by David Weale

This is the first of a two-part article on the Journal and Diary of John MacEachern of Rice Point.

M hat year, 1830, would forever re-main in the mind of John MacEachern as the most important of his lifetime. It was the year of his emigration, as a 20-year-old, from Rosneath, Scotland, to Rice Point, Prince Edward Island.

Nine years after his arrival, when the most strenuous part of the pioneer ex-perience was over, MacEachern began the practice of making a brief record of the events of each day. This diary, or day-book, was kept faithfully to the very end of his long life; and often, on May 19th, he would pen variations of this brief but suggestive entry: "This day we landed at Charlottetown, 1830."

The final entry of this nature was writ-ten on May 19, 1883, the year of his death. "This day 53 years we landed in Charlottetown, 1830, woods were all in full leaf and wheat over-ground, not so early since....". Though more than half a century had elapsed, the memory of

that experience was still vivid in his mind.

For all those emigrants like John MacEachern who came to the New World as adults, the year of emigration was a dramatic watershed. Life was forever cleft into two parts. The break was as deep and as wide as the Atlantic itself, and thereafter every detail of their lives fell clearly into the period on one side or the other. It was like having two lives in one. There was the old world and the new; the old ways and the new; the old life and the new. The carryover was very great, but try as they might the emigrants could not successfully recreate what had been. The break remained.

John MacEachern attested to this dividing of his life both by his frequent allusions to 1830, the year of his emigration, and by the composition of two remarkable documents: the first a description of life in Scotland, the se-cond a chronicle of life on Prince Ed-ward Island.

The first, written retrospectively in 1866, was entitled "A Collection of

Fragments of Family History Derived from Ancient Records and Authentic Tradition." This hand-written volume of approximately 150 pages was produced out of MacEachern's uncomfortable awareness that there existed among many of his fellow-emigrants, including members of his own family, "a great lack of information in regard to their forefathers, and those parts of the Mother Country from which they had emigrated...." He therefore felt it his duty to "preserve a remembrance thereof."

The second document, to be examin-ed in part two of this article, is the diary he began in 1839 and kept for 44 years. MacEachern entitled this amazing chronicle "Weather, Work and Other Incidents," a name as practical, un-pretentious, and adept as the author himself.

Taken together these two accounts constitute an exceptional record of the emigration experience and of the habits of life and work of a first generation set-tler and his family on Prince Edward Island.

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The MacEacherns of Mull In MacEachern's Journal, his "Collec-

tion of Fragments of Family History," his obvious purpose is to portray his forebears as a proud and worthy peo-ple, the desendants of that illustrious race, the ancient Caledonians. After a brief historical description of these "warlike" Caledonians, their successors the Scots, and, finally, the MacDonalds of the Isles, MacEachern embarks on the central theme of his work — the history of his own branch of the MacEachern family. Having connected the "Clan MacEachern" with the Mac-Donalds, the Lords of the Isles, he pro-ceeds to identify and lionize certain members of his immediate family, the MacEacherns of Killiemor, Isle of Mull.

According to his accounting the MacEacherns had moved out to Mull from Craignish eight or nine generations previously, and he was able, from the oral tradition, to cite the names of his descendants in the male line over this entire period. Further, not only could he identify these forebears, he was also able, in the case of many of them, to relate anecdotes which had been passed down over the years in family lore. These stories were invariably flattering, and in a manner reminiscent of some ancient Greek writer extolling the Olym-pian gods, MacEachern described members of his family who had been distinguished for their strength, their swiftness of foot, their comeliness, their intelligence, their courage, and, perhaps most important of all for MacEachern, their virtue. The intent of this exercise was plain: to encourage and inspire the young MacEacherns of Prince Edward Island to strive after the highest and best qualities to be found in their Scottish forebears, and to inculcate in them a pride of person and family. As a young man, MacEachern, by procrea-tion, had done his part to perpetuate his race. Now as an old man writing in his book he was doing his part to perpetuate its honour.

MacEachern's descriptions of some of his forebears are worthy of note. One Dougald MacEachern, for example, is depicted as an intrepid man of great courage and strength, whose dauntless self-confidence cost him his life, but guaranteed his survival in family legend:*

...he was the only one that [laird]

* Throughout this article, MacEachern's sometimes erratic spelling and punctuation have been reproduced as written.

MacLaine of Lochbuy could get to venture across the hills to Rossel tavern or distillery to fetch a large cask of whiskey for Christmass, he took his servant and on their way home [in a snow storm] his servant gave up, and Dougald had to carry the cask and then leave it and return for his servant, and so on all the night, and the last time he returned he never came to where he had left his servant wrapped in his plaid, who when daylight came and the storm had subsided made for his master's house in Glenbyre, but his brave master had not arrived.

Another story is told of MacEachern's great grandfather, Dougald Mac-Dougall, a man noted for his kindness and faith.

Dougald MacDougall (mor, i.e., big) my great grandfather was a very charitable man, many stories are related thereof, one I will set down at present. One very scarce spring when he was planting some potatoes a poor old widow was begging some potatoes to plant, she went to where he was and related her case, he was commencing the last ridge or piece to finish the sets which were all the potatoes he had, as people in that early stage of potatoe culture generally had none after planting time, he said to the widow this is all I have left but I will give them to you,

and I will trust to God to make up the deficiency; he finished the ridge the same as the other, one of his reasons for so doing was to shun the reflec-tions of his wife for giving away the seed, Matthew VI:3, and further-more it is affirmed that ridge grew as well if not better than the other, and of a different kind that never was there before or after; this part of the story seems rather miraculous but I have heard it affirmed by old (men) people both in the old country and this (Mark IX:23, Mat: 21:21-22).

Life in the Lowlands John's father, Dougald, seems to

have been the first in his line to move away from the Isle of Mull. In the early 1800s during the Napoleonic Wars, he, along with his brother Neil (MacEachern usually spelled this Neill), left Mull to work on the mainland.

My father Dougald MacEachern before he was married and during the high wages caused by the Bonapartean War worked in many of the best Agricultural Counties of the Lowlands of Scotland [Dougald left Mull in 1803], the Lothians, in Lanarkshire, Renfrew, Haddington, Berwickshires, by which he acquired the knowledge of the most approved methods of indeed most manual labour.

In 1808 Dougald MacEachern mar-

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ried Sarah Fletcher of Rosneath and after a brief return to Mull, where John MacEachern was born on August 30, 1809, he moved away never to return. "Being so used to the Lowlands he could not long content himself to what he now deemed obsolete ways of the Highlands so he bade what was a last adieu to his native place and parents, and moved to the Low Country again...."

Dougald MacEachern's employment took him and his family to several loca-tions over the next 20 years. Throughout most of the decade 1810-1820 the family lived in the valley Glenfroon, just west of Loch Lomond, on a farm which MacEachern described as a "beautiful, quiet, sequestered place." This was an extremely happy period in the life of the wee John MacEachern. Four of his brothers, Donald, Charles, Duncan and Dougald, were born here, and it was here that he began his schooling. There is a note of s c a r c e l y - c o n c e a l e d p r i d e in MacEachern's recollection that "I and Donald made rapid progress in school considering our ages and had on that account the secret abuse and sneers of older scholars whom we outstripped."

The MacEacherns missed Glenfroon when they moved in 1820. They also were pleased to know that they were missed. According to MacEachern, one of the old men remarked "that he felt the Glen so lonesome when Stuckidow [the MacEachern home] was without a smoke and when he did not see the nice little boys passing to school with their tartan kilts." Years later, as an old man, MacEachern would recall with great fondness these golden days of boyhood. "Of all the places in Scotland my attachments feel to concentrate more to Glenfroon. I suppose as it was there my earliest recollections are, my first going to school, and many other recollections of childhood which seem to keep a hold on the attachments through after life."

In 1820 the family moved a few miles to the west to the shore of the Gareloch. They stayed there one year and then moved across the loch to Rosneath where they remained until the time of emigration. During these later years four other children were born. Two of them, Neill and Christina, survived, while the others, Peter and Jane, were buried in the churchyard in Rosneath.

By the late 1820s the oldest boys were big enough to work, and around 1827 John bought a boat and nets at Greenock and he and his younger

ENGLAND John MacEachern's Scotland.

brothers, Donald, Charles and Duncan, "earned a good deal by attending the herring fishery when they came into the Gareloch which was in the month of July."

I was only 18 years, the others being all younger, yet by our diligent atten-tion to the fishery we made a great deal more money than the other youths who worked at day wages, of which we had also the chance when the fishing was over which was generally in the beginning of harvest. In the summer of 1829 we made by one morning's fishery nearly £8 Ster-ling in Greenock besides many other good fishings so that the herring buyers at Greenock called us the "lucky boys."

The MacEachern boys could not have known it at the time but this experience in farming and fishing would stand them in good stead in their new home on the shores of Prince Edward Island. They were, to be sure, the "lucky boys" to be so well prepared for the life that awaited them.

John MacEachern would always remember with great fondness the familiar scenes of Rosneath. He recalled with pleasure the "beautiful bays, coves, and clean pebbly beaches. . .wooded in some places to the water's edge," and quoted with approval another author who had described Rosneath and vicini-ty as a "spot where nature exhibits to the eye some of her most beautiful, as well as some of her grandest ap-pearances." The showpiece of the region was the ten-acre garden on the

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Courtesy Ron Gorveatt

House in Rhu where John MacEachern lived for a year as a boy (1820), before the family moved across the Gareloch to Rosneath.

estate of the Duke of Argyle, which con-tained "neither fruit or vegetable, but shrubs, herbs, and flowers from every clime that would grow in the open air of Scotland, surrounded by a lilac or lilyoak hedge...."

In what was perhaps an attempt to help justify in his own mind the decision of the family to leave such a fair place,

MacEachern added the comment that the shores of Rosneath had been robbed of their tranquil beauty during the intervening years:

...the present Duke having let for building most of the Roseneath shore to Glasgow people so that the retired quiet shores are now become a line

Courtesy Ron Gorveatt

Ruins of St. Modans Church, Rosneath, built in 1766. A brother and sister of John MacEachern are buried here.

of buildings for summer enjoyments and winter retirements for those sick of crowded cities.

Unlike many Scottish emigrants of the period, it does not appear that the MacEachern family were driven to emigrate by the dire harshness of their surroundings or their inability to provide sustenance for themselves. It would seem, rather, that they were drawn by the shimmering vision of a land of greater freedom and opportunity on the other side of the sea, and by the beckoning letters of friends and relatives who had already sailed away. Accor-ding to MacEachern, his father's deci-sion was primarily "for the future good prospect of a wider field of action for his then many young sons." The ex-perience of this one family in 1830 con-forms to Professor J.M. Bumsted's description of emigration from Scotland earlier in the century as a "conscious decision by a proud people who were reasonably successful economically in their traditional environment."*

Finally, after many years of hoping, the long-awaited opportunity for emigration presented itself. The family moved quickly.

Early in the spring of 1830 we heard of a vessel sailing to Prince Edward Island where my father's brother had gone in 1821 and we thought it would be a good opportunity for us, as few or none sailed from Clyde for that place and we were informed that it was a Priest MacDonald from the Island that chartered her to bring set-tlers for his own Estate...this was a brother to Mr. Donald Macdonald of Tracadie in this Island from Glenaladale in Scotland. The vessel was the Corsair brig of Greenock. Captain James Hamilton of which more afterword. Accordingly we resolved to prepare to leave for America being tired of a servil life in the lowlands of Scotland and my father since my remembrance seem-ed to have a great wish to go to America but could never put together what would bring the family there; we now had a great opportunity.

* J.M. Bumsted, "Scottish Emigration to the Maritimes 1770-1815: A New Look at an Old Theme," Acadiensis, Spring, 1981, p. 80. Also see J.M. Bumsted, "Lord Selkirk of Prince Ed-ward Island," The Island Magazine, Number Five, 1978.

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The Ocean Voyage Like most prospective emigrants the

MacEacherns were unsure what preparations were appropriate for this epic event in their lives. Even though there had been correspondence with relatives on Prince Edward Island over many years, the advice they received proved to be poor. MacEachern remembered ruefully that they spent a great deal of money for goods and sup-plies in Greenock which could have been purchased more cheaply on Prince Edward Island. "We were mis-led," he says, "by letters telling us to bring this and that as if we were going to an uninhabited Island in the uttermost parts of the earth where nothing could be got but what we could bring with us."

Finally, the preparations finished, it was time to sail. MacEachern's graphic account of the leavetaking, and of the first days on board the ship, including his description of a tragic storm, are reproduced here in their entirety.

After having fitted ourselves we were ready to sail from the Clyde on Saturday evening the 3rd of April and on Sabbath we were towed out to the "Tail of the Bank" and cast an-chor waiting for the first favourable wind.

My uncle, Neil Fletcher, whom we left in Roseneath came to see us again there on Monday to whom we bade a long farewell, and a kinder Uncle could scarcely be, and we sail-ed on Tuesday p.m. I think the 6th of April, 1830.

I see by the almanac of 1830 that my father marked the 6th as our departure from Greenock and Wednesday, May 18, our landing in Charlottetown, J.MacE. 1870.*

We had head winds going out the Firth of Clyde on the third day we laid our cource on Friday at Torry Lighthouse to cross the Atlantic be-ing by compass West by Nor. Next day we sailed in sight of the west coast of Ireland till the afternoon when the Captain called the Irish passengers to see a last look at their native land as it was fast receding from sight.

Many were the legendes of ancient times that were repeated by the aged men of Patrick, Columb-Kille etc.

' This short paragraph was added to the record by MacEachern five years after the original writing was done. It is interesting to note that the keep-ing of an "almanac" or record of events was a practice MacEachern seems to have picked up from his father. It was also one he would pass on to his son.

In the course of the night it blew a gale and many were the wailings of the Irish women, but it was only the first of a succession of contrary storms; a week after we lost sight of Ireland after daylight a squall with a thick fog carried away our main and fore topmasts under full sail and a smart boy from Greenock, an only son was hurled from the topgallant yard while in the act of furling the sail; when the masts were carried away he and another Isle of Skye boy of the name of MacQuaig were on each end of the yard which tipt over the one end turning in and the other out on which was the unfor-tunate boy who was slung twenty yards from the vessel and on his ris-ing to the surface he swam on his back against the breakers till the fog obscured him from sight. The ship became unmanageable but the crew ran to lower the boat, but the Cap-tain prevented them, saying that everyone of them would be lost. In-deed, I believe he was right as the boat was a poor one and across the stern and would fill in the lowering. The laws were not so much put in force then as now in regard to ships being fitted with good boats. This disaster was the means of our

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passage being a tedious one as the vessel had to be rigged of a new on the main ocean tho' providentially we had two spare topmasts on board but the weather being stormy we had much delay though the Captain was a ship carpenter and an active able young man. Yet before we made land she was full rigged again to royalmasts.

It was something strange when the masts were carried overboard that the foremast fell to the windward side, whereby the lad was pitched to windward and on that account nothing could be thrown to him as the vessel was unmanageable and drifting fast to leeward, being in piteous plight with sails and riggings, yards, etc. across the stumps of top-masts, reminding me of a weeping young woman with dishevelled long hair tossed in every direction.

The rain in the meantime fell in torrents while the sea broke in sometimes to windward, the Captain jumped from his bed in his drawers, taking an axe in one hand mounted the rigging to cut and tear away the hanging rigging, the shouting of mate and second mate to the men, the vanishing in the fog of the swimming smart boy, etc. was a scene I thought at the time would ever remain on my mind. When the Captain came down he wished me to take the wheel as he wanted all the men to take in the rig-ging, which I did for some time, my father and every one that could lent them a hand. This was on a Friday, the weather got more moderate and dry and everyone helped, they work-ed on the Sabbath next it being fair, wishing to get as much as possible done before another storm; which in-deed were frequent as we were many a time hove to, under a close reefed main topsail, the wind being contrary so that we never lay our course since we left Ireland till we got soundings on the Banks of New-foundland; there was a birth on the passage and on a stormy night, too.

The loss of the boy in the storm, and the birth of a child, also in a storm, seem to have been for MacEachern the most deeply-etched memories of the ocean voyage; and though he doesn't say it explicitly, they were also singularly powerful metaphors of the emigration experience.

The boy disappearing in the fog and being left behind must certainly have been associated in the minds of the sur-

vivors with that part of their lives which was forever gone. And when the news spread among the passengers that in the midst of the dark stormy night a child had been born, it must have quickened hope within them that out of their sor-rows a new life of promise was about to begin.

Arrival on the Island After many weeks the greatly-

anticipated day finally arrived, the day of the first sighting of the New World.

The first land we made was the east shore of Cape Breton not far from the Gut of Canso on a Sabbath early in the morning it being foggy the breakers foaming white on the rocks was the first thing the mate observed. The day turned fine and much was the joy of the passengers male and female to see inhabited land after such a baffling voyage. Next day was fine and the calm caused us to cast anchor in Plaster Cove in the Gut of Canso and several of the passengers landed on Cape Breton side, but a fine breeze springing up the clinking of the windlass warned us to haste to vessel many of our countrymen with boats attended on us.

Next morning we were sailing along the Woody Islands but off Bell-Creek our vessel grounded on a bank not laid on their chart which de-

tained us till the next high water when signalizing to MacLeod the

then pilot from Point Prim who con-ducted us safe to Charlotte Town harbour.

The MacEacherns and the other passengers had now been at sea for almost seven weeks. At last, the long tedious ordeal of fog, rough water, seasickness, cramped quarters, stale food, and tainted water was ended. It was now time to measure the reality against the vision of imagination and ex-pectation which each passenger had been carrying in his head for months; or, in the case of some like Dougald MacEachern, for many years.

One can imagine the MacEachern family, father, mother, six stout sons, and four-year-old Christina, together at the rail, sharing the excitement of the moment. As they were a religious fami-ly, there must also have been in their hearts a prayer of thanksgiving to that kind Providence which had landed them safe on this side, and which, they trusted, would now stand by them dur-ing the uncertain days ahead.

In the morning of Wednesday, the 19th of May 1830 we began to look around us in Charlottetown harbour I admired the land-locked situation thereof and the appearance of the farms around the rivers that lead thereto, indeed they almost looked as well then as at the time of writing this description thereof tho' 36 years has elapsed, with the exception of

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some additional houses in a few places. Tho' Charlottetown improv-ed vastly till the last destructive fire in July last which is said to have destroyed 108 houses. There was only one brick house when we came but there were some pretty good edifices such as Mr. Holland's at or near the burying ground....As to the wharf that was only a short piece of Queens wharf as far out as the fishery boats land their fish, and the first Steamer that called into Char-lottetown was in 1830, a small one from some of the mines, the "Richard Smith" it was named.

The Government House and Pro-vince Building, the Academy, all the present Churches, the Poplar Island Bridge, wharfs, etc., were all put up since our arrival.

We remained in Charlottetown two or more days after our arrival at Donald MacFadyen's the tailor, my cousin, till my Uncle Neil from

Canoe Cove went in to meet us.

O n e c o u l d only wish t h a t MacEachern had paused at the time to write a more complete description of all that he saw and experienced. He seemed pleased enough with the ap-pearance of Charlottetown and the sur-rounding area, but unfortunately men-tions practically nothing about the family's first impressions and ex-periences in their new southshore com-munity of Big Point. In one place only does MacEachern give some inkling of the rigours of pioneer life. When describing the labours of the Reverend Donald McDonald, a Church of Scotland minister who arrived in the colony shortly before the MacEacherns, he states, "...those who do not know the state of the Country for a long time after Mr. McDonald's arrival here can hardly form any idea of the hardships and discomforts he must have ex-perienced." Being citizens of the same

raw society one can only presume that the MacEachern family likewise ex-perienced hardships which would be difficult for succeeding generations even to imagine.

A more extensive account of these early conditions might have t en forthcoming had it not been for the fact that shortly after their arrival the MacEachern family was caught up in a powerful frontier revival that was sweeping through many pioneer set-tlements under the charismatic leader-ship of the aforementioned Donald McDonald.* At the very point :n the Journal where one might expect an ac-count of clearing the land, planting crops, blazing roads, and building log buildings, one reads instead of the

* For an account of the life of Donald McDonald, see " The Minister': The Reverend Donald McDonald" by David Weale, The Island Magazine, Number Three, Fall-Winter 1977, pp. 1-6.

Public Archives of Prince Edward Island

A View of Charlottetown Harbour, about 1830, by artist George Thresher.

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"blessed revival" and its dramatic effect on members of the family. But more of that later.

Before they had even seen their in-tended community there was an at-tempt to lure the MacEachern family away from Prince Edward Island. The Captain of their ship, James Hamilton, was continuing on to the Bay of Chaleur area in New Brunswick, and attempted to persuade Dougald MacEachern and his family to continue with him. With his extensive experience in agriculture and his family of hardy young men, MacEachern would have been a boon to any deve lop ing wi lderness community.

This Captain Hamilton's family were in good circumstances at home [in Scotland] and in the Bay of Chaleur area where they carried on ship-building and lumbering to the Clyde. The Captain was very partial to our family and before he left Char-lottetown he offered to take us free... and give us all employ that were of age to work and find us choice land and plenty of it.

The family, though doubtless pleased and flattered by the offer, declined. They would stay on Prince Edward Island for, as MacEachern explained, "our relatives were here," and "for to come here we left home."

After a brief sojourn in Charlottetown with relatives, the rested family was picked up by Dougald's brother Neil, who had emigrated a decade earlier.

...my Uncle Neil from Canoe Cove went to meet us in town when he heard of our arrival, and glad he was to meet his only brother and family. We accordingly came with him by land to his place and sent our lug-gage by boat to Canoe Cove. When we came it was an early spring the earliest since the woods were in full leaf on the 17th May. . . .

My Uncle at Canoe Cove had plenty of land burnt for potatoes and also our cousin John who had began next to Wm. Brien on Big Point, or (Rice Point in Chart) we planted a great field in each place by which we had plenty for use and seed as in those times they grew abundantly and of the best quality the crop of potatoes on the Island were so abun-dant that the next summer they were sold for four pence a bushel and some greenhouses on this shore were filled till cleared out for room

for the new next autumn. All the crops grew well then before the rot or blight made its appearance. . . .

Unlike the MacEacherns there were many immigrant families who enjoyed neither the warm welcome and succour of family, nor the availability of cleared land in which to plant a crop for that first terrible winter. The story of these less fortunate emigrants was often a grim one.

The MacEachern family members began almost immediately to go their separate ways. John and Donald began to clear land for themselves on property leased from the Fannings near the eastern end of the Big Point settlement. Their father, Dougald, cleared a farm farther to the west in the same settle-ment. He did this with the help of his son Neil, the only one of the brothers to stay with his parents.

In time five of the seven children in the MacEachern family would once again board a boat and sail away in search of greater opportunity, a pattern which would become commonplace in Prince Edward Island history. Charles, the third oldest, went to New Brunswick and eventually to Maine; after the death of their father, Neil, the youngest son, moved almost directly across the Strait to Buctouche, New Brunswick, and raised a large family there; Christina, the youngest of all the children, married a Robert Hill from Charlottetown and eventually moved to Boston; Duncan, the fourth oldest, seems to have been in Boston for a while, but at the time of the writing of MacEachern's Journal in 1866 the family on the Island had lost track of him. It was the same with Dougald, the fifth oldest. He went to sea in 1838, but returned to the Island for a brief period in the late 1840s. After the death of his father in 1846 he sold the home place and in 1849 sailed away again, this time as a mate on one of the ships of local merchant and shipbuilder, Francis Longworth. At the time of his writing, MacEachern was not sure of the whereabouts of this sea-faring brother.

In the light of this outmigration of family members, it is interesting once aga in to ref lect on Douga ld MacEachern's principal motive for mov-ing from Scotland to Prince Edward Island, "...for the future good prospect of a wider field of action for his then many young sons."

The only two children who remained for the rest of their lives on Prince Ed-ward Island were John, the oldest, and his brother Donald, the second oldest.

These two lived side by side on their farms in Big Point, each raising a large family there and becoming active and prominent community members.

A curious story of these two men was related to the author by one of the descendants of Donald MacEachern. Apparently it was passed down in the oral tradition of the family that on each day of their lives these two brothers, upon meeting for the first time, would shake hands and exchange greetings, "Good morning, Donald." "Good mor-ning, John."

The life of these men and their families as they worked to establish themselves on their farms must be regarded as the most representative and quintessential experience of life in Prince Edward Island during this era. Like so many thousands of others they came with very little but hope and the determination to make a better life for themselves. One way or another they survived. Some even prospered. For-tunately, many aspects of that ex-perience have been preserved in the volumes of John MacEachern's Diary, the subject of part two of this article.

Acknowledgements I am grateful to Mrs. Irene Rogers of

Charlottetown who informed me of the existence of the MacEachern diaries; to Mrs. Isabel Gorveatt (nee Isabel MacEachern) of Charlottetown who made it possible for me to study the diaries, and encouraged me to make them available in some form to a wider audience; to Mrs. Margaret Manson, deceased, from whom I was able to ob-tain a copy of MacEachern's Journal; and to Mrs. Jean MacQuarrie (nee Jean MacDougall) of Charlottetown for her assistance and hospitality.

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