Ways this Gasoline Could be Used
• Marine Uses• Aviation Fuel• South America, Asia, Eastern Europe and the
Middle East – automotive• Racing cars• Farm equipment• Industrial uses• Energy Production
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Patent, 1935issued toF.E. Neff, Jr.
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Patent for using ammonium phosphate to clean lead from gasoline/oil products
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http://www.mckenziecorp.com/hydrocarbon.htm
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Carbon Scrubbers
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So, why are more companies not recycling/reusing the gas?
• Cost – is it worth the costs?– How do the costs compare?– Are there “hidden costs” to recovery?– Diminishing Returns from recovery
• Potentially liability– Ramifications of claiming the gasoline– Property dispute issues
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Hydraulic Recovery of the Oil Poses Difficulty
– Residual saturation trapped by capillary forces– Heterogeneity of the soil– Conductivity of the LNAPL phase
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• What could be done to encourage recycling?– Legislation which encourages and or compels
recovery– Legislation which removes liability issues– Legislation which resolves property ownership
issues• Should it be done?–Would we be trading one pollution for another?– Should there be limits or regulations on how
recovered gasoline can be used/sold?