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•'SOME GEOCHRONOLOG1CAL APPLICATIONS OF 2 1 ° P b IN THE COASTAL MARINE AND FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS" A thesis submitted to the University of Glasgow in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN October 1978 Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ

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Page 1: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

•'SOME GEOCHRONOLOG1CAL APPLICATIONS OF 21°Pb IN

THE COASTAL MARINE AND FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS"

A t h e s i s s u b m i t t e d t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Glasgow

i n f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e d e g r e e o f

D o c t o r o f P h i l o s o p h y

by

DAVID SAMUEL SWAN

O c t o b e r 1978

D e p a r t m e n t o f C h e m i s t r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f G lasgow , G lasgow G12 8QQ

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ProQuest Number: 13804169

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a note will indicate the deletion.

uestProQuest 13804169

Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author.

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C O N T E N T S

L i s t o f f i g u r e s

L i s t o f t a b l e s

L i s t o f p l a t e s

A ck n o w led g em en ts

P age

L i s t o f f i g u r e s

L i s t o f t a b l e s

L i s t o f p l a t e s

A ck n o w led g em en ts

A b s t r a c t

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

1*1 S e d i m e n t s : C o m p o s i t i o n and P r o p e r t i e s 1

1*2 G e o c h r o n o l o g y o f r e c e n t s e d i m e n t s ; 10

H i s t o r y and t h e o r y o f ^ ^ P b d a t i n g ; 13

A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e d a t i n g m e th o d ; 20

C o m p le m en ta ry r a d i o m e t r i c d a t i n g t e c h n i q u e s 29

1*3 B a c k g ro u n d t o t h e a r e a s u n d e r s t u d y 36

C lyde Sea A re a 36

Loch Lomond 56

C i l i c i a B a s i n ( E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n ) 61

1 »4 Aims o f R e s e a r c h 64

CHAPTER 2 - EXPERIMENTAL

2*1 I n t r o d u c t i o n : G e n e r a l o u t l i n e o f e x p e r i m e n t a l

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , 65

2*2 Sample c o l l e c t i o n and h a n d l i n g ; 72

C lyde Sea A re a s e d i m e n t s ; 72

Loch Lomond s e d i m e n t ; 77

E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a s e d i m e n t 79

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CHAPTER 2 ( c o n t 1d) Page

2*3 Sample p r e p a r a t i o n and s u b s i d i a r y a n a l y s e s 80

Sample p r e p a r a t i o n 80

S u b s i d i a r y a n a l y s e s 80

T r a c e m e t a l a n a l y s i s 80

C a lc iu m c a r b o n a t e a n a l y s i s 81

P a r t i c l e d e n s i t y d e t e r m i n a t i o n 82

2*4 Sample d i s s o l u t i o n and r a d i o c h e m i c a l a n a l y s e s 84

Sample d i s s o l u t i o n 84

^ ^ P b a n a l y s i s 87

N u c l e a r c o u n t i n g t e c h n i q u e - a s p e c t r o m e t r y 98226 Ra a n a l y s i s and n u c l e a r c o u n t i n g t e c h n i q u e 105

R a d i o c a e s i u m a n a l y s i s and n u c l e a r c o u n t i n g

t e c h n i q u e 112

2*5 R e p r o d u c i b i l i t y 114

CHAPTER 3 - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3*1 G e n e r a l a p p r o a c h 120

3*2 E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n 136

3*3 Loch Lomond 152

3*4 C lyde s e a - l o c h s e d i m e n t s : G a r e l o c h and

Loch G o i l 175

G a r e l o c h 175

Loch G o i l 182

S t a t i o n 1 204

S t a t i o n 2 215

3*5 Summary and G e n e r a l C o n c l u s i o n s 26 8

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PageAPPENDIX 1

P a r t i c l e s i z e a n a l y s i s 279

APPENDIX 2

Sample c a l c u l a t i o n s an d c o m p u te r p rogram m es 28421 0C a l c u l a t i o n o f Pb a c t i v i t y i n s e d i m e n t 284226C a l c u l a t i o n o f Ra a c t i v i t y i n s e d i m e n t 287

REFERENCES 291

ooOoo-----

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LIST- OF FIGURES

F i g u r e

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

A n n u a l t r a n s f e r o f e r o s i o n p r o d u c t s t o

t h e o c e a n .

F i g u r e s a r e i n u n i t s o f 1 0 ^ g , F i g u r e s

i n p a r e n t h e s e s r e f e r t o d i s s o l v e d p r o d u c t s .

Exch an g e o f m a t t e r i n an i d e a l i s e d e s t u a r i n e

s y s t e m

The 23^U, 235U and 232Th n a t u r a l d e c a y s e r i e s ;

v e r t i c a l a r r o w s d e n o t e a l p h a d e c a y and s l a n t e d

a r r o w s b e t a d e c a y ; t h e number b e n e a t h e a c h

sym bol o f t h e i s o t o p e s d e n o t e s t h e h a l f - l i f e

W a te r c o n t e n t o f Loch G o i l s e d i m e n t

The C ly d e S ea A re a

V a r i a t i o n o f d i s s o l v e d oxygen i n b o t t o m w a t e r

o f Loch G o i l d u r i n g 19 7 4 ,

S u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s i n t h e n o r t h e r n r e g i o n o f

t h e C lyde S e a A re a

G a r e l o c h ; l a t e r a l s e c t i o n s and s e c t i o n a l o n g

a x i s o f g r e a t e s t d e p t h

Loch G o i l ; l a t e r a l s e c t i o n s and s e c t i o n a l o n g

a x i s o f g r e a t e s t d e p t h

The C i l i c i a B a s i n , E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n

F low d i a g r a m o f r a d i o a n a l y t i c a l s e p a r a t i o n s

T y p i c a l a - s p e c t r u r a

T y p i c a l Y“ s Pe c ^ rum

S e c t i o n s o f C r a i b and g r a v i t y c o r e r s

Page

2

7

14

22

37

44

47

54

55

62

68

69

70

73

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F i g u r e Page

15 F r e e z e r / t r a n s p o r t e r f o r g r a v i t y c o r e s 76

16 S e c t i o n o f M a c k e r e t h m i n i - c o r e r 78

17 P o lo n i u m p l a t i n g c e l l 92

18 S c h e m a t i c s o f a l p h a s u r f a c e b a r r i e r d e t e c t o r

and a l p h a s o u r c e / d e t e c t o r a s s e m b l y 99

19 B l o c k d i a g r a m o f a - s p e c t r o m e t e r 10322220 Rn e m a n a t i o n s y s t e m 106

22221 Rn d e t e c t o r / p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r a s s e m b l y 108

22 Graph o f d e c a y o f ^ ^ R n 11121023 D e p th p r o f i l e s o f u n c o r r e c t e d t o t a l Pb

210and s a l t c o r r e c t e d t o t a l Pb a c t i v i t i e s

f o r Loch G o i l g r a v i t y c o r e LGG5, 127

24 T o t a l ^ ^ P b and ^ ^ R a p r o f i l e s f o r t h e

E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n Core 146

25 a P o r o s i t y p r o f i l e f o r t h e E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n

c o r e ,

b Curve o f age ( c a l e n d a r d a t e ) v e r s u s d e p t h f o r

t h e E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n c o r e , 14721 026 D e p th p r o f i l e o f e x c e s s Pb f o r th e

E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n c o r e 148

27 C i l i c i a B a s i n s a m p l i n g s t a t i o n 149

28 Loch Lomond s a m p l i n g s t a t i o n 165

29 D e p th p r o f i l e s o f t o t a l ^ ^ P b and ^^^Ra f o r

Loch Lomond m i n i - M a c k e r e t h c o r e LLRPM1 166

1 3730 Cs p r o f i l e f o r Loch Lomond m i n i - M a c k e r e t h

c o r e LLRPM1 167

31 P o r o s i t y p r o f i l e f o r Loch Lomond m i n i - M a c k e r e t h

c o r e LLRPM1 168

32 D e p th p r o f i l e o f e x c e s s 210p^ f o r l , Lomond

m i n i - M a c k e r e t h c o r e LLRPM1 169

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F ig u r e

33 Curve o f age ( c a l e n d a r d a t e ) a g a i n s t d e p t h

f o r Loch Lomond c o r e LLRPM1, b a s e d on

- 2 -1s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 22 mg,cm y

34 M a g n e t i c m e a s u r e m e n t s on Loch Lomond m i n i -

M a c k e r e t h c o r e LLRPM1

34a Curve o f age ( c a l e n d a r d a t e ) a g a i n s t d e p t h

f o r Loch Lomond c o r e LLRPM1 b a s e d on- 2 -1s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s o f 22 mg,cm y t o a

—2 —1d e p t h o f 8 cms . and 63 mg,cm y a t g r e a t e r

d e p t h s 1435 C a g e s f o r Loch Lomond M a c k e r e t h c o r e

LLRDM1

36 L ead p r o f i l e f o r Loch Lomond m i n i - M a c k e r e t h

c o r e LLRPM1

37 G a r e l o c h s a m p l i n g s t a t i o n

38 D e p th p r o f i l e s o f t o t a l ^ ^ P b and ^ ^ R a f o r

G a r e l o c h g r a v i t y c o r e GLG2

39 R a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e f o r G a r e l o c h g r a v i t y

c o r e GLG2

40 P o r o s i t y p r o f i l e f o r G a r e l o c h g r a v i t y c o r e

GLG2

41 L ead p r o f i l e f o r G a r e l o c h g r a v i t y c o r e GLG221042 D ep th p r o f i l e o f e x c e s s Pb f o r G a r e l o c h

g r a v i t y c o r e GLG2

43 A g e / d e p t h c u r v e f o r G a r e l o c h g r a v i t y c o r e

GLG2

44 Depth p r o f i l e s o f t o t a l ^ ^Pb and ^ ^ R a f o r

G a r e l o c h C r a i b c o r e GLC3

Page

170

171

172

173

174

183

189

190

191

192

193

194

198

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F i g u r e Page

45 R a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e f o r G a r e l o c h C r a i b

c o r e GLC3 199

46 P o r o s i t y p r o f i l e f o r G a r e l o c h C r a i b c o r e

GLC3 20021 047 D ep th p r o f i l e o f e x c e s s Pb f o r G a r e l o c h

C r a i b c o r e GLC3 201

48 P o r o s i t y p r o f i l e f o r G a r e l o c h C r a i b c o r e

GLC2 200

49 Curve o f age ( c a l e n d a r d a t e ) v e r s u s d e p t h

f o r G a r e l o c h C r a i b c o r e GLC3 202

50 Lead p r o f i l e f o r G a r e l o c h C r a i b c o r e GLC2 203

51 Loch G o i l s a m p l i n g s t a t i o n s 221

52 D e p th p r o f i l e s o f t o t a l ^ ^Pb and ^ ^ R a f o r

Loch G o i l g r a v i t y c o r e LGG5 227

53 R a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l g r a v i t y

c o r e LGG5 228

54 P o r o s i t y p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l g r a v i t y co re

LGG5 22921 055 D ep th p r o f i l e o f e x c e s s Pb f o r Loch G o i l

g r a v i t y c o r e LGG5 230

56 Curve o f age ( c a l e n d a r d a t e ) v e r s u s d e p t h f o r

Loch G o i l g r a v i t y c o r e LGG5 231

57 Lead p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l g r a v i t y c o r e LGG5 232

58 D e p th p r o f i l e s o f t o t a l ^ ^ P b and ^ ^ R a f o r

Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC2 236

59 R a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l C r a i b

c o r e LGC2 237

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F i g u r e

60 D e p th p r o f i l e s o f t o t a l and ^ ^ R a

f o r Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC9

61 R a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l C r a i b

c o r e LGC9

62 a P o r o s i t y p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l C r a i b

c o r e LGC9

b P o r o s i t y p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l C r a i b .

c o r e LGC221 063 D ep th p r o f i l e o f e x c e s s Pb f o r Loch G o i l

C r a i b c o r e LGC9

64 Curve o f age ( c a l e n d a r d a t e ) v e r s u s d e p t h f o r

Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC9

65 Lead p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC9

66 D e p th p r o f i l e o f t o t a l ^ ^ P b and ^ ^ R a f o r

Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC4

67 P o r o s i t y p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC4

68 R a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l C r a i b

c o r e LGC421 069 D e p th p r o f i l e o f e x c e s s Pb f o r Loch G o i l

C r a i b c o r e LGC4

70 Curve o f age ( c a l e n d a r d a t e ) a g a i n s t d e p t h

f o r Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC4

71 Lead p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC4

Page

241

242

243

244

245

246

250

251

252

253

254

255

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LIST OF TABLES

T a b l e

1 P h y s i c a l d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e C lyde Sea A rea

2 Some m a j o r p o l l u t a n t i n p u t s t o t h e C lyde

S e a A re a

3 P h y s i c a l d i m e n s i o n s o f Loch Lomond

4 P a r t i a l d e c a y schem es f o r ^ ^ C s and ^ ^ C s

(Led e r e r e t a l . , 1967) sh o w in g t h e x - r a y s

d i a g n o s t i c o f t h e r a d i o c a e s i u m i s o t o p e sc 210™ 2 2 6 d , 1 37P * i •5 P b , Ra and Cs c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n

f r a c t i o n a l d i s s o l u t i o n o f s e d i m e n t f rom

Loch G o i l c o r e LGC1 (8 * 4 * 7 5 )21 06 R e a n a l y s i s o f Pb i n s o l u t i o n s o r i g i n a l l y

e x h a u s t i v e l y s t r i p p e d o f p o lo n iu m i s o t o p e s210and s t o r e d t o a l l o w r e g r o w t h o f Po

2107 R e p e a t d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f Pb i n s a m p le s

(6N i n HCl) s t o r e d i n g l a s s c o n t a i n e r s f o r

p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d s ,

8 a - s p e c t r o m e t r y ; d e t e c t o r b a c k g r o u n d s and

s i l v e r d i s c b l a n k s 2229 Rn d e t e c t o r b a c k g r o u n d s and e f f i c i e n c i e s

21010 R e s u l t s o f Pb r e p l i c a t e m e a s u r e m e n t s22611 a R e s u l t s o f Ra r e p l i c a t e a n a l y s e s

226b R e s u l t s o f r e p e a t a n a l y s e s f o r Ra on

one s am p le s o l u t i o n 21012 R e s u l t s o f Pb d u p l i c a t e a n a l y s e s

B a g s

38

40

57

67

85

94

96

97

110

115

116

116

117

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Zm j

118

124

125

129

131

133

143

144

145

150

151

161

162

226R e s u l t s o f Ra d u p l i c a t e a n a l y s e s

C o m p ar i so n o f p o r o s i t y c o r r e c t e d and

u n c o r r e c t e d s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s f o r some

c o r e s a n a l y s e d i n t h i s s t u d y

A g e / d e p t h r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r Loch Lomond

c o r e LLRPM1 d e r i v e d f rom p o r o s i t y

c o r r e c t e d and u n c o r r e c t e d s e d i m e n t a t i o n

r a t e s

C o m p ar i so n o f ^ ^ R a and ' a t - d e p t h ' ^ ^Pb

a c t i v i t i e s f o r G a r e l o c h g r a v i t y c o r e GLG2 210C o m p ar i so n o f Pb m e a s u r e m e n t s i n G a r e l o c h

g r a v i t y c o r e GLG2 by H a r w e l l and Glasgow

l a b o r a t o r i e s226C o m p ar i so n o f mean Ra a c t i v i t i e s and mean

21 0Pb a c t i v i t i e s m e a s u r e d a t d e p t h i n

' l o n g 1 c o r e s

B a c k g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n f o r C i l i c i a B a s i n

g r a v i t y c o r e 188

C h em ica l and m i n e r a l o g i c a l a n a l y s e s o f g r a b

s a m p l e s f rom a t a t i o n 188

C i l i c i a B a s i n g r a v i t y c o r e 188 ; r e s u l t s o f

a n a l y t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

G e o g r a p h i c a l v a r i a t i o n o f mean a n n u a l f l u x 210o f Pb i n p r e c i p i t a t i o n

C h em ica l a n a l y s e s on C i l i c i a B a s i n c o r e 1092

B ac k g ro u n d i n f o r m a t i o n on Loch Lomond

c o r e LLRPM1

Loch Lomond m i n i - M a c k e r e t h c o r e , LLRPM1;

r e s u l t s o f a n a l y t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

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Table Page

26 B ac k g ro u n d i n f o r m a t i o n f o r G a r e l o c h

g r a v i t y c o r e GLG2 184

27 G a r e l o c h g r a v i t y c o r e GLG2; r e s u l t s o f

a n a l y t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s 1 8 5 /1 8 8

28 B a c k g ro u n d i n f o r m a t i o n f o r G a r e l o c h

C r a i b c o r e GLC3 195

29 G a r e l o c h C r a i b c o r e GLC3; r e s u l t s o f

a n a l y t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s 1 9 6 /1 9 7

30 B ac k g ro u n d i n f o r m a t i o n f o r Loch G o i l g r a v i t y

c o r e LGG5 222

31 Loch G o i l g r a v i t y c o r e LGG5; r e s u l t s o f

a n a l y t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s 2 2 3 /2 2 6

32 B a c k g ro u n d i n f o r m a t i o n f o r Loch G o i l C r a i b

c o r e LGC2 233

33 Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC2; r e s u l t s o f

a n a l y t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s 2 3 4 /2 3 5

34 B a c k g ro u n d i n f o r m a t i o n f o r Loch G o i l C r a i b

c o r e LGC9 238

35 Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC9; r e s u l t s o f

a n a l y t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s 2 3 9 /2 4 0

36 B a c k g ro u n d i n f o r m a t i o n f o r Loch G o i l C r a i b

c o r e LGC4 247

37 Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC4; r e s u l t s o f

a n a l y t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s 2 4 8 /2 4 9

38 Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC8; s t a t i o n 1:

P a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n ( ° /c ) 260

39 Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC8; s t a t i o n 1:

C l a y m i n e r a l c o m p o s i t i o n ( ' / ) by X - r a y

d i f f r a c t o m e t r y 260

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T a b l e Page

40 S e t t l i n g t i m e s f o r c l a y ( e q u i v a l e n t

s e t t l i n g d i a m e t e r ^ 1 »4 pm a n d ^ 2 0 pm)

a t 10 cms, d e p t h 281

41 Programme i n F o r t r a n IV f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n210o f Pb a c t i v i t y i n s e d i m e n t 286

42 Programme i n F o r t r a n IV f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n

o f ^ ^ R a a c t i v i t y i n s e d i m e n t 2 8 9 /2 9 0

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LIST OF PLATES

PLATE 1 X - r a d i o g r a p h o f C r a i b c o r e LGC9

f rom Loch G o i l s t a t i o n 1

PLATE 2 X - r a d i o g r a p h o f a C r a i b c o r e from

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am i n d e b t e d t o many p e o p l e b o t h d i r e c t l y and i n d i r e c t l y . I n p a r t i c u l a r , h o w e v e r , I e x p r e s s my s i n c e r e g r a t i t u d e t o my s u p e r v i s o r , Dr, M,S, B a x t e r , f o r g u i d a n c e , e n c o u r a g e m e n t and i n v a l u a b l e a d v i c e g i v e n t h r o u g h o u t .

My t h a n k s a r e a l s o due t o many o f t h e s t a f f o f t h e C lyde R i v e r P u r i f i c a t i o n Board f o r r e a d y p r o v i s i o n o f s a m p l i n g f a c i l i t i e s and f o r p r a c t i c a l e x p e r t i s e , e n t h u s i a s m and good humour d u r i n g s a m p l i n g s u r v e y s , o f t e n i n a d v e r s e c o n d i t i o n s ; i n p a r t i c u l a r I t h a n k J , C u r t i s , V, I n g r a m , T, J i c k e l l s ,(i, L a t o n a , Dr , T, L e a t h e r l a n d , D, MacKay, E. McBride and D r , A, N e w to n ,

I n c l u d e d i n t h i s t h e s i s a r e r e s u l t s o f c o l l e a g u e s i n v o l v e d i n c o m p le m e n ta r y s e d i m e n t s t u d i e s . S p e c i a l t h a n k s go to Dr , A,B, M ack en z ie and I G, M cK in ley f o r r a d i o c a e s i u m d a t a and t o Dr. J . G , P a rm e r f o r s t a b l e l e a d d a t a . Thanks a r e a l s o due t o Dr, W, J a c k f o r p r o v i s i o n o f f a c i l i t i e s f o r s e d i m e n t c o r e X - r a d i o g r a p h y and f o r h e l p f u l g e n e r a l a d v i c e , t o T. A i t c h i s o n f o r t h e w e i g h t e d l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s p rogram m e, and t o D r , A ,B , M ac k e n z ie f o r p e r m i s s i o n t o r e p r o d u c e s e v e r a l d i a g r a m s f rom h i s P h .D . t h e s i s . I n a d d i t i o n , I t h a n k K, MacKay f o r i n v a l u a b l e t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e and c a l c i u m c a r b o n a t e a n a l y s e s and t h e s t a f f o f t h e v i t a l g l a s s b l o w i n g , m e c h a n i c a l and e l e c t r i c a l w o rk sh o p s o f th e C h e m i s t r y D e p a r t m e n t ,

Amongst o t h e r s , Dr, H,M, B l a u e r , J , S m i t h - B r i g g s , Dr , J . A , C a m p b e l l , R. C r a w f o r d , J , D o c h e r t y , Dr, N, D r n d a r s k i , Dr , A ,E , F a l l i c k , Dr. J . G , F a r m e r , D, L o n n i e , Dr , T ,D ,B , Lyon,K, MacKay, A, M a c k ie , I , G , M cK in ley , A, Saad and D r , M ,J ,S t e n h o u s e fo rm ed a v e r y s p e c i a l g r o u p o f f r i e n d s who p r o v i d e ds t i m u l a t i n g c o n v e r s a t i o n and d i s c u s s i o n o f b o t h a s c i e n t i f i c and s o c i a l n a t u r e , a t work and a t p l a y ,

I am i n d e b t e d t o M rs . J , W h i te l a w f o r e x c e l l e n t t y p i n g ,t o Mrs , J , R o d g e r s f o r many e x c e l l e n t i l l u s t r a t i o n s an d t oR, Munro f o r p r i n t s , I a c k n o w le d g e w i t h g r a t i t u d e t h ef i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t o f th e S .R .C .

F i n a l l y , I w arm ly t h a n k my p a r e n t s and c l o s e f a m i l y f o rs u p p o r t and c o n t i n u o u s e n c o u r a g e m e n t d u r i n g t h i s s t u d y .

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ABSTRACT

0*1 A

R a d i o a n a l y t i c a l t e c h n i q u e s f o r Pb d a t i n g o f s e d i m e n t s21 0h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d . Pb i s m e a s u r e d i n d i r e c t l y v i a

a - s p e c t r o m e t r i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f i t s a - e m i t t i n g g r a n d - d a u g h t e r 210 226P o , Ra i s q u a n t i f i e d i n d i r e c t l y v i a s e p a r a t i o n and

g a s - p h a s e a - s c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t i n g o f i t s r a d i o a c t i v e r a r e - 222g a s d a u g h t e r , Rn', S e d im e n t c o r e s r e c o v e r e d f rom t h e C i l i c i a

B a s i n i n t h e E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n , Loch Lomond, a f r e s h w a t e r

l o c h i n w e s t c e n t r a l S c o t l a n d , and Loch G o i l and G a r e l o c h ,

two f j o r d - l i ^ e s e a - l o c h s o f t h e C lyde Sea A r e a , have b e e n210 226e x a m in e d f o r t h e i r Pb and Ra d i s t r i b u t i o n s , 1/here

210a p p r o p r i a t e Pb c h r o n o l o g i e s c o v e r i n g t h e l a s t 100 t o 1 50y

h av e b e en d e v e l o p e d . C om p lem en ta ry s t u d i e s i n c l u d e r a d i o ­

c a e s i u m and s t a b l e l e a d a n a l y s e s ,210I n i n t e r p r e t i n g Pb c h r o n o l o g i e s , t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f

c o r r e c t i n g d a t a f o r a number o f s e d i m e n t p r o p e r t i e s h a s b e e n226e m p h a s i s e d . T h u s , ( l ) Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n s s h o u l d be m e a s u r e d

t h r o u g h o u t t h e l e n g t h o f c o r e s b e f o r e mak ing c o r r e c t i o n f o r 210s u p p o r t e d Pb c o n t r i b u t i o n s , (2 ) i t i s e s s e n t i a l t o c o r r e c t

21 0Pb s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t i e s f o r v a r i a b l e w a t e r c o n t e n t s p r o d u c e d

i n s u r f i c i a l d e p o s i t s by c o m p a c t i o n p r o c e s s e s , and (3 ) i n t h e

c a s e o f m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s , v a r i a b l e s a l t - r e s i d u e s f rom i n t e r s t i t i a l210w a t e r s m us t be q u a n t i f i e d and a l l o w e d f o r i n Pb a c t i v i t y

c a l c u l a t i o n ,210B ased on t h e e x p o n e n t i a l d e c r e a s e o f e x c e s s Pb w i t h

—2 ~1 —1 d e p t h , a s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f a r o u n d 16 mg cm y (0*34rnm,y” )

i s e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e C i l i c i a B a s i n ; t h i s may, h o w e v e r , b e s t be

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r e g a r d e d a s a l o w e r l i m i t e s t i m a t e o f t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n r a t e

s i n c e t h e r e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e e v i d e n c e t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e

s e d i m e n t s u r f a c e was n o t r e c o v e r e d d u r i n g s a m p l i n g .

F o r Loch Lomond, a s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n r a t e o f 22 mg.cm”* * 1 1 137y ( 1 • 0 mm,y ) i s e s t i m a t e d . The p r e s e n c e o f Cs i n t h i s

c o r e , l a r g e l y c o n f i n e d to t h e u p p e r 2 t o 3 c m s . o f t h e d e p o s i t ,21 0i s c o n s i s t e n t b o t h w i t h t h e P b - d e r i v e d t i m e - s c a l e and w i t h

r e c o v e r y o f s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l ,210I n t h e p r i n c i p a l a r e a o f s t u d y , t h e C lyde S ea A r e a , Pb

i s shown t o be i n s u f f i c i e n t e x c e s s o v e r t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r226s e c u l a r e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h Ra t o p e r m i t i t s u s e a s a g e o -

c h r o n o l o g i c a l i n d i c a t o r i n t h e r e g i o n . I n G a r e l o c h and Loch

G o i l , c o n s i d e r a b l e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e a p p a r e n t i n t h e p a t t e r n s and

r a t e s o f r e c e n t s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n . F o r e x a m p l e , i n210 —2 —1 G a r e l o c h , a P b - b a s e d s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 540 rag. cm y

•*1 _o — 1( 1*5 cm .y” ) i s d e r i v e d , w h i l e v a l u e s o f 200 mg.cm” y ”—1 —2 “ 1 —*1 ( 6 mm.y” ) and 123 mg. cm y (3*5 m m j " ) a r e s i m i l a r l y

e s t i m a t e d f o r two s t a t i o n s i n Loch G o i l , S e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s

e s t i m a t e d f rom r a d i o c a e s i u m ( ^ ^ C s and ^ ^ C s ) d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e210i n g e n e r a l l y good a g r e e m e n t t o t h o s e b a s e d on P b , The m a j o r

210s o u r c e o f Pb t o t h e d e p o s i t s i s shown to i n v o l v e r i v e r and

s t r e a m p a r t i c u l a t e i n p u t s . Modern f l u x e s o f s t a b l e l e a d t o t h e

d e p o s i t s a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e o f p r e - i n d u s t r i a l

t i m e s . B o th r a d i o n u c l i d e e v i d e n c e and X - r a d i o g r a p h s o f f r o z e n

c o r e s i n d i c a t e Loch G o i l s e d i m e n t s t o be h o m o g e n e o u s ly r e w o r k e d

by b i o t u r b a t i o n t o d e p t h s o f 4 t o 6 cms. Of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t ,

Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y g r e a t e r i n t h e u p p e r few

c e n t i m e t r e s o f Loch G o i l s e d i m e n t s t h a n t h o s e a t d e p t h . T h i s 226' e x c e s s ' Ra i s a t t r i b u t e d t o i t s e n r i c h m e n t i n s i l i c e o u s

m a r i n e o r g a n i s m s , t h e r e m a i n s o f w h ic h a r e s u b s e q u e n t l y

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i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o b o t to m d e p o s i t s .

S e d im e n t c o r e s a n a l y s e d i n t h i s s t u d y have b e e n c o l l e c t e d

by a v a r i e t y o f c o r i n g d e v i c e s , v i z , c o n v e n t i o n a l s m a l l -

d i a m e t e r g r a v i t y c o r e r s , m i n i - M a c k e r e t h and C r a i b c o r e r s , t h e

l a t t e r two s o jn p le r s b e i n g s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s i g n e d t o c o l l e c t

u n d i s t u r b e d s a m p l e s o f s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t . One o f t h e m a jo r

f e a t u r e s o f t h i s s t u d y i s t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f r e s u l t s f rom b o t h

C r a i b and g r a v i t y c o r e s o f C lyde Sea A re a s e d i m e n t s . H i g h l y

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t r a c e r

s p e c i e s a r e e v i d e n t i n c o r e s c o l l e c t e d w i t h t h e s e d i f f e r e n t

s a m p l e r s a t i d e n t i c a l l o c a t i o n s . As a r e s u l t , t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y

o f c o n v e n t i o n a l s m a l l - d i a m e t e r g r a v i t y c o r i n g f o r c o l l e c t i o n o f

s e d i m e n t s i s q u e s t i o n e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n s t u d i e s , s u c h as 210 Pb d a t i n g , t o w h ic h r e c o v e r y o f v e r t i c a l l y u n d i s t u r b e d m a t e r i a l

i s c r i t i c a l .

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1 #1 S e d i m e n t s : C o m p o s i t i o n and P r o p e r t i e s

S e d i m e n t s have b e e n t h e s u b j e c t o f i n t e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n

by o c e a n o g r a p h e r s and m a r i n e g e o l o g i s t s f o r many y e a r s . I n d e e d ,

much o f o u r p r e s e n t k n o w led g e o f c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s e s o c c u r r i n g

w i t h i n t h e s e a h a s d e r i v e d f rom s t u d i e s on u n d e r l y i n g s e d i m e n t

d e p o s i t s . A l t h o u g h t h e s e d i m e n t m a t r i x i s h i g h l y v a r i a b l e ,

w i t h a w ide v a r i e t y o f m a t e r i a l s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e o v e r a l l

c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n , f o u r m a j o r s e d i m e n t a r y c o m p o n en t s c an be

r e c o g n i s e d - n a m e l y , d e t r i t a l , a u t h i g e n i c , b i o g e n i c an d cosm o-

g e n i c f r a c t i o n s , D e t r i t a l o r l i t h o g e n o u s m a t e r i a l i s t h a t

w h ic h d e r i v e s f rom t h e l a n d and c o m p r i s e s p a r t i c u l a t e s w h ich

r e s u l t f r o m t h e m e c h a n i c a l w e a t h e r i n g o f r o c k s and m i n e r a l s

e x p o s e d a t t h e e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e . R i v e r s a r e by f a r t h e l a r g e s t

t r a n s p o r t e r s o f d e t r i t a l m a t e r i a l t o t h e m a j o r w a t e r b o d i e s

( f i g , 1) and i n a d d i t i o n , c a r r y many s p e c i e s i n t r o d u c e d i n

s o l u t i o n t h r o u g h c h e m i c a l w e a t h e r i n g . I n t h e open o c e a n , a

f u r t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t s o u r c e o f l i t h o g e n o u s s e d i m e n t a r i s e s f rom

s u b m a r i n e v o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y , ( T e r r e s t r i a l v o l c a n i c e r u p t i o n s

can a l s o c o n t r i b u t e t o s e d i m e n t a t i o n , e , g , t h r o u g h a s h f a l l s ) ,

A u t h i g e n i c m a t e r i a l s a r e s o l i d p h a s e s w h ic h fo rm i n - s i t u

t h r o u g h p r e c i p i t a t i o n , a d s o r p t i o n and d i a g e n e t i c r e a c t i o n s .

Exam ples a r e b a r i t e , z e o l i t e s ( p h i l l i p s i t e ) , i r o n o x i d e s and t h e

much s t u d i e d m anganese n o d u l e s . The b i o g e n i c com p o n en t o f

s e d i m e n t d e r i v e s f rom t h e b i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t y o f t h e o v e r l y i n g

w a t e r s and c o n s i s t s o f t h e s k e l e t a l ( m a i n l y o p a l an d c a l c i t e )

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2

FIGURE 1 A nnua l t r a n s f e r o f e r o s i o n p r o d u c t s t o t h e

o c e a n F i g u r e s a r e i n u n i t s o f l O ^ g .

F i g u r e s i n p a r e n t h e s e s r e f e r t o d i s s o l v e d

p r o d u c t s (B ased on G a r r e l s and M acK enz ie , 1971)

(From D a v i e s and G o r s l i n e , 1976)

WINDBLOWN DUST 0 - 6

ICE 20 RIVERS I83 ( 4 2 )

GROUND WAT ER

C O A S T A L E R O S I O N 2-5

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3

an d o r g a n i c r e m a i n s o f o r g a n i s m s and p l a n t s . The c o sm o g e n ic

f r a c t i o n c o m p r i s e s m a t e r i a l d e r i v e d f rom o u t s i d e t h e e a r t h ' s

a t m o s p h e r e a n d , a l t h o u g h q u a n t i t a t i v e l y i n s i g n i f i c a n t i n

c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e o t h e r c o m p o n e n t s , i s p r e s e n t t o some e x t e n t

i n a l l s e d i m e n t s . Such m a t e r i a l i n c l u d e s m i c r o m e t e o r i t e s

an d t e k t i t e s

The r e l a t i v e c o m p o s i t i o n o f an y p a r t i c u l a r s e d i m e n t d e p e n d s

v e r y much on i t s e n v i r o n m e n t o f d e p o s i t i o n . However , i n a l l

e n v i r o n m e n t s , s e d i m e n t s a p p e a r t o e x e r t an i m p o r t a n t i n f l u e n c e

on t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e o v e r l y i n g w a t e r s due t o t h e r e m a r k ­

a b l e a b i l i t y o f t h e i r c o n s t i t u e n t s t o e f f i c i e n t l y remove many

s u b s t a n c e s f rom s o l u t i o n .

U nder i d e a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s , s e d i m e n t s a r e d e p o s i t e d i n a

l a y e r e d s e q u e n c e , e a c h l a y e r b e i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e

p a r t i c u l a r e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s p e r t a i n i n g a t t h e t i m e o f

d e p o s i t i o n . C o n s e q u e n t l y , i f a v e r t i c a l co lumn o f u n d i s t u r b e d

s e d i m e n t i s r e c o v e r e d f rom t h e s e a - f l o o r , s u b s e q u e n t c h e m i c a l ,

p h y s i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n o f i t s v a r i o u s s t r a t a c a n

d i s c l o s e a r e c o r d o f p a s t g e o l o g i c a l / c h e m i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t s .

O c c a s i o n a l l y , h o w e v e r , t h i s r e c o r d i s t o some e x t e n t b l u r r e d

due t o p a r t i a l h o m o g e n i s a t i o n o f t h e u p p e r l a y e r s o f t h e

d e p o s i t t h r o u g h p h y s i c a l / b i o l o g i c a l d i s t u r b a n c e . I n t e r r u p t i o n

o f t h e s t e a d y a c c u m u l a t i o n o f m a t e r i a l c a n a l s o a r i s e t h r o u g h

e p i s o d i c s u r g e s o f s e d i m e n t s u p p l y , e . g , t u r b i d i t e s i n t h e

d e e p - s e a ( E r i c s o n and V o l l i n , 1968) and s l u m p i n g , o r t h e e f f e c t s

o f v i o l e n t c l i m a t i c e v e n t s i n i n s h o r e o r l o c h a r e a s . Meade

(1 9 7 3 ) c o n c l u d e d t h a t p e r i o d i c f l o o d i n g o f some r i v e r s t h r o u g h

h u r r i c a n e a c t i v i t y c an p r o d u c e i n one week an amount o f d e t r i t u s

e q u i v a l e n t t o t h a t n o r m a l l y s u p p l i e d b y t h e same r i v e r i n s e v e r a l

y e a r s ,

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4

F o r many y e a r s , d e e p - s e a s e d i m e n t s , r e c o v e r e d by g r a v i t y

o r p i s t o n c o r e r s , h av e b e e n c a r e f u l l y ex am in ed and much

e v i d e n c e o f c h a n g i n g c l i m a t i c and g e o l o g i c c o n d i t i o n s on t i m e

s c a l e s e x t e n d i n g t o m i l l i o n s o f y e a r s h a s b e e n g a t h e r e d .

R e c e n t l y , h o w e v e r , i n v e s t i g a t i o n a l e m p h a s i s h a s t u r n e d t o s t u d y

o f c o a s t a l m a r i n e , e s t u a r i n e and l o c h s e d i m e n t s . T h i s c h an g e

i n p r i o r i t i e s h a s b e e n i n d u c e d by r i s i n g c o n c e r n o v e r t h e

i n c r e a s i n g vo lume o f n o n - d e g r a d a b l e m a t e r i a l s . ( p e t r o l e u m ,

h e a v y m e t a l s , a r t i f i c i a l r a d i o n u c l i d e s , a l i p h a t i c h y d r o c a r b o n s )

e n t e r i n g t h e h y d r o s p h e r e f rom man’ s c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s o v e r

t h e l a s t 200 y e a r s . F o r i n s t a n c e , some m e t a l s a r e now b e i n g

i n t r o d u c e d t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e and h y d r o s p h e r e i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

e q u i v a l e n t t o and i n some c a s e s e x c e e d i n g t h o s e m o b i l i s e d

n a t u r a l l y i n t h e m a j o r s e d i m e n t a r y c y c l e ( G o l d b e r g 1971 ,

P a t t e r s o n 1 9 7 1 ) , W hi le t h e p r e c i s e n a t u r e o f t h e r e m o v a l

p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d i s s t i l l p o o r l y u n d e r s t o o d , g e n e r a l t r e n d s

a r e a p p a r e n t ; a s i g n i f i c a n t f r a c t i o n o f d i s c h a r g e d w a s t e s ,

i n c l u d i n g many h e a v y - m e t a l s and man-made r a d i o n u c l i d e s , e x h i b i t

n o n - c o n s e r v a t i v e b e h a v i o u r ( i , e , a r e c h e m i c a l l y / b i o l o g i c a n y

r e a c t i v e ) i n t h e h y d r o s p h e r e , a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d by s e d i m e n t a r y

m a t e r i a l ( t h r o u g h a c o m b i n a t i o n o f i o n - e x c h a n g e , a d s o r p t i o n

an d a b s o r p t i o n r e a c t i o n s on t o Mn/Fe o x i d e s , l i v i n g and

d i s s o l v e d o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l and c l a y m i n e r a l s ) and a r e r a p i d l y

t r a n s f e r r e d t o s e d i m e n t s , E s t u a r i n e and l o c h s y s t e m s

( t r a d i t i o n a l s i t e s f o r human s e t t l e m e n t ) a d j a c e n t t o l o c a l

c e n t r e s o f d e n s e p o p u l a t i o n and i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t f a c e

t h e g r e a t e s t b u r d e n o f a n t h r o p o g e n i c d i s c h a r g e and a r e a l s o

o f t e n s u b j e c t t o h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e a bove r e a c t i v e

p a r t i c u l a t e m a t e r i a l s . As a r e s u l t , m a rk ed i n c r e a s e s i n t h e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f many h e a v y m e t a l s i n t h e u p p e r l a y e r s o f

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5

s e d i m e n t d e p o s i t s from s u c h e n v i r o n m e n t s ( a n d n o r m a l l y a t t r i b u t e d

t o human a c t i v i t i e s ) a r e r e g u l a r l y o b s e r v e d ( P r e s l e y e t a l , ,

1 9 7 2 ; B o r t l e s o n and L ee , 1972 ; A s t o n e t a l . , 1973; Chow

e t a l , , 1973 ; Thomson e t a l , , 1975; E d g i n g t o n and R o b b i n s ,

19 7 6 ; Matsumoto and Wong, 1977; G o l d b e r g e t a l . , 1 9 7 7 ) ;

s u r f a c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e o f t e n many t i m e s g r e a t e r t h a n

n a t u r a l l e v e l s f o u n d a t d e p t h i n t h e s e d i m e n t . Many a r t i f i c i a l

f a l l o u t r a d i o n u c l i d e s e n c o u n t e r e d g l o b a l l y due t o n u c l e a r

weapon d e t o n a t i o n s and l o c a l l y due t o t h e i r c o n t r o l l e d r e l e a s e

a s w a s t e s f rom n u c l e a r power and f u e l r e p r o c e s s i n g p l a n t s

a r e a l s o fo u n d c o n c e n t r a t e d i n s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s , ( U n i t e d

N a t i o n s , 1972 ; M i l l e r and S t a n n a r d , 1975; N a t i o n a l Academy

o f S c i e n c e s , 1971 ; M i t c h e l l , 1 9 7 5 ) ,

The e x t e n t t o w h ic h s e d i m e n t s c an be r e g a r d e d a s p e r m a n e n t

t r a p s o r s i n k s f o r d e p o s i t e d m a t e r i a l s r e m a i n s t o b e e s t a b l i s h e d ,

h o w e v e r , s i n c e r e m o b i l i s a t i o n o f c e r t a i n s p e c i e s c a n o c c u r w i t h ­

i n t h e s e d i m e n t column i n r e s p o n s e t o d i a g e n e t i c c h a n g e s i n d u c e d

by c h a n g i n g pH o r r e d o x p o t e n t i a l . At p r e s e n t t h i s t o p i c

r e p r e s e n t s a m a jo r f i e l d o f g e o c h e m i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,

E s t u a r i n e s e d i m e n t s a r e g e n e r a l l y c h e m i c a l l y r e d u c i n g b e lo w a

r e l a t i v e l y t h i n a e r a t e d u p p e r l a y e r and s p e c i e s u n d e r g o i n g

r e m o v a l p r o c e s s e s on t o p a r t i c u l a t e p h a s e s , u n d e r o x i d i s i n g

c o n d i t i o n s i n o v e r l y i n g w a t e r s , can become c h e m i c a l l y u n s t a b l e

a f t e r b u r i a l , when t h e e n v i r o n m e n t becomes r e d u c i n g . F o r

e x a m p l e , r e d i s s o l u t i o n o f some s p e c i e s ( e . g . Fe/Mn) i n t o

i n t e r s t i t i a l w a t e r s o f s e d i m e n t s c an o c c u r , f o l l o w e d by up w ard

m i g r a t i o n t o w a r d s t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e w here a

c o n c e n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t e x i s t s . Such d i f f u s i n g s p e c i e s can

s u b s e q u e n t l y r e a s s o c i a t e w i t h s o l i d m a t e r i a l s e n c o u n t e r e d i n

t h e o x y g e n a t e d s u r f a c e l a y e r o f t h e d e p o s i t o r d i f f u s e o u t o f

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6

t h e s e d i m e n t i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t ,

(The p o s s i b l e i m p o r t a n c e o f t r a c e - m e t a l , m e t a l - o r g a n i c i n t e r ­

a c t i o n s i n s t a b i l i s i n g d i s s o l v e d m e t a l s i n p o r e w a t e r s ha s

b e e n e m p h a s i s e d i n r e c e n t y e a r s , ( S i n g e r , 1 972 ; E l d e r f i e l d

and H e p w o r th , 1975; Yen, 1 9 7 7 ) . S e d i m e n t s c an t h e r e f o r e

u n d e r some c i r c u m s t a n c e s be r e g a r d e d a s a s o u r c e o f m a t e r i a l s

t o o v e r l y i n g w a t e r s , r a t h e r t h a n a s a r e p o s i t o r y f o r them,

T u r e k i a n ( 1 9 7 7 ) , h o w e v e r , h a s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e f a i l u r e t h u s

f a r t o o b t a i n d i r e c t ev idence f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a n t h r o p o g e n i c

c h a n g e s i n t h e open o c e a n c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f h e a v y m e t a l s i s

l a r g e l y a r e s u l t o f t h e i r p r e v i o u s e n t r a i n m e n t i n e s t u a r i n e and

c o a s t a l m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t s . W hi le t h e r e may be movement o f

some h e a v y m e t a l s i n t o and o u t o f s o l u t i o n , t h e d o m i n a n t c y c l e

r e m a i n s i n t e r n a l t o t h e e s t u a r y and l i t t l e m a t e r i a l e s c a p e s t o

t h e open s e a ( s e e f o r exam ple Evans e t a l (1977) d e s c r i b i n g t h e

i n t e r n a l c y c l e o f Mn i n an e s t u a r i n e s i t u a t i o n , and B e n n i n g e r210e t a l (1 9 7 5 ) o u t l i n i n g a b u d g e t f o r Pb i n Long I s l a n d Sound

21 0and i n d i c a t i n g t h a t a l l o f t h e Pb i n p u t c a n be a c c o u n t e d f o r

w i t h i n t h e s e d i m e n t ) .

C l e a r l y t h e n , t h e e s t u a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t , e v e n w i t h o u t t h e

s u p e r p o s i t i o n o f i n p u t s a r i s i n g f r o m t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f man, i s

a p a r t i c u l a r l y co m p lex one b e c a u s e o f t h e v a r i e t y o f s o u r c e s

f rom w h ic h c h e m i c a l and m a t e r i a l i n p u t s a r e r e c e i v e d and t h e

d i v e r s i t y o f b i o g e o c h e m i c a l / b i o g e o p h y s i c a l i n t e r a c t i o n s ,

( B u r t o n and L i s s , 197 6; C h u rc h , 1975 ; R i l e y and C h e s t e r , 1 9 7 7 ) ,

F i g u r e 2 s u m m a r i s e s t h e m a j o r e x c h a n g e s o f m a t e r i a l o c c u r r i n g

w i t h i n t h e e s t u a r i n e s y s t e m .

The e n r i c h m e n t o f h e a v y m e t a l s / r a d i o n u c l i d e s i n s e d i m e n t s

and s e d i m e n t p o r e w a t e r s a l s o h a s i m p l i c a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e i r

u p t a k e by o r g a n i s m s and t h e r e f o r e t h e i r p o t e n t i a l l y d a n g e r o u s

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8

r e t u r n t o man t h r o u g h t h e f o o d c h a i n s , A l t h o u g h s e d i m e n t , by

r e m o v in g c o n s i d e r a b l e f r a c t i o n s o f h e a v y m e t a l s / r a d i o n u c l i d e s

f rom s o l u t i o n , c an r e d u c e t h e i r a v a i l a b i l i t y t o many m a r i n e

o r g a n i s m s ( p h y t o p l a n k t o n , f r e e - s v i m m e r s ) , a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h

p a r t i c u l a t e m a t e r i a l may i n c r e a s e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f u p t a k e by

b e n t h i c f a u n a , (T e m p l e to n and P r e s t o n , 1966 ; Duursma and

G r o s s , 1 9 7 1 ) , Thus some o f t h e h i g h e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r s

f o r t r a c e e l e m e n t s i n m a r i n e o r g a n i s m s have b e e n r e p o r t e d f o r

b e n t h i c f i l t e r f e e d e r s (Duursma and G r o s s , 1 9 7 1 ) , O y s t e r sfi sh av e b e e n r e p o r t e d t o c o n c e n t r a t e Zn up t o 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 t i m e s t h e

a m o u n ts p r e s e n t i n w a t e r (Chapman e t a l , , 1958; P r e s t o n , 1 9 6 6 ) ,

S t u d i e s o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p l u t o n i u m b e tw e e n w a t e r , b i o t a

a nd s e d i m e n t s i n t h e G r e a t L a k e s have shown t h a t p h y t o p l a n k t o n

s t r o n g l y c o n c e n t r a t e p l u t o n i u m f rom s o l u t i o n w i t h a c o n c e n t r a t i o n

f a c t o r o f x 5 0 0 0 ; h o w e v e r , t h e b e n t h i c f o o d c h a i n e x h i b i t s

e v e n h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r s due t o t h e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p l u t o n i u m i n t h e s e d i m e n t s ( E d g i n g t o n e t a l , ,

1 9 7 5 ) , S e d i m e n t s , by r e t a i n i n g t r a c e e l e m e n t s / r a d i o n u c l i d e s

c a n make t h e s e s p e c i e s a v a i l a b l e t o o r g a n i s m s f o r l o n g e r p e r i o d s

o f t i m e t h a n i f t h e y had r e m a i n e d i n s o l u t i o n o r w ere

s u s p e n d e d i n w a t e r .

Thus s e d i m e n t s , due t o t h e i r p r e - and p o s t - d e p o s i t i o n a l

r e a c t i o n s , e x e r t a d o m in a n t i n f l u e n c e o v e r m a r i n e g e o c h e m i c a l

p r o c e s s e s i n g e n e r a l , A b a s i c k n o w le d g e o f t h e g e o c h e m i c a l

p r o c e s s e s o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n e s t u a r i n e , c o a s t a l m a r i n e and l o c h

s y s t e m s i n a d d i t i o n t o b e in g o f i m m e d ia t e i m p o r t a n c e w i t h r e g a r d

t o s t u d y o f a n t h r o p o g e n i c p o l l u t a n t e f f e c t s i s a l s o e s s e n t i a l

t o t h e o v e r a l l f u t u r e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f o c e a n o g r a p h i c p r o b l e m s .

To q u a n t i f y and e v a l u a t e t h e r e c o r d o f m a n ' s i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e

s e d i m e n t a r y c y c l e , t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e t h i s f ro m d i a g e n e t i c

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p r o c e s s e s o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n t h e s e d i m e n t and t o m e a s u r e t h e

r e s i d e n c e t i m e and f l u x e s o f m a t e r i a l s i n t o and o u t o f

s e d i m e n t s , a r e l i a b l e c h r o n o l o g y i s r e q u i r e d f o r s u c h d e p o s i t

F o r t h i s r e a s o n , c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s e a r c h e f f o r t h a s b e e n

f o c u s s e d on t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f p a t t e r n s and r a t e s o f r e c e n t

s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n c o a s t a l m a r i n e and l o c h e n v i r o n m e n t s

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10

1 . 2 G e o c h r o n o l o g y o f R e c e n t S e d i m e n t s

The r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e d e e p s e a i s i n_ 3

t h e o r d e r o f mm 10 y . A b s o l u t e c h r o n o l o g i e s f o r s u c h d e p o s i t s

h ave b e e n p r o v i d e d by r a d i o m e t r i c d a t i n g t e c h n i q u e s u s i n g

i s o t o p e s w i t h r e l a t i v e l y l o n g h a l f - l i v e s s u c h a s 14C ( t x = 5 , 7 3 0 y ) ,2

^" ^T h ( t ^ = 7 5 , 2 0 0 y ) and ^ " ^ P a ( t jl = 3 2 , 5 0 0 y ) f r om t h e n a t u r a l 2 2

40 40 / 9 \d e c a y s e r i e s , and K- Ar ( t i = 1 . 2 4 x ' \ 0 y ) ( r e f e r e n c e s i n2

Thomson and W a l t o n , 1 9 7 2 ) . P a l a e o m a g n e t i c , p a l a e o n t o l o g i c a l

and c h e m i c a l s t r a t i g r a p h i c m a r k e r t e c h n i q u e s have a l s o b e e n

a p p l i e d . The p a l a e o m a g n e t i c s e q u e n c e o f p o l a r i t y r e v e r s a l s o f

t h e e a r t h ' s m a g n e t i c f i e l d a t v a r i o u s t i m e s i n t h e p a s t h a s b ee n

p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l i n t h i s r e s p e c t ; t h e t i m i n g s o f t h e s e40 40r e v e r s a l s on t h e c o n t i n e n t s have b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d by K- Ar

d a t i n g and t h e d i s c o v e r y o f e q u i v a l e n t r e v e r s a l s i n d e e p - s e a

s e d i m e n t s h a s a l l o w e d p r e c i s e c o r r e l a t i o n o v e r t h e p a s t 5 m i l l i o n

y e a r s . ( H a r r i s o n and F u n n e l l , 1964; Opdyke e t a l . , 1966;

Cox, 1 9 6 9 ) . Whi l e t h e s e me th od s h ave b e e n o f c o n s i d e r a b l e

v a l u e i n d a t i n g o v e r e x t e n s i v e p e r i o d s o f t i m e , t h e y a r e n o t

a p p l i c a b l e t o c o a s t a l m a r i n e and l o c h d e p o s i t s whe re r a t e s o f

a c c u m u l a t i o n a r e s e v e r a l o r d e r s o f m a g n i t u d e g r e a t e r (mra.y

t o c m . y " ^ ) . I n t e r e s t i n t h e s e s e d i m e n t s l i e s i n t h e d e t a i l e d

i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f p a t t e r n s and r a t e s o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n i n t h e

l a s t 100 t o 200 y e a r s .

B e f o r e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s u i t a b l e r a d i o m e t r i c t e c h n i q u e s

f o r d a t i n g r e c e n t s e d i m e n t s , c h r o n o l o g y h ad b e e n b a s e d l a r g e l y

on s t r a t i g r a p h i c and p a l y n o l o g i c m e th o d s a p p l i c a b l e o v e r t h i s

t i m e r a n g e . F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e u n i q u e o b s e r v a t i o n o f e x o t i c

m a t e r i a l s s u c h a s c e r e a l o r p o l l e n , o f known t i m e i n t r o d u c t i o n ,

a t a s p e c i f i c h o r i z o n i n t h e s e d i m e n t h a s b e e n u s e d t o i n t r o d u c e

c a l e n d a r d a t e s t o s e d i m e n t s . ( W r i g h t , 1971; D a v i s , 1968;

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11

D a v i s e t a l , , 1973; B r a d b u r y and W a d d i n g t o n , 1 9 7 3 ) , M a g n e t i c

s t u d i e s h av e a l s o b e e n o f some v a l u e . R e c e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

o f f r e s h w a t e r s e d i m e n t s f r om n o r t h w e s t E n g l a n d ( M a c k e r e t h , 1971;

P e n n i n g t o n , 1973) and N o r t h e r n I r e l a n d ( B a t t e r b e e , 1973) have

shown t h a t l a k e s e d i m e n t s c an r e c o r d p a s t c h a n g e s i n t h e g eo ­

m a g n e t i c f i e l d . The m a g n e t i c p a r a m e t e r s o f u s e i n i n v e s t i g a t ­

i n g l o c h d e p o s i t s a r e d e c l i n a t i o n , i n c l i n a t i o n and i n t e n s i t y o f

t h e n a t u r a l r e m a n e n t m a g n e t i s a t i o n . I n p a r t i c u l a r , v a r i a t i o n s

i n d e c l i n a t i o n ( t h e h o r i z o n t a l componen t o f m a g n e t i c r e m a n e n c e )

w i t h d e p t h , c a n be u s e d t o d a t e s e d i m e n t s t h r o u g h c o m p a r i s o n o f

o b s e r v e d m e a s u r e m e n t s i n s e d i m e n t s w i t h r e c o r d e d o b s e r v a t o r y

a nd a r c h a e o m a g n e t i c r e s u l t s o v e r t h e p a s t 4 0 0 y , The l a s t

w e s t e r l y maximum i n d e c l i n a t i o n o c c u r r e d e a r l y i n t h e 1 9 t h

c e n t u r y ( c a , 1820) and t h e d e p t h i n s e d i m e n t o f t h i s t u r n i n g

p o i n t c an be u s e d t o a s s i g n an a p p r o x i m a t e c a l e n d a r d a t e t o t h e

s e d i m e n t , ( M a c k e r e t h , 1 9 7 1 ) , (The d a t i n g r a n g e o f t h i s method

c a n be e x t e n d e d t o 1 0 , 0 0 0 y e a r s i f a c o n s t a n t p e r i o d i c i t y i n

d e c l i n a t i o n o f 2 , 7 0 0 y e a r s i s a c c e p t e d . On t h i s b a s i s good

14a g r e e m e n t h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d w i t h C d e r i v e d a g e s i n Windermere

s e d i m e n t ( M a c k e r e t h , 1 9 7 1 ) ) , The p r e s e n c e i n c e r t a i n d e p o s i t s

o f a n n u a l l a m i n a e o r v a r v e s ( a l t e r n a t i n g b a nd s o f l i g h t and

d a r k m a t e r i a l due t o s e a s o n a l c h a n g e s i n t h e m a j o r componen t o f

s e d i m e n t i n p u t ) h a s a l s o b e e n o f some u s e i n i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f

t h e r e c e n t s e d i m e n t a r y r e c o r d . However , v a r v i n g i s r e t a i n e d

o n l y i n d e p o s i t s w h i c h a r e n o t s u b j e c t t o p h y s i c a l o r b i o l o g i c a l

d i s t u r b a n c e s u c h a s l o w - e n e r g y a n o x i c b a s i n s and f j o r d s where

b o t t o m c u r r e n t s a r e weak and t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f b e n t h i c f a u n a

lo w .

A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e s t r a t i g r a p h i c m e t h o d s , h o w e v e r , i s o f

l i m i t e d u s e f u l n e s s o n l y , f o r two r e a s o n s ,

Page 31: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

£

(1 ) t h e number o f s e d i m e n t d e p o s i t s i n w h i ch t h e s e

d a t a b l e h o r i z o n s e x i s t i s l i m i t e d .

( 2 ) a t b e s t , s u ch h o r i z o n s ( v a r v e s e x c l u d e d ) c an g i v e

o n l y h i s t o r i c a l a v e r a g e s o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n

r a t e s o v e r t h e l a s t 100 t o 200 y e a r s , and t h e y

t h e r e f o r e l a c k t h e n e c e s s a r y p r e c i s i o n and d e t a i l ;

s u c h a v e r a g e s may n o t a c c u r a t e l y r e f l e c t r a t e s o f

a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e u p p e r l a y e r s o f d e p o s i t s ( w h e r e ,

f o r e x a m p l e , w a t e r c o n t e n t o f t e n i n c r e a s e s s h a r p l y ) ,

A v a r i e t y o f d i r e c t me t ho d s o f d e t e r m i n i n g s e d i m e n t a t i o n

r a t e s have a l s o b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d , v i z , t h r o u g h i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a

d i s t i n c t i v e l a y e r o f m a t e r i a l t o t h e s e d i m e n t s u r f a c e (Bloom,

1966) o r t h e p o s i t i o n i n g o f s t a k e s a s m a r k e r s a g a i n s t w h i c h t h e

r i s e i n s e d i m e n t c an be o b s e r v e d ( R u n w e l l , 1 9 6 4 ) , S e d i m e n t

t r a p s s u s p e n d e d i n t h e o v e r l y i n g w a t e r column have a l s o b e e n

u s e d . However , t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s a r e a p p r o p r i a t e o n l y f o r l o n g

t e r m s t u d i e s and a r e s u b j e c t t o e r r o r s u c h a s w a s h o u t o f m a r k e r

h o r i z o n s o r a t y p i c a l d e p o s i t i o n i n t h e r e g i o n o f t h e s e d i m e n t

t r a p / s t a k e c a u s e d b y t h e d e v i c e i t s e l f .

C l e a r l y t h e n t h e r e h a s b e e n a d i s t i n c t l a c k o f a r e l i a b l e

and r a p i d me th od o f g e n e r a l a p p l i c a b i l i t y f o r i n t r o d u c i n g a t i m e

p a r a m e t e r o f t h e r e q u i r e d a c c u r a c y t o d e t a i l e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

o f r e c e n t s e d i m e n t a t i o n p r o c e s s e s s u c h a s e x c h a n g e s o c c u r r i n g

a t t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e o r s e d i m e n t c o m p o s i t i o n c h a n g e s

r e s u l t i n g f r om a n t h r o p o g e n i c e f f e c t s . To a l a r g e e x t e n t t h i s

d i f f i c u l t y h a s now b ee n overcome t h r o u g h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t and210a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e Pb r a d i o m e t r i c d a t i n g t e c h n i q u e .

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13

H i s t o r y and T h e o r y o f ^ ^Pb D a t i n g

T h r e e n a t u r a l r a d i o a c t i v e d e c a y s e r i e s ( f i g 3 ) , e a c h o f

w h i c h h a s a p a r e n t o f v e r y l o n g h a l f - l i f e , h av e r e m a i n e d i n

e x i s t e n c e s i n c e t h e t i m e o f n u c l e o s y n t h e s i s . D u r i n g

g e o l o g i c a l t i m e , t h e t h r e e p a r e n t n u c l i d e s ha ve c o n t i n u o u s l y

g e n e r a t e d t h e i r s h o r t e r - l i v e d d a u g h t e r i s o t o p e s t h r o u g h r a d i o ­

a c t i v e d e c a y and i n a c l o s e d s y s t e m ( i , e . whe re t h e r e h a s b e e n

no t r a n s f e r o f m a t t e r t o o r f r om t h e s y s t e m ) , t h e c o n d i t i o n

known a s ’ s e c u l a r e q u i l i b r i u m 1 h a s b e e n a t t a i n e d s u c h t h a t a

s t e a d y s t a t e e x i s t s f o r e a c h n u c l i d e i n t h e s e r i e s , i , e ,

p r o d u c t i o n r a t e e q u a l s r a d i o a c t i v e d e c a y r a t e . Thus i n an

u n d i s t u r b e d g e o c h e m i c a l s y s t e m , t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f e a c h n u c l i d e

i n a n y one s e r i e s a r e e q u a l .

The s e c u l a r e q u i l i b r i u m s t e a d y s t a t e c o n d i t i o n i s , h o w e v e r ,

f r e q u e n t l y n o t e n c o u n t e r e d i n s e d i m e n t s . The v a r i o u s members

o f t h e r a d i o a c t i v e d e c a y s e r i e s ha ve w i d e l y d i f f e r i n g p h y s i c a l

and c h e m i c a l p r o p e r t i e s . Thus t h e i r d i s s i m i l a r r e s p o n s e s t o

t h e n a t u r a l p r o c e s s e s o f w e a t h e r i n g , s o l u t i o n and p r e c i p i t a t i o n ,

w h i c h u l t i m a t e l y g i v e r i s e t o s e d i m e n t d e p o s i t s , r e s u l t i n t h e

s e p a r a t i o n o f p a r e n t / d a u g h t e r p a i r s w i t h i n t h e s e r i e s ; n a t u r a l

s e r i e s d a t i n g t e c h n i q u e s r e s u l t f rom t h e s u b s e q u e n t g r o w t h ( o r

d e c a y ) o f t h e s e i s o t o p e s b a c k t o s e c u l a r e q u i l i b r i u m . I n o t h e r

w o r d s , n a t u r a l s e r i e s d a t i n g o f s e d i m e n t s d e p e n d s upon t h e

d i s e q u i l i b r i u m w h i c h e x i s t s b e t w e e n t h e v a r i o u s members o f t h e

d e c a y s e r i e s i n s e d i m e n t s , and t h e g e o c h r o n o l o g i c a l m e th o d s a r e

e s s e n t i a l l y o f two k i n d s ,

( 1 ) whe r e a t i m e s c a l e i s p r o v i d e d by t h e e x t e n t o f d e c a y

o f an u n s u p p o r t e d n u c l i d e , and

( 2 ) whe r e a t i m e s c a l e i s p r o v i d e d by t h e g r owt h o f a

d a u g h t e r t o w a r d s e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h i t s p a r e n t i n

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FIGURE 3 The 2 3 8 U. 235U a nd 2 3 2 Th d e c a y s e r i e s ;

v e r t i c a l a r r o w s d e n o t e a l p h a d e c a y a nd

s l a n t e d a r r o w s , b e t a d e c a y : The n u m b e r s

b e n e a t h e a c h s y mb o l o f t h e i s o t o p e s

d e n o t e s t h e h a l f - l i f e

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15

a m a t e r i a l i n w h i c h o r i g i n a l l y t h e r e was an

i n s i g n i f i c a n t ( o r known) c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e d a u g h t e r ,210 238Pb i s a member o f t h e U n a t u r a l d e c a y s e r i e s

( f i g # 3) a nd h a s a h a l f - l i f e o f 2 2 , 2 6 y ( H o h n d o r f , 1 9 6 9 ) ,

The d a t i n g t e c h n i q u e i s o f t h e g e n e r a l f o r m o u t l i n e d i n ( 1 )

a b o v e a nd i t s a p p l i c a t i o n i s d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l i n a l a t e r

s e c t i o n . The i s o t o p e i s b r o u g h t i n t o t h e m a j o r s e d i m e n t a r y

c y c l e i n t h e f o l l o w i n g way. The r a d i o a c t i v e r a r e g a s i s o t o p e 2 22

Rn, w h i c h h a s a h a l f - l i f e o f 3 , 8 2 5 d ( T o b a i l e m , 1955) i s a210 238 222p r e c u r s o r o f Pb i n t h e U n a t u r a l d e c a y s e r i e s , Rn

i s r e l e a s e d f r o m s u r f a c e r o c k s a nd s o i l s i n t o t h e a t m o s p h e r e .

T h e r e , b e c a u s e i t i s u n r e a c t i v e a nd g a s e o u s and t h e r e f o r e h a s a

l o n g a t m o s p h e r i c r e s i d e n c e t i m e r e l a t i v e t o i t s h a l f - l i f e , i t

d e c a y s t h r o u g h a s e r i e s o f s h o r t - l i v e d d a u g h t e r s t o p r o d u c e

21 0P b , Radon d a u g h t e r s , h o w e v e r , a r e c h e m i c a l l y r e a c t i v e i n

t h e a t m o s p h e r e and a r e q u i c k l y a d s o r b e d on t o a t m o s p h e r i c d u s t

p a r t i c l e s ( P e e l y a nd S e i t z , 1 9 7 0 ) , The 2 ^ P b i s t h e n r e t u r n e d

t o t h e e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e e i t h e r i n p r e c i p i t a t i o n o r i n d r y f a l l o u t .

I t s r e s i d e n c e t i m e i n t h e l o w e r l e v e l s o f t h e a t m o s p h e r e ( t r o p o -210s p h e r e ) , b a s e d on d i s e q u i l i b r i u m m e a s u r e m e n t s o f Pb a nd i t s

d a u g h t e r s i n a e r o s o l s and p r e c i p i t a t i o n , h a s b e e n c a l c u l a t e d t o

be o f t h e o r d e r o f d a y s o r weeks ( B u r t o n a nd S t e w a r t , 1 9 6 0 ;

P e i r s o n e t a l , , 19 6 6 ; F r a n c i s e t a l . , 19 70 ; Moore e t a l , , 19 73 ;

P o e t e t a l , , 1 9 7 2 ) ,21 0A f u r t h e r s o u r c e o f a t m o s p h e r i c a l l y d e r i v e d Pb i s t h a t

due t o i t s p o s s i b l e p r o d u c t i o n i n n u c l e a r weapon d e t o n a t i o n s .

T h i s , h o w e v e r , i s an u n r e s o l v e d q u e s t i o n , P e i r s o n e t a l ( 1 9 6 6 )210a n d J a w o r o w s k i ( 1 9 6 9 , 1970) h a v e i n d i c a t e d t h a t Pb may be

208p r o d u c e d i n n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n s t h r o u g h t h e r e a c t i o n Pb

( 2 n , y ) 2 1 ° P b , w h i l e B e a s l e y ( 1 9 6 9 ) a nd F e e l y and S e i t z ( 1 9 7 0 )

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2 1 oc o n c l u d e d f r o m t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e m e a s u r e m e n t s o f Pb i n s o i l

s a m p l e s a t t e s t - s i t e s , and i n t h e a t m o s p h e r e i m m e d i a t e l y210f o l l o w i n g t e s t s , t h a t Pb i s n o t p r o d u c e d by t h i s m e c h a n i s m ,

210The u s e o f a t m o s p h e r i c a l l y d e r i v e d Pb a s a g e o c h r o n o -

l o g i c a l t o o l was f i r s t p r o p o s e d b y G o l d b e r g ( 1 9 6 3 ) , who a p p l i e d

t h e t e c h n i q u e t o p e r m a n e n t l y a c c u m u l a t i n g s n o w f i e l d s , Prom 210t h e o b s e r v e d Pb d i s t r i b u t i o n i n G r e e n l a n d g l a c i e r s a mean

a c c u m u l a t i o n r a t e , i n good a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h a t d e r i v e d f ro m

s t r a t i g r a p h i c m a r k e r s , was o b t a i n e d . T h i s r e s u l t s u g g e s t e d

21 0t h a t b o t h t h e f l u x o f e x c e s s Pb and t h e r a t e o f i c e

a c c u m u l a t i o n h a d b e e n f a i r l y c o n s t a n t o v e r t h e t i m e i n t e r v a l

d a t e d . S u b s e q u e n t l y t h e t e c h n i q u e was a p p l i e d t o t h e A n t a r c t i c210i c e s h e e t b y C r o z a z e t a l ( 1 9 6 4 ) , The Pb a c t i v i t y was a g a i n

f o u n d t o d e c r e a s e e x p o n e n t i a l l y w i t h d e p t h a nd t h e a n n u a l r a t e s

o f w a t e r a c c u m u l a t i o n d e r i v e d f r o m t h e d e c a y c u r v e w er e a g a i n i n

go od a g r e e m e n t w i t h i n d e p e n d e n t l y d e r i v e d d a t e s , Windom ( 1 9 6 9 )

a p p l i e d t h e t e c h n i q u e t o a g r o u p o f A l p i n e g l a c i e r s a n d , a l t h o u g h

i n t h i s c a s e some d i f f i c u l t y i n e s t a b l i s h i n g a t i m e s c a l e was226e n c o u n t e r e d due t o a h i g h d u s t c o n t r i b u t i o n o f Ra s u p p o r t e d

210 P b , t h e g e n e r a l r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e t e c h n i q u e was e s t a b l i s h e d .

F o l l o w i n g t h i s s u c c e s s i n d a t i n g i c e - s h e e t s , t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y

o f t h e m e t h o d t o l a k e a nd m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s was e x a m i n e d ,210K r i s h n a s w a m i e t , a l ( 1 9 7 1 ) f o u n d an e x c e s s Pb o v e r and a bo ve

t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h i t s p a r e n t i n c o r e s f r om

v a r i o u s E u r o p e a n l a k e s and an I n d i a n l a k e . Wi t h t h e i n i t i a l21 0a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e r a t e o f d e p o s i t i o n o f Pb was u n i f o r m

w i t h t i m e f o r a g i v e n l a k e , t h e r e s u l t s w e r e i n r e a s o n a b l e

a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h o s e o b t a i n e d by o t h e r m e t h o d s , E o i d e e t a l

( 1 9 7 2 ) d e r i v e d a mean s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 6*0 mm y~^ on t h e

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21 0b a s i s o f Pb m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r a l a k e M e n d o t a c o r e w h i c h was

i n good a g r e e m e n t t o t h a t p r e v i o u s l y d e r i v e d by B o r t l e s o n and

Lee ( 1 9 7 2 ) f o r t h e same l a k e b a s e d on p o l l e n a n a l y s i s ,210W h i l e e a r l y p r o f i l e s o f Pb i n l a k e s e d i m e n t s h a d shown

210e x p o n e n t i a l d e c r e a s e i n Pb a c t i v i t y f r o m s u r f a c e t o d e p t h

c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e a s s u m p t i o n s o f K r i s h n a s w a m i e t a l ( 1 9 7 1 ) ,

some l a t e r p r o f i l e s e x h i b i t e d r e d u c e d o r c o n s t a n t a c t i v i t y w i t h i n

a z on e o f v a r y i n g t h i c k n e s s a t t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e .

R a t e s o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n Lake S u p e r i o r d e p o s i t s

21 0i n v e s t i g a t e d by r a g w e e d p o l l e n and Pb t e c h n i q u e s w e r e

c o n s i s t e n t i f a s m a l l d e p t h o f p h y s i c a l / b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g was

c o n s i d e r e d , ( B r u l a n d e t a l , , 1 9 7 5 ) , R o b b i n s and E d g i n g t o n21 0( 1 9 7 5 ) f o u n d m a i n l y c l a s s i c a l Pb p r o f i l e s i n a s t u d y o f a

s u i t e o f c o r e s f ro m L, M i c h i g a n , Howeve r , c e r t a i n s a m p l e s

21 0e x h i b i t e d c o n s t a n t Pb a c t i v i t y i n t h e i r s u r f a c e s t r a t a w h i c h

a g a i n c o u l d b e s t be e x p l a i n e d b y c o n s i d e r i n g a mode l i n w h i c h

a z o n e a t t h e t o p o f t h e s e d i m e n t a r y co l umn was a s s u m e d t o b e

c o m p l e t e l y homogeneous a s a r e s u l t o f r a p i d p h y s i c a l / b i o l o g i c a l

r e w o r k i n g , R o b b i n s e t a l ( 1 9 7 7 ) c o m p ar e d t h e d e p t h d i s t r i b u t i o n 210o f Pb w i t h t h a t o f t h e b e n t h i c m a c r o i n v e r t e b r a t e s i n L , Huron

s e d i m e n t s a nd f o u n d a h i g h d e g r e e o f c o r r e l a t i o n , > 9 0 $ o f t h e

i n v e r t e b r a t e p o p u l a t i o n b e i n g f o u n d w i t h i n t h e zone o f c o n s t a n t

^ ^ P b a c t i v i t y , R o b b i n s a nd E d g i n g t o n ( 1 9 7 5 ) and R o b b i n s e t

a l ( 1 9 7 7 ) c o n c l u d e d f r om t h e i r e v i d e n c e t h a t many s e d i m e n t a r y

d e p o s i t s w e r e s u b j e c t t o r a p i d r e w o r k i n g b y b u r r o w i n g o r g a n i s m s210a nd t h a t t h e o b s e r v e d d e p t h d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Pb ( a n d o t h e r

r a d i o n u c l i d e s ) was a u s e f u l i n d i c a t o r o f t h e e x t e n t o f t h i s210m i x i n g , A s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e c o u l d be d e r i v e d f r o m t h e Pb

p r o f i l e b e l o w t h e d e p t h o f a c t i v e b u r r o w i n g a nd m a t h e m a t i c a l

m o d e l s w e re d e v e l o p e d w h i c h i n c l u d e d t h e e f f e c t s o f b i o l o g i c a l

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18

d i s t u r b a n c e , and w h i c h s a t i s f a c t o r i l y e x p l a i n e d t h e ^ ^Pb a nd 1 37 Cs r a d i o n u c l i d e p r o f i l e s .

The e a r l i e s t a t t e m p t s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f t h e21 0

Pb d a t i n g t e c h n i q u e t o c o a s t a l m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s w e r e p e r f o r m ­

e d on t h e v a r v e d a n a e r o b i c d e p o s i t s o f t h e S a n t a B a r b a r a B a s i n

( K o i d e e t a l , , 1 97 2 , 1 9 7 3 ) , A nn u a l l a y e r s w e r e r e a d i l y

s e p a r a b l e i n t h e s e d e p o s i t s and p r o v i d e d e x c e l l e n t s t a n d a r d ^

a g a i n s t w h i c h t o f i r s t t e s t t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e me th o d i n t h e

c o a s t a l e n v i r o n m e n t . The mean r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n

d e r i v e d f r o m t h e ^ ® P b d a t a was 0*39 cm y \ i n good a g r e e m e n t

w i t h t i a t e s t i m a t e d f r om t h e mean v a r v e t h i c k n e s s o f 0«4 cm y ” ^ .

K o i d e e t a l ( 1 9 7 3 ) e x t e n d e d t h e g e o c h r o n o l o g y f r o m v a r v e d t o

u n v a r v e d a n o x i c m a r i n e d e p o s i t s a nd c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e me th o d

was v a l i d f o r d a t i n g o v e r p e r i o d s o f a c e n t u r y o r m o r e . S i n c e

t h e n t h e d a t i n g t e c h n i q u e h a s e n j o y e d w i d e s p r e a d a p p l i c a t i o n t o

p r o v i d e a r e l i a b l e t i m e - s c a l e a g a i n s t w h i c h a n t h r o p o g e n i c i n p u t s

t o , a nd d i a g e n e t i c c h a n g e s w i t h i n , r e c e n t s e d i m e n t s c o u l d be

a s s e s s e d , A l i m i t e d number o f s t u d i e s h a v e now b e e n c o n d u c t e d

on o x i c m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s , (Thomson e t a l , , 19 73 ; K o i d e e t a l , ,

1 9 7 5 ; G o l d b e r g e t a l . , 1 9 77 ; F a r r i n g t o n e t a l . , 19 77 ;

M at s umo to e t a l . , 1 9 7 7 ) , The t e c h n i q u e h a s a l s o f o u n d some

a p p l i c a t i o n i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f r a t e s o f a c c u m u l a t i o n i n

e s t u a r i n e m a r s h e n v i r o n m e n t s ( Ar m en t an o a nd Wo o d we l l , 1975) a nd

t o p e a t b o g s ( E a k i n s , 1 9 7 7 , p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) ,210The e x c e s s Pb o b s e r v e d i n t h e s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t o f m a r i n e

a n d l o c h s y s t e m s h a s two s o u r c e s . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h a t21 0d e r i v e d f r o m a t m o s p h e r i c f a l l o u t , Pb p r o d u c e d i n - s i t u b y

22d e c a y o f Ra p r e s e n t i n t h e w a t e r s o v e r l y i n g t h e d e p o s i t , a l s o226c o n t r i b u t e s t o a v a r y i n g d e g r e e , Wh i l e Ra i s h i g h l y s o l u b l e ,

210i t i s a p p a r e n t f r o m e v e r y s t u d y t o d a t e , t h a t t h e Pb

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p p Ap r o d u c e d f r o m d e c a y o f Ra i n s o l u t i o n , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h a t

d e r i v e d f r om a t m o s p h e r i c d e p o s i t i o n , i s r a p i d l y s c a v e n g e d by

p a r t i c u l a t e / b i o l o g i c a l m e ch a n i s ms and t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e

u n d e r l y i n g s e d i m e n t s i n a t i m e w h i c h i s v e r y s h o r t r e l a t i v e t o

i t s h a l f - l i f e , S c h e l l ( 19 7 7 ) e s t i m a t e s t h e r e s i d e n c e t i m e o f 210 Pb i n i n s h o r e a nd c o a s t a l w a t e r s o f W a s h i n g t o n S t a t e t o be

a r o u n d 60 t o 160 d a y s , d e p e n d i n g on d i s t a n c e f r o m c o a s t and

w a t e r d e p t h , G o l d b e r g ( 1 9 6 3 ) a nd K l e i n a nd G o l d b e r g ( 1 9 7 0 )

21 0h a v e a l s o d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e s h o r t r e s i d e n c e t i m e o f Pb i n

n a t u r a l w a t e r s ,21 0I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e u n s u p p o r t e d Pb i n m a r i n e a nd

l a c u s t r i n e s e d i m e n t s , t h e r e a l s o e x i s t s a b a c k g r o u n d s u p p o r t e d210 22^Pb a c t i v i t y due t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f Ra i n t h e s e d i m e n t a r y

210m a t e r i a l s . T h i s Pb i s i n s e c u l a r e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h i t s p a r e n t 00 Ra a nd i t s a c t i v i t y i s o f t e n low r e l a t i v e t o t h a t o f e x c e s s210 P b , S i n c e t h e d a t i n g t e c h n i q u e d e p e n d s upon t h e d e c r e a s e

210i n e x c e s s Pb a c t i v i t y w i t h d e p t h i n t h e s e d i m e n t co l umn i t210 .i s n e c e s s a r y t o c o r r e c t f o r s u p p o r t e d P b , T h i s i s

21 0p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t a t d e p t h i n t h e c o r e wh er e e x c e s s Pb

210a n d s u p p o r t e d Pb a r e o f s i m i l a r m a g n i t u d e . The d i f f e r e n c e210 210 b e t w e e n t h e t o t a l Pb and t h e s u p p o r t e d Pb e f f e c t i v e i y

l i m i t s t h e p e r i o d o v e r w h i c h t h e d a t i n g t e c h n i q u e i s a p p l i c a b l e

a nd t h e a c c u r a c y w i t h w h i c h t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e c a n be21 0d e t e r m i n e d . By c o r r e c t i n g f o r s u p p o r t e d Pb , t h e e f f e c t i v e

r a n g e o f t h e m e t h o d c a n n o r m a l l y be e x t e n d e d f r o m c a . 100 y e a r s

t o a r o u n d 150 y e a r s ( a s s u m i n g r e a s o n a b l y h i g h a n a l y t i c a l210p r e c i s i o n i n e x p e r i m e n t a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t o t a l Pb and

4. J 2 1 0 _ Xs u p p o r t e d r b j ,

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A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e D a t i n g Method

The d a t i n g me th od d e p e n d s upon t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f two

q u a n t i t i e s i n t h e s e d i m e n t , ( l ) t h e t o t a l 210Pb a nd ( 2 ) t h e 21 0

s u p p o r t e d P b , The d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e q u a n t i t i e s210g i v e s a m e a s u r e o f t h e e x c e s s Pb , t h e e x p o n e n t i a l d e c r e a s e

o f w h i c h w i t h d e p t h due t o r a d i o a c t i v e d e c a y i s t h e b a s i s o f

t h e d a t i n g t e c h n i q u e . F o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f e v a l u a t i n g e x c e s s210 2 1 0 .P b , s u p p o r t e d Pb i s n o r m a l l y a s s u me d t o be i n s e c u l a r

226e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h Ra, t h u s

^ 1 0 - , = A210p. ~ A226„ ^x s TOT a

w h e r e , t h e n and t h e a r e t h e m e a s u r e d v a l u e s o f21 Or,, 226^TOT

210 226t h e t o t a l Pb and Ra i n t h e s e d i m e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The226 210 a c t i v i t y o f R a - s u p p o r t e d Pb i s d e t e r m i n e d e i t h e r

21 0i n d e p e n d e n t l y o r f r o m t h e m e a s u r e d v a l u e s o f Pb a t d e p t h s210i n t h e c o r e s u f f i c i e n t f o r a l l e x c e s s Pb t o h a v e d e c a y e d .

I n i t s s i m p l e s t f o r m , t h e mode l i n v o l v e s f o u r a s s u m p t i o n s ,

a s o u t l i n e d i n R o b b i n s and E d g i n g t o n ( 1 9 7 5 ) ,210( 1 ) t h a t t h e r e h a s b e e n a c o n s t a n t f l u x o f Pb t o t h e

s e d i m e n t ,

( 2 ) t h a t t h e r e h a s b e e n a c o n s t a n t r a t e o f s e d i m e n t

a c c u m u l a t i o n ,

( 3 ) t h a t t h e r e h a s b e e n no p o s t - d e p o s i t i o n a l m i g r a t i o n o f

21 0Pb w i t h i n t h e s e d i m e n t ,210( 4 ) t h a t t h e s u p p o r t e d Pb a c t i v i t y i s c o n s t a n t w i t h d e p t h .

U n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , i n i d e a l ( u n m i x e d ) s e d i m e n t s21 0e x p e r i e n c i n g no c o m p a c t i o n , t h e p r o f i l e o f Pb s h o u l d show

e x p o n e n t i a l d e c r e a s e w i t h d e p t h a n d ,

n«<s.) t = t.» “ d ‘''1 <«

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21

w h e r e ,

and A / ^ q v a r e t h e m e a s u r e d a c t i v i t i e s( Pbxs) t = 0

210o f e x c e s s Pb a t t i m e t ( o r d e p t h z cm, ) and t i m e z e r o ( o r

d e p t h z e r o ) r e s p e c t i v e l y , and s i s t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e i n

c m , y , A p l o t o f l o g , A9 i n a g a i n s t d e p t h s h o u l d y i e l d a

Pbxsa s t r a i g h t l i n e i n w h i c h t h e s l o p e c o r r e s p o n d s t o ——, f r o m w h i c hsa v a l u e o f s i n cm#y c an be d e r i v e d .

Howeve r , m o s t r a p i d l y a c c u m u l a t i n g c o a s t a l m a r i n e a nd l o c h

s e d i m e n t s e x h i b i t v e r y h i g h w a t e r c o n t e n t i n t h e i r u p p e r s t r a t a

( u p t o c a , 85 ^ by w e i g h t ) . The p e r c e n t a g e w e i g h t l o s s u p o n

d r y i n g and p o r o s i t y ( w a t e r vo lume f r a c t i o n ) a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r

a t y p i c a l c o r e i n f i g , 4 , The p o r o s i t y o f t e n e x h i b i t s

e x p o n e n t i a l d e c r e a s e i n t h e u p p e r l a y e r s o f t h e d e p o s i t , i n

w h i c h c a s e a c o n s t a n t s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e d e s c r i b e d i n t e r m s o f_ i

c m , y i s i n a p p r o p r i a t e s i n c e t h e t h i c k n e s s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o

one y e a r ' s i n c r e m e n t i s r a p i d l y d e c r e a s i n g w i t h d e p t h o f b u r i a l

due t o c o m p a c t i o n ; t h i s d e s p i t e c o n s t a n t r a t e o f a c c u m u l a t i o n

o f s o l i d m a t e r i a l s . C o n s e q u e n t l y i t i s p r e f e r a b l e t o m e a s u r e

t h e r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t e r m s o f t h e w e i g h t o f2

d r y m a t e r i a l d e p o s i t i n g p e r cm p e r u n i t t i m e . The a c c u m u l a t i o n — 2 —1r a t e a)(mg,cra y~ ) i s r e l a t e d t o t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e

s ( c m , y ”’ ) by t h e e x p r e s s i o n

ou = ps , w h e r e ,

p ( g . c m ” 3 ) i s t h e i n - s i t u d e n s i t y o f t h e s e d i m e n t ( i , e ,

w e i g h t o f d r y s e d i m e n t p e r cm o f d e p o s i t ) , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o

s . The i n - s i t u d e n s i t y p i s a l s o r e l a t e d t o t h e p o r o s i t y

by t h e e x p r e s s i o n

p = p (1-~W, w h e r e ,

p, "tbe m e a s u r e d d e n s i t y o f t h e d r i e d s o l i d s , a nd "o i s t h e

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23

a p p r o p r i a t e p o r o s i t y .

I n a r e a s wh e re s e d i m e n t s a r e r a p i d l y c o m p a c t i n g ( i , e , t h e

s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e i n c m , y , i s r a p i d l y c h a n g i n g w i t h d e p t h ) ,

a mean v a l u e f o r t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e c a n n o n e t h e l e s s be

e v a l u a t e d f r o m e q u a t i o n ( 2 ) , However , f o r some p u r p o s e s

t h i s may n o t be o f s u f f i c i e n t a c c u r a c y a nd i t i s p r e f e r a b l e

t h e r e f o r e t o c o r r e c t f o r c o m p a c t i o n i n some way . One m e t h o d

i s t o m e a s u r e t h e r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n d i r e c t l y i n

t e r m s o f w e i g h t o f d r y s e d i m e n t d e p o s i t e d p e r cm p e r u n i t t i m e

a s d e f i n e d a b o v e , t h e r e b y , i n e f f e c t , n o r m a l i s i n g t o z e r o

w a t e r c o n t e n t t h r o u g h o u t t h e l e n g t h o f t h e c o l u m n . Thus

e q u a t i o n ( 2 ) i s a p p l i c a b l e i n r a p i d l y c o m p a c t i n g s e d i m e n t s i f- 2z i s e x p r e s s e d i n u n i t s o f mg, cm, f r om w h i c h a s e d i m e n t a t i o n

-2 -1r a t e i n mg, cm y i s e v a l u a t e d .

C o r r e c t i o n f o r c o m p a c t i o n h a s b e e n p e r f o r m e d i n o t h e r w a y s ,

21 0v i z , b y n o r m a l i s i n g Pb a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n

o f a s e c o n d c o m po n e n t o f t h e s e d i m e n t a s s u m e d n o t t o be s u b j e c t

t o v a r i a b l e i n p u t ( i . e , i t s c o n c e n t r a t i o n p e r u n i t v o lu me i n

t h e a b s e n c e o f o t h e r e f f e c t s wou l d be c o n s t a n t ) ; f o r e x a m p l e ,210G o l d b e r g e t a l ( 1 9 7 4 ) n o r m a l i s e d Pb a c t i v i t y a g a i n s t

a l u m i n i u m i n S a n t a B a r b a r a c o a s t a l s e d i m e n t s , ( I n t h e c a s e

o f m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s t h i s me th o d h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o f c o r r e c t ­

i n g f o r s a l t d i l u t i o n o f s e d i m e n t m a t e r i a l ) , P e n n i n g t o n e t

a l (197&) e v a l u a t e d a mean r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n f ro m 1 37s t r u c t u r e d Cs p r o f i l e s i n d e p o s i t s o f 3 1 e l h a m T a r n ,

S u b s e q u e n t l y t h e y c o r r e c t e d f o r i n c r e a s i n g w a t e r c o n t e n t

t o w a r d s t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e b y n o r m a l i s i n g t o a

c o n s t a n t a n n u a l i n p u t o f p o t a s s i u m and h e n c e o b t a i n e d a more

a c c u r a t e e s t i m a t e o f t h e t h i c k n e s s o f e a c h a n n u a l i n c r e m e n t .

An a l t e r n a t i v e a p p r o a c h i s t o n o r m a l i s e t h e o b s e r v e d d e p t h

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24

t o a c o r r e c t e d d e p t h w h i c h wo u l d h av e b e e n t h e t r u e d e p t h i n

t h e a b s e n c e o f c o m p a c t i o n (Ma t sumot o 1975 , 1 9 7 7 ) , R o b b i n s a nd

E d g i n g t o n ( 1 9 7 5 ) d e v e l o p e d an e x p l i c i t f u n c t i o n r e l a t i n g d e p t h

t o a g e i n homogeneous c o m p a c t i n g s e d i m e n t s a nd d e s c r i b e d a

r i g o r o u s m a t h e m a t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e a n a l y s i s 210o f Pb p r o f i l e s i n r a p i d l y c o m p a c t i n g b u t o t h e r w i s e u n d i s t u r b e d

s e d i m e n t s ,

21 0A c o m p l i c a t i o n c a n a r i s e i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f Pb

p r o f i l e s i n c o a s t a l m a r i n e and l o c h s e d i m e n t s due t o p h y s i c a l /

b i o l o g i c a l p o s t - d e p o s i t i o n a l d i s t u r b a n c e o f t h e s u r f a c e l a y e r s .

As d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h i s c a n r e s u l t i n t h e o b s e r v a t i o n o f210a c o n s t a n t a c t i v i t y o f Pb ( o r o t h e r r a d i o n u c l i d e ) w i t h

d e p t h i n s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t . I n t h e s e c a s e s t h e r a t e o f

s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n c a n u s u a l l y be d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e e x c e s s

210 Pb p r o f i l e b e l o w t h e zone o f a c t i v e m i x i n g . The e f f e c t o f

m i x i n g i n t h e u p p e r l a y e r s o f d e e p - s e a d e p o s i t s on t h e

p r o f i l e s o f l o n g - l i v e d ( ^ ^ T h / ^ ^ T h ) r a d i o a c t i v e and s t a b l e

s p e c i e s h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d by G o l d b e r g and Koi de ( 1 9 6 2 ) a nd

B e r g e r a nd H e a t h ( 1 9 6 8 ) , R e c e n t l y a n umber o f m o d e l s h av e

b e e n d e v e l o p e d t o r e l a t e t h e e f f e c t s o f b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g i n

r e c e n t c o a s t a l and l a c u s t r i n e s e d i m e n t s on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f210t h e r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t - l i v e d r a d i o n u c l i d e s s u c h a s Pb and

1 3 7 Cs

R o b b i n s and E d g i n g t o n (1975) d e v e l o p e d a s t e a d y - s t a t e

m i x i n g m o de l w i t h t h e b a s i c a s s u m p t i o n o f c o m p l e t eo

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25

r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p a r t i c l e s e n t e r i n g t h e m i x i n g zone i n a t i m e

s h o r t w i t h r e s p e c t t o f u r t h e r i n p u t o f m a t e r i a l ( i , e , r a p i d

and c o m p l e t e h o m o g e n i s a t i o n ) , and s h o v e d t h a t t h i s w o u l d a c c o u n t210f o r m e a s u r e d d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f Pb i n s e d i m e n t s f r o m L, M i c h i g a n ,

R o b b i n s e t a l ( 1 9 7 T ) f u r t h e r showed t h a t t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e e f f e c t210on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Pb o f a m i x i n g p r o c e s s w i t h t h e a bo v e

a s s u m p t i o n c o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d f r om c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f mass210b a l a n c e a l o n e ( i #e , f l u x o f Pb t o t h e s e d i m e n t , d e c a y w i t h i n

210t h e m i x e d z one and t h e f l u x o f Pb t h r o u g h t h e b o t t o m o f t h e

m i x e d z o n e ) . They d e r i v e d t h e e x p r e s s i o n ,

+ ^ (3 )21 0w h e r e A = a c t i v i t y o f e x c e s s Pb i n t h e m i x e d z onem21 0A = a c t i v i t y o f e x c e s s Pb a d d e d t o t h e s J

s e d i m e n t s u r f a c e ,

d = d e p t h o f t h e m i xe d zone

21 0The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f e x c e s s Pb a c t i v i t y , A, w i t h i n t h e

s e d i m e n t i s

A = A w i t h i n t h e mi x ed z o n e , and” U - A \ f <4 >

A = A e b e l o w t h e m i x e d z onem( f r o m w h i c h t h e r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n c a n be

d e t e r m i n e d ) , I n d e r i v i n g t h i s e x p r e s s i o n t h e y showed t h a t t h e210e f f e c t o f m i x i n g was t o r e d u c e t h e a c t i v i t y o f Pb i n t h e

m i x e d l a y e r f ro m t h a t w h i c h w ou l d h a v e o c c u r r e d i n u n d i s t u r b e d

s e d i m e n t s by t h e f a c t o r (1 + — ) ,

An a l t e r n a t i v e a p p r o a c h i s t o t r e a t m i x i n g a s a d i f f u s i v e

p r o c e s s b r o u g h t a b o u t by t h e b u r r o w i n g a c t i v i t i e s o f b o t t o m -

d w e l l i n g o r g a n i s m s and h e n c e t o e v a l u a t e a b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g

o r d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f o r t h e s e d i m e n t . M o d e l l i n g on t h e s e

l i n e s h a s met w i t h some s u c c e s s ( G o l d b e r g and K o i d e , 1 9 6 2 ; B r u l a n d ,

1 9 7 4 ; R o b b i n s , e t a l . , 1 977 ; G u i n a s s o and S c h i n k , 1 9 7 5 ) . Such

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26

t r e a t m e n t s i n v o l v e d t h e u s e o f t h e g e n e r a l d i a g e n e t i c e q u a t i o n

a nd F i c k ' s l a ws o f d i f f u s i o n t o d e r i v e an e x p r e s s i o n w h i c hp i nd e s c r i b e s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Pb ( o r o t h e r r a d i o n u c l i d e )

w i t h d e p t h . The g e n e r a l e x p r e s s i o n ( B e r n e r , 19 7 1 ; B r u l a n d ,

1974) i s o f t h e fo r m

dA d / -rr d A \ dA * . / r- \d t - d J (Kb d i } " s dz " X A <5)

w h e r e , A = c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f e x c e s s 2 Pb i n d p m. g - ^2 —1

= b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t i n cm y"~

s = s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e i n c m ,y ” ^

\ = d e c a y c o n s t a n t f o r ^ ^ P b i n y ^

z = d e p t h i n s e d i m e n t i n cm,

210T h i s e x p r e s s i o n shows t h a t t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Pb a t

a n y d e p t h i n t h e s e d i m e n t i s d e p e n d e n t u p o n ( a ) t h e b i o l o g i c a l

m i x i n g o f t h e s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s , ( b ) t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e

a n d ( c ) r a d i o a c t i v e d e c a y . S o l u t i o n s t o t h i s e q u a t i o n u n d e r

v a r i o u s l i m i t i n g c o n d i t i o n s ha ve f o r t h e s a k e o f " c o n v e n i e n c e

a n d s a n i t y " (Gruinasso a nd S c h i n k , 1975) r e t a i n e d t h e c o n c e p t o f

a c o n s t a n t b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g r a t e w i t h i n a w e l l d e f i n e d t h i c k ­

n e s s o f s e d i m e n t ( i . e . b e l o w t h e m i x e d zone = 0 ) , B o t hj A

s t e a d y - s t a t e ( = 0) s o l u t i o n s and a l t e r n a t i v e s w i t h t i m e -

d e p e n d e n t i n f l u x o f m a t e r i a l s t o t h e s e d i m e n t h a v e b e e n

p r e s e n t e d ( G u i n a s s o and S c h i n k , 1975 ; R o b b i n s e t a l , , 1 9 7 7 ) ,

F o r ^ ^ P b . 4 4 i s a s s u me d t o be z e r o , i n w h i c h c a s e t h e a bo v e , d t

e x p r e s s i o n r e d u c e s t o 2

K, ^—4 - s 4 ^ - \ A = 0 - w i t h i n t h e m i x e db d z 2 dz z on e ( 6 )

and - s ,4^ - VA = 0 - b e l o w t h e m i x e d z on e ( 7 )dzAs K -*■ °® ( i e r a p i d and c o m p l e t e b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g ) t h e

bs o l u t i o n t o t h e f o r m e r e q u a t i o n i s i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t o f

R o b b i n s e t a l ( 1 9 7 7 ) ( i . e . e q u a t i o n 4 ) The s o l u t i o n t o t h e

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27

l a t t e r e q u a t i o n i s s i m p l y — A^e i , e . e q u a t i o n 2

F u n d a m e n t a l t o t h e g e n e r a l a p p r o a c h t o 2 ^ P b d a t i n g d e s c r i b e d

so f a r , i s t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f a c o n s t a n t i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n 21 0

o f e x c e s s Pb p e r u n i t d r y w e i g h t o f m a t e r i a l i n e a c h s e c t i o n

o f t h e s e d i m e n t ; i n o t h e r wo rd s b o t h a c o n s t a n t f l u x o f 21°Pb

t o t h e s e d i m e n t a nd a c o n s t a n t r a t e o f d e p o s i t i o n o f s o l i d

m a t e r i a l a r e a s s u m e d . Wh i l e t h i s g e n e r a l a p p r o a c h t o 210Pb

d a t i n g h a s met w i t h c o n s i d e r a b l e s u c c e s s , O l d f i e l d e t a l ( 1 9 7 8 ) ,

i n r e c e n t s t u d i e s o f d e p o s i t s f r o m t h e New G u i n e a H i g h l a n d s and21 0Loch E r n e , N, I r e l a n d , o b s e r v e d Pb p r o f i l e s w h i c h w e r e

i n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h a d e p o s i t i o n mode l b a s e d on t h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s .

I n t h e s e s t u d i e s e v i d e n c e was f o u n d f o r t h e a p p a r e n t d i l u t i o n 210o f e x c e s s Pb due t o an i n c r e a s e d r a t e o f s e d i m e n t d e p o s i t i o n

t o w a r d s t h e s e d i m e n t s u r f a c e . By a d o p t i n g an a l t e r n a t i v e 21 0a p p r o a c h t o Pb d a t i n g w h i c h a l l o w e d f o r a c h a n g i n g r a t e o f

210s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n , O l d f i e l d e t a l ( 1 9 7 8 ) d e r i v e d Pb

d a t e s f r o m t h e s e p r o f i l e s w h i c h we r e b o t h i n t e r n a l l y c o n s i s t e n t

a nd c o m p a t i b l e w i t h e x t e r n a l e v i d e n c e . D e t a i l s o f t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t and a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e me th od a r e d e s c r i b e d i n

A p p l e b y a nd O l d f i e l d ( 1 9 7 8 ) . T h i s a p p r o a c h , o r i g i n a l l y

p r o p o s e d by G o l d b e r g ( 19 63 ) f o r d a t i n g G r e e n l a n d g l a c i e r s and231 230S a c k e t t ( 1 9 6 5 ) f o r Pa and Th d a t i n g o f p e l a g i c s e d i m e n t s ,

21 0a s s u m e s t h a t w h i l e t h e f l u x o f e x c e s s Pb t o t h e s e d i m e n t

i n u n i t t i m e h a s b e e n c o n s t a n t , t h e q u a n t i t y o f d r y m a t e r i a l

d e p o s i t i n g i n u n i t t i m e may h a v e v a r i e d . The a ge o f any

h o r i z o n c a n t h e n be f o u n d f rom t h e e x p r e s s i o n

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28

" V ’ V A ' e V ’ ° h . ) 181x s Z xs TOT

1 ^ -2* 303 S A( 210pb )a n d , t = — l og v x s yzS A/ 2 1 0 P ,

V rDx s 'T0T

w h e r e , S A o i n = t h e t o t a l i n t e g r a t e d e x c e s s ^ ^ P b/21Up, \ °xs TOT - 2a c t i v i t y i n dpm, cm i n t h e

s e d i m e n t c o l u mn ,

210y, A = t h e t o t a l i n t e g r a t e d e x c e s s Pb

( Pb )xs z - 2a c t i v i t y i n dpm, cm b e l o w

d e p t h z cm,

a nd t = t h e age o f h o r i z o n z .

T h i s a p p r o a c h h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e t h a t wh e r e t h e r a t e o f

s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n h a s b e e n c o n s t a n t , b o t h t h e c o n s t a n t

i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( C , I , C , ) a nd t h e c o n s t a n t r a t e o f s u p p l y

( C , R , S , ) m o d e l s ( O l d f i e l d e t a l ( 1 9 7 8 ) ) w i l l y i e l d i d e n t i c a l

r e s u l t s . I f t h e d e p o s i t i o n r a t e h a s f l u c t u a t e d o v e r a l o n g

p e r i o d o f t i m e h o w e v e r t h e C . I , C , mode l ( i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e

C , R , S , m o d e l ) c a n n o t be u s e d t o d e r i v e a c c u m u l a t i o n r a t e s o r

d a t e h o r i z o n s . S t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g , h o w e v e r , t h e C , R , S , mode l21 0r e q u i r e s d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e i n - s i t u d e n s i t y a nd e x c e s s Pb

a c t i v i t i e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e l e n g t h o f t h e c o l u mn .

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29

C o m p l e m e n t a r y R a d i o m e t r i c D a t i n g T e c h n i q u e s21 0I n g e n e r a l t h e n , Pb h a s b e e n shown t o be a r e l i a b l e

i n d i c a t o r i n i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f p a t t e r n s and r a t e s o f r e c e n t

s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n , w i t h a d a t i n g r a n g e o f a r o u n d 100 t o

150 y e a r s . C o m p l e m e n t a r y r a d i o i s o t o p e t e c h n i q u e s a l s o e x i s t

w h i c h h a v e b e e n o f some v a l u e i n s e d i m e n t s t u d i e s o v e r p e r i o d s

o f c a 0 — 10 y e a r s and 0 — 30 y e a r s . Th e s e a r i s e f r o m two

s o u r c e s , ( l ) two f u r t h e r s h o r t - l i v e d members o f t h e n a t u r a l

d e c a y s e r i e s , 2 2 8Th ( t i = 1*9y) and 234Th ( t ± = 24*1 d , ) ; a nd2 2

( 2 ) a r t i f i c i a l n u c l i d e s .

I n t h e a q u a t i c e n v i r o n m e n t , t h o r i u m i s o t o p e s t e n d t o

b e h a v e c h e m i c a l l y i n l i k e ma nn e r t o t h o s e o f l e a d , i , e , t h o r i u m

i s o t o p e s p r e s e n t i n s o l u t i o n a r e h i g h l y i n s o l u b l e a nd a r e

r a p i d l y r e m o v e d t o t h e s e d i m e n t by a d s o r p t i o n on t o s e t t l i n g

p a r t i c u l a t e s . T h e i r u s e i n s t u d i e s o f s e d i m e n t a r y p r o c e s s e s21 0t h e r e f o r e a r i s e s i n a s i m i l a r f a s h i o n t o t h a t o f P b , Ko i de

0 0 Pie t a l ( 1 9 7 3 , 1975) f o u n d an e x c e s s o f Th o v e r a n d a bo v e t h a t

232 ^28s u p p o r t e d by i t s p a r e n t Th ( a n d “ Ra) i n s u r f a c e l a y e r s o f

S a n t a B a r b a r a and Baya C a l i f o r n i a s e d i m e n t s a nd made u s e o f a

d e c r e a s i n g T h / Th a c t i v i t y r a t i o w i t h d e p t h t o d a t e o v e r a

t i m e p e r i o d o f a d e c a d e . S i m i l a r l y , A l l e r a n d C o c h r a n ( 1 9 7 6 )

234f o u n d an e x c e s s o f Th a bove t h a t e x p e c t e d f o r r a d i o a c t i v e238e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h i t s p a r e n t U i n t h e u p p e r s t r a t a o f

s e d i m e n t s f r om Long I s l a n d S o u n d . They u t i l i s e d t h i s u n s u p p o r t ­

e d 2 ^ T h t o o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n on s h o r t - t e r m ( s e a s o n a l ) s e d i m e n t

r e w o r k i n g and r a p i d d i a g e n e t i c c h a n g e s o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n t h e

u p p e r f ew cms, o f t h e d e p o s i t . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e i r p o t e n t i a l

u s e a s s h o r t - t e r m c h r o n o m e t e r s , t h e p r e s e n c e o f an e x c e s s o f

e i t h e r i s o t o p e i n t h e u p p e r l a y e r s o f a c o r e c a n p r o v i d e

p e r m i s s i b l e e v i d e n c e t h a t an u n d i s t u r b e d c o r e h a s b e e n r e t r i e v e d

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30

a n d s a m p l e d w i t h o u t l o s s o f s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l ( Ko i de e t a l , ,

1 9 7 3 ) .

The u s e o f a r t i f i c i a l n u c l i d e s i n d a t i n g s e d i m e n t s i s

e s s e n t i a l l y a f o r m o f s t r a t i g r a p h i c m a r k e r w h i c h c o v e r s t h e

l a s t 20 t o 30 y e a r s . T h es e n u c l i d e s made t h e i r f i r s t

s i g n i f i c a n t a p p e a r a n c e i n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t i n t h e l a t e 1 9 4 0 ’ s

due t o t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n i n n u c l e a r weapon d e t o n a t i o n s and

t h e i r c o n t r o l l e d r e l e a s e f r o m n u c l e a r power and f u e l

r e p r o c e s s i n g p l a n t s . F o l l o w i n g t h e C a s t l e T e s t i n 1 95 4 , i n

t h e P a c i f i c , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f f i s s i o n n u c l i d e s i n t h e

a t m o s p h e r e e x c e e d e d t h o s e o f t h e i r n a t u r a l c o u n t e r p a r t s . I n

t h e e a r l y 1 9 6 0 ' s p r o d u c t i o n o f man-made n u c l i d e s i n weapon

t e s t s r e a c h e d a s i g n i f i c a n t maximum and a t m o s p h e r i c f a l l o u t

i n t h e n o r t h e r n t r o p o s p h e r e p e a k e d i n 1 96 3 , The e n t r y o f

r a d i o n u c l i d e s f r om f a l l o u t i n t o n a t u r a l w a t e r s h a s t h u s r e s u l t e d

i n u p t a k e by l a k e and m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s , a nd t h i s 1963 p e a k , when

r e c o r d e d i n s e d i m e n t s , c a n be u s e d a s a h o r i z o n f o r d a t i n g t h e

s e d i m e n t l a y e r a c c u m u l a t e d d u r i n g 1 9 6 3 - 6 4 , F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e

maximum s e d i m e n t d e p t h a t w h i c h a r t i f i c i a l r a d i o n u c l i d e s a r e

f o u n d can be r e g a r d e d a s an i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e 1954 h o r i z o n ,

K r i s h n a s w a m i e t a l ( 1 9 7 1 , 1973) f o u n d a d i s t i n c t p e a k e d

5 5d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r Fe i n r e c e n t S a n t a B a r b a r a b a s i n c o r e s .

By a t t r i b u t i n g t h i s p e a k t o maximum a t m o s p h e r i c f a l l o u t i n

551 9 6 3 , e x c e l l e n t c o r r e l a t i o n was o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n Fe d e r i v e d

s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s and r a t e s b a s e d b o t h on a n n u a l v a r v e s and

^ ^ P b m e t h o d s , K r i s h n a s w a m i t h e r e f o r e c o n c l u d e d t h a t ^ F e

showed p r o m i s e i n d a t i n g c o a s t a l s e d i m e n t s d e p o s i t e d d u r i n g

t h e l a s t 20 y e a r s .

I n c o m p a r i s o n , r e c o r d s o f f a l l o u t p l u t o n i u m i n m a r i n e

s e d i m e n t s h a v e shown q u i t e d i f f e r e n t t r e n d s . B o t h Ko i de

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e t a l ( 1 9 7 5 ) and G o l d b e r g e t a l ( 19 7 7 ) f a i l e d "bo o b s e r v e a

p l u t o n i u m p e a k i n s t u d i e s o f a n a e r o b i c , b i o l o g i c a l l y

u n d i s t u r b e d c o a s t a l s e d i m e n t s . I n c o n t r a s t , a c o n t i n u o u s l y

i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p l u t o n i u m - 2 3 9 and - 2 4 0 f r om

d e p t h t o n e a r t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e was f o u n d , a l t h o u g

i n b o t h i n s t a n c e s t h e f i r s t a p p e a r a n c e o f p l u t o n i u m was21 0o b s e r v e d i n s t r a t a c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 1954 on Pb r a d i o m e . t r i

e v i d e n c e , c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h a t e x p e c t e d f r om t h e o n s e t o f

n u c l e a r t e s t i n g . Howeve r , Ko i de e t a l ( 19 7 5) d i d o b s e r v e a 238maximum Pu a c t i v i t y a t a d e p t h i n t h e i r c o r e s w h i c h ( a g a i n

21 0f r o m Pb d a t a ) c o r r e s p o n d e d t o t h e b u r n u p i n 1964 o f t h e

A m e r i c a n S y s t em f o r A u x i l i a r y Power (SNAP) 9A S a t e l l i t e ,

From t h i s e v i d e n c e t h e y c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e r e c o u l d h a v e b e e n

no s i g n i f i c a n t m i g r a t i o n o f p l u t o n i u m i n t h e a n o x i c s e d i m e n t s

a nd t h a t t h e u n e x p e c t e d p r o f i l e c o u l d b e s t be r a t i o n a l i s e d by

i n v o k i n g t h e wi nd o r r i v e r - b o r n e t r a n s p o r t o f m a t e r i a l ,

c o n t a i n i n g s o r b e d p l u t o n i u m , w h i c h h a d b e e n e r o d e d f ro m t h e

c o n t i n e n t s . However , N o s h k i n ( 1 9 72 ) d e t e c t e d b o t h Pu and

1 37 Cs a t d e p t h s i n c o r e s f r o m B u z z a r d s Bay f a r i n e x c e s s o f

t h o s e e x p e c t e d f r om t h e known s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e i n t h e

d e p o s i t s . R e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p l u t o n i u m w i t h i n t h e d e p o s i t

e i t h e r t h r o u g h m o l e c u l a r d i f f u s i o n o r b i o t u r b a t i o n o r a

c o m b i n a t i o n o f b o t h h a d a p p a r e n t l y o c c u r r e d . R e c e n t l y ,

L i v i n g s t o n a nd Bowen (1 97 5) ha ve c l a i m e d e v i d e n c e o f t h e

u p w a r d m i g r a t i o n o f p l u t o n i u m i n B u z z a r d s Bay s e d i m e n t s .

I n c o n t r a s t , E d g i n g t o n e t a l ( 1 9 7 5 ) d e t e r m i n e d t h e v e r t i c a l1 37d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p l u t o n i u m and Cs i s o t o p e s i n a s u i t e o f

c o r e s f r o m L, M i c h i g a n and f o u n d n o t o n l y c o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f

t h e ^ ^ C s and p l u t o n i u m p r o f i l e s b u t e x c e l l e n t a g r e e m e n t

b e t w e e n s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e p o s i t i o n s o f

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32

"the e a r l y 1 9 5 0 ' s a nd 1963 h o r i z o n s a nd t h o s e d e t e r m i n e d21 0r a d i o m e t r i c a l l y w i t h Pb , C l e a r l y t h e r e e x i s t s some

c o n f u s i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e g e o c h e m i c a l b e h a v i o u r o f p l u t o n i u m

i n t h e a q u a t i c e n v i r o n m e n t w h i c h t o some e x t e n t l i m i t s i t s

u s e f u l n e s s i n d a t i n g s e d i m e n t s ,

1 37 Cs h a s a l s o b e e n u s e d f a i r l y e x t e n s i v e l y i n s e d i m e n t

s t u d i e s . However , once a g a i n , c o n f l i c t i n g r e s u l t s h a ve b e e n

o b t a i n e d , G o l d b e r g and B r u l a n d ( 1 9 7 4 ) , i n q u o t i n g a—9 —8 2 —1s i g n i f i c a n t v a l u e o f 10 t o 10 cm s f o r t h e d i f f u s i o n

• • 137c o e f f i c i e n t o f Cs i n s e d i m e n t s , a r g u e d t h a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f t h e i s o t o p e c o u l d be m a r k e d l y a l t e r e d by p o s t - d e p o s i t i o n a l

1 37d i f f u s i o n p r o c e s s e s . Thus t h e y c o n c l u d e d t h a t Cs

m i g r a t i o n r e p r e s e n t s a m a j o r o b s t a c l e t o i t s u s e a s a

g e o c h r o n o l o g i c a l t o o l e v e n i n s e d i m e n t s a c c u m u l a t i n g a t a

-1 137r a t e o f s e v e r a l c m, y , T h i s m o b i l i t y o f Cs i n s e d i m e n t s

h a s b e e n e x t e n s i v e l y i n v e s t i g a t e d (Duursma and B o s c h , 19 7 1 ;

L i e t z k e e t a l , , 1 973 ; Lerman a nd L i e t z k e , 1975) and i t h a s

b e e n w i d e l y a c c e p t e d t h a t i t s u t i l i t y i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f

s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s i s l i m i t e d . F o r i n s t a n c e , Lerman and1 37

L i e t z k e ( 1 9 7 5 ) m e a s u r e d t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Cs i n l a k e s

E r i e . a nd O n t a r i o s e d i m e n t s and f o u n d t hem t o i n c r e a s e

c o n t i n u o u s l y f r om d e p t h t o t h e s e d i m e n t - w a t e r i n t e r f a c e . T h i s1 37t h e y a t t r i b u t e d t o a c o m b i n a t i o n o f Cs d i f f u s i o n and

i n t e g r a t i v e e f f e c t s i n t h e o v e r l y i n g w a t e r co l umn s m o o t h i n g

t h e t i m e - d e p e n d e n t i n p u t o f t h e n u c l i d e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , i n

c e r t a i n i n s t a n c e s , t h e o b s e r v e d d e p t h d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n o f

1 "^Cs h a s c o r r e s p o n d e d c l o s e l y t o t h a t e x p e c t e d f r om

a t m o s p h e r i c f a l l o u t and i t h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d by some t h a t

t h e i s o t o p e can be r e g a r d e d a s a r e l i a b l e c h r o n o m e t e r f o r

d a t i n g s e d i m e n t s o v e r 2 0 -3 0 y e a r s , ( P e n n i n g t o n e t a l , , 19 7 3 ;

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33

R i t c h i e e t a l , , 19 73 ; P e n n i n g t o n e t a l . , 19 76 ; B a t t e r b e e e t

a l . , 1 9 7 6 ) , I n t h e s e c a s e s , c o n s i s t e n t r e s u l t s we r e o b t a i n e d .1 37when s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s b a s e d on Cs maxima wer e c o m p a r e d

w i t h t h o s e d e r i v e d f ro m o t h e r d a t i n g t e c h n i q u e s ( P e n n i n g t o n

e t a . l , , 1 9 7 3 , s t r a t i g r a p h i c m a r k e r ; P e n n i n g t o n e t a l and• 21 0B a t t e r b e e e t a l , , 1 976 , Pb d a t i n g ) . T h e s e r e s u l t s s u g g e s t e d

1 37a low d i f f u s i o n a l m o b i l i t y o f Cs i n s e d i m e n t s . I n a ny c a s e ,

a s K r i s h n a s w a m i e t a l ( 1 9 7 1 ) have o b s e r v e d , t h e e f f e c t o f

d i f f u s i o n wou l d m e r e l y be t o b r o a d e n t h e p e a k r a t h e r t h a n t o

a l t e r i t s p o s i t i o n . M o r e o v e r , R o b b i n s and E d g i n g t o n ( 1 9 7 5 )1 37d e t e r m i n e d Cs d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n L, M i c h i g a n c o r e s a n d f o u n d

t h e p r o f i l e s t o be i n g e n e r a l l y good a g r e e m e n t w i t h t i m e - s c a l e s 210b a s e d on Pb m e a s u r e m e n t s . I n some c a s e s , h o w e v e r , t h e y

1 37o b s e r v e d a downward d i s p l a c e m e n t o f Cs p e a k a c t i v i t y r e l a t i v e21 0t o t h a t e x p e c t e d on t h e b a s i s o f Pb d a t i n g , and a g r e e d w i t h

t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f K r i s h n a s w a m i e t a l ( 1 9 7 3 ) t h a t an a p p a r e n t

downward d i s p l a c e m e n t o f p e a k a c t i v i t y m u s t a r i s e a s a r e s u l t

o f p h y s i c a l o r b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g . As o u t l i n e d p r e v i o u s l y , a

m a t h e m a t i c a l mode l was d e v e l o p e d w h i c h , i n c l u d i n g a s u r f a c e

m i x i n g d e p t h of<v4cms, s a t i s f a c t o r i l y a c c o u n t e d f o r t h e o b s e r v e d137 210Cs p r o f i l e s , w h i l e g i v i n g c o n s i s t e n t r e s u l t s w i t h Pb

c h r o n o l o g i e s ,

I t wou ld seem t h e r e f o r e t h a t t h e u s e o f m a n - n a de r a d i o ­

n u c l i d e s a s d e f i n i t i v e i n d i c a t o r s o f r a t e s o f s e d i m e n t

a c c u m u l a t i o n i s q u e s t i o n a b l e and a p p e a r s t o d e p en d upon t h e

p a r t i c u l a r g e o c h e m i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h e a r e a u n d e r s t u d y .

T h e i r r e l i a b i l i t y a s g e o c h r o n o l o g i c a l t o o l s i s d e p e n d e n t upon

t h e t i m e - d e p e n d e n t a t m o s p h e r i c f l u x o f t h e n u c l i d e s b e i n g

f a i t h f u l l y r e c o r d e d w i t h i n t h e s e d i m e n t c o l u m n , w h i c h a p p e a r s

t o d e p e n d upon t h e f o l l o w i n g ;

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34

(1 ) t h e r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n ; t h i s m u s t be

s u f f i c i e n t l y h i g h t o be c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e i n h e r e n t

s a m p l i n g r e s o l u t i o n . I f t h e t o t a l a c t i v i t y o f

t h e n u c l i d e i s c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n t h e u p p e r few cms,

o f t h e d e p o s i t i t wou l d be i m p o s s i b l e t o d e r i v e a

m e a n i n g f u l s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e ;

( 2 ) t h e c h e m i c a l n a t u r e o f t h e s e d i m e n t ; t h i s w i l l

e f f e c t i v e l y c o n t r o l t h e p o s t - d e p o s i t i o n a l m o b i l i t y

o f t h e n u c l i d e s ;

( 3 ) t h e e x t e n t o f p h y s i c a l / b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g ; t h i s w i l l

c o n t r o l t h e d e p t h a t w h i c h t h e p e a k a c t i v i t y i s

o b s e r v e d ;

( 4 ) t h e d e l a y b e t w e e n a t m o s p h e r i c r a i n o u t on t o b o t h

t h e w a t e r s o v e r l y i n g t h e d e p o s i t a nd t h e s u r f a c e

s o i l s o f t h e c a t c h m e n t a r e a and i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f t h e

n u c l i d e i n t o t h e s e d i m e n t ; t h i s mu s t be s h o r t f o r

t h e p a t t e r n o f a t m o s p h e r i c f a l l o u t t o be d u p l i c a t e d

i n t h e s e d i m e n t .

D e s p i t e t h e s e r e s e r v a t i o n s , man-made n u c l i d e s t o g e t h e r p p Q ? g 4-w i t h Th a n d Th, a r e c l e a r l y o f c o n s i d e r a b l e v a l u e when

210u s e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h Pb t o i n v e s t i g a t e r e c e n t s e d i m e n t ­

a r y p r o c e s s e s . Even i n t h e a b s e n c e o f d i s t i n c t i v e m a r k e r

h o r i z o n s w i t h w h i c h t o i n t r o d u c e t i m e - s c a l e s , t h e i r p r e s e n c e

a nd d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e u p p e r l a y e r s o f t h e s e d i m e n t a r e u s e f u l

i n i n d i c a t i n g t h e r e c o v e r y o f t h e t o p m o s t l a y e r s o f t h e d e p o s i t

a n d i n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e e x t e n t t o wh ic h t h e s a m p l e h a s b e e n

s u b j e c t t o p h y s i c a l / b i o l o g i c a l d i s t u r b a n c e . A r t i f i c i a l

n u c l i d e s r e l e a s e d l o c a l l y f rom n u c l e a r f u e l r e p r o c e s s i n g p l a n t s

a n d r e a c t o r s can a l s o be o f c o n s i d e r a b l e v a l u e i n t h i s c o n t e x t .

T e m p o r a l v a r i a t i o n s i n o u t p u t a r e n o r m a l l y w e l l d o c u m e n t e d and

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35

s i n c e e f f l u e n t s g e n e r a l l y c o n t a i n a r a n g e o f r a d i o c h e m i c a l

s p e c i e s o f wi d e ly , d i f f e r i n g m a r i n e b e h a v i o u r a nd r a d i o a c t i v e

h a l f - l i f e ( e #g , ^ ^ C s , t ^ = 2«1y; ^ C o , t ^ = 5*26y) t h e s e cai2 2

be u s e f u l as t r a c e r s o f b o t h w a t e r movement and s e d i m e n t

p r o c e s s e s ,

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1 * 3 B a c k g r o u n d t o t h e A r e a s u n d e r S t u d y

The ma in aim o f t h i s r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t i s a p r e l i m i n a r y

i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n p r o c e s s e s i n s e a —l o c h s o f t h e

n o r t h e r n r e g i o n o f t h e Clyde Sea A r e a u s i n g t h e 210Pb d a t i n g

t e c h n i q u e . D u r i n g t h e p r o j e c t i t became p o s s i b l e t o e x p a n d

t h e s t u d y t o i n c l u d e a n a l y s i s o f s e d i m e n t c o r e s b o t h f r o m t h e

n e a r b y f r e s h w a t e r l o c h , Loch Lomond and f ro m an i n s h o r e m a r i n e

b a s i n ( t h e C i l i c i a B a s i n ) on t h e s o u t h c o a s t o f T u r k e y ,

The f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s d e s c r i b e b a c k g r o u n d i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e s

e n v i r o n m e n t s w i t h d e t a i l r o u g h l y i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e amount

o f t i m e a f f o r d e d t o e a c h s t u d y . Wh i l e c e r t a i n a s p e c t s o f t h i

i n f o r m a t i o n may n o t seem o f i m m e d i a t e r e l e v a n c e t o t h e m a j o r

o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e p r o j e c t , t h e y a r e n e v e r t h e l e s s i n c l u d e d

s i n c e t h e y f i r s t l y e n s u r e a f a i r l y c o m p r e h e n s i v e r e v i e w o f

e a c h a r e a o f s t u d y and s e c o n d l y may w e l l be o f a more

g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t " ,

C l yd e S ea A r e a

G e n e r a l

The C l yd e Sea A r e a ( f i g , 5 ) , s i t u a t e d on t h e w e s t c o a s t

o f S c o t l a n d , c o n s i s t s o f t h r e e d i s t i n c t r e g i o n s ; an u p p e r

s h a l l o w d r o wn e d e s t u a r y , a b r o a d o u t e r f i r t h t o t h e s o u t h , and

a s e r i e s o f s e v e n n a r r o w f j o r d - l i k e s e a - l o c h s w h i c h r u n n o r t h

w a r d s i n t o t h e h i g h l a n d s o f A r g y l l . T h e s e w a t e r b o d i e s l i e

t o t h e n o r t h o f a l i n e ( l a t . 5 5 ° 1 5 ' ) w h i c h j o i n s t h e t i p o f

t h e M u l l o f K i n t y r e t o G i r v a n on t h e A y r s h i r e c o a s t and2

t o g e t h e r c o n s t i t u t e an a r e a o f g r e a t e r t h a n 2 , 5 0 0 km , The

p h y s i c a l d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e v a r i o u s w a t e r b o d i e s a r e p r e s e n t e d

i n t a b l e 1 The h i n t e r l a n d s o f t h e e s t u a r y and m a i n l a n d

f i r t h s u p p o r t a h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d i n d u s t r i a l a nd u r b a n

c o m m u n i t y w i t h a t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o f w e l l o v e r 2 { m i l l i o n

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Atl

anti

c O

cean

FIGURE 5 The Clyde Sea, Ar ea

HunterstonGarroch \ Head

Irv ine^Vlrv ineBay \

Firth of Clyde <

A r n a n

GirvanAilsaCraig

Kilometers

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38

TABLE 1 PHYSICAL DIME'SIONS OF THE

CLYDS SEA AREA

S e c t i o n C o a s t l i n e A r e a Volume(km) (km2 ) (km3 )

T o t a l C l yde Sfe a A r e a 2 , 5 0 0* 0* - 165*0**

E s t u a r y 170*0 69 • 0 0*9

I n n e r F i r t h 185*0 7*8

Gar e 1 o c h 33*0 20* 5 0*21

Lo.ch Lonq; 57*0 36*2 1*3

Loch S o i l 9*0 0*31

H o l y Loch 11 *0 4*9 0*07

Loch S t r i v e n 33*0 15*0 0*5

Loch E i a d o n / 67*0 44*5 1*27 •K y l e s o f B u t e

Loch Fyne 183*0 210*0 13*3

* N a t u r a l E n v i r o n m e n t R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , 1974

** Carnbray e t a l , , 1 975 ,

A l l o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n f rom Clyde R i v e r P u r i f i c a t i o n

B o a r d b a s e l i n e d a t a j L e a t h e r l a n d , 1 97 6 ,

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39

( a r o u n d h a l f "the p o p u l a t i o n o f S c o t l a n d . ) , The f i r t h i s t h e

ma i n s h i p p i n g c h a n n e l i n t o w e s t e r n S c o t l a n d , s e r v i n g i n p a r t

t h e i n d u s t r i a l and c o m m e r c i a l n e e d s o f t h e r e g i o n , and i n

a d d i t i o n , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e s e a —l o c h s , c o n s t i t u t e s one o f t h e

m a j o r r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s o f t h e c o u n t r y . The r e g i o n a l s o

s u p p o r t s a v e r y v a l u a b l e c o m m e r c i a l f i s h i n g i n d u s t r y , t h e ma in

c a t c h e s b e i n g h e r r i n g , w h i t e f i s h , s h e l l —f i s h and s a l m o n .

S i n c e t h e i n i t i a l work o f M i l l ( 1892) t h e C l yd e S ea A r e a

h a s b e e n t h e s u b j e c t o f c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y

s c i e n t i f i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n . I n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e s e s t u d i e s

h a s b e e n c o l l e c t e d and p r e s e n t e d i n r e v i e w f o r m i n a r e p o r t by

t h e C l y d e S t u d y Group ( N a t u r a l E n v i r o n m e n t R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l

[ N , E , R . C ' #] , 1974) w h i c h i n a d d i t i o n t o s u m m a r i s i n g e x i s t i n g

k n o w l e d g e i d e n t i f i e d a r e a s whe r e f u t u r e r e s e a r c h e f f o r t m i g h t

be m o s t a d v a n t a g e o u s l y c o n c e n t r a t e d . Some o f t h e b a s i c

i n f o r m a t i o n f r om t h i s r e p o r t and o t h e r s o u r c e s i s p r e s e n t e d

i n t a b l e 2 ,

G e o l o g i c a l S e t t i n g

The C l y d e S ea A r e a c u t s a c r o s s t h e H i g h l a n d B o u n d a r y

F a u l t , a m a j o r d i s l o c a t i o n i n t h e e a r t h ’ s c r u s t w h i c h f o r m s a

n a t u r a l b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n t h e S c o t t i s h H i g h l a n d s a nd t h e M i d l a n d

V a l l e y , Rocks b e l o n g i n g t o t h e t h r e e ma in d i v i s i o n s ,

i g n e o u s , m e t a m o r p h i c and s e d i m e n t a r y , o c c u r i n t h e r e g i o n .

A n c i e n t , r e s i s t a n t , m e t a m o r p h i c r o c k s a r e c o n f i n e d t o t h e n o r t h

o f t h e F a u l t and fo r m p a r t o f t h e g r e a t D a l r a d i a n s e q u e n c e

w h i c h o c c u r s t h r o u g h o u t t h e s o u t h - w e s t H i g h l a n d s , T h e s e r o c k s ,

w h i c h h a v e a t h i n p e a t y s o i l c o v e r i n g , a r e p r e d o m i n a n t l y composed

o f q u a r t z o s e m i c a s c h i s t s w i t h s u b o r d i n a t e g r i t s , s l a t e s ,

q u a r t z i t e s and l i m e s t o n e s ( J o h n s t o n e e t a l , , 1 9 6 6 ) , I n

c o n t r a s t , t h i c k s e q u e n c e s o f y o u n g e r , more e a s i l y e r o d e d

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Page 61: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

s e d i m e n t a r y r o c k s a r e c o n f i n e d m a i n l y t o t h e a r e a s o u t h e a s t

o f t h e H i g h l a n d B o u n da r y F a u l t ( i . e . t h e M i d l a n d V a l l e y ) .

T h e s e r o c k s a r e composed i n t h e ma i n o f U p p e r P a l a e o z o i c

L a v a s , U p pe r and Lower Old Red S a n d s t o n e and C a r b o n i f e r o u s

s e q u e n c e s ; t h i c k c o a l seams a r e p r e s e n t and s u r f a c e c o v e r i n g

i s o f p e a t , s a n d , g r a v e l mora ines and b o u l d e r c l a y (MacGr ego r

and M a c G r e g o r , 1 9 4 8 ) , I n t r u s i v e i g n e o u s r o c k s ( e . g . g r a n i t e

a nd a p p i n i t e ) o c c u r a s o u t c r o p s i n p a r t s o f t h e H i g h l a n d

r e g i o n ,

D u r i n g t h e P l e i s t o c e n e , t h e C l y d e S e a A r e a was c o v e r e d

by an e x t e n s i v e i c e s h e e t , and t h e p r e s e n t b a t h y m e t r y o f t h e

r e g i o n i s l a r g e l y a r e s u l t o f t h e d i f f e r i n g r e s p o n s e o f t h e

v a r i o u s r o c k - t y p e s t o t h e e r o s i v e a c t i o n o f t h e r e t r e a t i n g

g l a c i e r s .

D r a i n a g e9

The C l yd e c a t c h m e n t , t o t a l a rea , a r o u n d 8 , 2 6 5 knU can be

s u b d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e m a j o r b a s i n s , two o f wh ich d r a i n d i r e c t

i n t o t h e u p p e r C l yde e s t u a r y . The f i r s t o f t h e s e and t h e

l a r g e s t s i n g l e c a t c h m e n t i s t h a t o f t h e C l y d e B a s i n ( 2 , 6 0 0 km

w h i c h , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e R i v e r C l yde i t s e l f , d r a i n i n g t h e

p l a t e a u x o f s o u t h and e a s t L a n a r k s h i r e , i n c l u d e s two f u r t h e r

m a j o r t r i b u t a r i e s , t h e K e l v i n and t h e C a r t s , w h i c h d r a i n

r e s p e c t i v e l y t h e Camps ie F e l l s and t h e R e n f r e w s h i r e h i l l s .

The s e c o n d m a j o r c a t c h m e n t e m p t y i n g i n t o t h e C l y d e e s t u a r y

i s t h a t o f L. Lomond (785 km ) w h i ch d r a i n s a m o u n t a i n o u s

r e g i o n t o t h e n o r t h and t h e Camps ie F e l l s and F i n t r y h i l l s t o

t h e e a s t , b e f o r e d i s c h a r g i n g i n t o t h e u p p e r e s t u a r y v i a t h e

R L e v o n , The t h i r d m a j o r c a t c h m e n t i s t h a t o f A y r s h i r e2

w h i c h i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 , 8 5 0 km i n a r e a a nd i s d r a i n e d

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42

b y s h o r t f a s t - f l o w i n g r i v e r s . The H i g h l a n d s o f A r g y l l a r e

d r a i n e d by a l a r g e number o f s h o r t m o u n t a i n s t r e a m s and

t o g e t h e r w i t h d i r e c t r u n - o f f f rom t h e h i l l s , t h i s r e p r e s e n t s

t h e m a j o r f r e s h w a t e r i n p u t t o t h e v a r i o u s s e a —l o c h s ,

( N . E . R . C . , 1 9 7 4 ) ,

V a t e r C i r c u l a t i o n

The t i d a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e C l yd e 3 e a A r e a h a v e b e e n

i n v e s t i g a t e d s i n c e t h e mid—1 8 0 0 ' s and t i d a l r a n g e s h a v e b e e n

shown t o be s m a l l i n c o m p a r i s o n t o o t h e r e s t u a r i e s o f t h e

U n i t e d Kingdom ( M i l n e , 1974 ; C o l l a r , 1 9 7 4 ) , M e a s u r e m e n t s o f

s a l i n i t y a nd t e m p e r a t u r e h av e a l s o b e e n p e r f o r m e d f o r many

y e a r s . I n t h e f i r t h , h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l p r o f i l e s o f

t e m p e r a t u r e and s a l i n i t y e x h i b i t o n l y v e r y g r a d u a l v a r i a t i o n s ,

i n d i c a t i n g a s y s t e m w h i c h i s r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e a nd u n l i k e l y

t o be s u b j e c t t o d e n s i t y i n d u c e d c u r r e n t s ( J o h n s t o n e t a l , ,

1 9 7 4 ) , N e a r - s h o r e w a t e r movement i s p r e d o m i n a n t l y w i n d -

c o n t r o l l e d , w h i l e c i r c u l a t i o n i n o f f s h o r e w a t e r s i s more

c o m p l e x and d e p e n d s upon a number o f f a c t o r s i n c l u d i n g w i n d s ,

t i d e s and e s t u a r i n e c i r c u l a t i o n ( D o o l e y and S t e e l e , 1969 ;

J o h n s t o n , 1 9 7 4 ; C l yde R i v e r P u r i f i c a t i o n B o a r d ( C . l t . P . B , ) ,

1 9 7 3 ) , T i d a l p a t t e r n s and w a t e r c i r c u l a t i o n i n t h e u p p e r

e s t u a r y h a ve b ee n p a r t i c u l a r l y w e l l c h a r a c t e r i s e d and h y d r a u l i c

m o d e l s o f t h e s y s t e m have b e e n d e v e l o p e d b y Thorn ( i 9 4 9 ) and

Thomson ( 1 9 6 9 ) . V e r t i c a l p r o f i l e s o f s a l i n i t y i n d i c a t e t h e

e s t u a r y t o be i n t e r m e d i a t e i n n a t u r e b e t w e e n a p a r t l y - m i x e d

a nd a w e l l - m i x e d s y s t e m .

U n t i l r e c e n t l y e s t i m a t e s o ? w a t e r r e s i d e n c e t i m e s i n t h e

a r e a h ad b e e n l i m i t e d . M i l l ( 1S92) and C r a i g ( 1 9 5 9 ) , u s i n g

s a l i n i t y and f r e s h w a t e r i n p u t d a t a , e s t i m a t e d r e p l a c e m e n t

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43

t i m e s o f a r o u n d n i n e d ay s and n i n e m o n t h s f o r t h e w a t e r s o f

Loch Fyne and t h e F i r t h o f Clyde r e s p e c t i v e l y , w h i l e t h e

C , f t . P . f t , h av e i n f e r r e d r e l a t i v e l y l o n g r e s i d e n c e t i m e s f o r

w a t e r i n some s e a - l o c h s b a s e d on m o n t h l y s u r v e y s o f t e m p e r a t u r e ,

s a l i n i t y and d i s s o l v e d o x y g e n , I n t h e s e l a t t e r s u r v e y s ,

e v i d e n c e was o b t a i n e d f o r an a n n u a l c y c l e i n w h i c h l a r g e

g r a d i e n t s d e v e l o p e d i n t h e v e r t i c a l p r o f i l e s o f t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s

d u r i n g t h e summer mon t hs ( C #R,P,13#, 1 9 7 4 a ) , T h i s was

p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e o f d i s s o l v e d oxygen c o n t e n t i n Loch G o i l

w h e r e v i r t u a l l y a n o x i c c o n d i t i o n s h a ve b e e n o b s e r v e d i n b o t t o m

w a t e r i n l a t e summer, f o l l o w e d by a r a p i d i n c r e a s e i n o x y g e n

l e v e l s i n e a r l y w i n t e r ( f i g , 6 ) , These r e s u l t s h av e b e e n

i n t e r p r e t e d i n t e r m s o f w a t e r s t r a t i f i c a t i o n d u r i n g t h e summer

m o n t h s , w i t h e n t r a i n m e n t o f b o t t o m w a t e r and v e r y l i t t l e

v e r t i c a l m i x i n g , f o l l o w e d b y r a p i d w i n t e r ’ o v e r t u r n ’ ; t h i s

phenomenon h a s b e e n u s e d a s e v i d e n c e o f r e l a t i v e l y l o n g

r e s i d e n c e t i m e s f o r w a t e r i n t h e s e a - l o c h s , ( C . f t . P , S , , 1 9 7 4 b ) ,

H oweve r , t h e d e f i n i t i v e s t u d i e s o f MacKenz ie ( 19 77 ) and

M c X i n l e y ( 1 9 7 B ) , b a s e d on t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e r a d i o c a e s i u r n

i s o t o p e s , ^ ^ C s and ^ ^ C s i n C l yde Sea A r e a w a t e r s , h a v e p l a c e d

e s t i m a t e s o f w a t e r r e n e w a l t i m e s , w a t e r m i x i n g p r o c e s s e s and

w a t e r t r a n s i t t i m e s i n t h e a r e a on a much f i r m e r b a s i s ,

3^Cs ( t i = 30y) and ^ ' * C s ( t i = 2*1y) a r e p r e s e n t i n t h e 2 2

C l y d e Sea A r e a due t o t h e i r c o n t r o l l e d r e l e a s e i n w a s t e f r om

t h e n u c l e a r power and f u e l r e p r o c e s s i n g p l a n t a t V i n d s c a l e

i n C u m b r i a ( ^ ^ C s i s a l s o p r e s e n t i n t h e m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t

a s a r e s u l t o f i t s p r o d u c t i o n i n n u c l e a r e x p l o s i o n s ; h o w e v e r ,

i n t h e C l y d e Sea A r e a , o u t p u t f r o m V i n d s c a l e i s by f a r t h e

d o m i n a n t s o u r c e ) Caes ium i s o t o p e s b e h a v e e s s e n t i a l l y

c o n s e r v a t i v e l y i n s e a —w a t e r and f o l l o w i n g t h e i r d i s c h a r g e f r om

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FIGURE 6 V a r i a t i o n o f d i s s o l v e d oxygen i n t i l eb o t t o m w a t e r o f Loch G o i l d u r i n g 1 9 7 4 .( C l y d e R i v e r P u r i f i c a t i o n B oa r d , 1 97 1 a )

- D e c a y of Detri tus from Cly de estuary

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45

Y i n d s c a l e , a s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e s e i s o t o p e s a r e

t r a n s p o r t e d n o r t h w a r d s t h r o u g h t h e N o r t h C h a n n e l and a r o u n d t h e

w e s t c o a s t o f S c o t l a n d , T h e i r ’ p o i n t - s o u r c e ’ r e l e a s e and t h e

h a l v i n g - t i m e o f a r o u n d 2«2y f o r t h e 1 3 4 C s / 1 ^ C s r a t i o make

t h e s e i s o t o p e s i d e a l t r a c e r s o f i n s h o r e w a t e r movement

p r o c e s s e s . M o r e o v e r , a s m a l l p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e r a d i o c a e s i u m

i s o t o p e s p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e C l yde Sea A r e a a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d

i n t o s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s and t h i s i s o f c o n s i d e r a b l e v a l u e i n

s e d i m e n t s t u d i e s o f t h e a r e a .

The l e v e l s o f r a d i o c a e s i u m d i s c h a r g e f r o m Y i n d s c a l e show

c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n w i t h t i m e and b y ’p u l s e m a t c h i n g ’ o f

Y i n d s c a l e o u t p u t d a t a w i t h o b s e r v e d r a d i o c a e s i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

i n t h e N o r t h C ha n n e l and i n t h e C ly d e Sea A r e a , mean w a t e r

t r a n s i t t i m e s o f a r o u n d 6 m o n t hs f ro m Y i n d s c a l e t o t h e N o r t h

C h a n n e l and a b o u t 2 months f r om t h e N o r t h C h a n n e l t o t h e

n o r t h e r n p a r t s o f t h e Clyde S ea A r e a ha ve b e e n d e r i v e d

( M a c k e n z i e e t a l , , 1978 ; B a x t e r e t a l , , 1 9 7 8 ) , A v a l u e o f

4*5 m o n t h s h a s be en o b t a i n e d f o r t h e mean r e s i d e n c e t i m e o f

w a t e r i n t h e a r e a b a s e d on r a d i o c a e s i u m mass b u d g e t

c a l c u l a t i o n s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e o b s e r v a t i o n of h omoge neous

v e r t i c a l p r o f i l e s o f r a d i o c a e s i u m i n t h e a r e a h a s shown t h e

s y s t e m t o be r a p i d l y mi xed v e r t i c a l l y w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f

Loc h G o i l and Loch Fyne whe r e r a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e s i n d i c a t e

t h e p r e s e n c e o f summer s t r a t i f i c a t i o n r e s u l t i n g i n r e l a t i v e l y

lon<? r e s i d e n c e t i m e s f o r d e e p w a t e r ( i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h eo

r e s u l t s o f t h e C , R , P , B #) due t o t h e f o r m a t i o n of a s t r o n g

p y c n o c l i n e , M a c k e n z i e ( 1 9 7 7 ) a l s o d e t e r m i n e d t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

o f 2 2^Ra and 2 2^Ra i n C l yd e S ea A r e a w a t e r a n d , w h i l e t h e

r a t h e r more c ompl e x b e h a v i o u r o f r a u i u m i s o t o p e s i n t h e a r e a

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46

l i m i t e d t h e i r e f f e c t i v e u s e i n w a t e r m i x i n g s t u d i e s , t h e

r a d i u m d i s t r i b u t i o n r e f l e c t s w a t e r r e s i d e n c e t i m e s c o n s i s t e n t

w i t h t h o s e d e r i v e d f r om r a d i o c a e s i u m d a t a .

The w a t e r s o f t h e Clyde S ea A r e a c a n e x c h a n g e w i t h t h o s e

o f t h e A t l a n t i c Ocean and t h e I r i s h S e a v i a t h e N o r t h C h a n n e l ,

R a d i o c a e s i u m m e a s u r e m e n t s ha ve i n d i c a t e d t h a t a r o u n d 90$ o f

w a t e r i n t h e area, i s o f I r i s h Sea o r i g i n , w h i l e t h e A t l a n t i c

Ocean c o n t r i b u t e s a r o u n d 9 c/'° and f r e s h w a t e r 1 $ , ( M c K i n l e y , 19 78 j

B a x t e r e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ) , T h i s i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e d a t a o f

T o p p i n g (1 9 7 4 ) and Carnbray e t a l ( 19 75 ) f o r t r a c e m e t a l i n p u t

t o t h e C l yde S ea A r e a w h i c h s u g g e s t e d a l a r g e I r i s h Sea

c o n t r i b u t i o n ,

S e d i m e n t s

I n a d e t a i l e d s t u d y o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s u p e r f i c i a l

s e d i m e n t d e p o s i t s o f t h e C l yde Sea A r e a , Deegan ( 19 7 3)

r e c o g n i s e d t h r e e m a j o r s e d i m e n t a r y f a c i e s ( c o a r s e l i t t o r a l ,

t r a n s i t i o n a l and d e e p s i l t y - c l a y ) , t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f wh i ch

i s l a r g e l y c o n t r o l l e d by b a t h y m e t r y ( f i g , 7 ) ,

The c o a r s e l i t t o r a l f a c i e s (S ; ( g ) S ; ( g ) m3 ; g m s ; msG,

i n f i g 7 ) , i n c l u d e c l e a n s a n d s and s e d i m e n t s w i t h a

s i g n i f i c a n t g r a v e l f r a c t i o n ( ^ 8 0 $ o f t h e m a t e r i a l b e i n g c o a r s e r

t h a n 62*5 pm). G r a i n s i z e and m i n e r a l o g y a r e h i g h l y v a r i a b l e

and s i n c e t h e s e f a c i e s a r e n o r m a l l y c o n f i n e d t o w a t e r d e p t h s

o f l e s s t h a n 40 m t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n i s r e s t r i c t e d f o r t h e

m o s t p a r t t o a n a r r o w s t r i p c l o s e t o s h o r e .

The t r a n s i t i o n a l f a c i e s (m3 and 3m) b e a r more r e s e m b l a n c e

t o t h e d e e p s i l t y - c l a y f a c i e s t h a n t o t h e c o a r s e l i t t o r a l

f a c i c s , t h e d o m i n a n t c omponen t b e i n g a mud w hi c h i n c l u d e s

v a r i a b l e q u a n t i t i e s o f s a n d and s h e l l d e b r i s . A r e a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n i s a g a i n l i m i t e d , i n m o s t p a r t s t h e c o a r s e

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FIGURE 7 S u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s i n t h e n o r t h e r n s e c t i o n

o f t h e Clyde Sea A r e a (Deegan e t a l .« 1973 )47

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4 8

l i t t o r a l f a c i e s t e n d i n g t o merge d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e deep

s i l t y - c l a y f a c i e s .

The d e e p s i l t y - c l a y f a c i e s (M) i s t h e m o s t a b u n d a n t and

w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d s e d i m e n t i n t h e r e g i o n , o c c u r r i n g i n a l l

t h e d e e p e r w a t e r a r e a s o f t h e f i r t h and i n t h e c e n t r a l d e e p s

o f t h e s e a - l o c h s where i t r e s u l t s f r om i n f i l l i n g o f low

e n e r g y g l a c i a l l y s c o u r e d h o l l o w s . T h i s s e d i m e n t i s a v e r y

f i n e g r a i n e d brown t o g r e y mud and l i t h o l o g i c a l l y i s t h e m o s t

i n v a r i a n t f a c i e s i n t h e r e g i o n , t h e i n c l u d e d s a n d f r a c t i o n

n o r m a l l y c o m p r i s i n g l e s s t h a n 1$,

T h e r e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n i n t h e t h i c k n e s s o f

s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e t h r e e s e d i m e n t t y p e s .

W h i l e t h o s e o f t h e c o a r s e l i t t o r a l f a c i e s v a r y f r om z e r o t o a

f ew t e n s o f e r a s , , t h e s u r f i c i a l s e d i m e n t s o f t h e d e e p s i l t y -

c l a y f a c i e s a r e much t h i c k e r , o f t e n m e r g i n g w i t h o u t a n y

n o t i c e a b l e l i t h o l o g i c a l b r e a k i n t o t h e F l a n d r i a n c l a y s whi ch

l i e b e n e a t h l a r g e a r e a s o f t h e f i r t h .

The s o u r c e s o f s e d i m e n t s i n t h e a r e a h a v e r e c e i v e d v e r y

l i t t l e i n v e s t i g a t i o n w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h o s e o f t h e C ly d e

e s t u a r y w h i c h h ave b e e n s t u d i e d by G a i r ( 1 9 67 ) and F l e m i n g

(1 969 ) The g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s f r o m t h e s e s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e d

t h a t l i t t l e o r no m a t e r i a l i s s u p p l i e d t o t h e e s t u a r y f r o m t h e

open w a t e r s o f t h e f i r t h and t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f s e d i m e n t

e n t e r i n g a t t h e h e a d o f t h e e s t u a r y f r om t h e C l yd e c a t c h m e n t

i s d e n o s i t e d w i t h i n t h e e s t u a r y i t s e l f . I t w ou ld seem t h e r e ­

f o r e t h a t new s e d i m e n t m a t e r i e l d e p o s i t i n g i n t h e F i r t h o f

C l y d e i s d e r i v e d f r om t h a t c a r r i e d down t o t h e v a r i o u s s e a

l o c h s by m o u n t a i n s t r e a m s o r d i r e c t r u n - o f f and f r om r i v e r s

d r a i n i n g t h e A v r s h i r e B a s i n , s i n c e t h e r e i s l i t t l e e v i d e n c e

t o s u g g e s t t h a t s e d i m e n t i s s u p p l i e d t o t h e a r e a t o a n y g r e a t

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49

e x t e n t f r o m t h e open s e a .

P a t t e r n s o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n some r e g i o n s o f t h e

C l y d e S e a A r e a h ave b e e n c o n s i d e r a b l y i n f l u e n c e d by ma n ’ s

a c t i v i t i e s o v e r t h e l a s t c e n t u r y . T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e

o f t h e u p p e r e s t u a r y whe r e d r e d g i n g o p e r a t i o n s a r e c o n t i n u o u s l y

c a r r i e d o u t t o k e e p s h i p p i n g c h a n n e l s o p e n . The m a t e r i a l f r om

t h i s o p e r a t i o n , some 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 t o n n o s o f s e d i m e n t p e r y e a r , i s

dumped n e a r t h e mouth o f L, Long, The d e e p w a t e r s o u t h o f

G a r r o c h Head (100 m) h as b e e n u s e d by Glasgow C o r p o r a t i o n f o r

o v e r s e v e n t y y e a r s as a s i t e f o r t h e d i s p o s a l o f s ewage and

i n d u s t r i a l s l u d g e a t a p r e s e n t a n n u a l r a t e o f a r o u n d 1M t o n n e s .

As a r e s u l t o f t h i s p r a c t i c e , an a r e a o f s e d i m e n t o f some

20 km i s now h i g h l y c o n t a m i n a t e d t o a d e p t h o f 5 0 - 6 0 cm,

(Mackay e t a l , 1972; Ha l e r o w e t a l , , 1973 ; B a x t e r and

H a r k n e s s , 1975) .

I n f o r m a t i o n on t h e r a t e s o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e

a r e a i s s p a r s e , B a x t e r and H a r k n e s s (1 975) u s e d ^ C / ^ C

r a t i o s t o d e r i v e an ' a r t i f i c i a l 1 s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 1

* 0 - 7 5 c m, y f o r t h e G a r r o c h Hoad dumping g r o u n d a n d a ' n a t u r a l '

s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f a r o u n d 0*3 t o 0*6 mm,y 1 f o r t h i s and

n e a r b y a r e a s . The o n l y o t h e r q u a n t i t a t i v e e s t i m a t e o f

s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s i n t h e r e g i o n was t h a t o f Moore (1931 ) who

made u s e o f s e d i m e n t t r a p s s u s p e n d e d a t v a r i o u s d e p t h s i n t h e

w a t e r co lumn a n d , i n so d o i n g , d i s c o v e r e d s e a s o n a l f l u c t u a t i o n s

xcla w e r e a t t r i b u t e d t o p e r i o d i c d i a t o m b l o o m s ; d e l i c a t e

b a n d i n g ( a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e s e a s o n a l d i a t o m b loom) o b s e r v e d i n

SGdiniGnt c o r e s f r om Loch s t r i v e n i n d i c a t e d a s e d i m e n t a t i o n

r a t e o f v 0 * 5 cm y - f o r t h i s l o c a l e . I n d i r e c t e v i d e n c e f o r a

g e n e r a l l y s l o w r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e

a r e a i s s u g g e s t e d b y t h e w i d e s p r e a d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f m a n g a n e s e

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50

n o d u l e s ( B u c h a n a n 1891; C a l v e r t and P r i c e , 1 970 ; Ku and G l a s b y ,

1 9 7 2 ) , A b u nd a n t Fe/Mn i s p r e s e n t i n t h e C l yd e a r e a ( c f , a

v a l u e o f 4 *4 / j f o r manganes e i n a n o d u l e f r e e s e d i m e n t i n l o v e r

^ , ^ y n e ) , and manganese o x i d e m i n e r a l s h av e i n f a c t b e e n f o u n d

i n a l l o f t h e C l yde s e a - l o c h s e x c e p t t h e G a r e l o c h , t h e H o l y

Loch a nd Loch R i d d o n , However , f i n d s ha ve b e e n c o n c e n t r a t e d

a l o n g t h e l e n g t h o f L, Fyne w i t h s m a l l e r l o c a l i s e d a c c u m u l a t i o n s

e l s e w h e r e . The s c a t t e r e d o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e n o d u l e s i n t h e

s e a - l o c h s and i n t h e n o r t h - w e s t o f t h e C l yd e h a v e p r o m p t e d

M u r r a y a nd I r v i n e (1-894) and A l l e n ( i 9 6 0 ) t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e

s o u r c e o f t h e ma ngane se m i g h t be t h e m o u n t a i n s t r e a m s d r a i n i n g

H i g h l a n d r o c k t y p e s . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t some o f

t h e n o d u l e s e x h i b i t r e m a r k a b l y h i g h c o n e e n t r a t i o n s o f m i n o r

e l e m e n t s , e , g , 1500 ppm o f Zn, and 800 ppm o f Pb h a v e b e e n

r e c o r d e d ( D e eg a n , 1 9 7 3 ) ,

B i o l o g y

B i o l o g i c a l l y , t h e Clyde Sea A r e a i s h i g h l y p r o d u c t i v e a nd

much i s known o f t h e o c c u r r e n c e and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f b o t h m i c r o -

a n d m a c r o - o r g a n i s m s ( r e f e r e n c e s i n N E R C , , 1 9 7 4 ) , L o n g - t e r m

s t u d i e s by t h e S c o t t i s h Ma r in e B i o l o g i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n ( S , M , B , A , )

a t M i l l p o r t have e s t a b l i s h e d t h e p e r i o d i c i t y o f t h e p l a n k t o n i c

o u t b r e a k s i n t h e a r e a . The f i r t h and s e a - l o c h s a r e s u b j e c t t o

an a n n u a l s p r i n g " o u t b u r s t ” o f p h y t o p l a n k t o n , t h e p r e c i s e - t i m e ■

and s i z e o f w h i c h v a r i e s f r om y e a r t o y e a r , s e c o n d a r y and

u s u a l l y s m a l l e r b looms o c c u r r i n g t h r o u g h o u t t h e summer m o n t h s .

The b e n t h i c f a u n a , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e s p e c i e s i n h a b i t i n g t h e

s a n d y a nd r o c k y s u b s t r a t e s o f t h e F i r t h o f C l yd e ha ve b e e n w e l l

c h a r a c t e r i s e d ; i n g e n e r a l , h o w e v e r , l e s s i s known a b o u t t h e

b e n t h i c c o m m u n i t i e s l i v i n g i n muddy d e p o s i t s . The s e d i m e n t s

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51

o f t h e u p p e r e s t u a r y and t h e G a r r o c h Head d umpi ng g r o u n d h a ve

r e c e i v e d d e t a i l e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s by t h e C . R . P . B , t o a s s e s s t h e

e f f e c t s o f p o l l u t i o n on t h e f a u n a o f t h e mud b o t t o m , Mackay

e t a l ( 1 9 72 ) h ave r e p o r t e d a chan g e f rom a m o l l u s c a n / e c h i n o d e r m

c o m mu n i t y o u t s i d e t h e dumping g r o u n d t o a p o l y c h a e t e communi t y

w i t h i n t h e dumping z o n e . I n t h e e s t u a r y i t s e l f , b o t h t h e

d i v e r s i t y o f s p e c i e s and number s o f f l o r a and f a u n a a r e

r e l a t i v e l y r e s t r i c t e d b e c a u s e o f t h e e f f e c t s o f p o l l u t i o n .

P o l l u t i o n

The m a j o r p o l l u t i o n p r o b l e m i n t h e C l yde S ea A r e a i s

o r g a n i c i n n a t u r e , o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l b e i n g i n t r o d u c e d t o t h e

s y s t e m f r o m t h r e e main s o u r c e s :

( 1 ) t h e d i r e c t d i s c h a r g e o f d o m e s t i c and i n d u s t r i a l s e w a g e ,

( 2 ) t h e dumpi ng o f sewage and i n d u s t r i a l s l u d g e o f f G a r r o c h

H e a d , a n d

(3 ) t h e r e l e a s e o f n i t r a t e r i c h e f f l u e n t i n t o t h e I r v i n e

Bay a r e a f r om i n d u s t r i e s i n A y r s h i r e ( A nn u a l R e p o r t s

o f t h e C , R , P , B, , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 ; Mackay and T o p p i n g ,

1 9 7 0 , Mackay e t a l , , 1 9 7 2 ) ,

A d d i t i o n a l s o u r c e s o f o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s a r e p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d

b i p h e n y l s and t r a c e o r g a n i c s u b s t a n c e s d i s c h a r g e d f r om a v a r i e t y

o f i n d u s t r i a l s o u r c e s and o i l p o l l u t i o n w h i c h i s a p o t e n t i a l l y

s e r i o u s h a z a r d , F i n n a r t on Loch Long s e r v i n g a s a m a j o r d e e p -

w a t e r o i l t e r m i n a l f o r 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 t o n t a n k e r s , N o n - o r g a n i c

p o l l u t a n t s i n c l u d e t o x i c h e a v y m e t a l s ( l e a d , c o p p e r , z i n c ,

cadmi um, m e r c u r y ) r e l e a s e d f r om i n d u s t r i a l c o n c e r n s . I n

a d d i t i o n , t h e a r e a r e c e i v e s t h e r m a l p o l l u t i o n f r om t h e d i s c h a r g e

o f h e a t e d w a t e r f r om c o a l and o i l - f i r e d power s t a t i o n s . R a d i o ­

a c t i v e m a t e r i a l s a r e r e l e a s e d . f rom s e v e r a l s o u r c e s . The Ho ly

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Loch a nd G a r e l o c h s e r v e a s b a s e s f o r t h e A m e r i c a n a n d B r i t i s h

n u c l e a r s u b m a r i n e f l e e t s r e s p e c t i v e l y , and r a d i o a c t i v e

c o n t a m i n a t i o n can o c c u r due t o a c c i d e n t a l o r c o n t r o l l e d r e l e a s e s

( B e s t , 197 0 ) . The C l yde S ea A re a a l s o r e c e i v e s r a d i o a c t i v e

i s o t o p e s d i s c h a r g e d f r om t h e n u c l e a r f u e l r e p r o c e s s i n g p l a n t

a t Y i n d s c a l e a s o u t l i n e d p r e v i o u s l y and f ro m t h e H u n t e r s t o n

r e a c t o r s on t h e A y r s h i r e c o a s t . F u r t h e r s o u r c e s o f p o l l u t i o n

i n t h e r e g i o n a r e c o n t a m i n a n t s p r e s e n t i n r a i n f a l l and i n I r i s h

S e a w a t e r e n t e r i n g t h e a r e a (Cambray e t a l , , 1 9 7 5 ) , The mo s t

h i g h l y p o l l u t e d a r e a i s t h e u p p e r e s t u a r y w h i c h r e c e i v e s a r o u n d6 3 -j

10 m d” o f s e w a g e , h a v i n g u n d e r g o n e v a r i o u s d e g r e e s o f t r e a t ­

m e n t , I n a d d i t i o n , t h e l o w e r e s t u a r y r e c e i v e s an e s t i m a t e d

6 3 —10*045 x 10 m d"” o f p a r t i a l l y t r e a t e d and u n t r e a t e d s e w a g e .

D u r i n g p e r i o d s o f low f r e s h w a t e r i n p u t d u r i n g t h e summer t h e

e s t u a r y can become a n a e r o b i c f o r a l e n g t h o f some 20 km b e l o w

t h e t i d a l w e i r i n G l a s gow. T h i s i s a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m s i n c e i t

t h r e a t e n s t h e v a l u a b l e s a l m o n f i s h e r i e s o f t h e L, Lomond

c a t c h m e n t and t h e R, L e v e n , B e c a u s e o f t h e r e l a t i v e l y r e s t r i c t ­

e d e n v i r o n m e n t , t h e a b i l i t y o f some o f t h e s e a - l o c h s t o c op e

w i t h a n y h i g h d e g r e e o f p o l l u t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y o r g a n i c , i s

q u e s t i o n a b l e ( C , R , P , B , , 1 9 7 4 ) ,

A r e a s o f S t u d y

P a r t i c u l a r a r e a s o f i n t e r e s t i n t h i s s t u d y h a ve b e e n t h e

s e a - l o c h s , G a r e l o c h and Loch G o i l , and b a c k g r o u n d d e s c r i p t i o n s

t o t h e s e l o c h s a r e g i v e n b e l o w ,

G a r e l o c h i s 8 km i n l e n g t h and h a s an a v e r a g e b r e a d t h o f

1*6 km. I t f o r ms an arm o f t h e C ly d e E s t u a r y a nd r u n s i n a

n o r t h n o r t h - w e s t d i r e c t i o n . The t o t a l s u r f a c e a r e a o f t h e l o c ho

i s j u s t u n d e r 11 km a b o u t t h r e e t i m e s s m a l l e r t h a n t h e a r e a

o f i t s d r a i n a g e b a s i n . A lo ng i t s c e n t r e t h e l o c h h a s an a v e r a g e

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53

d e p t h o f a b o u t 33 m, The e n t r a n c e t o t h e l o c h i s b o t h s h a l l o w

( a s i l l w h i c h e x t e n d s a c r o s s i t s mou t h h a s a d e p t h o f o n l y 9 m

a t low w a t e r ) and n a r r o w ( a s a n d y s p i t e x t e n d s f r om t h e e a s t e r n

s h o r e n a r r o w i n g t h e e n t r a n c e t o l e s s t h a n 0*3 km) . The l o c h

i s shown i n v e r t i c a l p r o f i l e i n f i g , 8 # A l t h o u g h no m a j o r

f r e s h w a t e r i n p u t o c c u r s a t t h e h e a d o f t h e l o c h , many l a r g e

b u r n s d i s c h a r g e d i r e c t l y a l o n g b o t h b a n k s . The m a j o r s o u r c e

o f s e d i m e n t s i s l i k e l y t o be i n p u t o f p a r t i c u l a t e s c a r r i e d i n

f r o m t h e C l y d e E s t u a r y , W a t e r s a r e w e l l - m i x e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e

y e a r and a s a r e s u l t a r e w e l l o x y g e n a t e d .

Loch G o i l f o r m s a n o r t h - w e s t t r e n d i n g f o r k w h i c h b r a n c h e s

r o u g h l y h a l f w a y t o t h e h e a d o f Long Long , The l o c h i s 8 km

i n l e n g t h and h a s an a v e r a g e b r e a d t h o f a b o u t 1*2 km. I t s2

s u r f a c e a r e a i s 8*5 km , r o u g h l y t e n t i m e s l e s s t h a n t h e a r e a

o f i t s c a t c h m e n t . The e n t r a n c e t o t h e l o c h i s r e l a t i v e l y n a r r o w

(•^0*6 km) a nd i s p r o t e c t e d by a s h a l l o w s i l l o f d e p t h j u s t u n d e r

13 m. The l o c h i n v e r t i c a l p r o f i l e i s shown i n f i g . 9 ,

A d e e p b a s i n o f > 8 0 m e t r e s d e p t h i s s i t u a t e d r o u g h l y t h r e e -

q u a r t e r s o f t h e way t o t h e l o c h - h e a d The m a j o r f r e s h - w a t e r

i n p u t s a r e t h o s e f r om t h e R i v e r G o i l and L e t t e r m a y Burn w h i c h

e n t e r a t t h e h e a d o f t h e l o c h . Howeve r , n um e r o u s f a s t

f l o w i n g s t r e a m s d e s c e n d t h e s t e e p s l o p e s o f t h e s u r r o u n d i n g

h i l l s t o d i s c h a r g e i n s e v e r a l p l a c e s a l o n g b o t h s h o r e s . Such

r i v e r r u n - o f f f rom t h e c a t c h m e n t i s a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y t h e c h i e f

s o u r c e o f s e d i m e n t s i n c e , a s i n d i c a t e d p r e v i o u s l y

r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e s e d i m e n t a p p e a r s t o be s u p p l i e d t o t h e

n o r t h e r n a r e a s o f t h e C l yde Sea A r e a f r o m m a r i n e s o u r c e s . The

w a t e r s o f t h e l o c h become s t r a t i f i e d d u r i n g summer a n d , as a

r e s u l t , b o t t o m w a t e r s a r e d e p l e t e d i n o x yg e n by a u t u m n .

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56

Loch Lomond

G e o g r a p h i c a l l y and g e o l o g i c a l l y Loch Lomond ( f i g . 5 )

c a n be r e g a r d e d a s a modern d ay f r e s h w a t e r e x t e n s i o n o f t h e

C l y d e Sea A r e a , The l o c h i s t h e l a r g e s t i n t h e U n i t e d Kingdom

a nd r u n s n o r t h - s o u t h b e t w e e n l a t i t u d e s 5 5 ° 5 7 ’ and. 5 6 ° 1 6 ' i n t h e

c o u n t i e s o f Dumbar ton and S t i r l i n g , I t s t a n d s a t a h e i g h t o f

o n l y 8 m a bove p r e s e n t d a y s e a - l e v e l . L i k e t h e C l yd e Sea A r e a ,

Loch Lomond c u t s a c r o s s t h e H i g h l a n d b o u n d a r y , F a u l t , The

l o c h c a n be c o n v e n i e n t l y d i v i d e d i n t o two d i s t i n c t h a l v e s , e a c h

o f w h i c h e x h i b i t v e r y d i f f e r e n t t o p o g r a p h i e s . To t h e n o r t h ,

a t a p o i n t n o t f a r f r om t h e l i n e o f t h e H i g h l a n d B o u n d a r y F a u l t ,

t h e l o c h c l o s e l y r e s e m b l e s t h e f j o r d - l i k e s e a - l o c h s o f t h e

C l y d e S ea A r e a , b e i n g l o n g , n a r r o w , d e e p and s t e e p - s i d e d a nd i s

t i g h t l y e n c l o s e d by h i g h m o u n t a i n s . Here t h e b e d r o c k i s

p r e d o m i n a n t l y o f m i c a - s c h i s t and s c h i s t o s e g r i t . To t h e s o u t h ,

t h e l o c h i s s h a l l o w and wide and t h e b e d r o c k i s l a r g e l y o f Old

Red S a n d s t o n e and C a r b o n i f e r o u s s a n d s t o n e s , m a r l s a nd b a s a l t s .

The n a r r o w f j o r d - l i k e n o r t h e r n r e g i o n i s c h a r a c t e r i s e d by v e r y

few i s l a n d s w h i l e i n t h e s o u t h a s e r i e s o f l a r g e d e n s e l y wooded

i s l a n d s e x t e n d s a c r o s s t h e b a s i n ( T i p p e t t , 19 7 4 ; D i c k s o n , 1 9 7 8 ) ,

The p h y s i c a l d i m e n s i o n s o f Loch Lomond a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e 3 ,

The d r a i n a g e a r e a o f Loch Lomond i s a r o u n d t e n t i m e s a s

e x t e n s i v e a s t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e , t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t s i n g l e s o u r c e

o f w a t e r f l o w i n g i n t o t h e l o c h b e i n g t h e F a l l o c h V a t e r wh i ch

d r a i n s t h e r u g g e d l a n d o f t h e H i g h l a n d zone and e n t e r s a t t h e

n o r t h e r n t i p . The m a j o r r i v e r i n p u t i n t h e s o u t h i s t h e

E n d r i c k V a t e r w h i c h , a f t e r d r a i n i n g a l a r g e c a t c h m e n t i n c l u d i n g

much o f t h e K i l p a t r i c k H i l l s and t h e Camps ie F e l l s , f l o w s i n t o

t h e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r . A l t h o u g h t h e a r e a o f l a n d d r a i n e d by

t h e F a l l o c h V a t e r i s a b o u t h a l f o f t h a t d r a i n e d by t h e E n d r i c k ,

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57

TABLE 3

L e n g t h

Max, V i d t h

Max, D e p th

PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS OP LOCII LOMOND

TOTAL SUMPACE AREA TOTAL CATCHMENT

72 km^ 684 krn^

NORTHMAN REG-ION SOUTHERN AEG-IQN

18 km 11 km

1*5 km 7 km

200 m 1 8 m

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58

t h e f o r m e r s u p p l i e s more t h a n 75% o f t h e f r e s h w a t e r i n p u t t o

t h e l o c h due t o t h e much g r e a t e r r a i n f a l l i n t h e m o u n t a i n o u s

H i g h l a n d r e g i o n , A number o f s m a l l e r r i v e r s d r a i n i n t o t h e

l o c h on i t s w e s t e r n s h o r e s . The e n t i r e o u t f l o w f r om Loch

Lomond i s a t B a l l o c h i n t h e s o u t h - w e s t wh er e t h e R, Le ve n

f l o w s 9 km t h r o u g h t h e V a l e o f Leven t o e n t e r t h e C l yd e

E s t u a r y a t Dumbar ton ( T i p p e t t , 1 9 7 4 ) ,

L, Lomond was f o r m e d by g l a c i a l e r o s i o n d u r i n g t h e i c e -

a g e s o f t h e P l e i s t o c e n e and emer ged i n i t s p r e s e n t f o r m a t t h e

14e nd o f t h e L, Lomond r e a d v a n c e w h i c h , on t h e b a s i s o f C d a t e s

f r o m L a t e - g l a c i a l m a r i n e s h e l l s i n Loch Lomond, o c c u r r e d

b e t w e e n 1 1 , 7 0 0 - 1 0 , 5 0 0 ^4 C y e a r s B P , ( S i s s o n s , 1 9 66 , 1 9 6 7 ) ,

The L a t e - g l a c i a l p e r i o d was c h a r a c t e r i s e d by v e r y l a r g e

f l u c t u a t i o n s i n s e a - l e v e l and t h e r e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e e v i d e n c e

( i n t h e f o r m o f m a r i n e c l a y e y s i l t s , s h o r e l i n e l a n d f o r m s a nd

t h e p r e s e n c e o f m a r i n e p l a n k t o n and a b s e n c e o f f r e s h w a t e r p l a n t s

a t d e p t h i n s e d i m e n t s ) t o s u g g e s t t h a t d u r i n g p e r i o d s o f

r e l a t i v e l y h i g h s e a - l e v e l , Loch Lomond was i n f a c t a s e a - l o c h ,

h a v i n g a d i r e c t c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e F i r t h o f C l yd e (McDona ld ,

1 9 7 4 ; D i c k s o n e t a l , , 1 9 7 8 ) , One s u c h m a r i n e i n c u r s i o n , when

s e a - l e v e l r e a c h e d a maximum e l e v a t i o n o f a / 33 m , 0 , D , i s b e l i e v e d

t o h a v e o c c u r r e d a r o u n d 1 2 , 5 0 0 14C y e a r s B , P , ( j u s t p r i o r t o t h e

L, Lomond r e a d v a n c e ) , when t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e l o c h was

i c e - f r e e D u r i n g t h e L, Lomond r e a d v a n c e , t h e Loch Lomond

g l a c i e r e x t e n d e d a s f a r s o u t h as A l e x a n d r i a i n t h e V a l e o f

L e v en wh e re a m o r a i n e r i d g e was f o r m e d w h i c h a c t e d a s a t e m p o r a r y

b a r r i e r b e t w e e n t h e l o c h and t h e C ly d e e s t u a r y ; i n so d o i n g ,

t h i s r i d g e c o n t r o l l e d b o t h t h e l e v e l o f t h e f r e s h w a t e r l o c h a nd

t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h s e a - l e v e l was r e q u i r e d t o r i s e i n o r d e r t h a t

s a l t - w a t e r c o u l d r e - e n t e r t h e b a s i n . R e c e n t s t u d i e s o f d e e p -

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w a t e r c o r e s f ro m t h e s o u t h e r n b a s i n o f Loch Lomond h a v e p r o d u c e d

e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e l o c h d i d i n f a c t e x p e r i e n c e a more r e c e n t14m a r i n e i n c u r s i o n w h i c h C d a t i n g h a s shown t o h a v e l a s t e d some

1450 y e a r s f r om 6900 t o 5450 B , P , ( D i c k s o n e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ) ,

Loch Lomond i s a warm m o n o m i c t i c l a k e . D u r i n g t h e summer ,

t h e s o u t h b a s i n o f t h e l o c h ( w i t h a maximum w a t e r d e p t h o f <20 m)

r e m a i n s w e l l - m i x e d ; h o we v e r , f r om J u n e t o O c t o b e r , t h e d e e p

n o r t h e r n b a s i n i s t h e r m a l l y s t r a t i f i e d , t h r e e d i s t i n c t l a y e r s o f

w a t e r d e v e l o p i n g w i t h l i t t l e o r no v e r t i c a l m i x i n g . The s u r f a c e

l a y e r e x t e n d i n g t o a d e p t h o f a b o u t 20 m i s e f f e c t i v e l y h e a t e d

by t h e s u n and w e l l - m i x e d by wi nd a nd c u r r e n t a c t i o n , w h i l e t h e

b u l k o f t h e u n d e r l y i n g w a t e r r e m a i n s u n h e a t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e

summer . I n l a t e a u t umn , t h e t h e r m o c l i n e b r e a k s down due t o

c o o l i n g o f s u r f a c e w a t e r s and t h o r o u g h m i x i n g o f w a t e r f o l l o w s

( T i p p e t t , 1 9 7 4 ) .

B i o l o g i c a l l y , t h e l o c h i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d h i g h l y p r o d u c t i v e ,

a l t h o u g h t h e a r e a i s s u b j e c t t o a s p r i n g p l a n k t o n b l o o m . By

f a r t h e g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f n u t r i e n t s a r e d e l i v e r e d t o t h e

l o c h by t h e E n d r i c k V a t e r wh i c h e n t e r s i n t h e s o u t h a f t e r f l o w i n g

o v e r s o f t r o c k s and r i c h , w e l l - f e r t i l i s e d f a r m l a n d ; h e n c e t h e

w a t e r i s r e l a t i v e l y r i c h i n d i s s o l v e d m i n e r a l n u t r i e n t s a nd t h u s

t h e s o u t h e r n b a s i n i s t h e l e a s t o l i g o t r o p h i c r e g i o n . On t h e

o t h e r h a n d , t h e F a l l o c h V a t e r and o t h e r s t r e a m s a nd r i v e r s

d r a i n i n g t h e H i g h l a n d zone f l o w o v e r p o o r a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d a nd

h a r d r e s i s t a n t r o c k s w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t r e l a t i v e l y few m i n e r a l s

a r e b r o u g h t t o t h e l o c h . I n a d d i t i o n , l a r g e a r e a s o f t h e

n o r t h e r n r e g i o n o f t h e s o u t h b a s i n a r e d e v o i d o f a n y s i g n i f i c a n t

c o v e r i n g o f s u r f i c i a l s e d i m e n t s s u g g e s t i n g e i t h e r low d e t r i t a l

i n p u t o r d e p o s i t i o n i n t h e r e g i o n , o r a c t i v e r e - e r o s i o n ( S t e w a r t ,

1977^ p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) , B e n t h i c f l o r a a nd f a u n a a r e

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60

p o o r l y r e p r e s e n t e d e v e n i n t h e more p r o d u c t i v e a r e a o f t h e s o u t h

a n d i n d e e d a r e a l m o s t n o n - e x i s t e n t i n t h e d e e p e r n o r t h e r n r e g i o n

o f t h e l o c h . L i t t l e b i o l o g i c a l r e w o r k i n g o f t h e s e d i m e n t i s

t h e r e f o r e t o be e x p e c t e d . The l o c h s u p p o r t s a v a r i e t y o f f i s h ,

i n c l u d i n g t h e c o m m e r c i a l l y v a l u a b l e s a l m o n a nd s e a - t r o u t ,

m i g r a t o r y f i s h , w h i c h u s e Loch Lomond and i t s a s s o c i a t e d r i v e r s

a n d s t r e a m s a s b r e e d i n g g r o u n d s .

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C i l i c i a B a s i n ( E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n )

The C i l i c i a B a s i n i s a d e e p m a r i n e b a s i n (maximum d e p t h

1500 m) w h i c h l i e s b e t w e e n Cyprus and t h e s o u t h e r n c o a s t o f

T u r k e y i n t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n ( f i g 10 ) # The

s o u t h e r n T u r k i s h c o a s t a l a r e a f rom t h e m a i n l a n d o p p o s i t e Rhodes

i n t h e w e s t t o t h e S y r i a n b o r d e r i n t h e e a s t i s a h i g h l y

m o u n t a i n o u s r e g i o n w i t h a c o a s t l i n e d o m i n a t e d by c l i f f s . A l o n g

t h e l e n g t h o f t h e c o a s t t h e m o u n t a i n s a r e d r a i n e d b o t h by

n u m e r o u s l o n g p e r e n n i a l r i v e r s w h i c h s t r e t c h f a r i n l a n d and ha ve

e x t e n s i v e c a t c h m e n t s , and b y many s h o r t e r s e a s o n a l r i v e r s w h i c h

f l o w i n w i n t e r a nd s p r i n g when r a i n f a l l i s r e l a t i v e l y h e a v y

(7 0 - 150 c m s . p e r y e a r ) . The l a r g e p e r e n n i a l r i v e r s d i s c h a r g e

m a s s i v e q u a n t i t i e s o f d e t r i t a l m a t e r i a l t o t h e c o a s t a nd f u r t h e r

a p p r e c i a b l e amo un ts o f s e d i m e n t a r e t h o u g h t t o d e r i v e f r o m

m a t e r i a l t r a n s p o r t e d by t h e s h o r t s e a s o n a l r i v e r s d r a i n i n g t h e

T u r k i s h and C y p r i o t c o a s t s and f r o m w i n d b o r n e d u s t ( s i l t a n d

c l a y s ) b l ow n d u r i n g t h e summer f r om t h e a r i d l a n d s b o r d e r i n g

t h e e a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n , Wh i l e l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f t h i s

m a t e r i a l a r e t h o u g h t t o d e p o s i t on t h e n a r r o w i n n e r s h e l f s l o p e s ,

a s i g n i f i c a n t f r a c t i o n i s b e l i e v e d t r a n s p o r t e d t o t h e a d j a c e n t

d e e p e r w a t e r s o f t h e b a s i n b e t w e e n T u r k e y and C y p r u s ( E v a n s ,

1971 ) ,

D u r i n g t h e l a s t few y e a r s t h e s e d i m e n t s o f t h e b a s i n ha ve

b e e n i n t e n s i v e l y i n v e s t i g a t e d by t h e G e o l o g y D e p a r t m e n t o f

I m p e r i a l C o l l e g e London , who hope t o c o n s t r u c t a g e n e r a l mode l

o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n f o r s uc h a b a s i n a d j a c e n t t o a h i g h m o u n t a i n o u s

l a n d m a s s f r o m wh i ch a l a r g e b u r d e n o f d e t r i t a l s e d i m e n t i s d e r i v e d

W h i l e p r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t h e n a t u r e and d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f t h e s e d i m e n t s i n t h e b a s i n and a l o n g t h e s o u t h T u r k i s h c o a s t

h a v e b e e n c o m p l e t e d (Shaw, 1978 ; Shaw a nd B ush , 1 9 7 8 ) , one

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FIGURE 10 The C i l i c i a B a s i n , E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n

TURK EY

RHODES. C R E T E

CYPRUS

3 0

2 2 ° 23 ° 24 ° 2 5 ° 2 6 ° 2 7 ° 2 8 ° 29 ° 3 0 ° 31° 32 ° 33 ° 34 0 35 ° 3 6

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o u t s t a n d i n g p r o b l e m w h i c h r e m a i n s c o n c e r n s t h e p a t t e r n s and

r a t e s o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e a r e a , a b o u t w h i c h n o t h i n g

q u a n t i t a t i v e i s known.

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1*4 Aims o f R e s e a r c h

T h i s r e s e a r c h i n v o l v e s a p r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e

p a t t e r n s a nd r a t e s o f r e c e n t s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e210n o r t h e r n r e g i o n o f t h e C l yd e Sea A r e a by t h e Pb d a t i n g

t e c h n i q u e , The s t u d y f o r ms p a r t o f a c o n t i n u i n g r e s e a r c h

p r o g r a m m e , t h e u l t i m a t e o b j e c t i v e s o f w h i c h a r e t o g a i n i n s i g h t

i n t o g e o c h e m i c a l , s e d i m e n t a t i o n and w a t e r - m i x i n g p r o c e s s e s i n

t h e a r e a , and t o e v a l u a t e t h e i m p a c t o f a n t h r o p o g e n i c e f f e c t s

on t h e s y s t e m .

The ma i n a ims o f t h e p r o j e c t were t h e r e f o r e ; t o p e r f o r m

21 0an i n i t i a l s u r v e y o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Pb w i t h i n t h e

s e d i m e n t s o f t h e a r e a and t o e v a l u a t e t h e a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f 210 Pb a s a d a t i n g t o o l i n t h i s m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t ; t o e v a l u a t e

21 0a l t e r n a t i v e e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o c e d u r e s f o r Pb a s s a y a nd d e v e l o p

and a p p l y t h e m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e m e t h o d ; t o e s t i m a t e r a t e s o f

s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n and d e r i v e d e p t h / t i m e s c a l e s w i t h w h i c h

t o e x a m i n e b o t h n a t u r a l s e d i m e n t a r y p r o c e s s e s and c h a n g e s i n

s e d i m e n t c o m p o s i t i o n a r i s i n g f r om a n t h r o p o g e n i c f a c t o r s .

D u r i n g t h e p r o j e c t an o p p o r t u n i t y a r o s e t o s t u d y a c o r e

f r om t h e n e a r b y f r e s h w a t e r l o c h , Loch Lomond, f o r w h i c h , a s f o r

t h e C ly d e S ea A r e a , l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e on modern

r a t e s o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n , A c o r e f r om t h e s o u t h c o a s t010

o f T u r k e y was a l s o e xami n ed t o e v a l u a t e t h e p o t e n t i a l o f “ Pb

i n s t u d i e s o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n i n t h i s e n v i r o n m e n t ,21 0T h i s s p e c i f i c p r o j e c t , s p e c i f i c t o “ Pb d a t i n g a nd g e o ­

c h e m i s t r y i n e a c h a r e a , was n o t p e r f o r m e d i n i s o l a t i o n b u t i n

p a r a l l e l w i t h c o m p l e m e n t a r y s t u d i e s o f o t h e r s p e c i e s i n s e d i m e n t s

and w a t e r s . Thus t h e o v e r a l l o b j e c t i v e i n v o l v e d a s s e s s m e n t o f

210 Pb d a t a i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h a d d i t i o n a l r e s u l t s , o b t a i n e d by

c o l l a b o r a t o r s , on o t h e r r e l e v a n t p a r a m e t e r s , s u c h a s p a l a e o m a g n e t -

i s m , h e a v y m e t a l s and a r t i f i c i a l r a d i o n u c l i d e s .

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CHAPTER 2

EXPERIMENTAL

2.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n : G e n e r a l o u t l i n e o f e x p e r i m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

T h i s c h a p t e r i s l a r g e l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n s

o f t h e t e c h n i q u e s o f s am p l e c o l l e c t i o n and h a n d l i n g , and o f

r a d i o c h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s d e v e l o p e d i n t h i s and c o m p l e m e n t a r y

s t u d i e s f o r t h e d e c a y s e r i e s n u c l i d e s , ^ ^Pb and ^ ^ R a , and

1 34 1 37f o r t h e a r t i f i c i a l r a d i o c a e s i u m i s o t o p e s Cs and Cs , t h e

r a d i o n u c l i d e s o f p r i n c i p a l i n t e r e s t i n t h i s wor k .

S e d i m e n t s a m p l e s have b e e n c o l l e c t e d by a v a r i e t y o f

c o r i n g m e t h o d s , v i z by a s m a l l d i a m e t e r g r a v i t y c o r e r , a nd by

C r a i b and M a c k e r e t h c o r e r s , t h e l a t t e r two s a m p l e r s b e i n g

s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s i g n e d t o r e c o v e r u n d i s t u r b e d c o r e s o f s u r f a c e

s e d i m e n t . A d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e d e s i g n a nd o p e r a t i o n o f t h e s e

c o r e r s i s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n .

R a d i o c h e m i c a l a n a l y s e s o f t h e r a d i o n u c l i d e s i n d i c a t e d a bo v e

a r e p e r f o r m e d on m e a s u r e d a l i q u o t s o f t o t a l l y d i s s o l v e d s e d i m e n t

S a m p l e s . C o mp l e t e d i s s o l u t i o n o f s e d i m e n t i s a c h i e v e d by

s u c c e s s i v e d i g e s t i o n w i t h a v a r i e t y o f c o n c e n t r a t e d a c i d s , i n t e r ­

m e d i a t e l e a c h i n g w i t h h o t 6N HC1 d i s s o l v i n g a r o u n d 99# o f

o r i g i n a l m a t e r i a l .

^ ^ P b a s s a y i s by a - s p e c t r o m e t r i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n of i t s a -

e m i t t i n g g r a n d —d a u g h t e r Po ( a , t ^ ~ 1 3 8 . 4 d ; E ^ = 5 . 305MeV),

i n i t i a l l y a s s ume d and s u b s e q u e n t l y shown t o be i n s e c u l a r, 21 CL,, . , , , . , 208-pe q u i l i b r i u m w i t h i t s p a r e n t Pb m t h e s e d i m e n t . Po

( a t , = 2 9 3 y ; E - 5 . 1 l M e V ) s p i k e i s a dd ed t o t h e s am p l e p r i o r t o 2 a '

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d i s s o l u t i o n and a c t s a s c h e m i c a l y i e l d t r a c e r f o r t h e a n a l y t i c a l

p r o c e d u r e . P o l o n i u m i s o t o p e s a r e s p o n t a n e o u s l y d e p o s i t e d on t o

s i l v e r d i s c s f r o m a d i l u t e s o l u t i o n o f HC1, p r o v i d i n g a t h i n

s o u r c e s u i t a b l e f o r h i g h r e s o l u t i o n a - s p e c t r o m e t r y .

226 Ra a n a l y s i s i s p e r f o r m e d i n d i r e c t l y by d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f222t h e a c t i v i t y o f i t s r a d i o a c t i v e r a r e g a s d a u g h t e r Rn ( a , t i =

2

3 . 8 2 5 d ; E a = 5 . 49MeV) , i s o l a t e d f r o m a f u r t h e r known vo l ume o f210t h e s a m p l e s o l u t i o n a s s a y e d f o r P b . R a d i o a c t i v i t y m e a s u r e m e n t

o f t h e c o l l e c t e d g a s i s by g a s - p h a s e a - s c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t i n g

u s i n g ZnS(Ag) phos j^hor c o a t e d d e t e c t o r c h a m b e r s , c o u p l e d t o a

p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r t u b e and s c a l e r .

R a d i o c a e s i u m a n a l y s i s was i n i t i a l l y p e r f o r m e d on t h e r e ­

m a i n i n g f r a c t i o n o f t h e c o m p l e t e l y d i s s o l v e d s am p l e by p a s s i n g

t h e a c i d s o l u t i o n t h r o u g h t h e i n o r g a n i c i o n e x c h a n g e r K . C . P . C .

( p o t a s s i u m h e x a c y a n o c o b a l t ( 1 1 ) f e r r a t e ( 1 1 ) ) , when c a e s i u m

e x c h a n g e s q u a n t i t a t i v e l y f o r p o t a s s i u m . R a d i o a c t i v i t y d e t e r m i n a ­

t i o n was b y y - s p e c t r o s c o p y o f t h e e x c h a n g e d r e s i n u s i n g a 3 i n c h134Nal ( T l ) s c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t e r . The ma in d e c a y modes o f Cs

13 7and Cs a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e 4. I n t h e l a t t e r s t a g e s o f

t h e s t u d y , c a e s i u m i s o t o p e a s s a y h a s b e e n p e r f o r m e d u s i n g a

lOOcc GeLi d e t e c t o r by d i r e c t c o u n t i n g o f a known w e i g h t o f

d r i e d / h o m o g e n i s e d s e d i m e n t p r i o r t o d i s s o l u t i o n and s u b s e q u e n t

^■^Pb a nd ^ ^ R a a n a l y s e s a s o u t l i n e d a b o v e .

A f l o w d i a g r a m o f t h e a bo v e s e p a r a t i o n s cheme i s shown i n

f i g 11. T y p i c a l a a nd y s p e c t r a a r e shown i n f i g s 12 and 13

r e s p e c t i v e l y .

T r a c e m e t a l a n a l y s e s a r e p e r f o r m e d by a t o m i c a b s o r p t i o n

s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y u s i n g an IL151 s i n g l e beam s p e c t r o m e t e r , »

i n c o r p o r a t i n g a h y d r o g e n l amp f o r b a c k g r o u n d c o r r e c t i o n .

I n t h e l a t t e r s t a g e s o f t h e s t u d y , c o r e s h a v e b e e n X - r a y

p h o t o g r a p h e d p r i o r t o a n a l y s i s t o i d e n t i f y s t r a t i g r a p h i c

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TARLE 4 P a r t i a l d e c a y s chemes f o r ^ 3 ^Cs and 337Cs

( L e d e r e r e t a l , 1 9 6 j ) s h o w i n g t h e Y” r a y s

d i a g n o s t i c o f t h e r a d i o c a e s i u n ; i s o t o p e s .

1 3 7 C s ( t i = 3 0 . 0 y ) + l37mB a ( t 1- 2 . 5 5 m i n )2 2

DECAY MODE ENERGY QleV) INTENSITY { % )

P“ 0 . 5 1 4 9 3 . 5

P“ 1 . 1 7 6 6 . 5

y 0 . 6 6 1 6 9 3 . 5

1 3 ^ C s ( t 1- 2 ,05.y)2

DECAY MODE ENERGY (MeV) INTENSITY ( £ )

P” 0 . 6 6 2 71•0

P” 0 . 0 8 9 3 8 . 0

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FIGURE 11 Flow d i a g r a m o f r a d i o a n a l y t i c a l s e p a r a t i o n s

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LEACH WITH HOT 6N HC1

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d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s a n d / o r b i o t u r b a t i v e d i s t u r b a n c e i n t h e s a m p l e s .

A s t a n d a r d m e d i c a l d i a g n o s t i c X - r a y u n i t o p e r a t i n g a t i t s

p e a k v o l t a g e o f 95kV and a t u b e c u r r e n t o f 40mA i s u s e d , w i t h

e x p o s u r e t i m e s o f a r o u n d 10 s e c o n d s .

To g i v e an i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e o v e r a l l c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e

s e d i m e n t s , s u b s i d i a r y a n a l y s e s a r e p e r f o r m e d f o r CaCO^ and

C, H a nd N ( p e r f o r m e d r o u t i n e l y a s a d e p a r t m e n t a l s e r v i c e on a

P e r k i n - E l m e r 240 a n a l y s e r . ) . P a r t i c l e d e n s i t y , p a r t i c l e s i z e

d i s t r i b u t i o n and c l a y m i n e r a l a n a l y s e s h a v e b e e n e f f e c t e d on a

s m a l l number o f k e y s ’a m p l e s ; b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e m e t h o d s

u s e d f o r p a r t i c l e s i z e and c l a y m i n e r a l a n a l y s e s a r e p r e s e n t e d

i n a p p e n d i x 1 . P a l a e o m a g n e t i c m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r

t h e Loch Lomond c o r e .

A l l r e a g e n t s u s e d i n t h e r a d i o a n a l y t i c a l and c h e m i c a l

p r o c e d u r e s o u t l i n e d a bo ve a r e w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e o f A n a l a r g r a d e .

The f o l l o w i n g d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n p r o c e d u r e i s a p p l i e d t o c h e m i c a l

a p p a r a t u s b e t w e e n a n a l y s e s . The a p p a r a t u s i s f i r s t r i n s e d w i t h

6N HC1, s c r u b b e d i n a s t r o n g s o l u t i o n o f P y r o n e g a nd l e f t t o

s t e e p f o r a minimum o f 24 h o u r s i n a 5$ s o l u t i o n of Decon 9 0 .

The a p p a r a t u s i s f u r t h e r r i n s e d w i t h 6N HC1 and d i s t i l l e d

w a t e r .

Due t o t h e known t e n d e n c y o f p o l o n i u m and b i s m u t h i s o ­

t o p e s t o a d s o r b on t o c o n t a i n e r w a l l s , t h e f o l l o w i n g s p e c i a l

p r e c a u t i o n s a r e a d o p t e d t o e n s u r e d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f g l a s s /210t e f l o n a p p a r a t u s u s e d i n Pb a n a l y s i s . The a p p a r a t u s i s

b o i l e d i n 8N HXO^ t o w h i c h 20mg o f b i s m u t h ( a s B i t N O ^ ^ ) h a s b e e n

a d d e d , r e b o i l e d i n 8N HNO^ and f i n a l l y r i n s e d w i t h 6N HC1 and

d i s t i l l e d w a t e r .

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2 . 2 Sample c o l l e c t i o n and h a n d l i n g

Of m a j o r i m p o r t a n c e i n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f p a t t e r n s and

r a t e s o f r e c e n t s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i s t h e r e c o v e r y o f c o r e s

o f u n d i s t u r b e d s e d i m e n t i n w h i c h , p r e f e r a b l y , t h e f l o c c u l e n t

s u r f a c e l a y e r o f t h e d e p o s i t i s r e t a i n e d . I n a d c i t i o n , t h e

c o r e s h o u l d be r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e a r e a u n d e r s t u d y .

I d e a l l y , t h e s a m p l i n g s i t e would be v i s u a l l y e x a m i n e d b y

d i v e r s o r u n d e r w a t e r p h o t o g r a p h i c e q u i p m e n t b o t h b e f o r e and

d u r i n g t h e s a m p l i n g o p e r a t i o n . Th i s w ou ld h e l p m i n i m i s e t o a

l a r g e e x t e n t t h e e l e m e n t o f u n c e r t a i n t y wh ic h a r i s e s when s a m p l e s

a r e o b t a i n e d ' b l i n d 1 . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , s u c h f a c i l i t i e s a r e n o t

y e t commonly a v a i l a b l e and c o u l d n o t be o b t a i n e d d u r i n g t h i s

s t u d y . H ow ev e r , t h e m a j o r i t y o f c o r e s e x a m i n e d i n t h i s work

were c o l l e c t e d by c o r i n g m e t h o d s s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s i g n e d t o r e ­

c o v e r s e d i m e n t s a m p l e s w h i c h a r e s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l l y u n d i s t u r b e d .

C ly d e Sea A r e a S e d i m e n t s

B o t t o m s a m p l i n g o f C l yde S e a A r e a s e d i m e n t s i s p e r f o r m e d

by g r a v i t y and C r a i b c o r e r s o p e r a t e d f r o m t h e s u r v e y v e s s e l

'ENDRICK I I ' o f t h e C l yde R i v e r P u r i f i c a t i o n B o a r d .

G r a v i t y c o r e s a r e c o l l e c t e d u s i n g a c o n v e n t i o n a l s m a l l -

d i a m e t e r s a m p l e r , t h e d e s i g n o f w h i c h i s shown i n f i g . 14 .

I t c o n s i s t s e s s e n t i a l l y o f a m e t a l b a r r e l e n c l o s i n g an e x c h a n g e ­

a b l e p l a s t i c l i n e r . A d o m e - s h a p e d c o r e c a t c h e r c o n s i s t i n g o f

a number o f f l e x i b l e m e t a l f i n g e r s i s p o s i t i o n e d a t t h e b a s e o f

t h e p l a s t i c l i n e r , a bove t h e c u t t i n g e dg e o f t h e b a r r e l . T h i s

u n i t i s b o l t e d on t o t h e u p p e r w e i g h t e d a s s e m b l y , a t t a c h e d t o a

w i n c h . I n o p e r a t i o n , t h e c o r e r i s l o w e r e d t o w i t h i n a f ew

m e t r e s o f t h e s e a f l o o r where i t i s r e l e a s e d and a l l o w e d t o

f r e e - f a l l t o be d r i v e n i n t o t h e s e d i m e n t by t h e h e a v y l e a d w e i g h t s .

The v a l v e a t t h e t o p o f t h e b a r r e l o p e n s a s t h e c c r e r d e s c e n d s ,

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FIGURE 14 S e c t i o n s o f C r a i b and g r a v i t y c o r e r

C ra ib Corer

h y d r a u l i cd a m p e r

• spring se a l i n g c a p

leadw ei g h t s

s u p p o r t frame, coring t u b e

Gravity Corer

o n e way val \re

l e a d w e i g h t s

p l a s h c core l iner

c o r e c a t c h e r

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74

a l l o w i n g e s c a p e o f w a t e r . S e d i m e n t e n t e r s t h e b a r r e l t h r o u g h

t h e f i n g e r s o f t h e c o r e - c a t c h e r , o p e ne d upon c o n t a c t w i t h t h e

t o p m o s t l a y e r s o f t h e d e p o s i t . On w i t h d r a w a l f r o m t h e s e d i m e n t ,

t h e o n e - w a y v a l v e c l o s e s a n d t h e f i n g e r s o f t h e c o r e r e t a i n e r

s h u t , p r e v e n t i n g d i s t u r b a n c e t o and l o s s o f s e d i m e n t a s t h e c o r e r

r e t u r n s t o t h e s u r f a c e . Ab o a rd s h i p , t h e b a r r e l i s r e l e a s e d and

m a i n t a i n e d u p r i g h t w h i l e t h e p l a s t i c l i n e r e n c l o s i n g t h e s e d i m e n t

i s r e move d v e r t i c a l l y f r o m t h e t u b e . A c o r e b a r r e l of l e n g t h

90cm i s u s e d t o c o l l e c t c o r e s o f d i a m e t e r 6cm and l e n g t h up t o

80cm.

The d i s a d v a n t a g e o f t h i s c o r i n g me t hod l i e s i n i t s t e n d e n c y

t o p h y s i c a l l y d i s t u r b o r l o s e t h e u p p e r m o s t l a y e r s o f s e d i m e n t

( w h i c h a r e r e l a t i v e l y u n c o n s o l i d a t e d , c o n t a i n i n g a b o u t 9 0 $ w a t e r

b y v o l u m e ) , due t o a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e p r e s s u r e wave w h i ch

t r a v e l s i n f r o n t o f t h e b a r r e l and t h e f o r c e o f i m p a c t . Some

d i s t u r b a n c e t o o r l o s s o f s e d i m e n t was t h e r e f o r e e x p e c t e d u s i n g

t h i s d e v i c e .

R e c o v e r y o f u n d i s t u r b e d s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t , c o n s i d e r e d e s s e n t i a l

f o r t h i s w o r k , i s a c h i e v e d w i t h t h e C r a i b c o r e r , w h i c h i s

s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s i g n e d t o r e t a i n i n t a c t t h e l i g h t s u p e r f i c i a l

l a y e r o f s e d i m e n t ( C r a i b , 1 9 6 5 ) .

The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e C r a i b c o r e r i s shown i n f i g . 14.

T h i s s a m p l e r i n c o r p o r a t e s a h y d r a u l i c d amp er t o e n s u r e a s l o w

a p p r o a c h a nd p e n e t r a t i o n o f t h e s e d i m e n t . I n o p e r a t i o n , t h e

b a s e f r a m e i s s o f t - l a n d e d on t h e s e a b e d , t h e i m p a c t b e i n g

s u f f i c i e n t t o r e l e a s e t h e w e i g h t e d c c r e r a s s e m b l y w h i c h s i n k s

a t a s l o w s p e e d p r e d e t e r m i n e d by t h e r a t e a t w h i c h w a t e r c an

e s c a p e f r o m t h e h y d r a u l i c d a m p e r . As t h e c o r e r i s w i t h d r a w n

f r o m t h e s e d i m e n t , o p e r a t i o n o f an a u t o m a t i c b a l l —c l o s i n g d e v i c e

r e s u l t s i n i n s e r t i o n o f a r u b b e r b a l l i n t o t h e mouth o f t h e

c o r i n g t u b e , t h u s e n s u r i n g r e t e n t i o n o f t h e s a m p l e . C l o s u r e o f

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t h e h i n g e d s e a l i n g c o v e r p r e v e n t s d i s t u r b a n c e o f t h e s e d i m e n t

a s t h e s a m p l e r i s r e t u r n e d t o t h e s u r f a c e . On d e c k , t h e c l o s i n g

b a l l i s r e p l a c e d by a s i m i l a r b a l l a nd t h e c o r i n g t u b e , c o n t a i n ­

i n g t h e s a m p l e , w i t h d r a w n down war ds f r o m t h e h o u s i n g . The

i n s t r u m e n t r e c o v e r s c o r e s o f 5 .7 c m d i a m e t e r a n d i n p r a c t i c e

u p t o 18cm i n l e n g t h .

S i n c e C r a i b c o r e s a r e r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t , a 1 c o n t i n u o u s ' u n ­

d i s t u r b e d p r o f i l e o f s e d i m e n t f r o m d e p t h t o t h e s e d i m e n t / s e a

w a t e r i n t e r f a c e c a n i n t h e o r y be o b t a i n e d by c o l l e c t i n g g r a v i t y

a n d C r a i b c o r e s a t e a c h s t a t i o n a n d m a t c h i n g t h e l o w e r e n d o f

t h e C r a i b c o r e t o t h e u p p e r end o f t h e g r a v i t y c o r e .

On d e c k , g r a v i t y a n d C r a i b c o r e s a r e c a r e f u l l y i n s p e c t e d f o r

a n y v i s i b l e s i g n s o f p h y s i c a l d i s t u r b a n c e . I f t h e w a t e r o v e r -

l y i n g t h e s e d i m e n t i s a t a l l c l o u d y ( d u e t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f

s u s p e n d e d p a r t i c u l a t e s ) t h e c o r e i s r e j e c t e d . I f t h e o v e r l y i n g

w a t e r i s c l e a r , a n d i n t h e c a s e o f g r a v i t y c o r e s , t h e r e i s no

i n d i c a t i o n o f c h a n n e l l i n g b e t w e e n c o r e - l i n e r a n d s e d i m e n t ( t h i s

s o m e t i m e s o c c u r s d u e t o t h e t e a r i n g a c t i o n o f t h e s h a r p f i n g e r s

o f t h e c o r e r e t a i n e r a s s e d i m e n t e n t e r s t h e b a r r e l ) , t h e s a m p l e s

a r e a c c e p t e d a s u n d i s t u r b e d a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g s t e p s t a k e n t o

p r e v e n t s u b s e q u e n t d i s t u r b a n c e o f t h e s e d i m e n t d u r i n g t r a n s p o r t

t o t h e l a b o r a t o r y .

A f t e r n o t i n g t h e l e n g t h o f e a c h c o r e , t h e s u p e r n a t a n t w a t e r

i s r e m o v e d by s y r i n g e , t a . k i n g c a r e n o t t o s u s p e n d a nd w i t h d r a w

f i n e s . C o r e s a r e t h e n q u i c k - f r o z e n i n a d e e p f r e e z e o r p l a c e d

d i r e c t l y i n t o a s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d f r e e z e r - t r a n s p o r t e r u n i t

( u s i n g s o l i d CO^ a s r e f r i g e r a n t ) f o r r e t u r n t o t h e l a b o r a t o r y .

The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e c h e s t f o r g r a v i t y c o r e s i s s h o w n i n

f i g 15 ; t h a t f o r C r a i b c o r e s i s i d e n t i c a l i n f o r m , b u t w i t h a

c a p a c i t y f o r 6 c o r e s . I n t h e l a b o r a t o r y , c o r e s a r e s t o r e d

f r o z e n i n a d e e p —f r e e z e p r i o r t o a n a l y s i s .

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FIGURE 1 5 F r e e z e r / t r a n s p o r t e r u n i t f o r s e d i m e n t c o r e s 76

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77

Loch Lomond S e d i m e n t

The c o r e f r o m Lo ch Lomond was c o l l e c t e d u s i n g a p n e u m a t i c a n y

d r i v e n m i n i - K a c k e r e t h c o r e r ( M a c k e r e t h , 1 9 6 9 ) , d e s i g n e d t o

c o l l e c t u n d i s t u r b e d s e d i m e n t s a m p l e s . The m a i n f e a t u r e s o f t h e

c o r e r a r e s ho wn i n f i g 1 6 . The c o r e was one o f a s e r i e s r e ­

c o v e r e d b y D r . R. Thompson o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f G e o p h y s i c s ,

U n i v e r s i t y o f E d i n b u r g h , a n d was r e c e i v e d a s 1pm t h i c k s e c t i o n s

o f ' w e t ' s e d i m e n t .

I n o p e r a t i o n , t h e a p p a r a t u s i s l o v e r e d u n t i l t h e b a s e o f

t h e ' a n c h o r ' c h a m b e r ( a ) comes i n t o c o n t a c t w i t h t h e s e d i m e n t .

As t h e a n c h o r c h a m b e r s i n k s i n t o t h e s e d i m e n t , t h e 4 b a l l v a l v e s

(B - 2 shown) l i f t , a l l o w i n g w a t e r t o e s c a p e f r e e l y f r o m t h e

c h a m b e r . W i t h t h e a n c h o r c h a m b e r a t r e s t , e mb ed ce d i n t h e

s e d i m e n t , t h e b a l l v a l v e s c l o s e , p r e v e n t i n g w a t e r f r o m r e - e n t e r i n g .

C o m p r e s s e d a i r i s t h e n f e d t h r o u g h t h e t u b e C, t h e r e s u l t a n t

p r e s s u r e d r i v i n g t h e m o v i n g p i s t o n a nd c o r i n g t u b e d o wn war d s i n t o

t h e d e p o s i t , u n t i l t h e l o w e r e nd o f t h e p i s t o n i s s t o p p e d b y a

f l a n g e on t h e u p p e r p l a t e o f t h e a n c h o r c h a m b e r . M e a n w h i l e , t h e

s t a t i o n a r y i n n e r p i s t o n D, e n s u r e s e n t r y o f s e d i m e n t i n t o t h e

t u b e d ue t o t h e e x t e r n a l h y d r o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e . When t h e d r i v i n g

p i s t o n p a s s e s t h e p o i n t E , t h e c o m p r e s s e d a i r f l o w s i n t o t h e

a n c h o r c h a m b e r , l i f t i n g t h e b a l l v a l v e s ( w h i c h r e l e a s e s t h e

a n c h o r c h a m b e r ) , and e s c a p e s . The a p p a r a t u s i s t h e n r a i s e d t o

t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e by p u l l i n g on t h e a t t a c h e d l i n e .

The c o r e , r e t a i n e d i n t h e p l a s t i c l i n e r , i s h e l d v e r t i c a l l y

f o r r e t u r n t o t h e l a b o r a t o r y , w h e r e i t i s h y d r a u l i c u l l y e x t r u d e d ,

a n d c u t i n t o ]cm t h i c k s e c t i o n s . A 1 m e t r e p e r s p e x t u b e o f i n ­

t e r n a l d i a m e t e r 5 . 4 0 c m s c o l l e c t e d a s a m p l e o f l e n g t h 9 6 c m s .

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FIGURE 16 S e c t i o n o f M a c k e r e t h m i n i - c o r e r

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E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a S e d i m e n t

The c o r e f r o m t h e E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n was c o l l e c t e d f r o m

t h e c o a s t o f s o u t h e r n T u r k e y by c o n v e n t i o n a l s n . a l l - d i a m e t e r

( 5 . 3 c m ) g r a v i t y c o r e r , s i m i l a r i n d e s i g n a n d o p e r a t i o n t o t h a t

u s e d f o r t h e r e c o v e r y o f C l y d e S e a A r e a c o r e s . The s a m p l e was

one o f a s e r i e s o b t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e summers o f 19 72 a nd 19 74

b y D r s . E v a n s , Shaw a n d B u s h , a l l o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f G e o l o g y ,

I m p e r i a l C o l l e g e o f S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y , L o n d o n , d u r i n g

c r u i s e s w i t h t h e N . E . R . C . r e s e a r c h v e s s e l R . R . S . S h a c k l e t o n .

A f t e r s a m p l i n g t h e c o r e was s t o r e d a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4°C p r i o r

t o e x t r u s i o n a n d c u t t i n g i n t o 1cm t h i c k s e c t i o n s . S a m p l e s w e r e

o b t a i n e d a s d r y s e d i m e n t i n l a b e l l e d p o l y t h e n e c o n t a i n e r s .

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2 . 3 S a m p l e P r e p a r a t i o n a nd S u b s i d i a r y A n a l y s e s

Sa mp l e P r e p a r a t i o n

C l y d e S e a A r e a c o r e s a r e s t o r e d f r o z e n i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y .

A f t e r X - r a d i o g r a p h y t h e c o r e s a r e s l i c e d i n t o 1cm t h i c k s e c t i o n s

w i t h a b a n d - s a w . I n t h e c a s e o f g r a v i t y c o r e s , t h e s e d i m e n t

i s c u t w h i l e f r o z e n i n s i d e t h e p l a s t i c l i n e r . I n c o n t r a s t , a s

C r a i b c o r e l i n e r s a r e a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e s a m p l e r a n d a r e

t h e r e f o r e r e u s e d , i t i s n e c e s s a r y i n t h e i r c a s e , t o e x t r u d e t h e

s e d i m e n t f r o m t h e l i n e r b e f o r e s e c t i o n i n g . The t u b e s a r e

w r a p p e d i n a d o u b l e l a y e r o f p o l y t h e n e a n d c o m p l e t e l y i m m e r s e d

i n b o i l e d w a t e r f o r s u f f i c i e n t t i m e t o c a u s e p a r t i a l t h a w i n g

o f t h e o u t e r m o s t e d g e o f t h e s e d i m e n t ; a f t e r w i t h d r a w a l f r o m

t h e w a t e r , t h e p o l y t h e n e c o v e r i n g i s r e m o v e d a n d t h e s e d i m e n t

e x t r u d e d b y me ans o f a s n u g l y f i t t i n g p i s t o n l u b r i c a t e d w i t h

s i l i c o n e g r e &S6 0

S e d i m e n t s e c t i o n s a r e w e i g h e d w e t , a n d o v e n - d r i e d a t 90°C

t o c o n s t a n t w e i g h t ( 2 4 t o 48 h o u r s ) . M a t e r i a l f o r a n a l y s i s i s

s e l e c t i v e l y r e m o v e d f r o m t h e c e n t r a l p o r t i o n s o f s e c t i o n s t o

p r e v e n t p o s s i b l e c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f s e d i m e n t f r o m d i f f e r e n t d e p t h s ,

d u e t o f r i c t i o n a l s m e a r i n g o f t h e d e p o s i t a l o n g t h e c o r e t u b e

a s t h e l i n e r p e n e t r a t e s t h e s e d i m e n t .

S u b s i d i a r y A n a l y s e s

T r a c e M e t a l A n a l y s i s

E l e m e n t a l a n a l y s i s i s p e r f o r m e d by D r . J .Or . F a r m e r , D e p a r t m e n t

o f F o r e n s i c M e d i c i n e , U n i v e r s i t y o f G l a s g o w , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e

f o l l o w i n g p r o c e d u r e . A known w e i g h t ( c a 0 . 5 g) o f s e d i m e n t i s

s u b - s a m p l e d f r o m e a c h s e c t i o n o f t h e o r i g i n a l g r o u n d h o m o g e n i s e d

c o r e m a t e r i a l . C h e m i c a l l e a c h i n g i s b a s e d on t h e m e t h o d o f

P r e s l e y e t a l ( 1 9 7 2 ) , a n d i n v o l v e s a n i n i t i a l l e a c h w i t h a

s o l u t i o n o f 25/ ' g l a c i a l a c e t i c a c i d , 0 . 25M i n OIII\TH2 - i I C l , w h i c h

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81

i s f o u n d t o e x t r a c t a r o u n d 95/^ o f a n t h r o p o g e n i c a l l y d e r i v e d

m e t a l s . The l e a c h a t e , c e n t r i f u g e d and a c i d i f i e d w i t h 5mls

HNO-j, i s h e a t e d s l o w l y t o d r y n e s s a nd r e d i s s c l v e d i n lOOmls

o f 1M HC1 , p r i o r t o d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f e l e m e n t a l c cnc e n t r a t i o n s

b y a t o m i c a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y u s i n g a n I L 1 5 1 s p e c t r o ­

m e t e r . R e p l i c a t e a n a l y s e s i n d i c a t e a n o v e r a l l a n a l y t i c a l p r e -j

c i s i o n o f 5^ ( - l < r e r r o r ) on t h e m e a s u r e m e n t .

C a l c i u m C a r b o n a t e A n a l y s i s

C a l c i u m c a r b o n a t e a n a l y s i s i s p e r f o r m e d a c c o r d i n g t o K u ' s

( 1 9 6 6 ) m o d i f i c a t i o n o f T u r e k i a n ’ s ( 1 9 5 6 ) me th od f o r a c i d -

s o l u b l e a l k a l i n e e a r t h s . A b o u t O . l g o f d r i e d s e d i m e n t , d e t e r ­

m i n e d t o O.OOOlg , i s w e i g h e d i n t o a 50ml b e a k e r . 5 mi s o f 0 .5M

a c e t i c a c i d i s a d d e d and t h e m i x t u r e e v a p o r a t e d t o d r y n e s s on

a h o t p l a t e . A f t e r c o o l i n g , 20 d r o p s o f 0 . 5 k a c e t i c a c i d a nd

l Oml s o f d i s t i l l e d w a t e r a r e a d d e d and t h e s o l u t i o n f i l t e r e d

i n t o a lOCml w i d e - n e c k e d c o n i c a l f l a s k , w a s h i n g w i t h d i s t i l l e d

w a t e r . The s o l u t i o n i s made up t o 50 ml s w i t h d i s t i l l e d w a t e r .

5mls o f NH^Cl b u f f e r (pH 10 ) a n d 2mls of 2$£ KCN m a s k i n g a g e n t

a r e a d d e d a l o n g w i t h 10 d r o p s o f e r i o c h r o m e B l a c k - T i n d i c a t o r .

The s o l u t i o n i s t i t r a t e d w i t h 0 .01M SDTa s t a n d a r d t o a d e e p b l u e

c o l o u r . The e nd p o i n t i s a c h a n g e f r o m wi ne r e d t o d e e p b l u e .

The i n d i c a t o r i s a c o l o u r e d d ye w h i c h h a s t h e p r o p e r t y o f f o r m i n g

a s o l u b l e c o m p l e x w i t h c a l c i u m i o n s - t h e r e s u l t a n t c o l o u r o f

w h i c h i s d i s t i n c t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e d y e i t s e l f . The c a l c i u m

i o n - d ye c o m p l e x ( w i ne r e d ) i s l e s s s t a b l e t h a n t h e c a l c i u m i o n -

EDTA c o m p l e x . On a d d i t i o n o f EDTa , t h e EDTA c o m b i n e s w i t h

c a l c i u m i o n s t o fo r m a 6 c o - o r d i n a t e d c o l o u r l e s s c o m p l e x , and

t h e d ye i s r e l e a s e d t o i t s f r e e f o r m i m p a r t i n g a b l u e c o l o u r t o

t h e s o l u t i o n . E q u a t i o n s f o r t h e r e a c t i o n s a r e

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82

CaCO, ( a q ) + 2HC1 ( a q ) -» CaCl , , ( a q ) + C0o ( g ) + H.OJ <L L. C.

C a ^ + ( a q ) + EDTA CaEDTA ( a q )

R e p l i c a t e a n a l y s e s on h o m o g e n i s e d s e d i m e n t i n d i c a t e a 1 o r

r e p l i c a t e e r r o r o f — I . 67? on t h e m e a s u r e m e n t .

P a r t i c l e D e n s i t y D e t e r m i n a t i o n

The p a r t i c l e d e n s i t y o f a s e d i m e n t s a m p l e i s d e t e r m i n e d

b y w a t e r v o l u m e d i s p l a c e m e n t o f a known mass o f s e d i m e n t

m a t e r i a l , a s d e s c r i b e d by B l a k e ( 1 9 6 5 ) . A b o u t 2 5 g o f s e d i m e n t

( w e i g h e d t o O.OOOlg) a r e a d d e d t o a p r e w e i g h e d v o l u m e t r i c

f l a s k ( 5 0 m l ) . The v o l u m e t r i c f l a s k , a n d c o n t e n t s , a r e w e i g h e d

and t h e f l a s k h a l f - f i l l e d w i t h d i s t i l l e d w a t e r , t a k i n g c a r e t o

wa sh down a n y s e d i m e n t a d h e r i n g t o t h e i n s i d e o f t h e n e c k . E n ­

t r a p p e d a i r i s r e m o v e d b y g e n t l e h e a t i n g o f t-lie w a t e r f o r a

f e w m i n u t e s , w i t h s h a k i n g . The f l a s k and c o n t e n t s a r e c o o l e d

t o r oom t e m p e r a t u r e a nd t h e m i x t u r e made up t o t h e m a rk w i t h

b o i l e d , c o o l e d d i s t i l l e d w a t e r a t r oom t e m p e r a t u r e . The f l a s k ,

i n c l u d i n g s t o p p e r , i s w e i g h e d and t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e c o n t e n t s

d e t e r m i n e d . The s e d i m e n t i s r e m o v e d a n d t h e f l a s k f i l l e d t o t h e

m a r k w i t h b o i l e d , c o o l e d , d i s t i l l e d w a t e r a t t h e same t e m p e r a t u r e

a s b e f o r e . The f l a s k a nd c o n t e n t s a r e w e i g h e d . C a r e i s t a k e n

b e f o r e e a c h m e a s u r e m e n t t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e f l a s k

i s t h o r o u g h l y c l e a n a n d d r y a n d t h e c a l i b r a t i o n ma rk on t h e

f l a s k i s c h e c k e d b e f o r e and a f t e r e a c h a n a l y s i s b y r e p e a t e d

w e i g h i n g s w i t h d i s t i l l e d w a t e r .

The p a r t i c l e d e n s i t y i s c a l c u l a t e d a s f e l l o w s ,

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83

D = dV (W S -

■ Va ) w h e r e ,P Tw - ws a> " (V - V ) sw w

d = w d e n s i t y o f w a t e r i n g cm3

a t t e m p e r a t u r e o b s e r v e d .

IIOT>

v e i g h t i n g o f vo l u n i e t r i c f l a s k p l u s s e d i m e n t s a m p l e .

IIcd>

we i g h t i n g o f v o l u m e t r i c f l a s k f i l l e d w i t h a i r .

V =S ¥ we i g h t

w a t e r ,

i n g

and

o f v o l ume t r i e f l a s k f i l l e d w i t h s e d i m e n t and

V = w w e i g h t i n g o f v o l u m e t r i c f l a s k f i l l e d w i t h w a t e r a t

t e m p e r a t u r e o b s e r v e d .

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84

2 . 4 S a mp le d i s s o l u t i o n and R a d i o c h e m i c a l .anr l y s c s

Sa mp l e D i s s o l u t i o n

I n s e l e c t i n g a n a n a l y t i c a l s e p a r a t i o n r c u t e f o r ^ ^ P b and226 Ra i t i s f i r s t n e c e s s a r y t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r ( l ) t o d i s s o l v e

t h e s a m p l e c o m p l e t e l y , r e l e a s i n g a l l ^ Pb a nd '** Ra p r e s e n t

i n t h e s e d i m e n t o r ( 2 ) t o l e a c h t h e s e d i m e n t s a m p l e and t h e r e b y

210 2 6d i s s o l v e o n l y a f r a c t i o n o f t h e t o t a l Pb a n d ** Ra .

E x p l o r a t o r y t e s t s w i t h s e d i m e n t s a m p l e s f r o m C l y d e s e a -

l o c h s i n d i c a t e d t h a t w h i l e 1 0 0 /j o f c a e s i u m i s o ' t o p e s a r e s o l u ­

b i l i s e d a f t e r r e p e a t e d b o i l i n g w i t h 6N IIC1 ( M a c k e n z i e , 1 9 7 7 ) ,

21 0 226a r o u n d 1 0 ^ o f Pb a nd Ra a c t i v i t i e s r e m a i n i n t h e r e s i d u e

f o l l o w i n g a n a c i d l e a c h p r o c e s s ( t a b l e 5 ) . T h e s e r e s u l t s a r e210n o t u n e x p e c t e d s i n c e a l l c a e s i u m a n d m o s t Pb p r e s e n t i n t h e

s e d i m e n t a r e l i k e l y t o e x i s t a s s p e c i e s s u r f a c e a d s o r b e d t o c l a y

m i n e r a l s o r h y d r o u s o x i d e s o r be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o r g a n i c p h a s e s ;

r a d i o n u c l i d e s bou nd i n t h i s f a s h i o n s h o u l d c h e m i c a l l y be r e l a t i v e l y

l a b i l e a nd t h e r e f o r e more r e a d i l y s u s c e p t i b l e t o a t t a c k w i t h 6N

210HC1. The r e s i d u a l Pb f r a c t i o n i s a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y t h a t h e l d

w i t h i n t h e l a t t i c e m a t r i x o f t h e m i n e r a l s p r e s e n t i n t h e s e d i m e n t ,

a n d w o u l d t h e r e f o r e be more r e s i s t a n t t o c h e m i c a l a t t a c k .

226S i m i l a r r e a s o n i n g a p p l i e s t o R a , a l t h o u g h i n t h i s c a s e t h e

226l a b i l e Ra f r a c t i o n i s p r o b a b l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s i l i c e o u s

226o r g a n i c r e n n i n s ; t h e ^ Ra w h i c h i s c h e m i c a l l y r e s i s t a n t w i l l

a g a i n be t h a t f r a c t i o n h e l d a s a n i n t r i n s i c p a r t o f t h e m i n e r a l

m a t r i x d u e t o i n c l u s i o n o f n a t u r a l d e c a y s e r i e s n u c l i u . e s . M o r e -226o v e r , t h a t f r a c t i o n o f ^ Pb w h i c h d e r i v e s f r o m d e c a y o f Ra

( a n d i n t e r m e d i a t e n u c l i d e s ) c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n t h e l a t t i c e m a t r i x

i s , i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y , h e l d i n s i t e s w h i c h a r e c o m p a r a t i v e l y206

more a c i d - l a b i l e t h a n t h o s e o c c u p i e d by p a r e n t ( ^ Ra) a t o m s ;

a n a c i d l e a c h p r o c e s s c o u l d t h e r e f o r e a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t r e s u l t s

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85

TABLE 5 2 ^ P b , 2 2 ^Ra a nd ^ ^ C s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n f r a c t i o n a l

d i s s o l u t i o n o f s e d i m e n t f r o m Loch G o i l c o r e L . G . C . l

( 8 . 4 . 7 5 ) . ( 2t^ R a and ^ ^ C s d a t a a f t e r H a c K e n z i e ,

19 7 7 ) .

LEACH 2 1 0 Pb CONTENT(dpm)

226 Ra CONTENT (dpm)

137 Cs CONTENT (dpm)

P o s t h o t 6N HC1

P o s t coneHCl /HN03d i g e s t i o n

1 1 . 3

0 . 5

9 . 0

0 . 5

8 7

P o s t IIF d i g e s t i on 0 . 6 0 . 3

P o s t 1IC10^ d i g e s t i o n 0 . 4 0 . 2 0

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86

210a t d e p t h i n t h e s e d i m e n t w h e re Pb i s i n s e c u l a r e q u i l i b r i u m2 2 6 d w i t h R a .

Two m a i n f a c t o r s r e s u l t e d i n t h e a d o p t i o n o f t o t a l d i s s o l u ­

t i o n a s t h e more a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n i q u e f o r t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y ,

( a ) P r e l i m i n a r y e x p e r i m e n t s e s t a b l i s h e d t h e r e l a t i v e l y l ow

210m a g n i t u d e o f e x c e s s Pb i n C l y d e s e d i m e n t ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 d p m / g

a t t h e s e d i m e n t - w a t e r i n t e r f a c e ) .

( b ) I n a d d i t i o n t h e s e e a r l y a n a l y s e s i n d i c a t e d a n u n u s u a l l y926

h i g h a n d v a r i a n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f “ Ra i n a c o r e f r o m Loch226G o i l . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f Ra i n c o a s t a l s e d i m e n t s a r e n o r m a l l y

a r o u n d l - 4 d p m / g a nd r e m a i n r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t w i t h d e p t h . I n

226c o n t r a s t , t h i s s t a t i o n e x h i b i t e d a Ra j ) r o f i l e w h i c h d e c r e a s e d

b y a f a c t o r o f 5 i n t h e u p p e r 10cm o f t h e d e p o s i t .

An a c i d l e a c h p r o c e s s , b y i n t r o d u c i n g a n a d d i t i o n a l u n ­

c e r t a i n t y i n t o t h e a n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s t h r o u g h p o s s i b l e v a r i a b i l i t y

2 1 0 226i n Pb a n d Ra e x t r a c t i o n e f f i c i e n c i e s , i s c o n s i d e r e d u n ­

a c c e p t a b l e i n v i e w o f t h e s e r e s u l t s , a n d o f t h e o b v i o u s n e e d f o r

a c c u r a t e a n d a b s o l u t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n d a t a .

The s i z e o f s a m p l e r e mo ve d f o r d i s s o l u t i o n d e p e n d s u p o n t h e

210e x p e c t e d Pb a c t i v i t y b u t , w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e , 5 t o lOg o f

h o m o g e n i s e d s e d i m e n t a r e w e i g h e d t o b e t t e r t h a n O.OOOlg i n a

250ml t e f l o n b e a k e r . The s e d i m e n t i s m o i s t e n e d w i t h a f ew d r o p s

208o f d i s t i l l e d w a t e r a nd an a p p r o p r i a t e a m o un t o f Po t r a c e r210( a n a c t i v i t y e q u i v a l e n t t o a t l e a s t t w i c e t h a t o f Po e x p e c t e d

i n t h e s a m p l e ) a d d e d by E p p e n d o r f p i p e t t e . 5Gmls e a c h o f c o n e .

HNO^ a n d c o n c . HC1 a r e a d d e d s l o w l y , a n d t h e m i x t u r e warmed

g e n t l y on a h o t p l a t e ; c a r e i s r e q u i r e d to p r e v e n t l o s s o f m a t e r i a l

t h r o u g h e f f e r v e s c e n c e . When f o a m i n g h a s c e e s e d , t h e m i x t u r e i s

h e a t e d more s t r o n g l y a nd t a k e n t o n e a r d r y n e s s ( t h i s e n s u r e s a s

f a r a s p o s s i b l e e q u i l i b r a t i o n o f t r a c e r a im s a m p l e i s o t o p e g Qn

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87

w h i c h a l l s p i k e m e t h o d s d e p e n d ) . E v a p o r a t i o n o f t h e s a m p l e

t o d r y n e s s i s c a r e f u l l y a v o i d e d s i n c e l o s s o f p o l o n i u m i s o ­

t o p e s , a s t h e h i g h l y v o l a t i l e t e t r a c h l o r i d e c a n o c c u r when

d r y s a m p l e s a r e h e a t e d a b o v e 150°C ( S m i t h e t a l , 1 9 5 5 ; E a k i n s

a n d M o r r i s o n , 1 9 7 7 ) . The r e s i d u e i s l e a c h e d w i t h 8 0 m l s 6N

IICl f o r 2 . h o u r s a t 8 0 ° C , t h e c o o l s o l u t i o n f i l t e r e d a nd t h e

l e a c h a t e s t o r e d i n a 500ml s t o p p e r i n g f l a s k . A f t e r o v e n —d r y i n g

a t 90°C t h e s e d i m e n t i s t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e o r i g i n a l t e f l o n

b e a k e r , a n d r e l e a c h e d a s a b o v e . L e a c h a t e s are- c o m b i n e d a nd

t h e o v e n - d r i e d s e d i m e n t a g a i n r e t u r n e d t o t h e o r i g i n a l t e f l o n

b e a k e r .

To e f f e c t d i s s o l u t i o n o f t h e s i l i c a t e s w h i c h r e m a i n t h e

r e s i d u e i s e v a p o r a t e d t o s m a l l v o l u m e w i t h 2 x 25ml p o r t i o n s o f

c o n c . HP ( A 0 a/o w / v ) , l e a c h i n g w i t h h o t 6N HC'l a f t e r e a c h d i g e s t i o n .

I f t h e r e s i d u a l s o l i d c o m p r i s e s g r e a t e r t h a n 1 c/o b y w e i g h t o f

t h e o r i g i n a l s a m p l e , i t i s a g a i n t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e t e f l o n

b e a k e r a n d d i g e s t e d w i t h f u r t h e r 25ml q u a n t i t i e s o f c o n c . HP,

c o n c . HCl / HNO^, w i t h i n t e r m e d i a t e t e a c h i n g s w i t h 6N HC1. T h i s

p r o c e s s i s c o n t i n u e d t o t o t a l d i s s o l u t i o n ( c a . l f o b y w e i g h t o f

s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l u n d i s s o l v e d ) . The r e s i d u e , a v e r y f i n e b l a c k

p o w d e r , r e s e m b l e s c o a l - d u s t a n d c o m p r i s e s c a . 60 :/o by w e i g h t o f

c a r b o n .

The t o t a l c o m b i n e d l e a c h a t e s ( 3 5 0 t o 400rn l s ) a r e made u p t o

v o l u m e a n d m e a s u r e d a l i q u o t s a s s a y e d f o r ‘‘^ P b , ^ ^ R a a nd

r a d i o c a e s i u m i s o t o p e s .

^ ^ P b A n a l y s i s

D i r e c t m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e v e r y weak f - p a r t i c l e e m i t t e d by

^ ^ P b (E =0 06lMeV) h a s b e e n p e r f o r m e d b y i n t e r n a l g a s c o u n t i n g ' max

( K u l p , 1 9 5 3 ) b u t t h e s o p h i s t i c a t e d t e c h n i q u e s r e q u i r e d r e n d e r i t

d i f f i c u l t and t i m e - c o n s u m i n g . More r e c e n t d i r e c t d e t e r m i n a t i o n s

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o f t h e i s o t o p e w e r e a c h i e v e d by G o j k o v i c e t a l ( 1 9 6 3 ) a nd

G a g g e l e r e t a l ( 1 9 f6 ) by d e t e c t i o n o f t h e e m i s s i o n o f a y - r a y

o f e n e r g y 4 6 . 5 2 KeV. H o w e v e r , c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e y - 8 b r a n c h i n g

r a t i o ( 4 . 1 / ^ ) a nd t h e h a l f - l i f e o f t h e i s o t o p e ( 2 2 . 2 6 y ) e x c l u d e s

y - c o u n t i n g i n m o s t c a s e s . As a r e s u l t , i t l i as become s t a n d a r d

210p r a c t i c e t o e v a l u a t e t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Pb i n d i r e c t l y by

210d e t e c t i o n o f e i t h e r i t s P - c m i t t i n g d a u g h t e r Bi (E =max\ • 210 l . l 6 M e V ) o r i t s a - c m i t t i n g g r a n d - d a u g l i t e r ** P o .

210 210D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f Fb a c t i v i t y by Bi (Rama e t a l , 1 9 6 2 ;

K r i s h n a s w a m i e t a l , 1 9 f l ; K o i d e e t a l , 1 9 7 2 ; P e t i t , 1 9 M )

i n v o l v e s i s o l a t i o n o f t h e n u c l i d e by a n i o n e x c h a n g e , p r e c i p i ­

t a t i o n a s s u l p h a t e o r c h r o m a t c , and s u b s e q u e n t m e a s u r e m e n t o f210t h e g r o w t h o f i t s d a u g h t e r Bi ( t 1 = 5 . 0 1 d a y s ) t o s e c u l a r

2

e q u i l i b r i u m by l o w - l e v e l p - c o u n t i n g o v e r a p e r i o d o f some 30

t o 40 d a y s , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p ,

Au = A0 ( l - e " XDt ) ) W W 1,

w h e r e , A^ = t h e a c t i v i t y o f t h e d a u g h t e r n u c l i d e a t t i m e t

Aq = t h e a c t i v i t y o f t h e p a r e n t n u c l i d e a t t = 0 ,

a n d = t h e d e c a y c o n s t a n t o f t h e d a u g h t e r n u c l i d e .

C h e m i c a l y i e l d i s d e t e r m i n e d g r a v i i e t r i c a l l y .

D i s a d v a n t a g e s o f t h e m e t h o d i n c l u d e ( a ) t h e r e l a t i v e l y l o n g

c o u n t i n g t i m e r e q u i r e d , ( b ) t h e p o s s i b l e p r e s e n c e o f i n d i s t i n g u i s h ­

a b l e (3- e m i t t i n g c o n t a m i n a n t s i n t h e s o u r c e a n d ( c ) s u s c e p t i b i l i t y

t o i m p u r i t i e s i n t h e l e a d s a l t r e s u l t i n g i n e r r o n e o u s c h e m i c a l

y i e l d c a l c u l a t i o n .21 0On t h e o t h e r h a n d , i n d i r e c t m e a s u r e m e n t o f . Pb a c t i v i t y

210by a - s p e c t r o m e t r i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f Po h a s s e v e r a l d i s t i n c t

a d v a n t a g e s

l ) a - s p e c t r o m e t r y i s i n h e r e n t l y a more s e n s i t i v e a n d more s p e c i f i c

t e c h n i q u e - a - e m i s s i o n i s m o n o e n e r g e t i c , e a c h n u c l i d e

h a v i n g i t s own c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a - e n e r g y ( i e s ) ( w h e r e a s

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{3—e m i s s i o n i n v o l v e s c o n t i n u o u s e n e r g y s p e c t r a ) ; m u l t i ­

c h a n n e l p u l s e a n a l y s i s t h e r e f o r e g i v e s u n a m b i g u o u s210i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f P o . I n a d d i t i o n , m o d e rn s u r f a c e

b a r r i e r d e t e c t o r s h a v e r e l a t i v e l y h i g h d e t e c t i o n e f f i c i e n c i e s

a nd v e r y low b a c k g r o u n d s .

2082) Po s p i k e c a n be u s e d a s a n i n t e r n a l y i e l d t r a c e r .

3) The d e p o s i t e d s o u r c e c a n be c o u n t e d i m m e d i a t e l y .

4) C h e m i c a l s e p a r a t i o n o f p o l o n i u m i s a r e l a t i v e l y s t r a i g h t ­

f o r w a r d a n d c o n v e n i e n t p r o c e s s .

F u r t h e r m o r e , a l t h o u g h t h e d a t i n g t e c h n i q u e g e n e r a l l y i n -

210v o l v e s t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f s e c u l a r e q u i l i b r i u m b e t w e e n Po a n d

210 Pb w i t h i n t h e s e d i m e n t , i f t h e o r i g i n a l p l a t i n g s o l u t i o n c o n ­

t a i n s l e a d a s w e l l a s p o l o n i u m , a s e c o n d p l a t i n g a f t e r a p e r i o d

210o f a f e w m o n t h s d e p o s i t s Po w h i c h h a s g r own i n f r o m i t s

g r a n d - p a r e n t . Thus t h e a b o v e a s s u m p t i o n c a n e i t h e r be v e r i f i e d

210o r t h e d e g r e e o f e q u i l i b r i u m w h i c h e x i s t e d b e t w e e n Po a nd

210 Pb i n t h e s a m p l e e v a l u a t e d .

The a n a l y t i c a l me t hod on w h i c h t h i s wc-rk i s b a s e d i s t h a t

o f F l y n n ( 1 9 6 8 ) who r e v i e w e d e x i s t i n g m e t h o d s f o r t h e d e t e r r n i n a -

210t i o n o f low l e v e l s o f Po i n e n v i r o n m e n t a l m a t e r i a l s a n d c o n ­

c l u d e d t h a t t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e t e c h n i q u e was t h e d e p o s i t i o n o f

p o l o n i u m on t o s i l v e r f r o m w e a k l y a c i d i c s o l u t i o n . P o l o n i u m w i l l

u n d e r g o c h e m i c a l d e p o s i t i o n on a nu mb e r o f o t h e r l e s s n o b l e m e t a l s

( e g Cu , h i ) , b u t c o n t a m i n a t i o n t o a v a r y i n g d e g r e e w i t h RaE

( 2 1 0 b ! ) a n ^ o r fta j) ( ^ 10Pb) o f t e n o c c u r s . ( B a g n a l l , 195 7; Na S ,

pub NS303 7 - 1 9 6 1 ) .

An a l i q u o t o f t h e d i s s o l v e d s a m p l e i n a t e f l o n b e a k e r i s

e v a p o r a t e d on a h o t p l a t e t o a vo l ume o f c a . 3 0 r n l s . A f t e r

t r a n s f e r , t o g e t h e r w i t h s e v e r a l h o t 6N HC1 w a s h i n g s , t o a g l a s s

p l a t i n g v e s s e l , t h e v o l u m e o f s o l u t i o n i s f u r t h e r r e d u c e d b y

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h e a t i n g , t o c a . l O m l s , a nd t h e v a i l s o f t h e g l a s s b e a k e r r i n s e d

w i t h 6N HC1. I n p r e l i m i n a r y e x p e r i m e n t s , 5r:ils o f w/ v

h y d r o x y l a m i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e we r e a d d e d t o t h e s a m p l e ( t h i s

r e d u c e s a n y Fe , Cr o r o t h e r o x i d a n t s w h i c h , i f p r e s e n t ,

w o u l d i n t e r f e r e w i t h d e p o s i t i o n ) a l o n g w i t h 2mls o f 257^ s o d i u m

c i t r a t e a nd lOmg o f b i s m u t h h o l d - b a c k c a r r i e r ( t o p r e v e n t c o ­

d e p o s i t i o n o f b i s m u t h on s i l v e r ) a s d e s c r i b e d b y F l y n n ( 1 9 6 8 ) .

S u b s e q u e n t a n a l y s e s , h o w e v e r , s h o v e d t h a t i n c l u s i o n o f s o d i u m

c i t r a t e i n t h e p l a t i n g medium a p p e a r e d t o h a v e ' n o a d v a n t a g e o u s

e f f e c t on c h e m i c a l y i e l d a n d ( 3 - c o u n t i n g o f d e p o s i t e d s o u r c e s

on a l ow b a c k g r o u n d g a s - f l o w ICN T r a c e r l a b G e i g e r c o u n t e r s howed

210no ( 3 - a c t i v i t y c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e 5 . 0 1 d a y h a l f - l i f e o f B i .

C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e a d d i t i o n o f s o d i u m c i t r a t e a n d b i s m u t h p r i o r

t o d e p o s i t i o n was d i s c o n t i n u e d . A d d i t i o n o f c o n c . NH^ r a i s e s

t h e pH o f t h e s o l u t i o n t o 2 a n d t h e s o l u t i o n i s h e a t e d a t 8 5 ° t o

90°C f o r 1 h o u r ( t h e b e a k e r i s c o v e r e d w i t h a w a t c h g l a s s t o

p r e v e n t e x c e s s i v e e v a p o r a t i o n ) w i t h s t i r r i n g ( m a g n e t i c p a d d l e ) .

F o r m a t i o n o f a f a w n g e l a t i n o u s p r e c i p i t a t e o f t e n o c c u r s a t t h i s

p o i n t . ( P r e c i p i t a t i o n a t t h i s r e l a t i v e l y low pll p r o b a b l y o c c u r s

a s a r e s u l t o f t h e v e r y h i g h i o n i c s t r e n g t h o f t h e medium - c a .

5g o f s e d i m e n t d i s s o l v e d i n < 5 0 m l s o f w e a k l y a c i d i c s o l u t i o n .

F o r m a t i o n o f a s i m i l a r p r e c i p i t a t e d u r i n g who l e r e c k a nd s e d i m e n t

a n a l y s i s h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d b y o t h e r s ( B l a u e r , 1 9 ; M u r r a y , 1 9 7 6 ;

p e r s o n n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n s ) ; t h e p r e c i p i t a t e may be a m i x t u r e o f

h y d r o x i d e s o f S i a n d A l ) . I f a p r e c i p i t a t e f o r m s , t h e s o l u t i o n

i s f i l t e r e d , t h e s a m p l e r e t u r n e d t o t h e p l a t i n g v e s s e l and r e ­

h e a t e d t o 8 5° t o 9 0 °C f o r 30 m i n u t e s . The vo lume o f t h e f i n a l

s o l u t i o n i s m a i n t a i n e d b e l o w 5 0 m l s , e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e a n d low

s o l u t i o n vo l u me f a v o u r i n g e f f i c i e n t d e p o s i t i o n .

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91

P l a t i n g i s p e r f o r m e d i n c e l l s o f t h e d e s i g n shown i n f i g

17 . The p e r s p e x h o l d e r r e s t r i c t s p o l o n i u m d e p o s i t i o n t o one

s i d e o f t h e 1 ” d i a m e t e r s i l v e r d i s c s ( a d i a m e t e r o f 2cms o f

s i l v e r i s e x p o s e d t o s o l u t i o n ) , m a x i m i s i n g c o u n t i n g s e n s i t i v i t y

a n d a t t h e same t i m e m i n i m i s i n g e v a p o r a t i v e l o s s d u r i n g p l a t i n g .

The h o l d e r w i t h s i l v e r d i s c ( r i n s e d a n d d e g r e a s e d w i t h d i s t i l l e d

w a t e r and c h l o r o f o r m b e f o r e i n s e r t i o n ) i s p l a c e d i n t h e s o l u t i o n .

A i r b u b b l e s , o c c a s i o n a l l y t r a p p e d b e n e a t h t h e s i l v e r d i s c , a r e

p e r i o d i c a l l y r e m o v e d b y m a n i p u l a t i o n o f t h e p l a t i n g c e l l / b e a k e r

a s s e m b l y . P l a t i n g i s c o n t i n u e d f o r 4 h o u r s a t 8 5° t o 9C°C w i t h

s t i r r i n g ( t o m a x i m i s e p l a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y ) , f o l l o w i n g w h i c h t h e

s i l v e r d i s c i s r e m o v e d f r o m t h e h o l d e r , r i n s e d w i t h d i s t i l l e d

w a t e r a n d c h l o r o f o r m and l e f t t o a i r - d r y p r i o r to a —s p e c t r o m e t r i c

d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e d e p o s i t e d p o l o n i u m a c t i v i t y . S i l l a n d O l s o n

( 1 9 7 0 ) h ave i n d i c a t e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f d e t e c t o r c o n t a m i n a t i o n

d ue t o a ' p s e u d o * r e c o i l e f f e c t o f p o l o n i u m , a t t r i b u t e d t o i t s

own i n h e r e n t v o l a t i l i t y . V h i l e l e s s m a r k e d f o r p o l o n i u m d e p o s i t e d

o n s i l v e r , t h i s s p o n t a n e o u s v o l a t i l i t y t e n d s t o d e c r e a s e w i t h

t i m e p o s s i b l y d ue t o f o r m a t i o n o f a r e l a t i v e l y i n v o l a t i l e s u r f a c e

o x i d e . S i l v e r d i s c s a r e n o r m a l l y l e f t o v e r n i g h t b e f o r e c o u n t i n g

a n d , w h i l e some i n c r e a s e i n d e t e c t o r b a c k g r o u n d h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d

d u r i n g t h e s t u d y , t h i s may h a ve b e e n r e d u c e d b y t h e a b o v e p r o c e d u r <

A f t e r c o u n t i n g , t h e o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y ( c o m b i n e d c h e m i c a l

\ 210y i e l d and d e t e c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y ) f o r Po i s c o r r e c t e d f o r v i a

208t h e o b s e r v e d c o u n t r a t e f r o m t h e known a c t i v i t y o f Po s p i k e

2 10 210i n i t i a l l y a d d e d , a n d t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Po ( P b ) i n t h e

s e d i m e n t t h e n e v a l u a t e d . The mean c h e m i c a l y i e ] d u s i n g t h e

a b o v e a n a l y t i c a l p r o c e d u r e i s 8 5 ( a l t h o u g h y i e l d s h av e r a n g e d

208b e t w e e n 50/^ a n d IOO77) . The Po t r a c e r u s e d i n t h e s t u d y was

210c a l i b r a t e d a g a i n s t a Pb s t a n d a r d , ( o b t a i n e d f r o m J . D . E a k i n s ,

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92

FIGURE 17 P o l o n i u m P I a t i n a C e l l

Ru bber S t o p p e r

G l a s sB e a k e r_ _ 3 - 8 c m . _

(O

P e r s p e xB o d y

-Thermometer' 0 - R i n g P o l y t h e n e Film

Ag D i s c ~

* 0 - R i n g

(N

S o lu t io n

M a g n e t i c S t i r r e r

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93

210H a r w e l l ) , w h i c h h a d Po i n s e c u l a r e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h i t s g r a n d ­

p a r e n t . The ^ ^ P b s t a n d a r d h a d a q u o t e d a c t i v i t y o f 2 0 . 7 - 0 . 4

dpm/ml ( l o - e r r o r ) on 1 0 / l l / / 5 . Goth s o l u t i o n s a r e s t o r e d i n

p l a s t i c c o n t a i n e r s t o p r e v e n t a d s o r p t i o n o f p o l o n i u m a nd b i s m u t h

w h i c h c a n o c c u r on g l a s s v e s s e l s ( F l y n n , 1 9 6 8 ) a n d t r a c e r c a l i ­

b r a t i o n i s c h e c k e d p e r i o d i c a l l y d u r i n g t h e p r o j e c t .

S i l v e r d i s c s a r e u s e d many t i m e s , t h e s u r f a c e d e p o s i t o f

p o l o n i u m b e i n g r e a d i l y r e m o v e d by e t c h i n g w i t h c o n c . HNO^ a n d

r u b b i n g v i g o r o u s l y w i t h f i n e e m e r y p a p e r . S a d a u s k i s ( 1 9 5 8 , I 9 6 0 )

h a s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e n a t u r e o f t h e s u r f a c e u p o n w h i c h s o u r c e

m a t e r i a l i s d e p o s i t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c e s t h e r e s u l t a n t r e ­

s o l u t i o n . W i t h t h i s i n m i n d , t h e s i l v e r d i s c , f r e e o f c o n t a m i n ­

a t i o n , i s p o l i s h e d (Swansdown m o p / r o u g e ) t o a m i r r o r f i n i s h

s u r f a c e s u i t a b l e f o r s u b s e q u e n t h i g h r e s o l u t i o n a - s o u r c e p r e p ­

a r a t i o n .

To c h e c k t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f s e c u l a r e q u i l i b -

210 210r i u m b e t w e e n Po a n d Pb i n t h e s e d i m e n t , s e v e r a l s o l u t i o n s ,

o r i g i n a l l y e x h a u s t i v e l y s t r i p p e d o f p o l o n i u m i s o t o p e s by s u c c e s s i v e

P i ci t i n g w i t h t h r e e s i l v e r d i s c s ( t h e l a s t s i l v e r d i s c n o r m a l l y

shows no a - a c t i v i t y a b o v e b a c k g r o u n d ) h a v e b e e n r e a n a l y s e d a f t e r

v a r y i n g p e r i o d s o f t i m e . T h e s e s o l u t i o n s , f o l l o w i n g i n i t i a l

P i a t i n g , a r e t r a n s f e r r e d w i t h 6N HC1 a n d 8N IINO^ w a s h i n g s t o

208p l a s t i c c o n t a i n e r s , r e s p i k e d w i t h c Po and a f t e r t h e a d d i t i o n

210o f 20mg o f h o l d - b a c k c a r r i e r , s t o r e d t o a l l o w g r o w t h o f Po

21 0f r o m P b . P r i o r t o p l a t i n g , t h e s o l u t i o n s a r e e v a p o r a t e d t o

n e a r d r y n e s s w i t h 2 x 25ml p o r t i o n s o f c o n c . HCl t o r e move

n i t r i c a c i d w h i c h c a n i n t e r f e r e w i t h p o l o n i u m d e p o s i t i o n . R e s u l t s

a r e g i v e n i n t a b l e 6 • A g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n a n a l y s e s i s g o o d w i t h i n

l e r c o u n t i n g s t a t i s t i c s f o r a l l s a m p l e s e x c e p t ( 2 ) , w h i c h i s c o n ­

s i s t e n t w i t h i n a 2cr c o u n t i n g e r r o r , c o n f i r m i n g t n a t t h e r e i s

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94

Ta b l e 6 210R e a n a l y s i s o f Pb i n s o l u t i o n s o r i g i n a l l y

e x h a u s t i v e l y s t r i p p e d o f p o l o n i u m i s o t o p e s210a nd s t o r e d t o a l l o w r e g r o v t l i o f ^ P o .

q a m t j t r ORIGINAL DETERMINATIONSAMPLE (dpm/g +loC0UNT) REPEAT DETERMINATION (dpm / g - 1 a COUNT)

GLC3: 1 4 6 . 5 3 + 0 . 2 0 6 . 3 7+ 0 . 1 6

LGC2: 3 1 1 . 8 5+ 0 . 4 6 1 3 . 1 2 + 0 . 3 3

LGC2: 6 1 1 . 3 9+ 0 . 4 4 1 1 . 3 5

+ 0 . 2 8

LGC2: 8 1 1 . 6 8 + 0 . 3 1 1 1 . 4 0 +0 . 2 9

LGC2: 1 0 8 . 9 3+ 0 . 2 9 9 . 2 J

+ 0 . 2 3

G LGl : 3 6 . 6 5 + 0 . 3 2 6 . 5 9+ 0 . 1 6

GLG1: 7 4 . 8 8 + 0 . 2 3 4 . 1 2+ 0 . 1 2

G L G l : 20 2 . 1 8 + 0 . 0 7 2 . 1 7+ 0 . 0 5

L . LOM:2 1 9 . 6 4+ 0 . 3 7 2 0 . 1 6 + 0 . 5 0

L . L O N : 3 1 4 . 2 5+ 0 . 3 0 1 4 . 5 2 + 0 . 3 6

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95

a p p a r e n t l y no i n c r e a s e d m o b i l i t y o f p o l o n i u m r e l a t i v e t o

210l e a d i n t h e s e d i m e n t a nd t h a t i n i t i a l p l a t i n g o f ^ Po c a n be

210u s e d a s a n i n d i c a t o r o f Pb c o n c e n t r a t i o n .

I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e s u l t s o f r e p e a t a n a l y s i s on f r e s h a l i ­

q u o t s o f s e v e r a l s o l u t i o n s s t o r e d i n g l a s s c o n t a i n e r s f o l l o w i n g

t o t a l d i s s o l u t i o n a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e 7 . The t y p i c a l

c h e m i c a l y i e l d s o b s e r v e d i n d i c a t e t h a t no s i g n i f i c a n t a d s o r p ­

t i o n o f p o l o n i u m i s o t o p e s on t o g l a s s f r o m s o l u t i o n s o f t h i s

a c i d s t r e n g t h ( 6N) h a s o c c u r r e d . A g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n r e p e a t

m e a s u r e m e n t s i s a g a i n g o o d .

I n a n a l y t i c a l p r o c e d u r e s o f t h i s k i n d a m a j o r t h r e a t t o

a c c u r a c y / r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f a n a l y s e s i s t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f

210r a d i o a c t i v e c o n t a m i n a t i o n . I n Pb a n a l 3rs i s s u c h c o n t a m i n a t i o n

c o u l d a r i s e f r o m 2 d i s t i n c t s o u r c e s .

( 1 ) i m p e r f e c t l y c l e a n e d s i l v e r d i s c s .

( 2 ) c o n t a m i n a t e d r e a g e n t s o r g l a s s / t e f l o n a p p a r a t u s .

E x p e r i m e n t s a r e r e g u l a r l y p e r f o r m e d t o a s s e s s t h e m a g n i t u d e

o f t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n f r o m t h e s e s o u r c e s a s f o l l o w s ,

( 1 ) D e c o n t a m i n a t e d s i l v e r d i s c s a r e c o u n t e d b e f o r e

r e u s e . ’ B l a n k s 1 h av e b e e n f o u n d t o be e s s e n t i a l l y

i d e n t i c a l t o b a c k g r o u n d s o b s e r v e d f o r t h e two

O r t e c s u r f a c e b a r r i e r d e t e c t o r s u s e d i n t h e

s t u d y . T a b l e 8210 208( 2 ) B l a n k d e t e r m i n a t i o n s f o r Po a nd Po a r e

p e r f o r m e d on a p p a r a t u s w h i c h h a s b e e n u s e d i n

many c y c l e s o f s a m p l e a n a l y s e s . To b l a n k

s o l u t i o n s c o n s i s t i n g o f 6N HC1 a n d F e , Al a nd

+ P 208-n 210 0 ,B i c a r r i e r , a l i q u o t s o f Po a n d r o t r a c e r

a r e a d d e d a l t e r n a t e l y a n d t h e b l a n k s t r e a t e d

a l o n g s i d e s e d i m e n t s a m p l e s w i t h t h e same q u a n t i t i e s

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210

TABL

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p t :dd EP. Pa; ' w

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CM

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• • • • • •o o o o o O

+ 1 + 1 + i + 1 -f 1 + 1

p CO 00 nO CO 00nO h— VO NO CM rH

• • • • • •NO vD i n d - CO CM

0c

•HPd r—sP P

•H 3E 3h Oa; O

pCD fc

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rH + 1d

tx•H \t{ G

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O C\J CM CO i n r -CM CO (N CM rH o

• • • • • •O o O o a o

+ 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + i + i

CO i n CN 00 rH 00i n NO i n 00 CO rH

• • • • • •NO NO i n CO CM

0) d CO i n (H orH rH rH CMP. • • • • •• • • • •E co rH tH rH rH rHd o cO e>

CO p p P P ■J pC5 CS C3 c3 c5

r

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E 8

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P • • • •O Pi Pi Pi Pi

•H • • ♦ •bt o o o o

-p p•H p OJ CM OJ vO

r—1 r—1 pH O•H Pi • • • •-P P o o o oO pcd P + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1P o o OJ oP Pi 00 h- vD-p P Q • • • •

o t L r—t o o o Op OJ

•i- ;o • • • •p p rH rP pp 43p o • • • •

•H p. Pi Pi Pi«H -P bj • • • •O •H CD o o p o

> PP •H o CM o vOP -P OJ 1“ 1 CO O

w O • • • •Cu p o o o o

PP + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1cj o

JD Pi OJ 00 CM vOrH CO so 0- o vD

O • • • •CJ rH o rH O

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r-MP rP X! • •c • • f t Pi

•ri Pi Pi • •-p • • o o•H 1) o u

P 00 CM•H VP OJ pH o-P O o • •O P • • o oP? CD o o

P + 1 + 1+ 1 + 1

ra O 00 M--P CD f t vD 00 M- pHO o MD rH • •P rH • • o o

•r; CM O oopp • • • •

P 43 pP to p p ACH O • • X • •c •H Pi Pi Pi f t

b£ • § • •■p -P CD o o rH o op •H P f tp > vO CM CO CO

-p •H O O p pH ow -p P • • CO • •

o CD o o •pH o op P P

+ 1 + 1 + 1 +1rH O P3 Pi vO 00 CD 00 N—

CO vD rH > 'C rHo • • rH • •0J O o •H o o

w

p Po p P O P f t

- p V CO 00 -P T COO CO P COp b - rH P b - rH

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98

o f r e a g e n t s . B l a n k s a r e a l s o r u n w i t h no s p i k e

p r e s e n t . From n u m e r o u s b l a n k s , s i l v e r d i s c

s o u r c e s , w i t h t y p i c a l t r a c e r y i e l d s , showed a l p h a

a c t i v i t y s i g n i f i c a n t l y a b o v e t h a t o f s i l v e r d i s c

' b l a n k s ' on o n l y one o c c a s i o n . F o r t h e p u r p o s e s

o f c a l c u l a t i o n , s y s t e m b l a n k s h a v e t h e r e f o r e b e e n

t a k e n a s s i l v e r d i s c ' b l a n k s ' .

N u c l e a r C o u n t i n g T e c h n i q u e - a s r > e c t r o m e t r y

D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e a - r a d i o a c t i v i t y o f t h e d e p o s i t e d s i l v e r

d i s c s i s by s u r f a c e b a r r i e r ( S . B . ) d e t e c t o r . The c o n v e n t i o n a l

s i l i c o n S . B . d e t e c t o r i s a l a r g e a r e a d i o d e c o n s i s t i n g o f a n

e x t r e m e l y t h i n (< lp , t h i c k ) p - t y p e l a y e r on t h e s e n s i t i v e f a c e o f

a h i g h p u r i t y , n - t y p e s i l i c o n w a f e r . A u n i f o r m t h i n g o l d f i l m 2

( 4 0 j ig/ cm ) i s v a c u u m - d e p o s i t e d on t h e p - t y p e s u r f a c e t o p r o v i d e

e l e c t r i c a l c o n t a c t , w h i l e t h a t f o r t h e r e a r n - t y p e s i l i c o n i s

p r o v i d e d by a t h i n l a y e r o f a l u m i n i u m ( f i g 1 8 ) , (Grou l d ing and

S t o n e , 1 9 7 0 ; D e a r n l e y a n d N o r t h r u p , 1 9 6 6 ) . Vhen a r e v e r s e b i a s

i s a p p l i e d , a d e p l e t i o n l a y e r , w, c o n t a i n i n g a l m o s t no f r e e

e l e c t r o n s and h o l e s i s f o r m e d b e t w e e n t h e n e g a t i v e n a n d p o s i ­

t i v e p r e g i o n s . U n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , c u r r e n t f l o w t h r o u g h

t h e d e v i c e i s h i g h l y l i m i t e d s i n c e n e i t h e r t h e n o r p r e g i o n s

c a n s u p p l y c a r r i e r s o f a p p r o p r i a t e s i g n .

Y/hen a c h a r g e d p a r t i c l e e n t e r s a s e m i - c o n d u c t o r d e t e c t o r i t

c r e a t e s e l e c t r o n - h o l e p a i r s b; l o s i n g e n e r g y a t a r a t e o f 3 . 6 e V /

e l e c t r o n h o l e p a i r f o r m e d i n s i l i c o n ( c f . 3 0 e V / i o n p a i r f o r m e d

i n a g a s ) . S i n c e b o t h e l e c t r o n s a n d h o l e s h a v e l a r g e m o b i l i t i e s

a n d s i n c e c o l l e c t i o n d i s t a n c e s a r e s h o r t , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o

i n d u c e c o l l e c t i o n t i m e s a s low a s a f ew n a n o - s e c o n d s . P r o v i d e d

t h a t t h e s e n s i t i v e d e p t h o f t h e d e t e c t o r e x c e e d s t h e r a n g e o f

t h e p a r t i c l e s and t h a t t h e e l e c t r i c f i e l d i n t h e s e n s i t i v e r e g i o n

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i s s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e t o s e p a r a t e c h a r g e c a r r i e r s b e f o r e t h e y

r e c o m b i n e , t h e n u mb e r o f e l e c t r o n - h o l e p a i r s p r o d u c e d i n t h e

d e p l e t i o n l a , y e r i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e e n e r g y o f t h e i n c i d e n t

r a d i a t i o n . T h e s e p a i r s a r e s w e p t a p a r t by t h e e l e c t r i c f i e l d ,

t h e i r c o l l e c t i o n p r o d u c i n g a c h a r g e w h i c h i s c o n v e r t e d t o a

s h a p e d v o l t a g e p u l s e ( s t i l l d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e

e n e r g y o f t h e i n c i d e n t p a r t i c l e ) f o r t r a n s m i s s i o n t o a m u l t i ­

c h a n n e l a n a l y s e r .

The a n a l y s e r s o r t s t h e i n c o m i n g p u l s e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r

a m p l i t u d e , a s s i g n i n g e a c h p u l s e t o a c h a n n e l i n t h e memory

c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a p a r t i c u l a r v o l t a g e i n c r e m e n t . D u i ' i ng c o u n t ­

i n g , t h e a n a l y s e r a c c u m u l a t e s a s p e c t r u m o f t h e n um b e r o f

p a r t i c l e s o f a p a r t i c u l a r e n e r g y m e a s u r e d ( c h a n n e l c o n t e n t s )

v e r s u s t h e p a r t i c l e e n e r g y ( c h a n n e l n u m b e r ) . I n t e g r a t i o n y i e l d s

a q u a n t i t a t i v e e s t i m a t e o f t h e r e l a t i v e a b u n d a n c e o f p a r t i c l e s

w i t h d i f f e r e n t e n e r g i e s .

Good s o u r c e p r e p a r pot ion i s e s s e n t i a l t o a c c u r a t e a - s p e c t r o -

m e t r y b e c a u s e o f t h e v e r y h i g h e n e r g y l o s s p e r u n i t l e n g t h o f

a t r a c k . A b s o r p t i o n s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t s p e a k r e s o l u t i o n a n d s o

i t i s p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e s o u r c e be v e r y t h i n , o f

t h e o r d e r o f a f ew t e n s o f pg/crn^ ( i d e a l l y a m o n o mo l ec u l v r

l a y e r ) t o m i n i m i s e a t t e n u a t i o n o f a - p a r t i c l e e n e r g y a s i t

e m e r g e s f r o m t h e s o u r c e . ( T e c h n i q u e s f o r s o u r c e p r e p a r e t i o n

h a v e b e e n r e v i e w e d by Y a f f e ( 1 9 6 2 ) , and a g e n e r a l p r o c e d u r e

f o r e l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n i s d e s c r i b e d i n T a l v i t i e ( 1 9 T 2 ) ) .

F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e d e t e c t o r - s o u r c e a s s e m b l y m u s t be o p e r a t e d

u n d e r l ow p r e s s u r e t o e l i m i n a t e a p p r e c i a b l e d e g r a d a t i o n o f t h e

cc—p a r t i c l e e n e r g v b y i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h a i r b e t w e e n s o u r c e a nd

d e t e c t o r . I n a d d i t i o n , a c r i t i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t i n a - s p e c t r o m e t r y

o f n a t u r a l r a d i o n u c l i d e s , i n v i e w o f t h e l ow c o u n t r a t e s n o r m a l l y

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101

o b s e r v e d ( o f t h e o r d e r o f a f ew c o u n t s / m i n u t e ) , i s e x c e l l e n t

s t a b i l i t y a n d r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n i c s y s t e m . C o u n t ­

i n g t i m e s a r e n o r m a l l y 24 h o u r s o r l o n g e r a n d s i g n i f i c a n t ' d r i f t 1

d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d d u e t o e l e c t r o n i c f l u c t u a t i o n s c a n r e s u l t i n

m e r g i n g o f i n d i v i d u a l a —p e a k s , i n s e v e r e c a s e s t o a n e x t e n t w h i c h

n e c e s s i t a t e s r e j e c t i o n o f d a t a . D u r i n g t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h i s

p r o j e c t , c o n s i d e r a b l e d i f f i c u l t y was i n f a c t e x p e r i e n c e d due t o

s u c h e l e c t r o n i c i n s t a b i l i t y . Whi l e t h e o r i g i n a l a - s p e c t r o m e t r y

s y s t e m ( c o n s i s t i n g o f N u c l e a r E n t e r p r i s e s e l e c t r o n i c s ) was

c a p a b l e , u n d e r o p t i m u m c o n d i t i o n s , o f a r e s o l u t i o n o f c a . 65KeV

a t f u l l w i d t h h a l f maximum ( f . w . h . m . ) , s e r i o u s i n t e r m i t t e n t

d r i f t was e n c o u n t e r e d d u r i n g c o u n t i n g , r e s u l t i n g i n t h e r e j e c t i o n

o f d a t a . T h i s s i t u e i t i o n c o n t i n u e d f o r a c o n s i d e r a b l e l e n g t h o f

t i m e . H i g h r e s o l u t i o n ( d e p e n d e n t u p o n goo d e l e c t r o n i c s t a b i l i t y )

i s o f p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c e i n t h i s s t u d y due t o t h e r e l a t i v e l y

208s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e i n a - p a r t i c l e e n e r g i e s o f t r a c e r ( P o ; E =

5 . 1 l M e V ) a n d s a m p l e ( ^ ^ P o ; E^ = 5 .305MeV) i s o t o p e s .

H o w e v e r , new a - s p e c t r o s c o p i c e l e c t r o n i c e q u i p m e n t was s u b -

s e o u e n t l v o b t a i n e d f r o m O r t e c e l e c t r o n i c s m i d - w a v t h r o u g h t h ei v v u

p r o j e c t a n d t h i s p r o v e d h i g h l y s t a b l e , p r o v i d i n g e x c e l l e n t r e s o l u ­

t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e s t u d v .

T h u s , i n t h i s w o r k , t w i n O r t e c s i l i c o n / g o l d s u r f a c e b a r r i e r

2d e t e c t o r s o f a c t i v e a r e a 300mm and s e n s i t i v e d e p t h 1 0 0 pg a r e

u s e d f o r c t - s pe c t r o s c o p i c m e a s u r e m e n t , p e r m i t t i n g s i m u l t a n e o u s

c o u n t i n g o f two s a m p l e s . B i a s v o l t a g e i s a p p l i e d t o t h e d e ­

t e c t o r s v i a d u a l h i g h v o l t a g e s u p p l i e s ( O r t e c m o d e l 42 8 ) a nd

d e t e c t o r o u t p u t s i g n a l s a r e f e d t h r o u g h d u p l i c a t e e l e c t r o n i c

s y s t e m s c o n s i s t i n g o f l ow n o i s e c h a r g e s e n s i t i v e p r e a m p l i f i e r s

( O r t e c m o d e l 1 2 5 ) , p u l s e s h a p i n g m a i n a m p l i f i e r s ( O r t e c mode l 471 )

a n d b i a s a m p l i f i e r s ( O r t e c m o d e l 4 08 a ) . B i a s a m p l i f i e r o u t p u t s

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102

a r e t r a n s m i t t e d t o a L a b e n 400 c h a n n e l p u l s e h e i g h t a n a l y s e r

v i a a L a b e n M400 m i x e r w h i c h e n a b l e s t h e o u t p u t s t o be r e c o r d e d

s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n t w o , 200 c h a n n e l s u b - g r o u p s o f t h e a n a l y s e r

memory . A b l o c k d i a g r a m o f t h e sys t em i s s hown i n f i g 19.

P e r s p e x s p a c e r s a r e u s e d t o p r o v i d e c o n s t a n t g e o m e t r y b e t w e e n

s o u r c e a n d d e t e c t o r ( f i g 18 ) a nd c h a m b e r s a r e e v a c u a t e d t o _2

b e t t e r t h a n 10 t o r r , when H.V. i s a p p l i e d , a n d m a i n t a i n e d t h e r e

t h r o u g h o u t t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t . The d e t e c t o r s a r e p r o t e c t e d

b y a s p l a s h b u l b e n d l i q u i d n i t r o g e n t r a p f r o m t h e o i l pump,

v a p o u r s f r o m w h i c h c o u l d g i v e r i s e t o t r a j ^ p i n g c e n t r e s i n t h e

d e t e c t o r s , s e r i o u s l y r e d u c i n g r e s o l u t i o n .

D e t e c t o r c o u n t i n g e f f i c i e n c i e s m e a s u r e d a g a i n s t a c a l i b r a t e d

s o u r c e ( R a d i o c h e m i c a l C e n t r e , Amer sham, c e d e ^111122) c o n t a i n i n g

2 4-1e l e c t r o d e p o s i t e d Am ( d e p o s i t d i a m e t e r 2mm) w i t h a c e r t i f i e d

r a t e o f e m e r g e n c e o f 1 . 5 3 x 10^ a - p a r t i c l e s / m i n f r o m t h e f r o n t

s u r f a c e ( - <2 / o , 3 < ^ e r r o r ) a r e 3 4 . 5 / ( d e t e c t o r 1 6 / 1 3 3 3 ) a nd 33 fo

( d e t e c t o r 1 4 / 7 4 4 D ) r e s p e c t i v e l y . E f f i c i e n c i e s f o r s i l v e r d i s c s ,

w h e r e t h e d e p o s i t e d a c t i v i t y i s s p r e a d o v e r a 2cm d i a m e t e r f a c e ,

a r e 2 6 . 5 ^ a n d 2 4 . 5 ^ r e s p e c t i v e l y .

The s y s t e m i s c a l i b r a t e d a n d r e s o l u t i o n m a x i m i s e d u s i n g a

3 n u c l i d e s o u r c e ( R a d i o c h e m i c a l C e n t r e , Arne r sham, c o d e a!*R3 3 )

c o n t a i n i n g ^ " ^ P u ( E ^ = 5 . 1 5 M e V ) , w^ A m (E^ - 5 .48MeV) a nd ^ ^ C m

( E a = 5 .80MeV) g u a r a n t e e d c a p a b l e o f r e s o l u t i o n t o 20IIeV a t

f . w . h . m . The t o t a l s y t e m r e s o l u t i o n f o u n d f o r s a m p l e s o u r c e s

i s 40 t o 45 KeV ( f . w . h . m . ) ; s t a n d a r d s o u r c e s a r e m a r g i n a n y

b e t t e r a t 35 t o 40KeV ( f . w . h . m . ) . T h i s c o m p a r e s w i t h q u o t e d

d e t e c t o r r e s o l u t i o n v a l u e s o f 2 0 . 2 I I eV ( f . w . h . m . ) a n d 1 8 . 4 E e V

( f . w . h . m . ) f o r d e t e c t o r s 1 4 / 7 4 4 D a n d 1 6 / 1 3 3 B r e s p e c t i v e l y . No

s i g n i f i c a n t s p e c t r o m e t e r d r i f t h a s b e e n e x j e r i e n c e d t h r o u g h o u t

t h e p e r i o d o f s t u d y w i t h O r t e c e q u i p m e n t ; t h e a b o v e d i s c r e p a n c y

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b e t w e e n o b s e r v e d a n d t h e o r e t i c a l r e s o l u t i o n i s p r o b a b l y due to

s l i g h t n o n - u n i f o r m i t y i n s o u r c e d e p o s i t s . The r e s o l u t i o n i s

2 08s u f f i c i e n t t o a l l o w a l m o s t t o t a l s e p a r a t i o n o f Po (E^ = 5 . 1 1210MeV) a n d Po (E^ = 5 . 3 0 5 M e V ) . A t y p i c a l a - s p c c t r u r n i s shown

i n f i g 12 .

B o t h p e a k s a r e i n t e g r a t e d o v e r 25 c h a n n e l s a n d a s m a l l

c o r r e c t i o n f o r p e a k o v e r l a p made a s f o l l o w s . The l a s t 16

210c h a n n e l s o f t h e 25 c h a n n e l e n v e l o p e c o m p r i s i n g t h e Po p e a k

208a r e f r e e o f a n y c o n t r i b u t i o n f r o m P o . S i m i l a r l y , t h e f i r s t

9 c h a n n e l s o f t h e ^Po p e a k h a v e i n s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n f r o m 2 1 0 Po d e c a y e v e r t s . The f o l l o w i n g r a t i o i s t h e r e f o r e u s e d t o

208e s t i m a t e t h e n um b er o f c o u n t s o b s e r v e d u n d e r t h e *“ Po p e a k

210w h i c h a r e i n f a c t d u e t o Po d i s i n t e g r a t i o n s : -

210No o f c o u n t s i n l a s t 16 c h a n n e l s o f Po p e a k208No o f c o u n t s i n l a s t 16 c h a n n e l s o f ^ Po p e a k

208x No o f c o u n t s i n f i r s t 9 c h a n n e l s o f Po p e a k .208 2 i oS i n c e a t l e a s t t w i c e a s much Po s p i k e i s u s e d a s “ Po

a c t i v i t y i n the s a m p l e , the e f f e c t o f t h e o v e r l a p c o n t r i b u t i o n

on the above r a t i o i s n e g l i g i b l e . A d e s c r i p t i o n o f the method

u s e d i n s a m p l e c a l c u l a t i o n i s g i v e n i n a p p e n d i x 2 .

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105

226 Ra A n a l y s i s a nd N u c l e a r C o u n t i n g T e c h n i q u e

226The s y s t e m u s e d i n t h i s w o r k f o r Ra a n a l y s i s was d e s c r i b e d

i n d e t a i l by Mac Xen z i e ( l 9 7 f ) . The m e t h o d i n v o l v e s e m a n a t i o n ,

222c o l l e c t i o n a n d a - s c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t i n g o f Rn , t h e g a s e o u s

226d a u g h t e r p r o d u c t o f Ra u s i n g t h e e x t r a c t i o n s y s t e m shown i n

f i g 2 0 .

226The a l i q u o t o f t h e d i s s o l v e d s a m p l e r e m o v e d f o r Ra

a n a l y s i s i s made up t o 500ml s w i t h d i s t i l l ed . w a t e r a n d t r a n s ­

f e r r e d t o a 1 l i t r e g l a s s e q u i l i b r a t i o n v e s s e l . F o l l o w i n g a

222p r e l i m i n a r y e x t r a c t i o n t o r emove a l l Rn i n i t i a l l y p r e s e n t ,

t h e e q u i l i b r a t i o n v e s s e l i s s e a l e d a n d t h e d a t e and t i m e n o t e d .

222T h i s p r e l i m i n a r y s t r i p p i n g o f Rn i s p e r f o r m e d by a f l u s h i n g

p r o c e d u r e i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t d e s c r i b e d i n t h e a n a l y t i c a l p r o -

222c e d u r e b e l o w , e x c e p t t h a t t h e e m a n a t e d Rn i s n o t c o l l e c t e d

a t t h i s t i m e . The s e a l e d s a m p l e i s s t o r e d f o r a. known p e r i o d

222o f t i m e d u r i n g w h i c h ^ 'Rn a c t i v i t y g r o ws i n f r o m i t s p a r e n t 226 R a , f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n (*1) p a g e $ 8 , f r o m w h i c h t h e p e r -

222 2 ° 6 c e n t a g e b u i l d up o f ' 'Rn t o w a r d s s e c u l a r e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h Ra

c a n be c a l c u l a t e d . S a m p l e s a r e n o r m a l l y s t o r e d f o r more t h a n

12 d a y s ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 8 8 . 7 /j e q u i l i b r i u m ) p r i o r t o a n a l y s i s .

A f t e r t h i s t i m e , t h e s e a l e d e q u i l i b r a t i o n v e s s e l i s a t t a c h e d t o

t h e v a c u u m l i n e a s s h o w n , b u t w i t h o u t t h e l i q u i d n i t r o g e n t r a p .

The s y s t e m ( e x c l u d i n g t h e pump) i s e v a c u a t e d , t h e d e t e c t o r

s e a l e d , a n d t h e l i n e f i l l e d t w i c e t o 1 a tm p r e s s u r e w i t h h e l i u m ,

a n d t h e n e v a c u a t e d t o r e move i m p u r i t i e s f r o m t h e i n l e t s y s t e m .

The l i n e i s a g a i n f i l l e d t o 1 a t m o s p h e r e w i t h h e l i u m a n d t h e n

c l o s e d o f f f r o m t h e h e l i u m s u p p l y . The p e r i s t a l t i c c i r c u l a t i n g

pump ( \ / ab Fumps L t d . , B o u r n m o u t h , E n g l a n d ) i s f l u s h e d w i t h

h e l i u m f o r a f ew m i n u t e s a n d t h e n o p e n e d t o t h e r e s t o f t h e

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l i n e ( t h e s i l i c o n r u b b e r t u b i n g o f t h e purnp i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y

r i g i d t o w i t h s t a n d e v a c u a t i o n ) . The e q u i l i b r a t i o n v e s s e l i s

o p e n e d t o t h e r e s t o f t h e s y s t e m , a n d t h e p e r i s t a l t i c pump222c y c l e s t h e h e l i u m and Rn a r o u n d t h e l i n e , a t a f l o w r a t e o f

/ 2 ° ^4 l i t r e s / m i n . The l i q u i d n i t r o g e n t r a p i s f i l l e d and "“ “Rn

f r o z e n down i n t h e s p i r a l t r a p . W a t e r v a p o u r i s r e m o v e d by

t h e s o l i d C00/ a c e t o n e t r a p s . A f l u s h i n g t i m e o f 45 m i n u t e s i s

2 2 2s u f f i c i e n t t o g i v e t o t a l r e m o v a l o f Rn f r o m 500ml s a m p l e s .

A f t e r c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e f l u s h i n g p r o c e s s , t h e e q u i l i b r a t i o n

v e s s e l i s a g a i n s e a l e d a n d t h e t i m e n o t e d . W i t h t h e l i q u i d

n i t r o g e n t r a p s t i l l i n p o s i t i o n , t h e s p i r a l t r a p a n d d e t e c t o r

a r e i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e r e s t o f t h e l i n e and e v a c u a t e d , l e a v i n g

t h e c o n d e n s e d r a d o n . The c o m b i n e d d e t e c t o r / s p i r a l t r a p i s

i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e r e s t o f t h e l i n e a n d t h e l i q u i d n i t r o g e n t r a p

r e m o v e d , v a p o u r i s a t i o n o f t h e r a d o n b e i n g a c c e l e r a t e d by w a r m i n g

t h e t r a p w i t h a h o t - a i r b l o w e r . The r a d o n d i s t r i b u t e d b e t w e e n

t h e d e t e c t o r ( v o l u m e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 m l s ) a n d s p i r a l t r a p

( v o l u m e a p p r o x i m a t e l y l C m l s ) i s t r a n s f e r r e d v i r t u a l l y q u a n t i t a ­

t i v e l y t o t h e d e t e c t o r , by a l l o w i n g a p u l s e o f h e l i u m a t one

a t m o s p h e r e p r e s s u r e t o e n t e r t h e s p i r a l t r a p f r o m t h e v acuum

l i n e a n d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r w a r d s s e a l i n g t h e d e t e c t o r . The

s a m p l e i s t h e n s t o r e d f o r r e p e a t a n a l y s i s a f t e r i n g r o w t h o f

222 Rn , a n d t h e d e t e c t o r i s r e m o v e d f o r r a d i o a c t i v i t y m e a s u r e m e n t

on t h e c o l l e c t e d g a s .

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d e s i g n b y F e r r a n t e e t a l ( 1 9 6 4 ) w h i c h was a d e v e l o p m e n t f r o m t h e

o r i g i n a l c h a m b e r o f Damon e t a l ( 1 9 5 2 ) a n d L u c a s ( 1 9 5 7 ) ) i s

c o u p l e d t o t h e f a c e o f a p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r t u b e w h i c h i s s e a l e d

i n a l i g h t t i g h t u n i t ( f i g 21) and c o n n e c t e d t o a s c a l e r . A

p e r s p e x s p a c e r i s p l a c e d b e t w e e n t h e p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r f a c e a n d

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t h e d e t e c t o r t o p r o v i d e c o n s t a n t g e o m e t r y a n d s i l i c o n e f l u i d

a p p l i e d t o p r o v i d e a good l i g h t p a t h . a - p a r t i c l e s s t r i k i n g t h e

ZnS (Ag) p h o s p h o r p r o d u c e l i g h t p u l s e s w h i c h a r e c o n v e r t e d t o

c u r r e n t p u l s e s a n d a m p l i f i e d b e f o r e b e i n g f e d a s a v o l t a g e p u l s e2 2 °t o a s c a l e r . Ea ch ‘‘Rn d e c a y g i v e s r i s e t o two f u r t h e r a - d e c a y s218 214f r o m i t s d a u g h t e r s Po a n d P o , w h i c h g r ow r a p i d l y i n t o

222s e c u l a r e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h t h e i r Rn p a r e n t . D e t e c t o r s a r e l e f t

f o r 5 h o u r s b e f o r e c o u n t i n g t o e n s u r e s e c u l a r e q u i l i b r i u m b e t w e e n 2 2 2 -Rn a n d t h o s e s h o r t - l i v e d d a u g h t e r s s o t h a t ' 3 a - d e c a y e v e n t s a r e

222a s s u m e d t o o c c u r f o r e a c h Rn d e c a y . D e t e c t o r s a r e h o w e v e r

t r a n s f e r r e d t o p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r / s c a l e r a s s e m b l i e s a t l e a s t 1 h o u r

b e f o r e c o u n t i n g commences t o a v o i d i n t e r f e r e n c e f r o m a s l i g h t

p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r memory e f f e c t w h i c h o c c u r s a f t e r e x p o s u r e t o

l i g h t . S a m p l e s a r e n o r m a l l y c o u n t e d f o r 500 m i n u t e s , g i v i n g

c o u n t i n g e r r o r s o f l e s s t h a n 2£j . A s m a l l c o r r e c t i o n f o r d e c a y

d u r i n g c o u n t i n g i s a p p l i e d f o l l o w i n g t h e method o f H of f mann a n d

Van C a r n e r i k ( l 9 6 f ) w h i c h d e f i n e s a c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r b a s e d on t h e

r a t i o o f c c u n t t i m e t o l i a l f - l i f e . Two p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r / s c a l e r

s y s t e m s , e a c h h a v i n g a w o r k i n g v o l t a g e o f 1300V, a r e u s e d i n c o n ­

j u n c t i o n w i t h f o u r s c i n t i l l a t i o n d e t e c t o r s . B a c k g r o u n d s and

e f f i c i e n c i e s f o r t h e d e t e c t o r s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e 9 . S y s t e m

b l a n k s a r e p e r f o r m e d on e q u i l i b r a t i o n v e s s e l s c o n t a i n i n g 5CGmls

o f 6N HC1 a n d g i v e a mean v a l u e o f 2 . 2 0 - 0 . 13cpm.

222The e f f i c i e n c y f o r c o l l e c t i o n a n d c o u n t i n g o f ^ Rn i s d e -225

t e r m i n e d by a n a l y s i s o f a s t a n d a r d i s e d Ra s o l u t i o n o b t a i n e d

f r o m t h e U . S . xYa t i ona l B u r e a u o f S t a n d a r d s . E l e c t r o n i c s t a b i l i t yTOO

i s m o n i t o r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o j e c t by p e r i o d i c c o u n t i n g o f ^ “ ^Rn

i s o l a t e d f r o m a c t i v e *“ Ra s o l u t i o n s . The d e c a y p l o t a l s o s e r v e s

t o c h a r a c t e r i s e t h e o b s e r v e d r a d i o a c t i v i t y ( f i g 2 2 ) .

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T a b i c 9 222 Rn D e t e c t o r B a c k g r o u n d s a n d E f f i c i e n c i e s

D e t e c t o r E f f i c i e n c y °p B a c k g r ou nd ( c pm - l o )

1 7 4 . 0 0 . 6 0 - 0 . 0 2

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112

R a d i o c a c s i u r n A n a l y s i s and N u c l e a r C o u n t i n g Technic ues

I n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f t h e w o r k , r a d i o c a e s i u r a a n a l y s i s v a s

p e r f o r m e d by p a s s i n g a l i q u o t s o f t o t a l l y d i s s o l v e d s e d i m e n t

( c a . 6 N i n IICl) t h r o u g h c o l u m n s o f t h e i n o r g a n i c i o n e x c h a n g e r

K . C . F . C . (4cm x 1cm c o l u m n s o f 3 0 - 8 0 mesh K . C . F . C . c o n t a i n e d i n

d i s p o s a b l e p l a s t i c t u b e s ) , when c a e s i u m e x c l i a n g e s q u a n t i t a t i v e l y

f o r p o t a s s i u m . The y - a c t i v i t y o f t h e e x c h a n g e d r e s i n was s u b ­

s e q u e n t l y d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g a 3 ” Na l ( T l ) s c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t e r ,

t h e c o u n t i n g g e o m e t r y o f t h e K . C . F . C . p l u g s b e i n g d e f i n e d b y

means o f a p e r s p e x h o l d e r . As r a d i o c a e s i u m a c t i v i t y i s c o n f i n e d

t o t h e t o p 1 cm o f t h e c o l u m n , maximum c o u n t i n g e f f i c i e n c y a n d r e ­

p r o d u c i b i l i t y were a c h i e v e d b y p o s i t i o n i n g t h i s p a r t o f t h e s o u r c e

c e n t r a l l y o v e r t h e d e t e c t o r f a c e . S a m p l e s w er e n o r m a l l y c o u n t e d

f o r 8 00 m i n u t e s . A r e s o l u t i o n o f 9 . 3 $ a t f . w . h . i n . was s u f f i c i e n t

t o r e s o l v e t h e 0 .662MeV a nd 0 . 7 9 6 / 0 . 8 0 2 MeV p h o t o p e a k s a s s o c i a t e d

13 7 134w i t h Cs a n d Cs d e c a y r e s p e c t i v e l y . O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c i e s

137 134o f 5 . 6 / a n d 4 . 8/ were o b t a i n e d f o r Cs a nd Cs r e s p e c t i v e l y

a s d e t e r m i n e d f r o m s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e R a d i o ­

c h e m i c a l C e n t r e , Amersham. B a c k g r o u n d c o u n t r a . t e s were 1 3 . 5 c n m

a n d 7 . 8 cpm i n t h e ^ ^Cs a n d ^ ^ C s p h o t o p e a k r e g i o n s , a nd t h e

b l a n k c o n t r i b u t i o n f r o m t h e K . C . F . C . r e s i n was 0 . 3 c p m i n b o t h

r e g i o n s .

R a d i o c a e s i u m a n a l y s i s was s u b s e q u e n t l y p e r f o r m e d by d i r e c t

c o u n t i n g o f d r i e d h o m o g e n i s e d s e d i m e n t c o n t a i n e d i n s m a l l p l a s t i c

v i a l s u s i n g a lOOcc GeLi d e t e c t o r . The h i g h e r r e s o l u t i o n o f t h e

GeLi s y s t e m ( l .SICeV f . w . h . m . f o r t h e 0 . 6 6 2 MeV * ^ C s p h o t o r e a k )

a l l ow s c o m p l e t e s e p a r a t i o n o f ^ ^ C s a n d ^ ^^ Cs p h o t o p e a k s f r o m

p e a k s d u e t o o t h e r n u c l i d e s p r e s e n t i n t h e s e d i m e n t , s u c h a s

2 0 8 T1 ( 0 . 5 8 M e V ) , 2 1 4 Bi ( O . 6 IM0V) a n d 9 5 Z r ( 0 . 72MeV) / 9 5 Nb ( C . 7 7 ; l e V ) .

(The N a l d e t e c t o r i s u n a b l e t o r e s o l v e p e a k s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e

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113

i s o t o p e s f ro m p h o t o p e a k s due t o ^ ^ C s and ^ ^ C s , h e n c e d i r e c t

c o u n t i n g o f s e d i m e n t i s n o t a p p l i c a b l e i n t h a t c a s e ) . Sample

c o u n t i n g g e o m e t r y i s a g a i n s p e c i f i e d by means o f a p e r s p e x

h o l d e r an d s a m p le s a r e i n g e n e r a l c o u n t e d f o r S00 m i n u t e s . The

d e t e c t i o n e f f i c i e n c y f o r i s 1 . 8 8 / w i t h a b a c k g r o u n d i n t h e

137 Cs p e a k r e g i o n o f 0 .4 c p m . D e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e s e

s y s t e m s ca n be o b t a i n e d i n t h e s e s by M ack en z ie (19 77) and

McKinley (19 7 8 ) .

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114

2 . 5 R e p r o d u c i b i l i t y

The u l t i m a t e t e s t o f a n y a n a l y t i c a l p r o c e d u r e i s t h e d e g r e e

o f r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e r e p e a t e d a n a l y s i s o f t h e

same m a t e r i a l t h r o u g h o u t t h e p e r i o d of s t u d y . V i t h t h i s i n m i n d ,

a s e d i m e n t c o r e was g r o u n d , h o m o g e n i s e d a n d r e p e a t e d l y a n a l y s e d

2X0 226f o r b o t h Pb and Ra a l o n g s i d e a u t h e n t i c s a m p l e s a n d b l a n k s .

The r e s u l t s o f t h e s e r e p l i c a t e m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n

t a b l e s 10 a n d 1 1 $ ,

F u r t h e r m o r e , s e v e r a l s a m p l e s w e r e a s s a y e d i n d u p l i c a t e f o r

2 ^ P b ( t a b l e 1 2 ) and f o r 2 2 ^Ra ( t a b l e 1 3 ) a n d one r e p e a t e d l y

226a n a l y s e d f o r Ra a c t i v i t y ( t a b l e 1 1 b ) .

210I n t h e c a s e o f Pb d e t e r m i n a t i o n , r e p l i c a t e a n a l y s e s i n d i ­

c a t e a n o v e r a l l l o r e r r o r on t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f 2 . 41/S, w h e r e t h e

s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n , a ppp> i s d e f i n e d a s ,

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x i s t h e v a l u e o b t a i n e d i n a n i n d i v i d u a l m e a s u r e m e n t , a n d

x i s t h e mean o f n o b s e r v a t i o n s .

The e r r o r a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r e p l i c a t e m e a s u r e m e n t s , a ^gp> c a n

i n f a c t be r e g a r d e d a s a c o m b i n e d o r t o t a l e r r o r , a ^ qT * d i v i s i b l e

i n t o 2 d i s t i n c t c o m p o n e n t s : Componen t ( l ) i s a s t a t i s t i c a l e r r o r ,

a . a r i s i n g f r o m t h e o b s e r v e d n u m b e r o f c o u n t s , w h e r e t h e s t a n - c

d a r d d e v i a t i o n , a , on a c o u n t i s d e f i n e d a sc

whe r e N i s t h e o b s e r v e d number o f c o u n t s .

Comp o n e n t ( 2 ) i s a n o n - c o u n t i n g e r r o r a r i s i n g f r o m i n a c c u r a c i e s i n

f o r e x a m p l e w e i g h i n g o f s a m p l e o r u s e o f t h e p i p e t t e i n d i s p e n s i n g

t r a c e r . M o r e o v e r , a f u r t h e r s o u r c e o f n o n - c o u n t i n g ' e r r o r ' c a n be

r e c o g n i s e d i n t h i s c a s e a s p o s s i b l e i n h o m o g e n e i t y o f t h e r e p l i c a t e

s a m p l e . A r g u a b l y t h i s c o n t r i b u t i o n i s n o t a n e r r o r i n t h e t r u e

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2 1 0T a b l e 10 R e s u l t s o f ** Pb r e pi i c a t e m e a s u r e m e n t s

^ ^ F b A c t i v i t y

4 . 8 1 + 0 . 1 1

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Tab] c 11 a R e s u l t s o f

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1 . 2 6 + 0 . 0 2

1 . 3 8 + 0 . 0 2

1 . 3 1+ 0 . 0 2

1 . 5 3 + 0 . 0 2

^ a b l e n h R e s u l t s o f

s o l u t i o n

*~^Ra A c t i v i t y ( d p m / g

1 . 3 9+ 0 . 0 2

1 . 3 4 + 0 . 0 2

1 . 5 6 + 0 . 0 3

1 . 4 5+ 0 . 0 2

226 Ra r e p l i c a t e am:

1 a c o u n t e r r o r )

Mean = 1 . 3 9 d p m / g

S t a n d a r d d e v i a . t i o n

fo e r r o r = 7 . 4

r e p e a t a n a l y s e s f o r

- l a c o u n t e r r o r )

Mean = 1 . 4 4 d p m/ g

S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n

°/o e r r o r = 6 . 9

y s e s

= 0 . 1 C d p m / g

226 Ra on one s a m p l e

= 0 . 1 0 d p m/ g

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T a b l e 1 ?

S a m p l e

GLC3 :6

GLC3:14

L.L0M:3

2 1 0R e s u l t s o f Pb d u p l i c a t e a n a l y s e s

2 ^ P b A c t i v i t y ( d p m / g - 1 a c o u n t e r r o r )

8.54 - 0.17

8.24 i 0.17

6.53 - 0.20 6.77 - 0.20

14.52 t 0.36

14.00 i 0.29

L0C9:8 9.90 - 0.15 9.74 - 0.16

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118

T a b l e 13 R e s u l t s o f Ra d u p l i c a t e a n a l y s e s

226 "f*S a m p l e Ra A c t i v i t y ( d p m / g - 1 a c o u n t e r r o r )

LGC9:5 5 . 6 8 + 0 . 0 6

5 . 9 9+ 0 . 0 6

LGC4:1 2 . 4 9+ 0 . 0 6

2 . 4 7+ 0 . 0 6

LGC4:2 2 . 6 8 +0 . 0 5

2 . 5 5+

0 . 0 5

LGG5:2 4 . 1 6 +0 . 0 7

4 . 1 9+

0 . 0 7

LGG5 : 7 3 . 8 0 + 0 . 0 4

3 . 5 5+ 0 . 0 4

L . LD M: 1 3 . 4 9+ 0 . 0 6

3 . 0 7 +0 . 0 7

L . LOMs 3 2 . 8 9+

0 . 0 7

2 . 6 6 + 0 . 0 6

L.LOMslO 2 . 1 4 + 0 . 0 4

2 . 0 6 + 0 . 0 4

L.LOMs20 1 . 7 5+ 0 . 0 3

1 . 4 3+ 0 . 0 3

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119

s e n s e and a s i t i s n o n - q u a n t i f i a b l e , t h e t o t a l e r r o r t e r m s ,

®"TOT* r e Pr G s e n " maximum v a l u e s o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l u n c e r t a i n t y .

V i t h

a = a TOT REP "

a + a ^COUNT NON-COUNT

i t i s p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e a mean v a l u e f o r CTX0N-C0UNT ^ rom

t h e known v a l u e s o f a a nd a COUNT* ^ b i s v a ^r a v a i u e o f

1 . 06 / " i s o b t a i n e d f o r t h e n o n - c o u n t i n g r e l a t i v e e r r o r . C o u n t i n g

210e r r o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h Pb d e t e r m i n a t i o n a r e i n g e n e r a l o f t h e

t * 2 1 0o r d e r o f 23/o t o 3 ^ . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , e r r o r s q u o t e d o n Pb

r e s u l t s a r e t o t a l l a e r r o r s r e c a l c u l a t e d f r o m e q u a t i o n ( a )

b y s u b s t i t u t i o n o f t h e v a l u e o f crNON-COUNT226H o w e v e r , i n ^ Ra d e t e r m i n a t i o n , c o u n t i n g e r r o r s a r e i n

t h e r a n g e l y o t o 2f o , w h i l e r e p l i c a t e a n a l y s e s d e f i n e a n o v e r a l l

l a e r r o r on t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f 7 . 4 /j ; s i n c e t h i s i s so much

l a r g e r t h a n the c o u n t i n g e r r o r ( i n t h i s c a s e t h e n o n - c o u n t i n g

e r r o r r e n d e r s t h e c o u n t i n g e r r o r r e l a t i v e l y i n s i g n i f i c a n t ) ,

t h e l a t t e r i s t h e v a l u e q u o t e d on r e s u l t s .

F i n a l l y , t h e e r r o r q u o t e d on a r a d i o c a e s i u m r e s u l t i s a

t o t a l e r r o r c o m p r i s i n g c o u n t i n g a n d n o n - c o u n t i n g c o n t r i b u t i o n s

210d e r i v e d i n a s i m i l a r m a n ne r t o t h o s e a p p l i e d t o Pb

m e a s u r e m e n t s .

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CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND .DISCUSSION

T h i s c h a p t e r p r e s e n t s t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e r a d i o c h e m i c a l ,

c h e m i c a l a n d p h y s i c a l a n a l y s e s p e r f o r m e d on s e d i m e n t c o r e s

r e c o v e r e d f r o m t h e t h r e e a r e a s o f s t u d y ( a ) t h e C i l i c i a B a s i n ,

( b ) L o c h Lomond a n d ( c ) t h e C l y d e s e a —l o c h s , Loc h G o i l a n d

G a r e l o c h , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e i r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . I n t h e i n t e r e s t s

o f c l a r i t y , a p r e l i m i n a r y d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s

210a p p l i e d i n d e v e l o p i n g a Pb c h r o n o l o g y f o r t h e s a m p l e s i s

f o l l o w e d b y p r e s e n t a t i o n and d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s f o r e a c h

r e g i o n i n t u r n .

3*1 G en er a , ! A p p r o a c h

I n C h a p t e r 1 , s e c t i o n 1*2, t h e p r i n c i p a l a s s u m p t i o n s i n v o l v e d

21 0i n t h e a l t e r n a t i v e a p p r o a c h e s t o Pb d a t i n g w e r e i n t r o d u c e d .

B r i e f l y , t h e a p p r o a c h e s d i f f e r i n t h e f o l l o w i n g i m p o r t a n t

r e s p e c t ; w h i l e t h e t r a d i t i o n a l " c o n s t a n t i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n "

( C . I . C . ) m o d e l a s s u m e s b o t h a c o n s t a n t r a t e o f s e d i m e n t

21 0a c c u m u l a t i o n a nd a c o n s t a n t f l u x o f e x c e s s Pb t o t h e s e d i m e n t ,

t h e r e c e n t l y d e v e l o p e d " c o n s t a n t r a t e o f s u p p l y " ( C . R . S . ) m o de l21 0a s s u m e s o n l y a c o n s t a n t t i m e f l u x o f e x c e s s Pb t o t h e d e p o s i t

a n d c a n be a p p l i e d i f t h i s c o n d i t i o n i s me t e v e n i n e n v i r o n m e n t s

e x p e r i e n c i n g a c o n t i n u o u s l y v a r y i n g r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n

(The C . I . C . m e t h o d c a n c o p e w i t h a c h a n g i n g r a t e o f s e d i m e n t

a c c u m u l a t i o n o n l y when t h e c h a n g e i s i n d u c e d by a s i n g l e - e v e n t

[ i . e . h a s o c c u r r e d i n a p e r i o d o f t i m e v e r y s h o r t r e l a t i v e t o

21 0t h e h a l f - l i f e o f P b ] a n d i n a d d i t i o n i f p r e - a n d p o s t - e v e n t

s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s w e r e c o n s t a n t ; i n t h i s s p e c i a l s i t u a t i o n ,

a s e m i - l o g p l o t o f e x c e s s 2 1 °Pb v e r s u s d e p t h w o u l d i d e a l l y

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121

e x h i b i t i n t e r s e c t i n g s t r a i g h t l i n e s o f d i f f e r e n t g r a d i e n t ,

t h e p o i n t o f i n t e r s e c t i o n c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e a g e / d e p t h a t

w h i c h t h e p a t t e r n o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n a l t e r e d ) . The C , R , S , m e t h o d

t h e r e f o r e h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o f p o t e n t i a l l y s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a t i o n

u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s w h e r e t h e C , I , C , m o de l c a n n o t be u s e d , w h i l e

y i e l d i n g i d e n t i c a l r e s u l t s i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s when t h e C , I , C ,

m o d e l i s a p p l i c a b l e . N o n e t h e l e s s , t h e C , R , S , m o d e l , a s n o t e d

p r e v i o u s l y , h a s t h e p r a c t i c a l d i s a d v a n t a g e t h a t , b e c a u s e i t i s

210b a s e d u p o n t h e c u m u l a t i v e a c t i v i t y o f e x c e s s Pb i n t h e c o r e

• . . 210i t c r i t i c a l l y r e q u i r k s m e a s u r e m e n t o f e x c e s s Pb a c t i v i t y

t h r o u g h o u t t h e l e n g t h o f t h e c o l u m n . I n t h i s s t u d y , t h e C , I , C ,

a p p r o a c h h a s b y n e c e s s i t y b e e n a d o p t e d f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s :

( 1 ) C r a i b c o r e s r e c o v e r e d f ro m C l y d e s e a - l o c h s e d i m e n t s

21 0a r e n o t o f s u f f i c i e n t l e n g t h f o r a l l e x c e s s Pb t o

h a v e d e c a y e d a n d i t i s t h e r e f o r e i m p o s s i b l e t o e s t i m a t e

210t h e t o t a l c u m u l a t i v e e x c e s s Pb a c t i v i t y i n t h e s e

s a m p l e s

an d 210( 2 ) i n c o r e s w h i c h a r e o f s u i t a b l e a ge ( l e n g t h ) f o r Pb

^ 2 ^ ^ -j ot o h a v e a t t a i n e d e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h “ Ra , ^ Pb a s s a y

h a s n o t b e e n p e r f o r m e d on e v e r y s e c t i o n . E s t i m a t i o n

210o f e x c e s s Pb v a l u e s i n n o n - a n a l y s e d s e c t i o n s w o u l d

t h e r e f o r e be m o s t r e a s o n a b l y a c h i e v e d o n l y by a s s u m i n g

e x p o n e n t i a l d e c r e a s e b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d v a l u e s i n a d j a c e n t

s e c t i o n s . S u c h i n t e r p o l a t i o n w o u l d c l e a r l y d e n y t h e

f u n d a m e n t a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e a p p r o a c h e s o f t h e

C R 3 a n d C I C m o d e l s . Thus a c u m u l a t i v e e x c e s sO S S « # I 9

^ ^ P b a c t i v i t y c o u l d n o t be d e r i v e d . I n a n y e v e n t ,

f o r t h e two g r a v i t y c o r e s w h i c h come i n t o t h i s c a t e g o r y ,

v e r y g o o d a p p r o x i m a t i o n s t o e x p o n e n t i a l d e c r e a s e o f

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122

21 0e x c e s s Pb w i t h d e p t h w e r e o b s e r v e d a n d t h u s d i f f e r e n c e s

b e t w e e n t h e C , R #S, a n d C #I #C, a p p r o a c h e s w o u l d be m i n i m a l a n d

c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e two m e t h o d s u n r e v e a l i n g .

I n a p p l y i n g t h e C , I , C , mode l t o ag e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s p e c i a l

c o n s i d e r a t i o n h a s b e e n c e n t r e d on p o r o s i t y , s a l t d i l u t i o n a n d 210

s u p p o r t e d Pb a c t i v i t i e s , a s d i s c u s s e d b e l o w ,

( l ) P r o f i l e s o f p o r o s i t y ( w a t e r v o l u m e f r a c t i o n ) f o r e a c h

c o r e h a v e b e e n c a l c u l a t e d f r o m

M . w a t e rV . D ,_ w a t e r _____________ _ w a t e r

® V , + Y “ 51 ^ 4w a t e r s o l i d s w a t e r , s o l i d s

D , D t iw a t e r s o l i d s

w h e r e cd = p o r o s i t y

V = v o l u m e

Mwat e r = mass w^ t e r l o s s u p o n d r y i n g

D , = d e n s i t y o f i n t e r s t i t i a l w a t e r ( f o rw a t e r 17

m a r i n e c o r e s t a k e n a s 1 » 0 2 5 g , c m ~ )

M , . , = ma ss o f d r i e d s o l i d s ( s a l t - c o r r e c t e d ,s o l i d s 9

s e e b e l o w )

D n . , = m e a s u r e d d e n s i t y o f s e d i m e n t s o l i d ss o l i d s

(The p o r o s i t y i s commonly c o n v e r t e d t o a p e r c e n t a g e b a s i s

b y m u l t i p l y i n g by 1 0 0 ) ,

W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e C i l i c i a B a s i n c o r e , p o r o s i t i e s

a r e b o t h v e r y h i g h and e x h i b i t r a p i d d e c r e a s e a s a f u n c t i o n o f

d e p t h , c o n s i s t e n t w i t h c o m p r e s s i o n a l l o s s o f w a t e r f r o m t h e

s e d i m e n t . T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y a p p a r e n t i n t h e u p p e r l a y e r s21 0o f t h e d e p o s i t s w h i c h c o n t a i n t h e p r o f i l e s o f e x c e s s Pb

u s e f u l i n d a t i n g . S i n c e t h e t h i c k n e s s o f s e d i m e n t w h i c h

r e p r e s e n t s an a n n u a l l a y e r i s t h e r e f o r e d e c r e a s i n g a s a f u n c t i o n

o f d e p t h t h r o u g h c o m p a c t i o n , a c c u r a t e a g e / d e p t h c u r v e s a r e

c r i t i c a l l y d e p e n d e n t on c o r r e c t i o n f o r t h i s d e p t h - d e p e n d e n c y

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123

o f w a t e r c o n t e n t , I n t h i s w o r k , s u c h c o r r e c t i o n h a s b e e n

p e r f o r m e d by e x p r e s s i n g t h e d e p t h i n s e d i m e n t i n t e r m s o f

c u m u l a t i v e w e i g h t o f d r y s e d i m e n t d e p o s i t e d p e r cm2 , , t h u s

e f f e c t i v e l y n o r m a l i s i n g t h e w a t e r c o n t e n t t o z e r o t h r o u g h o u t

t h e c o l u m n l e n g t h . From a s e m i - l o g p l o t o f e x c e s s 2 1 0 Pb| ^

a c t i v i t y v e r s u s d e p t h i n c o r e (mg,cm ) , an e s t i m a t e o f t h e

r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t e r m s o f d r y s e d i m e n t d e p o s i t e d2 2 1 p e r cm, p e r y e a r ( rng,cm, y , ) i s d e r i v e d . The a g e o f a n y

p a r t i c u l a r l a y e r o f s e d i m e n t ( i n t h e a b s e n c e o f m i x i n g ) i s t h e n

o b t a i n e d s i m p l y b y d i v i s i o n o f t h e c u m u l a t i v e w e i g h t o f s o l i d s _2

( mg ,c m, ) b y t h e e s t i m a t e d r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n_2 __ -j

( mg ,c m, y , ) , S i n c e t h e c u m u l a t i v e w e i g h t o f s e d i m e n t

c o r r e s p o n d s t o a known d e p t h i n t h e c o l u m n an e s t i m a t e o f t h e

mean s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e i n t h e more e a s i l y v i s u a l i s e d u n i t s o f

c m . y , c a n t h e n be d e t e r m i n e d f o r a d e f i n e d d e p t h i n t e r v a l .

F o r e x a m p l e , i n t h e o r y , a n e s t i m a t e o f t h e s u r f a c e r a t e o f

s e d i m e n t a t i o n i n c m , y , c a n be o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e r e c i p r o c a l

o f t h e a g e o f t h e u p p e r 1cm, s e c t i o n . T a b l e 14 p r e s e n t s

a v e r a g e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s ( c o l u m n 1 ) f o r v a r i o u s c o r e s d e r i v e d

21 0f r o m s e m i - l o g p l o t s o f e x c e s s Pb v e r s u s d e p t h , m e a s u r e d i n

c e n t i m e t r e s ( i , e , w i t h no p o r o s i t y c o r r e c t i o n ) , a n d p o r o s i t y

c o r r e c t e d s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s ( c o l u m n 2 ) ; t a b l e 15

c o m p a r e s a g e / d e p t h r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r Loc h Lomond c o r e LLRPM1

b a s e d on t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s o f t a b l e 14 a n d i l l u s t r a t e s

t h e o v e r e s t i m a t e o f h o r i z o n a g e w h i c h r e s u l t s f o r t h e u p p e r

l a y e r s o f a d e p o s i t i f s e d i m e n t c o m p a c t i o n i s d i s r e g a r d e d .

The i m p o r t a n c e o f c o r r e c t i n g f o r c o m p a c t i o n i s c l e a r l y s e e n .

I n m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s o f v e r y h i g h w a t e r c o n t e n t ( e . g , ^ 9 0 ^

p o r o s i t y o r > 80>v w a t e r by w e i g h t ) t h e a p p a r e n t w e i g h t o f d r y

s e d i m e n t m a t e r i a l i n a n y s e c t i o n o f a c o r e c a n b e a p p r e c i a b l y

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124

TABLE 14 COMPARISON O F POROBTTY CORRECTED (COL.2)

AND UNCONNECTED SEDIMENTAT I ON RATES ?OR

SONS CORES ANALYSED IN THIS STUDY

CORE

LLRPM1

MED, cor :

CrLG-2

LGG5

LOC9

LGC4

COLUMN 1 1( mm. y )

0 - 6

0*4

1*6

1-1

5 - 5

3*0

COLUMN 2

(mm.y M

0*9

0*5

2*1

2*3

9*0

5*0

Column 1 p r e s e n t s mean s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s (mm,y

e v a l u a t e d w i t h o u t p o r o s i t y c o r r e c t i o n . Column 2 p r e s e n t s

e q u i v a l e n t ’ s u r f a c e * s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s (mm,y e v a l u a t e d

f r o m c o m p a c t i o n — c o r r e c t e d a c c u m u l a t i o n r a t e s , ( b e c a u s e

o f t h e d i f f i c u l t y i n d e f i n i n g p r e c i s e l y t h e c e n t i m e t r e

s e c t i o n i m m e d i a t e l y b e n e a t h t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e ,

t h e s e r e s u l t s a r e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e s e c o n d c e n t i m e t r e s e c t i o n

b e l o w t h e mud s u r f a c e and a r e t h e r e f o r e s l i g h t l y l o w e r t h a n

t h e ’ t r u e * p r e s e n t r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n ) .

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125

TABLE 1 5

S e c t i o n(cm)

0 - 1

1 - 2

2 - 3

3 - 4

4 - 5

5 - 6

6 - 7

7 - 8

8 - 9

9 - 1 0

ASE/DEPTTI PTLATIOESEIPS ? 0 E

LOGII LCE0X3 CCEE LLRPM1 DERIVED

FROM P0 R0 3I T7 CORRECTED (COL. 2)

AND UNCOEJECTED SEDIMENTATION RATES

Column 1 -Column 2(A.rre : y e a r s ) (A.qo ; y e a r s )

17 9

34 20

50 31

67 43

84 55

100 69

117 84

134 96

150 110

167 126

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126

o v e r e s t i m a t e d b e c a u s e o f t h e s a l t d e p o s i t e d f r o m i n t e r s t i t i a l

w a t e r s u p o n d r y i n g . The e x t e n t o f t h i s c o n t a m i n a t i o n e f f e c t

m u s t c l e a r l y v a r y w i t h d e p t h , b e i n g d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e v o l u me

o f i n t e r s t i t i a l w a t e r i n e a c h s e g m e n t . The p e r c e n t a g e s a l t

d i l u t i o n t o t h e s e d i m e n t m a t e r i a l c a n be a s much a s 31/S i n t h e

u p p e r l a y e r s o f h i g h p o r o s i t y d e p o s i t s ( e , g , 9 0 w a t e r b y

w e i g h t ) w h i c h u n d e r l i e s a l i n e ( 3 5 ° / o o ) w a t e r s . The c o r e s

r e c o v e r e d f r o m t h e C l y d e s e a - l o c h s a n d t h e C i l i c i a B a s i n f a l l

w i t h i n t h i s c a t e g o r y . I n t h e s e c o r e s , t h e s a l t c o n t r i b u t i o n

t o t h e t o t a l d r i e d w e i g h t o f s e d i m e n t was e s t i m a t e d , a s s u m i n g

a s a l i n i t y f o r i n t e r s t i t i a l w a t e r s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e mean

s a l i n i t y o f t h e w a t e r o v e r l y i n g t h e d e p o s i t s ( 3 2 * S ° / o o i n L o c h

G o i l , 3 1 • 8 ° / o o i n G a r e l o c h a n d 3 9 ° / o o i n t h e E a s t e r n

M e d i t e r r a n e a n ) , S a l i n i t i e s w e r e a l s o a s s u m e d t o be c o n s t a n t

w i t h i n e a c h c o r e p r o f i l e ; j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h i s a s s u m p t i o n

a r i s e s f r o m t h e wor k o f Emery ( i 9 6 0 ) a n d G r i l l ( 1 9 7 8 ) who

f o u n d t h e c b l o r i n i t i e s o f t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l w a t e r s o f f r e s h

s e d i m e n t c o r e s t o be a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l t o t h o s e o f t h e o v e r l y i n g

w a t e r s . I n t h e s e s e d i m e n t s , s a l t d i l u t i o n v a r i e d f r o m c a ,

5 % a t d e p t h t o > 20% i n s u r f a c e s t r a t a , P i g #23 i l l u s t r a t e s21 0t h e e f f e c t s o f s a l t c o r r e c t i o n on t o t a l Pb a c t i v i t i e s i n

g r a v i t y c o r e LGG5 f r o m Lo c h G o i l , C o r r e c t i o n f o r s a l t

d i l u t i o n h a s s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s on two s e d i m e n t p a r a m e t e r s ;

( 1 ) t h e s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y o f 21° P b ( o r a n y o t h e r r a d i o ­

n u c l i d e ) p e r u n i t w e i g h t o f s o l i d s i s b o t h i n c r e a s e d

a n d n o r m a l i s e d ; t h u s an a p p a r e n t c h a n g e i n s p e c i e s

c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e u p p e r s t r a t a o f a d e p o s i t i s

n o t i n p a r t o r i n t o t a l due t o n o n - u n i f o r m s a l t -21 0d i l u t i o n ( e . g , t h e d e p r e s s i o n o f Pb a c t i v i t i e s i n

t h e s u r f i c i a l l a y e r s o f m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s commonly

o b s e r v e d ) ,

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Dep

th

in co

re

( cm

)

FIGURE 23 D e p t h p r o f i l e s o f u n c o r r e c t e d t o t a l 210 Pb

a n d s a l t - c o r r e c t e d t o t a l 210 Pb a c t i v i t i e s

f o r Loch G o i l g r a v i t y c o r e LGG5

0

1

2

3

A

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

11

12

13

14

15

15 L

T o t a l 2 ^ P b ( d.p.m. g r h

0 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11T 1t r

hX-H

I . i hv ir ,p,l|jA 1

U l i uA •

1. fVfl * i/v W S a l t c o r r e c t e d

2 1 0 P b Activity

hk-i

127

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128

a n d( 2 ) t h e w e i g h t o f ' r e a l ' s e d i m e n t m a t e r i a l p e r s e c t i o n

2( a n d t h e r e f o r e p e r cm, ) i s r e d u c e d .

The o v e r a l l r e s u l t o f s a l t c o r r e c t i o n i s t h e r e f o r e t o

210i n c r e a s e n o n l i n e a r l y t h e s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t i e s o f t o t a l Pb

i n t h e c o r e , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y t o r e d u c e t h e e s t i m a t e d r a t e o f

s e d i m e n t d e p o s i t i o n . Thus f o r Loch G o i l , c o r e LGG5 ,

c o r r e c t i o n f o r s a l t r e s i d u e s r e d u c e s t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e b y

f 2 1 00/£, a n d i n c r e a s e s b y ™1 3'^ t h e e s t i m a t e o f e x c e s s Pb

a t t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e .

A l l r a d i o n u c l i d e a n d l e a d r e s u l t s g i v e n i n t h i s c h a p t e r

a r e s a l t - c o r r e c t e d a n d s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s a r e b a s e d on s a l t -

f r e e w e i g h t s o f d e p o s i t i n g s o l i d s . E r r o r s q u o t e d on r e s u l t s

a r e +1 cr, a n d a l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e e x p r e s s e d on a d r y w e i g h t

b a s i s ,

I n t h i s s t u d y , d i f f i c u l t i e s h a v e a r i s e n , f o r two r e a s o n s ,

21 0i n t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f e x c e s s Pb a c t i v i t i e s ,226( 1 ) A s m a l l e x p e r i m e n t a l d i s c r e p a n c y e x i s t s b e t w e e n Ra

222c o n c e n t r a t i o n s m e a s u r e d d i r e c t l y v i a Rn e m a n a t i o n

21 0a n d v a l u e s o f t o t a l Pb d e t e r m i n e d a t s u f f i c i e n t

21 0d e p t h s f o r a l l e x c e s s Pb t o h a v e d e c a y e d . T h i s

i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n t a b l e 16 f o r t h e G a r e l o c h g r a v i t y

c o r e GLG2, V h i l e t h e r e s p e c t i v e mean v a l u e s a g r e e226 ' w i t h i n + 2 cr e r r o r l i m i t s , Ra m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e

210c o n s i s t e n t l y s l i g h t l y l o w e r t h a n c o r r e s p o n d i n g Pb

a c t i v i t i e s , i n d i c a t i n g a s y s t e m a t i c d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n

t h e t wo . The d a t a f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c o r e t e n d t o

i l l u s t r a t e t h e d i s c r e p a n c y a t i t s w o r s t ; n o n e t h e l e s s ,

226t h e c o n s i s t e n c y w i t h w h i c h Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e910

f o u n d to be l o w e r t h a n s u p p o r t e d “ Pb a c t i v i t i e s ,

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TA3LB' 16 CO:;PABISO" 0? 2 2 6 ?>a AMD 2 1 0 ? b AOTIVITIBB

S e c t i o ni c j u l

1 - 2

5 - 6

7 - 8

13 - 14

22 - 23

26 - 27

32 - 33

FOR GAR EL PC II GRAVITY CORE GLG2

^ ^ R a A c t i v i t y ( dpm

1*76 + 0 - 1 3

1 - 7 9 + 0 - 1 4

1 • 6 7 + 0*13

1 • 54 + 0*12

1 - 8 7 + 0*14

1 *62 + 0 - 1 3

Mean 1-71 + 0*13

^ ^Pb Ac t i v i t.y (clpm )

2*18 + 0*10

2 - 1 4 i 0 -11

2 - 1 7 + 0*09

Mean 2 - 1 6 + 0*10

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130

s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e i s r e a l # S i m i l a r

e f f e c t s h a v e b e e n f o u n d b y o t h e r w o r k e r s ( e , g , T h ompson ,

1 9 7 5 ; R o b b i n s a n d E d g i n g t o n , 1 9 7 5 ) , The c a u s e o f

t h i s d i s c r e p a n c y m u s t l i e e i t h e r i n a m i n o r c a l i b r a t i o n

208 2 96e r r o r i n t h e Po o r “ Ra s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s u s e d

i n t h e s t u d y , o r i n an o v e r e s t i m a t e d b l a n k i n t h e c a s e„ 2 2 6 d -i . . 210, .o i Ka a n a l y s i s o r t h e r e v e r s e i n Po m e a s u r e m e n t .

S i n c e t h e s t a n d a r d s e m p l o y e d a r e f r o m r e l i a b l e s o u r c e s

(A , E , R , E , H a r w e l l , t h e N a t i o n a l B u r e a u o f S t a n d a r d s ,

W a s h i n g t o n a n d t h e R a d i o c h e m i c a l C e n t r e , Amersham) t h e

more l i k e l y e x p l a n a t i o n i n v o l v e s a b l a n k e f f e c t .

C o n f i r m a t o r y e v i d e n c e f o r t h i s i s o u t l i n e d b e l o w .

The r e s u l t s o f ^ ^Pb a n a l y s e s , v i a ^ ^ P o , b y E a k i n s

( A , E , R , E , H a r w e l l ) on s u b s e c t i o n s o f g r o u n d h o m o g e n i s e d

s e d i m e n t ( s u p p l i e d by t h e a u t h o r ) f r o m G a r e l o c h g r a v i t y

c o r e GLG2, a l s o a n a l y s e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y i n t h i s w o r k ,

a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t a b l e 17 ( E a k i n s , 1 9 7 6 ) , ( 21° P b

r e s u l t s a r e n o t s a l t - c o r r e c t e d i n t h i s c a s e s i n c e s u c h

c o r r e c t i o n i s n o t p e r f o r m e d b y t h e A , K , R , E # H a r w e l l

d a t i n g s e r v i c e ) . C l e a r l y , b o t h s e t s o f r e s u l t s s h o u l d

b e i d e n t i c a l w i t h i n e r r o r . The d a t a i n d i c a t e c l o s e

a g r e e m e n t i n t h e u p p e r ’ h i g h 1 a c t i v i t y s e c t i o n s o f t h e

c o r e ( w h e r e a s m a l l b l a n k e r r o r w o u l d b e n e g l i g i b l e ) ,pi 0H o w e v e r , a s t h e “ Pb a c t i v i t y d e c r e a s e s w i t h d e p t h , a n

i n c r e a s i n g d i s c r e p a n c y i s o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n t h e91 0

r e s p e c t i v e m e a s u r e m e n t s o f “ P b , t h e G l a s g o w r e s u l t s

b e i n g s y s t e m a t i c a l l y h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e o b t a i n e d a t

H a r w e l l , T h i s i s t h e r e f o r e g o o d e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e

a n a l y t i c a l d i s c r e p a n c y r e f l e c t s an u n d e t e c t e d b l a n k i n

t h i s w o r k . U s i n g t h e l a s t t h r e e c o - a n a l y s e d d a t a

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TABLE 1 7 CO!-IF AM I SOX OF 2 1 °Pb M JASUItBMBATS IN

GAMBLOCII GRAVITY COMM GLG2 BY HATfELL

AMD GLa3 G0 ' t LAB 0 MAT Oil I a s

TOTAL 2 10 Pb (dpm. c T •1 )S e c t i o n (cm) H a r w e l l G l a s cr ow

0 - 1 6-71 + 0 - 4 4 6 • 63 + 0 - 2 8

1 - 2 6*38 + 0*40 6*31- + 0 - 2 3

2 - 3 6*27 + 0*44 6 • 65 -r 0 . 3 3

3 - 4 6*23 + 0 - 2 0

4 - 5 5*40 + 0*40 5* 59 + 0*23

5 - 6 5 . 4 O + 0*23

6 - 7 4 *8 3 + 0* 24

7 - 8 3*80 + 0«35

8 - 9 3 - 9 5 + 0*13

10 - 11 3-31 + 0*16

12 - 13 2*46 + 0*22

13 - 14 2*63 + 0*09

15 - 16 1 • 8 7 + 0 - 1 4

16 - 17 - 2*25 + 0 - 1 7

19 - 20 2 - 1 8 + 0 - 0 7

22 - 23 1 - 7 8 + 0*13 2 - 0 3 + 0 * 1 0

25 - 26 1 . 5 4 + 0 - 1 3

26 - 27 2*06 + 0*11

32 - 33 1 - 5 0 + 0*13 2* 09 r 0 . 0 9

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132

p o i n t s f o r e a c h p r o f i l e , t h e a p p a r e n t m a g n i t u d e o f t h i s

b l a n k i s e s t i m a t e d a t 0*5 + 0*2 d pm , g , T a b l e 18 p r e s e n t s

t h e mean r e s u l t s o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t o t a l 2 1 ° P b a t

d e p t h i n l o n g c o r e s f r o m t h e C i l i c i a B a s i n , Loch Lomond,

G ra re lo ch and Loc h G-oi l , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e2 2 6 , , . _ , _ , ,mean a a c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . From t h e s e d a t a a mean

d i s c r e p a n c y o f 0*4 + 0*1 d p m , g ” 1 b e t w e e n 2 1 ° P b a n d 226Ra

i s a p p a r e n t , i n g o o d a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e a b o v e e s t i m a t e .

D e s p i t e t h e f r e q u e n t b l a n k a n a l y s e s p e r f o r m e d d u r i n g t h i s

w o r k , a s d e s c r i b e d i n c h a p t e r 2 , t h e s o u r c e o f t h i s

c o n t a m i n a t i o n e f f e c t r e m a i n s a t p r e s e n t u n r e s o l v e d . I n

t h i s s t u d y , t h e r e f o r e , t o b r i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s o f s u p p o r t e d210 026 210Pb i n t o a g r e e m e n t w i t h ** Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , a l l Pb

_1a c t i v i t i e s h a v e b e e n r e d u c e d b y a v a l u e o f 0*4 + 0»1 d p m , g

226( 2 ) D i r e c t m e a s u r e m e n t s o f Ra h a v e shown t h a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y and s y s t e m a t i c a l l y w i t h d e p t h ,

s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r v a l u e s b e i n g r e c o r d e d i n s u r f a c e

l a y e r s o f some c o r e s r e l a t i v e t o d e e p e r s e c t i o n s ( s e e

f o r e x a m p l e , f i g 60 ) , A t t h e i r m o s t m a r k e d , t h e s e2°6v e r t i c a l v a r i a t i o n s i n " Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n may r e f l e c t

c h a n g i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n i n r e c e n t y e a r s a nd

t h u s may i n v a l i d a t e some o f t h e b a s i c a s s u m p t i o n s o f t h e

d a t i n g m e t h o d ; a t t h e v e r y l e a s t , t h e y g i v e r i s e t o

d i f f i c u l t i e s i n e s t i m a t i o n o f an a p p r o p r i a t e mean v a l u e

21 0i n c o r r e c t i n g t o t a l Pb f o r i t s s u p p o r t e d c o m p o n e n t .

The p r o b l e m o u t l i n e d a b o v e h a s r e s u l t e d . i n a l t e r n a t i v e° 1 0a p p r o a c h e s b e i n g a d o p t e d t o e s t i m a t e s u p p o r t e d “ Pb a c t i v i t i e s

. . 226i n some c o r e s t h u s , i n c o r e s e x h i b i t i n g Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

w h i c h i n c r e a s e t o w a r d s maximum a c t i v i t y a t o r n e a r t h e s e d i m e n t /

w a t e r i n t e r f a c e , t h r e e a l t e r n a t i v e s p r e s e n t t h e m s e l v e s .

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133

TABLE 18 COMPA cl,SOX 0? MEAN 2 2 6 Ra ACTIVITIES AND

MEAN 2 1 °Pb ACTIVITIES MEASURED AT DEPTH IN

1 LONG ’ CORES

Cor e

E # M e d i t e r r a n e a n

L o c h Lomond

G r a r e l oc h

Lo ch G o i l

Mean 22^Ra ""1A c t i v i t y ( d~pm . g )

1 *20

1*81

1 - 7 0

1*73

Mean 210Pb — 1 'A c t i v i t y ( d~pm . q )

• 1 *67

2 - 0 6

2 - 1 6

2*10

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1 34

I n e a c h s e c t i o n ,

21 0( a ) s u p p o r t e d Pb i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h a t m e a s u r e d a t

d e p t h ,

( b ) s u p p o r t e d 2 1 ° P b i s e q u i v a l e n t t o m e a s u r e d 22<^Ila

° r 210( c ) s u p p o r t e d ^ Pb t a k e s some v a l u e i n t e r m e d i a t e b e t w e e n

( a ) a n d (b ) a b o v e .

O p t i o n s ( a ) a n d ( b ) a r e r e l a t i v e l y s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d . I n

a p p l y i n g ( c ) t h e f o l l o w i n g i n i t i a l a s s u m p t i o n i s made ; t h e

210d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n m e a s u r e d s u p p o r t e d Pb a c t i v i t i e s a t d e p t h 2 2 6( i , e , R a v a l u e s a t d e p t h ) a n d s u r f a c e v a l u e s i s d ue t o e x c e s s

226s u r f i c i a l Ha w h i c h h a s b e e n d e p o s i t e d f r o m o v e r l y i n g w a t e r s

b y some a s y e t u n d e f i n e d p r o c e s s a n d h a s n o t a r i s e n t h r o u g h u p ­

w a r d m i g r a t i o n f r o m d e e p i n t h e c o r e . On t h i s b a s i s , a

p r e l i m i n a r y e s t i m a t e o f t h e r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i s

made u s i n g o p t i o n ( a ) , f r o m w h i c h an i n i t i a l a g e / d e p t h c u r v e i s

21 0 2 2 6d e r i v e d . An e s t i m a t e o f Pb g r o w t h f r o m ' e x c e s s " H a 1 f o r

e a c h s e c t i o n i s t h e n made on t h e b a s i s o f t h i s c u r v e and an

i t e r a t i v e t e c h n i q u e a p p l i e d t o d e r i v e t h e o p t i m a l e s t i m a t e o f

21 0s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e a n d s u p p o r t e d P b , The m e t h o d o f

^ 1 0c o r r e c t i o n f o r s u p p o r t e d ~ Pb a n d t h e r e a s o n s f o r i t s c h o i c e

a r e i n d i c a t e d f o r e a c h c o r e ,21 0I n p r o f i l e s o f e x c e s s “ P b , e r r o r v a l u e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

i n d i v i d u a l d a t a p o i n t s a r e n o t c o n s t a n t w i t h d e p t h b u t i n c r e a s e210a s t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t o t a l Pb a p p r o a c h e s t h a t o f s u p p o r t e d

210 F b , S i m p l e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s , on l o g o f e x c e s s

210 Pb a g a i n s t d e p t h , c o u l d t h e r e f o r e be a b i a s e d e s t i m a t o r o f

s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s by p l a c i n g e q u a l r e l i a n c e on a l l d a t a a n d

i g n o r i n g a s s o c i a t e d e r r o r s . I n t h i s s t u d y , e r r o r s a r e

a c c o u n t e d f o r v i a a w e i g h t e d l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s

p r o g r a m m e , w i t h w e i g h t i n g p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e s q u a r e o f t h e

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135

21 0p e r c e n t a g e e r r o r on i n d i v i d u a l e x c e s s Pb v a l u e s . F o r

e x a m p l e , f o r Loch Lomond c o r e LLRPMI, s i m p l e ' b e s t - f i t ' s t r a i g h t

- 2 -1l i n e a n a l y s i s y i e l d s a v a l u e o f 27 mg cm y f o r t h e r a t e o f

- 2 -1s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n m c o m p a r i s o n t o 22 mg cm y f r o m

w e i g h t e d l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s . The p r o g r amme a l s o

e s t i m a t e s t h e e r r o r on t h e r e g r e s s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t .

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136

3*2 E a s t e r n Hed i t o r r a n e a n

T a b l e s 19 , 20 d e t a i l some o f t h e b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e

C i l i c i a B a s i n c o r e . T a b l e 21 p r e s e n t s t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e

210a n a l y t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t a l Pb and 226 Ra p r o f i l e s a r e shown i n f i g , 2 4 , a n d t h a t f o r p o r o s i t y i n

f i g , 2 5 a ,

2 1 0 . .The Pb p r o f i l e i s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e u p p e r f ew c e n t i m e t r e s

o f t h e c o r e ( f i g , 24 ) and e x h i b i t s a v e r y r a p i d d e c l i n e f r o m a

— 1s u r f a c e a c t i v i t y o f s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n 6 d pm , g , t o a ' c o n s t a n t 1— 1

v a l u e o f a r o u n d 1*3 d pm , g a t d e p t h s b e l o w 8 cm, Ra

—1m e a s u r e m e n t s on f o u r s e c t i o n s o f t h e c o r e r a n g e f r o m 0*9 d p m , g_ 1 _ -i

t o 1*4 d p m , g , w i t h a mean o f 1*2 + 0*2 dp m, g , w h i c h i s t h e

21 0v a l u e u s e d a s a m e a s u r e o f s u p p o r t e d Pb i n d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f

t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e . P i g , 26 shows t h e s e m i - l o g p l o t o f

21 0 —2e x c e s s Pb v e r s u s d e p t h (mg,cm"” ) on t h i s b a s i s , V e i g h t e d

l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s y i e l d s a s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f

- 2 —1 —11 6 + 3 mg,cm y , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a 0*34 mm,y mean r a t e o f

s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e u p p e r 10 cms o f t h e d e p o s i t . As

t h e p o r o s i t y shows v e r y l i t t l e d e c r e a s e w i t h d e p t h ( f i g , 25a) t h i s

v a l u e i s a l s o a go o d m e a s u r e o f t h e r a t e o f s e d i m e n t g r o w t h a t

t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e . The d e r i v e d s u r f a c e a c t i v i t y o f

210 —1e x c e s s Pb i s 5*4 d p m, g f r o m w h i c h an a n n u a l f l u x o f e x c e s s

2 ^ P b t o t h e s e d i m e n t s u r f a c e o f a r o u n d 0«09 dpm,cm” 2 i s

1 gTc o m p u t e d . No Cs a c t i v i t y i s o b s e r v e d , e v e n i n t h e s u r f a c e

l a y e r o f t h e d e p o s i t .

The c o r e was r e c o v e r e d f r o m o f f t h e s o u t h e r n T u r k i s h

c o a s t b e t w e e n T u r k e y a nd C y p r u s ( f i g 27 ) , The s a m p l i n g s i t e ,

a d j a c e n t t o t h e Goksu d e l t a , i s t h o u g h t t o r e c e i v e a s u b s t a n t i a l

i n p u t o f d e t r i t a l m a t e r i a l f r o m t h i s s o u r c e ( e x t e n s i v e g e o c h e m i c a l

a n d m i n e r a l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h a v e c o n f i r m e d t h a t t h e

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s e d i m e n t s i n t h e a r e a c o m p r i s e m a t e r i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e

a d j a c e n t l a n d r n a s s e s (Shaw and B u s h , 1 9 7 8 ) ) , H o w ev e r , i n t h e

a b s e n c e o f an a l t e r n a t i v e d i r e c t e s t i m a t e o f t h e r a t e o f

s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e b a s i n , i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o comment

on t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f t h e o b s e r v e d v a l u e .

The e s t i m a t e d s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e c o u l d be g r e a t e r t h a n t h e

' t r u e * r a t e f o r one o r a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s :

( 1 ) i f t h e u p p e r l a y e r s o f t h e d e p o s i t a r e s u b j e c t t o

b i o l o g i c a l r e w o r k i n g o r t o a n y m a r k e d d e g r e e o f

p h y s i c a l d i s t u r b a n c e by b o t t o m c u r r e n t s , t h e n e t

e f f e c t w o u l d be t o t r a n s p o r t s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l o f h i g h 210 Pb a c t i v i t y t o d e p t h i n t h e c o r e g i v i n g r i s ee x c e s s J r 43

t o an e r r o n e o u s l y h i g h e s t i m a t e o f t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n

r a t e ,

( 2 ) P a r t i a l m i x i n g o f t h e u p p e r l a y e r s o f t h e d e p o s i t due

t o p h y s i c a l d i s t u r b a n c e d u r i n g t h e p r o c e s s o f c o r i n g

c o u l d a l s o l e a d t o t h e o b s e r v e d p r o f i l e .

I f o p t i o n ( l ) i s t a k e n t o e x t r e m e and t h e t r u e s e d i m e n t a t i o n210r a t e a s s u m e d n e g l i g i b l e w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e h a l f - l i f e o f Pb

( e . £ , <0*01 mm,y""^ o r 1 mm i n f i v e h a l f - l i v e s o f ^ ^ P b ) , i n t h e210a b s e n c e o f b i o l o g i c a l r e w o r k i n g a l l o f t h e e x c e s s Pb w o u l d be

c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e u p p e r 1 mm o f t h e s a m p l e . By a s s u m i n g t h a t210

t h e o b s e r v e d e x p o n e n t i a l p r o f i l e o f P b e x c e s s r e s u l t s f r o m

b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g , a b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t c a n be d e r i v e d

u s i n g e q u a t i o n 5 .

dAdA _ d(Kb d z ) _ sdA _ d t S z dz

U n d e r s t e a d y s t a t e c o n d i t i o n s a n d a s s u m i n g t o be c o n s t a n t

o v e r t h e m i x i n g d e p t h a nd .s t o be n e g l i g i b l e , t h e e q u a t i o n

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138

r e d u c e s t o

d 2A— 2 - \A — 0 f o r w h i c h a s o l u t i o n i s dz

A = Ao e - ( l r ) 5 zb

S o l v i n g t h i s e q u a t i o n f o r c o r e 188 y i e l d s a v a l u e f o r Kb —2 2 —1o f 8*5 x 10 cm y , w h i c h i s i n g o o d a g r e e m e n t w i t h b i o l o g i c a l

m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s e v a l u a t e d i n d e e p - s e a d e p o s i t s u s i n g

21 0m i c r o t e k t i t e , p l u t o n i u m i s o t o p e and Pb e x c e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n s

i n t h e s u r f a c e l a y e r s o f d e p o s i t s ( N o z a k i e t a l , , 1 9 7 7 ;

G u i n a s s o a n d S c h i n k , 1 9 7 5 ) , B i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s

q u o t e d f o r n e a r - s h o r e s e d i m e n t s a r e , h o w e v e r , n o r m a l l y a r o u n d

t wo o r d e r s o f m a g n i t u d e g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e f o r d e e p - s e a

s e d i m e n t s . The d i s c r e p a n c y w o u l d seem t o r u l e o u t b i o l o g i c a l

. . 210m i x i n g a s a r e a s o n f o r t h e o b s e r v e d Pb d i s t r i b u t i o n .

F u r t h e r e v i d e n c e w h i c h i n d i c a t e s t h a t b i o l o g i c a l r e w o r k i n g i s

n o t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e p r o f i l e a r i s e s f r o m X - r a d i o g r a p h s o f

t h e c o r e w h i c h show a l m o s t f e a t u r e l e s s f i n e g r a i n e d s e d i m e n t s

i n t h e t o p 30 c m s , w i t h no a p p a r e n t b i o t u r b a t i o n o r b r e a k s

i n s e d i m e n t a t i o n (Shaw, p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) . F u r t h e r m o r e ,

t h e s e d i m e n t s a r e v e r y low i n o r g a n i c c a r b o n , w i t h a v e r a g e

v a l u e s o f " 0 * 3 ^ a n d i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h i s w o u l d be s u f f i c i e n t

t o s u p p o r t a s u b s t a n t i a l a n i m a l c o m m u n i t y ,

1 37The a b s e n c e o f a n y m e a s u r a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Cs c o u l d

h a v e s e v e r a l e x p l a n a t i o n s :

( l ) L o s s o f t h e u p p e r m o s t l a y e r s o f t h e d e p o s i t d u r i n g

s a m p l i n g . Eve n w i t h a s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e a s h i g h a s

—2 —1 13716 mg cm y , Cs a c c u m u l a t i o n f r o m bomb f a l l o u t

w o u l d be c o n f i n e d t o t h e u p p e r 1^ cm, o f t h e c o l u m n .

L o s s o f t h 4 s e l a y e r s a nd d i s t u r b a n c e o f t h e t o p m o s t

s e d i m e n t r e c o v e r e d ( e v e n i n r e l a t i v e l y low p o r o s i t y

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139

s e d i m e n t s s u c h a s t h i s ) a r e n o t uncommon i n

g r a v i t y c o r i n g ( t h i s p h en o men o n w i l l be d i s c u s s e d

more f u l l y when c o n s i d e r i n g r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f o r

C l y d e s e a - l o c h s e d i m e n t s ) ;

( 2 ) L e v e l s o f r a d i o c a e s i u m i n t h e s e d i m e n t may h a v e

b e e n so d i l u t e d b y m i x i n g t h a t t h e y l i e b e l o w t h e

l i m i t s o f d e t e c t i o n o f t h e a n a l y t i c a l e q u i p m e n t ;1 37( 3 ) T o t a l Cs c a r r i e d down t o t h e s e d i m e n t , may

w i t h o u t m i x i n g , be b e l o w t h e l i m i t o f d e t e c t i o n ,

1 37 Cs i s t o a g o o d f i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n n o n - r e a c t i v e

i n s e a - w a t e r ( B r e w e r , 1975 q u o t e s an o c e a n i c

r e s i d e n c e t i m e o f 6 x 10 y f o r s t a b l e c a e s i u m ) ;

h e n c e i n m a r i n e s y s t e m s n o t e x p e r i e n c i n g h i g h

m a t e r i a l f l u x e s ( f r o m b i o l o g i c a l s o u r c e s o r

c o n t i n e n t a l r u n - o f f ) l i t t l e c a e s i u m i s l i k e l y t o be

c o n c e n t r a t e d on s e t t l i n g p a r t i c u l a t e s . F o r

1 37e x a m p l e , t h e e s t i m a t e d t o t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Cs

i n C l y d e S e a A r e a s e d i m e n t s i s < l f » o f t h e t o t a l

1 37 Cs w h i c h h a s p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e a r e a y e t

p a r t i c u l a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r

t h e r e t h a n i n t h e C i l i c i a b a s i n ( M a c k e n z i e , 1 9 7 7 ;

M c K i n l a y , 1 9 7 8 ) ,

T h e r e i s , h o w e v e r , some e v i d e n c e f r o m t h r e e i n d e p e n d e n t

s o u r c e s t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e t o p m o s t l a y e r s o f t h e d e p o s i t h a v e

b e e n l o s t f r o m t h e c o r e , N o s h k i n a n d Bowen ( 1 9 7 3 ) , i n

e x a m i n a t i o n o f a c o r e f r o m a s i t e b e t w e e n I t a l y a n d S a r d i n i a i n

1 37t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n , o b s e r v e d a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Cs i n t h e

1 37u p p e r l a y e r o f a r o u n d 3*5/^ o f t h e t o t a l i n v e n t o r y o f Cs

d e l i v e r e d t o t h e a r e a f r o m a t m o s p h e r i c f a l l o u t f o r w h i c h t h e y•2 — 2

u s e d a v a l u e o f 106 + 22 mCi Km ( 2 3 * 3 dpm,cm ) ( b a s e d on

l a t i t u d i n a l i n v e n t o r i e s o f f a l l o u t d e p o s i t i o n ) , N o s h k i n

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140

a nd Bowen a l s o d e r i v e d a r e s i d e n c e t i m e o f o n l y 300 y e a r s f o r

r a d i o c a e s i u m i n t h i s m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t , t h r e e o r d e r s o f

m a g n i t u d e l o w e r t h a n t h e e s t i m a t e o f B r e w e r f o r s t a b l e c a e s i u m1 3 7m t h e d e e p - s e a . A s s u m i n g a s i m i l a r v a l u e f o r Cs f a l l o u t

a t t h e C i l i c i a s t a t i o n , a s i m i l a r p e r c e n t a g e r e m o v a l t o t h e

s e d i m e n t a n d t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e d e r i v e d a b o v e , on t h e b a s i s

1 37o f no m i x i n g , t h e g e n e r a t e d Cs p r o f i l e w o u l d be c o n f i n e d t o

t h e u p p e r 1 cm a s i n d i c a t e d a b o v e a n d w o u l d h a v e a c o n c e n t r a t i o n-1o f a r o u n d 3 d p m, g , T h i s a c t i v i t y w o u l d be e a s i l y m e a s u r e d .

U n d e r t h e p a r t i c u l a r c o n d i t i o n s o p e r a t i n g a t t i m e o f a n a l y s i s ,

t h e l o w e r l i m i t o f d e t e c t i o n was <1 •5 d p m, g ” ^ ( M c K i n l e y , p e r s ,

c o m m , ) , C o n s e q u e n t l y i f u n i f o r m f a l l o u t i s a s s u m e d f o r t h e

a r e a , i t s ee ms m o s t l i k e l y t h a t t h e t o p l a y e r s o f d e p o s i t h a v e

b e e n l o s t d u r i n g s a m p l i n g .

F u r t h e r j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r l o s s o f s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l i s i n f e r r e d

210f r o m c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e e s t i m a t e d f l u x o f e x c e s s Pb t o

t h e d e p o s i t . I t i s w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t t h e a t m o s p h e r i c o 1 n

f l u x o f Pb v a r i e s w i t h l a t i t u d e ( N o z a k i a n d T s u n o g a i , 1 9 7 3 )

a n d i s d e p e n d e n t on a n u mb e r o f f a c t o r s i n c l u d i n g p r o x i m i t y t o

c o n t i n e n t a l l a n d m a s s , a mo u n t o f r a i n f a l l a n d d i r e c t i o n o f

21 0p r e v a i l i n g w i n d s . F o r e x a m p l e t h e a t m o s p h e r i c f l u x o f Pb_2 — i

t o A n t a r c t i c g l a c i e r s i s 0 *0 0 5 dpm,cm“ y~ ( Vi ndom, 1 9 6 9 ) ,—2 —1t h a t t o Germany r a n g e s f r o m 0*45 t o 1*0 dpm,cm” y ( J a c o b i

a n d A n d r e , 1 96 3 ) w h i l e F u k u n d a and T s u n o g a i ( 1 9 7 2 ) d e t e r m i n e d

—2 -1a v a l u e o f a r o u n d 2*0 dpm,cm y f o r J a p a n n e a r t h e A s i a n

—2 —1c o n t i n e n t ( t a b l e 2 2 ) , The e s t i m a t e d f l u x o f ^ 0 * 1 dpm,cm y

f o r t h e C i l i c i a B a s i n i s t h e r e f o r e c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s t h a n

t h e ’ a v e r a g e ' e s t i m a t e o f g l o b a l 21° P b f a l l o u t o f 0*5 d p m , c n T 2y ~ 1 ,

(Rama e t a l , , 1 9 6 1 ; G o l d b e r g , 1 9 6 3 ) , F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e

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141

21 Cc o n t r i b u t i o n f r o m i n - s i t u p r o d u c t i o n o f Pb f r o m d e c a y o f 226 Ra i n t h e o v e r l y i n g w a t e r co l umn m u s t be c o n s i d e r e d ,

A A/*

K o c z y ( 1 9 5 B) f o u n d u n i f o r m v a l u e s o f “ °Ra i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n ,

— 13 —1a n d d e r i v e d a mean v a l u e o f a r o u n d 0*7 x 10 g , l o r 1 2260*15 d p m , l o f Ra , U s i n g t h i s e s t i m a t e , t h e s t a n d i n g

296 9c r o p o f *" Ra i n a 570 m e t r e w a t e r c o l u m n i s ^ 8 * 6 dpm,cm

—2 —1 210f r o m w h i c h a/ 0«26 dpm.cm y o f Pb w o u l d be g e n e r a t e d ,210A s s u m i n g t h i s “ Pb t o be r a p i d l y i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e

21 0s e d i m e n t s , t h e a c t i v i t y o f Pb e s t i m a t e d t o b e p r o d u c e d f r o m

226i n - s i t u d e c a y o f Ra a l o n e i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e d e r i v e d t o t a l f l u x

o f ^ ^ P b t o t h e s e d i m e n t .

F i n a l l y , t h e s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s o f t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n a r e

known t o be e x t e n s i v e l y c o n t a m i n a t e d b y a n t h r o p o g e n i c w a s t e s .

I t w o u l d t h e r e f o r e be e x p e c t e d t h a t i f t h e u p p e r m o s t l a y e r s o f

t h e d e p o s i t w e r e r e c o v e r e d d u r i n g c o r i n g some e v i d e n c e o f

p o l l u t i o n w o u l d be p r e s e n t , e , g , h i g h l e v e l s o f p o l l u t a n t t r a c e

m e t a l s . A l t h o u g h t r a c e m e t a l a n a l y s e s w e r e n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r

C o r e 1 8 8 , p r o f i l e s o f t r a c e m e t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n a c o r e

( c o r e 1 0 9 2 , t a b l e 23) s a m p l e d f r o m a n e a r b y s t a t i o n s ho we d no

v a r i a b i l i t y o f t r a c e m e t a l l e v e l s w i t h d e p t h . T h i s t h e r e f o r e

p r o v i d e s i n d i r e c t e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e t o p m o s t l a y e r s o f s e d i m e n t

w e r e n o t r e c o v e r e d e f f i c i e n t l y d u r i n g c o r i n g .

From t h e f o r e g o i n g d i s c u s s i o n , i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e b u l k

o f t h e e v i d e n c e , i . e . t h e a b s e n c e o f ( l ) a n y i n c r e a s e i n

p o r o s i t y n e a r t h e c o r e t o p ; ( 2 ) p o l l u t a n t t r a c e m e t a l s ; a nd

1 37( 3 ) m e a s u r a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f Cs , c o m b i n e d w i t h t h e210u n r e a l i s t i c a l l y l ow e s t i m a t e o f Pb f l u x t o t h e s e d i m e n t /

w a t e r i n t e r f a c e , s t r o n g l y s u g g e s t s t h a t l o s s o f s u r f a c e

m a t e r i a l o c c u r r e d d u r i n g c o r i n g . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e e s t i m a t e

2 1o f 16 mg,cm y i s b e s t r e g a r d e d a s a l o w e r l i m i t e s t i m a t e o f

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142

t h e r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e C i l i c i a B a s i n s i n c e

t h e u n c o l l e c t e d s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d ( l ) t o

h a v e h i g h e r w a t e r c o n t e n t a nd ( 2 ) t o c o n t a i n a n t h r o p o g e n i c

i n p u t s . B o t h f a c t o r s w ou l d i m p l y i n c r e a s e d r a t e s o f s e d i m e n t

a c c u m u l a t i o n c l o s e t o t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e .

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TABLE 19 BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR CI LI CI A BASIN

GRAVITY CORE 188

CORE DESIGNATION C i l i c i a B a s i n G r a v i t y C o re 188

SAMPLING DATE: 12*9*72

LOCATION: LAT, 36° 1 4 * 0 'N

LONG, 34° 2 2 * 5 ’E

VATER DEPTH: 570m

TOTAL CORE LENGTH: 1 *32m

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SEDIMENTS:

0*5 cms d a r k y e l l o w b rown s i l t y c l a y

5 - 3 0 cms l i g h t o l i v e g r e y c l a y w i t h some

c o a r s e r f r a g m e n t s .

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144

TABLE 20 CTI'EMICAL A'AD MINERALOSICAL AAALYSES

C h e m i c a l A n a l y

OF CRAB 3A: !PL AS FROM STATION 188

s e s M i n e r a l o i i c a l Analy;ppm *

CaC03 30*9 S r 431 C l a y m i n e r a l s 50

Ca 12*6 Mn 3030 C a l c i t e 20

Mg 3*30 Zn 81 Q u a r t z 15

Fe 4 - 2 8 Cu 41 Mg# c a l c i t e 5

Ni 202 D o l o m i t e 5

Cr 310 F e l d s p a r < 5

Ti 3350 -

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TABL

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203 p. CM

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P

4-PP*. _s b- h-*■*/ O ON

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p

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go r - CM

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t:i-Q - + i H + 1 +pH £

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nd PO

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00 * Gt - m •H nd r-iM• • • co CD oCN]T“ 3

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O P* CM t>s CM G2CM CM CM -P

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Dep

th

in co

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)

FIGURE 24 T o t a l 21QPb a nd 2 2 6 Ra p r o f i l e s 146

f o r t h e E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n c o r e

T o t a l 210 p b a n c | 2 2 6 p a A c t i v i t i e s td.p.m. g.- ^ )

1 2 53 60

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Page 166: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

1 4 7

br <U-4—>d(1) —Vi a cn

<D O ~ o c-P Od

x) Pt_Cj

X

PdCD T3 e

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Page 167: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Exc

ess

Pb A

ctiv

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(d.p

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g:1)

FIGURE 26 D e p t h p r o f i l e o f e x c e s s ^ ^ P b f o r t h e

E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n c o r e

6-05-0

3-0

______________ i__________________i— ^--------------

0 1 2Depth in core (g. cm- 2 )

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FIGURE 27

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150

TABLX 22 0nual n l u t x s of Pb i n

•n 1"! t -q t • nI P I TAT I OX AT VA.NI0U3 GEO­

GRAPHICAL LOCATIONS

A c t i v i t y- 2 -1cl pm. cm . y _____

0 - 0 0 5

0-11

2 - 0

0 - 3 8

0 - 5 3

0 - 4 4 t o 1 • 0

0-18

G e o g r a p h i c a l

A r e a ______

A n t a r c t i c ag l a c i e r s

G r e e n l a n dg l a c i e r s

J a p a n

E n g l a n d ( H a r w e l l )

F r a n c e

Germany

U S A .

R e f e r e n c e

Windom, 1969

Window, 1969

F u k u d a a n d T s u n o g a i , 1972

B u r t o n a n d S t e w a r t , 1960

Lamb e r t an d Ne z am i ,1965

J a c o b i a n d A n d r e , 1963

T e r H a a r e t a l , ,1967

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TABL

E 23

CH

EMIC

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AN

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IA

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1092

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75)

151

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cn

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in

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oin

o O o oin cn c -r}- cn cn

O O cn Tt cn

O

EClP h ' o o O

o T— H—•rH CM CM CM

o o o oCM

O o O OT~ T-- T~ CMCM CM CM CM

O 'O OCMCM

PiP h

PO Q O O O O O O O O O O O OO O G N O O O O C O O n G O C C C O G n CC’ O O O O G n

&pHP h

0o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o oc n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n c n m m c n c n

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in CM o 00 00 00C- CO NO NO NO NOCM CM CM CM CM CM

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cn NO NO CC COO ON ON CN cc cc• « • • • •

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152

3*3 Loch Lomond

T a b l e 24 p r e s e n t s b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e Loc h Lomond

m i n i - i l a c k e r e t h c o r e , LLRPi'il , w h i l e t a b l e 25 p r e s e n t s t h e r e s u l t s

o f t h e a n a l y t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , F i g , 28 i n d i c a t e s t h e Loch

21 0 226Lomond s a m p l i n g s t a t i o n a n d p r o f i l e s o f t o t a l Pb a n d Ra ,

1 37 Cs a n d p o r o s i t y a r e shown i n f i g s , 2 9 , 3 0 , 3 1 r e s p e c t i v e l y ,o 1 n

The p r o f i l e o f t o t a l “ Pb a c t i v i t y v e r s u s d e p t h ( f i g 29)

e x h i b i t s t h e c l a s s i c a l e x p o n e n t i a l d e c r e a s e f r o m t h e s e d i m e n t_ ■*

s u r f a c e , w h e r e an a c t i v i t y o f a r o u n d 22 d p m. g i s o b s e r v e d , t o

—1a c o n s t a n t v a l u e o f <^1*7 dpm, g a t d e p t h s g r e a t e r t h a n 15 cms ,. 226-,

S i m i l a r l y , “ Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n s show a s t e a d y d e c l i n e f r o m t h e

/ 226 s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e , whe r e a maximum Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

g r e a t e r t h a n 3*0 d pm , g i s r e c o r d e d , t o d e p t h , w h e r e a mean—1a c t i v i t y o f a r o u n d 1*8 d pm , g o c c u r s ,

210I n e s t i m a t i n g a v a l u e f o r s u p p o r t e d Pb t h e t h r e e

a l t e r n a t i v e s o u t l i n e d i n s e c t i o n 3*1 may be a p p l i e d . S e d i m e n t ­

a t i o n r a t e s h a v e b e e n d e r i v e d f o r e a c h o f t h e i n i t i a l

a s s u m p t i o n s ( a ) ( b ) a n d ( c ) a n d w e i g h t e d l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n

- 2 -1a n a l y s i s y i e l d s v a l u e s o f 21*3 + 1*7 mg,cm y , 22*1 + 2*1

—2 -1 - 2 —1 rog.cm y an(l 21*7 + 1 - 8 mg,cm y r e s p e c t i v e l y . I n t h i s210i n s t a n c e b e c a u s e t h e t o t a l Pb a c t i v i t y i s h i g h a n d b o t h t h e

00a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f “ Ra and i t s v a r i a t i o n w i t h d e p t h a r e b y

c o m p a r i s o n s m a l l , t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e d e r i v e d s e d i m e n t a t i o n

r a t e s i s i n s i g n i f i c a n t . F i g , 32 shows t h e l o g a r i t h m i c p l o t o f

210e x c e s s Pb v e r s u s d e p t h b a s e d on t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e i t e r a t i v e

- 2 -1a p p r o a c h . U s i n g a v a l u e o f 22 mg,cm y f o r t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n

r a t e an a g e / d e p t h c u r v e f o r t h i s c o r e i s d e v e l o p e d ( f i g 33)

and an e s t i m a t e o f ^ 1*2 mm,y~ 1 d e r i v e d f o r t h e t h i c k n e s s o f

s e d i m e n t r e p r e s e n t i n g one y e a r f s i n c r e m e n t a t t h e s e d i m e n t

- 2 -1s u r f a c e . From t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 22 mg.cm y a nd t h e

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153

d e r i v e d s u r f a c e a c t i v i t y o f 210Pb o f 24*6 d p m , g “ 1 , an e s t i m a t e

o f 0 * 5 4 dpm.cm 2y 1 i s o b t a i n e d f o r t h e f l u x o f e x c e s s 210Pb

t o t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e . T h i s c o m p a r e s r e a s o n a b l y

f a v o u r a b l y w i t h t h e e s t i m a t e o f *s /0»38 dpm, c n f ^ y ” ** f o r 21 0a t m o s p h e r i c Pb f a l l o u t o b t a i n e d b y 3 u r t o n a nd S t e w a r t ( i 9 6 0 )

f r o m r a i n f a l l m e a s u r e m e n t s a t H a r w e l l , An i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e210 pp/i

c o n t r i b u t i o n o f Pb a r i s i n g f r o m i n - s i t u d e c a y o f Ra c a n

be o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e d a t a o f C o n l a n e t a l ( 1 9 6 9 ) who f o u n d a*1 o o c

mean c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f A / 0 * 0 6 d p m , l f o r Ra i n Lo c h Lomond• OOf \

s u r f a c e w a t e r s . B a s e d on a 26 m e t r e w a t e r c o l u m n , t h i s Ra210c o n c e n t r a t i o n i m p l i e s a Pb f l u x f r o m t h i s s o u r c e o f < 0 « 0 1

- 2 -1dpm,cm y , c l e a r l y i n s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i v e e i t h e r t o a t m o s p h e r i c

i n p u t o r t o t h e a mo un t shown t o be a c c u m u l a t i n g i n t h e s e d i m e n t .

The s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e l a t t e r v a l u e s may be p r o d u c e d

b y i n p u t f r o m t h e c a t c h m e n t o f e r o d e d m a t e r i a l c o n t a i n i n g s o r b e d

2 1 0 P b ,

1 37 Cs d e t e r m i n e d i n t h i s f r e s h - w a t e r c o r e i s e n t i r e l y t h a t

d ue t o a t m o s p h e r i c f a l l o u t ; t h e r e f o r e t h e maximum d e p t h a t w h i c h

i t i s f o u n d i n an u n d i s t u r b e d d e p o s i t s h o u l d b e e q u i v a l e n t t o an

1 37a g e o f a r o u n d 20 y e a r s . The d e p t h d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Cs i n

c o r e LLRPM1 i s shown i n f i g , 30 # R a d i o c o . e s i u m i s c o n f i n e d

l a r g e l y t o t h e u p p e r 2 t o 3 cms , o f t h e d e p o s i t , and d e c r e a s e s

e x p o n e n t i a l l y b e l o w t h i s l e v e l w i t h a n e l o n g a t e d ' t a i l * e x t e n d i n g

t o a d e p t h o f some 7 cms . The p r o f i l e i s t h e r e f o r e c o n s i s t e n t

21 0w i t h a Pb a ge o f a r o u n d 20 y e a r s , o r a c a l e n d a r d a t e o f c a ,

1 371 9 5 7 , f o r t h e 2 cm. l e v e l . The t a i l o b s e r v e d f o r Cs s u g g e s t s

some d e g r e e o f downward d i f f u s i o n o r m i x i n g , a n d i n d e e d t h i s210

c o u l d a l s o be i n f e r r e d f r om t h e s l i g h t f l a t t e n i n g o f t h e ~ Pb

1 37p r o f i l e i n t h e u p p e r 2 cms . o f t h e d e p o s i t . S i m i l a r Cs

t a i l s h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d by o t h e r w o r k e r s ( e . g . P e n n i n g t o n

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154

e t a l # , 1 9 7 3 ; 1 9 7 5 ) # Any m i x i n g e f f e c t i s p r o b a b l y due t o

b o t t o m c u r r e n t s o r s l i g h t d i s t u r b a n c e d u r i n g c o r i n g s i n c e Loch

Lomond d o e s n o t s u p p o r t a l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n o f b e n t h i c f a u n a a nd

a s p o w e r f u l s u b s u r f a c e c u r r e n t s a r e i n d e e d common i n t h e l o c h .

As d i s c u s s e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h e n e t e f f e c t s o f s u r f a c e m i x i n g a r e

t o i n c r e a s e t h e a p p a r e n t s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e a n d t o g e n e r a t e

e r r o n e o u s l y y o u n g a g e s f o r s p e c i f i c l a y e r s . I f t h e p r o c e s s

1 37g i v i n g r i s e t o t h e Cs t a i l i s o p e r a t i n g w i t h e q u a l e f f i c i e n c y

f o r ^ ^ P b ( n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a v a l i d a s s u m p t i o n ) t h e n ^ ^Pb a g e s

may be a r t i f i c i a l l y y o u n g , H o w ev e r , t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e down­

w a r d d i s p l a c e m e n t o f r a d i o c a e s i u m on a p e r c e n t a g e a c t i v i t y b a s i s

210i s e x t r e m e l y s m a l l so t h a t a n y e f f e c t on Pb a c t i v i t i e s w o u l d

a l s o be m i n i m a l ; h e n c e t h e e s t i m a t e d s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e a n d

1 37d e r i v e d a g e s s h o u l d be a c c u r a t e . F u r t h e r m o r e , Cs b y i t s

p r e s e n c e p r o v i d e s g o o d e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e s u r f i c i a l l a y e r s o f

s e d i m e n t h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y r e c o v e r e d d u r i n g c o r i n g ; i n d e e d

1 37t h e t o t a l i n v e n t o r y o f Cs i n t h e c o l umn i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h

t h a t e x p e c t e d f r o m a t m o s p h e r i c i n p u t , P e n n i n g t o n e t a l ( 1 9 7 3 )

1 37e s t i m a t e d t h e t o t a l d e p o s i t i o n o f Cs v i a r a i n f a l l on s e v e r a l

l a k e s o f t h e H n g l i s h Lake D i s t r i c t , b a s e d on c u m u l a t i v e m e a s u r e d

- 2d e p o s i t i o n a t M i l l f o r d H a v e n , T h e i r mean v a l u e of>v/44 dpm,cm

. . - 2c o m p a r e s w i t h a t o t a l i n t e g r a t e d a c t i v i t y o f - ^ / 42 dpm,cm

e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e Lo ch Lomond c o r e . T h i s a g r e e m e n t i s

r e m a r k a b l e , e v e n a l t h o u g h i t m u s t be r e m e m b e r e d t h a t t h e

c o n t r i b u t i o n o f f a l l o u t o v e r t h e c a t c h m e n t h a s n o t b e e n i n c l u d e d

i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n . The l a t t e r i n p u t m i g h t be e x p e c t e d t o1 37c o n t r i b u t e a s i g n i f i c a n t a c t i v i t y due t o Cs s o r b e d on

i n c o m i n g m a t e r i a l . B a l a n c i n g t h i s t o some e x t e n t , r a d i o —

c a e s i u m r e m o v a l f r o m w a t e r , e v e n i n a f r e s h w a t e r e n v i r o n m e n t ,

i s u n l i k e l y t o r e a c h a n e f f i c i e n c y o f 100# , T h e r e i s t h e r e f o r e

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155

s t r o n g e v i d e n c e t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e s e d i m e n t was

r e c o v e r e d i n r e l a t i v e l y u n d i s t u r b e d c o n d i t i o n . F u r t h e r

c i r c u m s t a n t i a l e v i d e n c e s u p p o r t i n g t h i s b e l i e f i s t h e o b s e r v a t i o n

o f a d i s t i n c t c o l o u r c h a n g e b e t w e e n s e c t i o n s 1 a n d 2 i n t h e c o r e ;

t h e r e l a t i v e l y l i g h t s u r f i c i a l m a t e r i a l may be i n d i c a t i v e o f a

t h i n s u r f a c e o x i d i s e d z on e o v e r l y i n g s e d i m e n t o f a more r e d u c e d

n a t u r e ,

A t h i r d t i m e p a r a m e t e r , a , l b e i t o f a l e s s r i g o r o u s n a t u r e ,

i s i n t r o d u c e d t o t h i s s t u d y i n t h e f o r m o f p a l a e o m a g n e t i c d a t a .

P r o f i l e s o f i n t e n s i t y , d e c l i n a t i o n a n d i n c l i n a t i o n a r e shown i n

34 ( Thompson a n d T u r n e r , 1 9 7 6 ) , The m o s t r e c e n t w e s t e r l y

d e c l i n a t i o n s w i n g o c c u r r e d ^1 5 5 y e a r s ago o r a r o u n d AD 1 8 2 0 , and.

t h i s c a n b e u s e d t o e s t i m a t e m o d e r n s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s a s s u m i n g

u n i f o r m d e p o s i t i o n b e t w e e n t h i s h o r i z o n a n d t h e mud s u r f a c e .

H o w e v e r , i f t h e r e i s a t i m e - l a g b e t w e e n s e d i m e n t a t i o n a n d

s t a b i l i s a t i o n o f t h e m a g n e t i c r e m a n e n c e , t h e t r u e 155 B , P ,

h o r i z o n w o u l d be o b s e r v e d a t r e l a t i v e l y g r e a t e r d e p t h i n t h e

s e d i m e n t . On t h i s b a s i s , t h e t u r n i n g p o i n t A ( f i g 34)

c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a d e p t h o f 25 cms , i n t h e c o r e i s a s s i g n e d a

c a l e n d a r a ge o f a r o u n d AD 1800 ( T u r n e r a n d Thompson , p e r s o n a l

210c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) # I f t h e Fb t i m e - s c a l e e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e

u p p e r l a y e r s o f t h e d e p o s i t i s e x t r a p o l a t e d b a c k t o 25 c m s , , a n

a ge o f a r o u n d 460 y e a r s i s o b t a i n e d f o r t h i s h o r i z o n , i n m a r k e d

d i s a g r e e m e n t t o t h a t b a s e d on p a l a e o m a g n e t i c e v i d e n c e . F o r

t h e s e t i m e - s c a l e s t o be b r o u g h t i n t o h a r m o n y , a s u b s t a n t i a l

i n c r e a s e i n s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e w o u l d h a v e t o be p o s t u l a t e d f o r910

t h i s c o r e , b e t w e e n t h e d e p t h s ( t i m e p e r i o d ) c o n t a i n i n g t h e “ Pb

p r o f i l e a n d t h e p a l a e o m a g n e t i c a l l y - d a t e d h o r i z o n . Some210

e v i d e n c e f o r s u c h a n o c c u r r e n c e c a n be d e r i v e d f r o m t h e ^ Pb

d a t a b e t w e e n 8 c ms , a n d 15 c m s , , w h i c h , t a k e n a t f a c e v a l u e ,

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show a m a r k e d s h a l l o w i n g o f t h e p r o f i l e ( f i g s , 2 9 , 3 2 ) # I n f a c t ,

a b e s t f i t s t r a i g h t l i n e t h r o u g h t h e l a s t f o u r d a t a p o i n t s ( f i g . 31—1

y i e l d s a s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 6 3 + 1 3 mg.cm “y , By c o m b i n i n g

—2 —1t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 22 mg.cm y f o r t h e u p p e r 8 cms

w i t h t h e l a . r g e r v a l u e f o r d e e p e r s e d i m e n t , t h e 25 cm. s e c t i o n

a s s u m e s a n age o f 200 y e a r s , i . e . a r o u n d AD 1775 i n b e t t e r

a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e p a l a e o m a g n e t i c r e s u l t . T h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

i s h o w e v e r c l e a , r l y s p e c u l a t i v e , s i n c e ( a ) i t i s ' d a n g e r o u s ' t o

e x t r a p o l a t e an e s t i m a t e d s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e b e y o n d t h e a p p l i c a b l e

21 0r a n g e o f a n y d a t i n g t e c h n i q u e a nd ( b ) t h e Pb r a d i o m e t r i c

e v i d e n c e o f a c h a n g e i n s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e i s s l e n d e r , b e i n g

d e r i v e d f r o m d a t a whose a s s o c i a t e d e r r o r s a r e v e r y l a r g e .

H o w e v e r , t h e r e i s some a d d i t i o n a l e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e n a t u r a l

p r o c e s s e s o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n i n t h e s o u t h b a s i n o f L o c h Lomond

may h a v e b e e n s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i s r u p t e d a t some t i m e i n t h e r e c e n t

p a s t , P i s . 35 shows t h e r e s u l t s o f d a t i n g o f a 5m

M a c k e r e t h c o r e r e c o v e r e d f r o m a n e a r b y l o c a t i o n i n t h e s o u t h

b a s i n o f L o c h Lomond. D r n d a r s k i ( 1 9 7 7 ) e s t i m a t e d a n a t u r a l

-1 14s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f ^ 0 » 3 mm.y on t h e b a s i s o f l i n e a r C

d a t e s a t d e p t h , b u t o b s e r v e d c o n s i d e r a b l e a p p a r e n t d i s t u r b a n c e

t o t h e d e p o s i t i n t h e u p p e r 2 m e t r e s o f t h e c o r e . E r r o n e o u s l y1 A

' o l d ' C a g e s a r e commonly f o u n d i n t h e u p p e r l a y e r s o f

s e d i m e n t c o l u m n s , a t t r i b u t a b l e t o i n t r o d u c t i o n o f f o s s i l o r a g e d

s o i l c a r b o n t o t h e s e d i m e n t s i n r e c e n t y e a r s . H o w e v e r , i n t h i s14p a r t i c u l a r c a s e , an a p p a r e n t l y y o u n g C a g e was d e r i v e d a t

f »90 cm d e p t h , b e t w e e n l a y e r s a p p a r e n t l y c o n t a m i n a t e d w i t h o l d

c a r b o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , an a n o m a l o u s v a r i a t i o n i n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n

o f a l u m i n i u m a n d m a n g a n e s e a l s o o c c u r s a t t h i s d e p t h ( M a c k e n z i e ,

1 9 7 8 , p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t a m a j o r c h a n g e

i n t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e s e d i m e n t s d e p o s i t i n g a t t h e s i t e

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may h a v e o c c u r r e d . The n a t u r e o f t h e d i s t u r b a n c e r e m a i n s

u n d e f i n e d a t p r e s e n t , b u t may be c o m p a t i b l e w i t h a s u d d e n i n p u t

o f a c o n s i d e r a b l e q u a n t i t 37' o f m a t e r i a l b y s l u m p i n g o r a s i m i l a r

p r o c e s s . I n t e r e s t i n g l y , i f t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 22 - 2 -1mg,cm y d e r i v e d f o r c o r e LLRPM1 i s u s e d t o e s t i m a t e a v a l u e

f o r t h e r a t e o f a c c u m u l a t i o n a t i n f i n i t e c o m p a c t i o n , u s i n g t h e

e q u a t i o n

s = ( B e r n e r , 1971)

a n d a s s u m i n g a v a l u e o f 0*76 f o r t h e p o r o s i t y o f t h e s e d i m e n t

a t i n f i n i t e c o m p a c t i o n ( f i g , 31 ) ( i n f a c t , t h e r e i s an

i n d i c a t i o n f r o m t h e p o r o s i t y p r o f i l e o f t h i s c o r e a t d e p t h s

b e l o w 60 e r a s , t h a t a m a r k e d c h a n g e i n s e d i m e n t c o m p o s i t i o n h a s

o c c u r r e d , w i t h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f m a t e r i a l c a p a b l e o f r e t a i n i n

a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h e r fo w a t e r c o n t e n t ? , p o s s i b l y o r g a n i c ) a

s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f<vO*36 mm,y i s o b t a i n e d i n r e m a r k a b l y14

g oo d a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h a t e s t i m a t e d b y L r n d a r s k i f r o m C a g e s .

I n v i e w o f t h e a b o v e i t i s t e m p t i n g t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e n a t u r a l

p r o c e s s e s o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n i n t h e s o u t h b a s i n o f t h e l o c h w h i c h_1

g a v e r i s e t o a s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f A / O O mm,y h a v e b e e n

c o n s i d e r a b l y d i s r u p t e d a t some t i m e i n t h e r e c e n t p a s t .

C o n d i t i o n s o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n h a v e s i n c e s t a b i l i s e d a n d r e t u r n e d

t o a more u s u a l p a t t e r n d u r i n g t h e l a s t c e n t u r y . F u r t h e r m o r e ,

on 2 ^ P b e v i d e n c e , t h e modern r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n

may n o t be g r e a t l y d i f f e r e n t t o t h a t p e r t a i n i n g o v e r t h e l a s t

5000 y e a r s .

On t h e b a s i s o f t h e a b o v e a r g u m e n t s , t h e r a t e o f s e d i m e n t

a c c u m u l a t i o n a p p e a r s w e l l - d e f i n e d , a t l e a s t o v e r t h e l a s t 100

y e a r s , f r o m 2 1 0Pb d a t i n g a nd 1 3 7 Cs r a d i o m e t r i c e v i d e n c e .

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158

H o w e v e r , i f t h e p a l a e o m a g n e t i c d a t e o f a r o u n d AD 1800 f o r

t h e 25 cm, h o r i z o n i s a c c e p t e d a s c o r r e c t a nd a s s u m i n g a

c o n s t a n t r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n f r o m t h i s d e p t h t o t h e

s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e , a v a l u e o f 57 mg#cm’"^y~^ i s d e r i v e d

f o r txhe s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e f r o m t h e c u m u l a t i v e w e i g h t o f s e d i m e n t

d e p o s i t e d s i n c e t h e 1800 h o r i z o n , A t i m e s c a l e b a s e d on t h i s

s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e w o u l d , h o w e v e r , r e q u i r e t h e b u l k o f t h e

r a d i o c a e s i u m c o n t a i n e d i n t h e u p p e r 2 c m s ( t o h a v e b e e n

d e p o s i t e d i n t h e 8 y e a r s p r i o r t o s a m p l i n g , i , e , f r o m .-\/1969

o n w a r d s , a c l e a r l y u n a c c e p t a b l e p o s t u l a t e , O n l y i f t h e u p p e r

f e w c e n t i m e t r e s o f d e p o s i t w e r e c o m p l e t e l y l o s t d u r i n g s a m p l i n g

w o u l d t h e r a d i o c a e s i u m t i m e s c a l e become l a r g e l y c o n s i s t e n t w i t h

t h e p a l a e o m a g n e t i c a l l y d a t e d h o r i z o n . From t h e p a l a e o m a g n e t i c

—1e v i d e n c e a l o n e , a s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f a r o u n d 3 mm,y

i s i n d i c a t e d . Hence l o s s o f o n l y 2 t o 3 crns, o f s e d i m e n t w o u l d

be s u f f i c i e n t t o b r i n g t h e p a l a e o m a g n e t i c a n d r a d i o c a e s i u m

c h r o n o l o g i e s i n t o a g r e e m e n t . The d i f f e r e n c e t o t h e t o t a l

1 37e s t i m a t e d a c c u m u l a t i o n o f Cs w o u l d o f c o u r s e be m i n i m a l s i n c e

1 37p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y v e r y l i t t l e f a l l o u t Cs o c c u r r e d i n t h e s e

l a t t e r y e a r s . A l t e r n a t i v e l y , i t m u s t be p o s t u l a t e d t h a t a t i m e -

l a g o f a r o u n d f i v e y e a r s h a s o c c u r r e d b e t w e e n maximum a t m o s p h e r i c

1 37f a l l o u t o f Cs a nd i t s i n c o r p o r a t i o n m t h e l o c h d e p o s i t a n d

1 37t h i s i n t u r n w o u l d i n f e r t h a t m o s t o f t h e Cs f a l l i n g d i r e c t l y

on t h e l o c h a n d c a r r i e d i n i t i a l l y t o t h e l o c h f r o m t h e c a t c h m e n t

e s c a p e d r e m o v a l t o t h e u n d e r l y i n g s e d i m e n t - i . e , t h e b u l k o f

^ ^ C s o b s e r v e d i n t h e d e p o s i t now i s t h a t i n i t i a l l y a d s o r b e d on

s o i l i n t h e c a t c h m e n t a n d o n l y l a t e r e r o d e d and t r a n s p o r t e d t o

t h e l o c h . T h i s c o n c l u s i o n i s h o w e v e r i n c o n t r a d i c t i o n t o t h e

r e s u l t s o f P e n n i n g t o n e t a l ( 1 9 7 3 ; 1975) who o b s e r v e d t h e

a t m o s p h e r i c f a l l o u t p a t t e r n o f ^ C s t o be w e l l - p r e s e r v e d i n

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1 59

t h e s e d i m e n t s o f s e v e r a l E n g l i s h l a k e s . The y c o n c l u d e d t h a t 1 37e v e n i f Cs s o r b e d on s o i l p a r t i c l e s i n t h e c a t c h m e n t w er e

1 37c o n t r i b u t i n g t o Cs l e v e l s i n t h e s e d i m e n t , t h e d e l a y b e t w e e n

1 37a d s o r p t i o n o f Cs by t h e s e p a r t i c l e s a n d i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o

t h e d e p o s i t m u s t be s h o r t . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e s e c o r e s w e r e a l s o

c o l l e c t e d b y a 1.m M a c k e r e t h c o r e r s i m i l a r t o t h a t u s e d i n

r e c o v e r y o f t h e L o c h Lomond s a m p l e a n d no l o s s o f s u r f a c e

s e d i m e n t was i n f e r r e d i n t h e i r s t u d y .

F i g * 36 p r e s e n t s t h e l e a d p r o f i l e f o r t h i s c o r e ( F a r m e r ,

1 9 7 8 ) . I t i s t y p i c a l o f c o a s t a l m a r i n e and l o c h s e d i m e n t s

a d j a c e n t t o h e a v i l y i n d u s t r i a l i s e d r e g i o n s , w i t h t h e c o n s i d e r a b l y

h i g h e r l e v e l s o f l e a d c o n c e n t r a t i o n o b s e r v e d a t t h e s u r f a c e

a t t r i b u t a b l e t o c u l t u r a l m o b i l i s a t i o n . T a k i n g s u r f a c e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a s .vl 50 ppm, a 1 5 - f o l d i n c r e a s e i n l e a d i n p u t

210t o t h e s e d i m e n t i s i n d i c a t e d . B a s e d on t h e Pb d e r i v e d

- 2 -1s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 22 mg.cm y a p r e s e n t a n t h r o p o g e n i c

- 2 -1 .f l u x o f a r o u n d 3 p g . cm y i s e s t i m a t e d ; w h i l e t h a t b a s e d on

- 2 —1p a l a e o m a g n e t i s m w o u l d be c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r a t . 8 j ig. cm y

Commencement o f s i g n i f i c a n t i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t y i n t h e a r e a

c a n be t r a c e d b a c k t o 1750 w i t h i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e w o o l l e n

a n d d ye i n d u s t r i e s t o t h e L e v e n v a l l e y . R i s i n g l e a d

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n s e d i m e n t s y o u n g e r t h a n t h i s a r e t h e r e f o r e

r e a s o n a b l e so t h a t t h e t r a c e m e t a l r e s u l t s a r e c o m p a t i b l e w i t h

e i t h e r o f t h e c h r o n o l o g i e s o u t l i n e d p r e v i o u s l y .210 137I n c o n c l u s i o n t h e n , Pb a n d Cs d i s t r i b u t i o n s l e a d

t o e n t i r e l y s e l f - c o n s i s t e n t t i m e s c a l e s o v e r t h e l a s t c e n t u r y ,- 2 -1a n d a s t e a d y s t a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n o f ^ / 2 2 mg.cm y

i s i m p l i e d ; f u r t h e r m o r e , on t h i s b a s i s , t h e M a c k e r e t h c o r e r

a p p e a r s t o r e t a i n s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s i n t a c t , t h e p u r p o s e f o r

w h i c h i t was s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d . T h e r e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e

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160

c i r c u m s t a n t i a l e v i d e n c e f r o m a w i d e r a n g e o f i n d e p e n d e n t

p a r a m e t e r s , i n c l u d i n g ^ C , m e t a l s , ^ ^ P b , a n d p o r o s i t y , t h a t

some d i s t u r b a n c e t o t h e n a t u r a l p r o c e s s e s o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l ­

a t i o n o c c u r r e d i n t h e r e g i o n b e t w e e n 100 a n d 200 y e a r s a g o .

I f t h i s i s s o , a n d u n d e r t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s t h e p a l a e o m a g n e t i c

r e c o r d h a s s u r v i v e d i n t a c t d e s p i t e d i s t u r b a n c e t o t h e s e d i m e n t ,

t h e AD 1800 h o r i z o n i s i n f a c t i n r e a s o n a b l e a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e

r a d i o m e t r i c e v i d e n c e .

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TABLE 24 BACKGROUND INEOR;lATION ON LOCH

LOMOND CORE LLRPM1

CORE DESIGNATION: LOCK LOiiOND MINI-MAC7CERETH

CORE LLRPM1

SAMPLING DATE: 2 2 - 8 - 7 6

LOCATION: . LAT, 56° 0 3 ' N

LONG, 4 ° 3 5 ’ V

WATER DEPTH: 25®

TOTAL CORN LENGTH: 96 cm,

GENERAL DESCRIPTION 0? SEDIMENTS:

SECTION 1 V e r y f i n e r i c h b r own s e d i m e n t

OTHER V e r y f i n e g r e y / b r o w n s e d i m e n t

b e c o m i n g d a r k e r w i t h d e p t h .

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162

COkoMH<ib cni—i kh CMto /—\ kk o'x f=n c ~!> ■'kn EhM m

•Hp mk k cn coO rH CO moM cc W • •Eh <-* t— v*H dP ok Hk o t}- r~

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Page 182: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

I f )tf'-AO1—IEhOi—1E-h

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•H LO in d CO ojo- vO CO -E1 r~ • • • • •T— OJ -p d 1 o o o O o• • •H o CO t:

o o W Ei - -f-l -El -El El -l-lHn -p d c0 Ph P- T— tJ- T— in COp'J "bo o d • • • • •

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to P Ed co vO P CO •r- cc Tt- CN0. 0 oj d 0J o fr- C- tJ*E P OJ • • • • •

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CO in r- C •Ho CO OJ d -P• • • • be >3

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to PP d CC dC i-i El — in *rJ- CO OJ r-d P *H • • • • •0 O P EhT o o o o o

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164

P3 T~-"J to I(L O fclb-cn Epm r—3 T?

+ 1 1 CM CM CMt i • • •

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btv r—O CO COo 4* I ■'—< o o o• • •

^ 7 o o ooCP + 1 4-1 4->s 4= Er j PM P- t}- in 3- O -a in O’ T—-P r— __- • • •h CM CM CM OJoo

'—inCM C O T- OJ

o CO co T- T— T—M •H -—■»► H -P £ 1 1 1 1 1p3 O O

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+ 1 + 1 C toPM

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to C<H, c•H •Hto -P2

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RVver F a l l o c h

FIGURE 28 Loch Lomond s a m p l i n g s t a t i o n

+ S a m p l i n g Si t e ( R o s s Priory)

L o c h L o m o n d

En d r i c k

R o s s Pri ory

BlaneW.B a l l o c h

River Leven

Ri verly de

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Dep

th

in co

re

( cm

)

166

210FIGURE 29 Depth p r o f i l e s o f t o t a l an(j 2 2 6 ^ a

f o r Loch Lomond m i n i - M a c k e r e t h c o r e LLRPM1

l o t a l a n d ^ ® R a A c t i v i t i e s ( d . p . m . g - 1 )

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 K 16 18 20 2 2 2 4

MM

1 0210v

A

P b

2 2 6Ra

1 8

2 2

2 6

2 8

3 0

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Dep

th

in co

re

(cm

)FIGURE 30 ^ ^ C s p r o f i l e f o r Lo ch Lomond m i n i - M a c k e r e t h

c o r e LLRPM1

Activi ty (d.p. m. g~1)

0 10 . 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0

M

7

167

-I

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RE

00

L\

8

1 2

16

2 0

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76

8 0

8 4

P o r o s i t y p r o f i l e f o r Loch Lomond

m i n i - M a c k e r e t h c o r e LLRPM1168

P o r o s i t y

'6 0 - 8 0 0 - 8 4 0-88 0 - 9 2I I I-----------------1— T ~t

-•

0 - 9 6I---

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Exc

ess

210

Pb A

ctiv

ity

( d.p

.m.

g'1)

21 0FIGURE 32 Depth p r o f i l e o f e x c e s s Pb f o r169

Loch Lomond m i n i - M a c k e r e t h c o r e LLRPM1

2 0

0

8

6

2

0

\ -L

Depth in core (g .crrr2 )

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Dep

th

in co

re

( cm

)

170

FIGURE 33 Curve o f arre ( c a l e n d a r d a t e ) a g a i n s t d e p t h

f o r Loch Lomond c o r e LLRPM1 b a s e d on s e d i m e n t —

—2 —1a t i o n r a t e o f 22 mg cm v

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

2 2

2 4

2 6

2 8

3 0

C a l e n d a r d a t e 1 9 7 7 1 9 3 7 1 8 9 7 1 8 5 7 1817 (no m i x i n g )

0 4 0 80 120 160 A g e ( y )

»

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Dep

t h

in co

re

I m )

171

FIGURE 34 M a g n e t i c m e a s u r e m e n t s on Loch Lomond

m i n i - M a c k e r e t h c o r e LLRPM1. ( A f t e r Thompson

a n d T u r n e r , 1 9 7 8 , p e r s . c o m m . ) . The s p a c i n g

o f s u s c e p t i b i l i t y r e a d i n g s i s 2*6 cms« w h i l e

t h a t o f i n t e n s i t y and d e c l i n a t i o n i s 5 c m s .

Suscept ibi l i ty( juG.0e-3)

0-0

I n t e n s i t y (ju G .)

100-0E 0

0 0

01ouc

JO

CLto

O

Dec l i nat i on w e s t (/i 0° i nterval s )

- 6 0 - 0 0

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A *X

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1000

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Dep

th

in co

re

(cm

)

172FIGURE 3 4a Cu r v e o f age ( c a l e n d a r d a t e ) a g a i n s t

d e p t h f o r Loch Lomond c o r e LLRPM1 b a s e d

on s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s o f 22 mg.cm y—2 —1t o a d e p t h o f 8 c m s . a n d 63 mg . cm y

a t g r e a t e r d e p t h s .

C a l e n d a r d a t e

1 9 7 7 1 9 3 7 1 8 9 7 1 8 5 7 1817 {no m i x i n 9 )

0

2

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1 2

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1 6

1 8

0 4 0 8 0 1 2 0 1 6 0 A g e ( y )‘ I i--------------- i--------------- 1--- '----

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FIGU

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35

Rad

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rbon

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r Ag

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Dep

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D e p t h ( c m )

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Dep

th

i n co

re

( cm

)

174

FIGURE 36 Depth p r o f i l e o f s t a b l e l e a d f o r

Loch Lomond m i n i - M a c k e r e t h c o r e LLRPM1

L e a d Concent ra t i on ( j j g . g - 1 )

1 5 0 2 0 0

1 0 -

2 0

2 5

3 5

6 5

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175

3*4 C l y d e S e a - l o c h p e d i m e n t s : G a r e l o c h a nd L o c h G o i l

I n s e c t i o n 2*1 o f C h a p t e r 2 i t was i n d i c a t e d t h a t c o r e s o f

s e d i m e n t w e r e r e c o v e r e d f r o m t h e C l y d e S e a A r e a u s i n g b o t h

g r a v i t y a n d C r a i b c o r e r s , t h e l a t t e r s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s i g n e d t o

o b t a i n u n d i s t u r b e d s a m p l e s o f s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t . By o v e r l a p

o f t h e r e s u l t s o f C r a i b a nd g r a v i t y c o r e s f r o m i n d i v i d u a l s i t e s

i t was t h e i n t e n t i o n t o o b t a i n a c o m p l e t e p r o f i l e o f t h e

210d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Pb f r o m t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e t o

c o n s i d e r a b l e d e p t h , V h i l e t h e r e i s g oo d e v i d e n c e t o s u p p o r t

t h e b e l i e f t h a t t h e C r a i b c o r e r f u l f i l l e d i t s s p e c i a l i s e d r o l e

a n d d i d i n d e e d r e c o v e r u n d i s t u r b e d m a t e r i a l , t h e r e i s a l s o some

e v i d e n c e t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e g r a v i t y c o r e r was l e s s e f f i c i e n t

t h a n h a d b e e n a n t i c i p a t e d i n c o l l e c t i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s e d i m e n t

s a m p l e s ,

G a r e l o c h

The s a m p l i n g l o c a t i o n f o r G a r e l o c h i s shown on p a g e 183

( f i g , 37) a n d t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e a n a l y s e s o f a g r a v i t y a n d C r a i b

c o r e f r o m t h i s s t a t i o n a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e t a b l e s a n d f i g u r e s

o f p a g e s 184 t o 2 0 3 , T h e s e c o r e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g t h e

same s u r v e y .

The t o t a l ' ^ P b d i s t r i b u t i o n i n g r a v i t y c o r e GLG2 ( f i g 38)

21 0s hows c o n s t a n t Pb a c t i v i t y i n t h e u p p e r 4 cms o f t h e d e p o s i t

c o n s i s t e n t w i t h a z on e o f b i o l o g i c a l l y o r p h y s i c a l l y m i x e d210s e d i m e n t , 3 e n e a t h t h i s m i x e d z o n e , Pb d e c r e a s e s e x p o n e n t i a l l y

t o w a r d s a c o n s t a n t v a l u e o f a r o u n d 1*8 d pm , g ** i n s e c t i o n sbbGd e e p e r t h a n 18 c ms , Iia c o n c e n t r a t i o n s r a n g e f r o m c a , 1*6

— 1 —1d p m , g t o 1*9 d p m . g w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f s e c t i o n 1 w h e r e

—1s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r a c t i v i t y o f 2*7 d p m . g i s r e c o r d e d . I n21 0e s t i m a t i n g a s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e f r o m e x c e s s Pb b e l o w t h e .

m i x e d z o n e ,

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176

21 0 /is u p p o r t e d Pb h a s b e e n e q u a t e d t o t h e mean ^ Ha c o n c e n t r a t i o n

o f 1*7 + 0-1 d pm , g W e i g h t e d l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s

( f i g , 4 Z ) y i e l d s a s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 73 + 8 mg , cm“”^ y “ ^_ -j

(#N/1 • 5 mm.y ) , f r o m w h i c h t h e a g e / d e p t h c u r v e o f f i g , 43

i s d e r i v e d ; f r o m t h i s p l o t i t c a n be s e e n t h a t t h e t h i c k n e s s

o f s e d i m e n t i n t h e m i x e d zone c o r r e s p o n d s t o a c c u m u l a t i o n o v e r

a p e r i o d e q u i v a l e n t t o a b o u t 20 y e a r s . A s s u m i n g t h e u p p e r

21 04 c ms , o f d e p o s i t t o be h o mo g en eo u s w i t h r e s p e c t t o P b , w i t h_ -1

a mean v a l u e o f 4*9 + 0*3 d pm , g , an e s t i m a t e o f t h e a c t i v i t y21 0o f u n s u p p o r t e d Pb a d d e d t o t h e s e d i m e n t s u r f a c e c a n b e

o b t a i n e d u s i n g e q u a t i o n 3 .

A = A / ( 1 + M )m s rju

— 1 —2 Th u s A = 8 * 0 + 0 - 5 dpm, g , a nd a v a l u e o f 0*6 dpm,cm s21 0i s d e r i v e d f o r t h e a n n u a l f l u x o f e x c e s s Pb t o t h e s e d i m e n t ,

225 *iA s s u m i n g a mean v a l u e f o r d i s s o l v e d Ha o f 0*12 d p m , ! ”

( M a c k e n z i e , 1 97 7) and a w a t e r c o l u mn o f d e n t h 48m, t h e210 026c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h i s Pb f l u x f r o m i n - s i t u d e c a y o f ^ fta

- 2 -1i s e s t i m a t e d a t a r o u n d 0*0 2 dpm,cm y and i s t h e r e f o r e_ 2 _ -j

i n s i g n i f i c a n t . The v a l u e o f 0»6 dpm,cm y , a b o u t 1^ t i m e s210

t h a t e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e a t m o s p h e r i c f l u x o f Pb ( m }*38 — 0 — 1dpm.cm”’ y~ ) i n t h i s a r e a , s u g g e s t s t h a t a s i z e a b l e p r o p o r t i o n

210 210 o f e x c e s s Pb t o t h e d e p o s i t a r i s e s f r o m Pb a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

p a r t i c u l a t e s e n t e r i n g t h e l o c h ,210The Pb d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r C r a i b c o r e GLC3 i s p r e s e n t e d i n

f i g , 44 and c l e a r l y shows l i t t l e r e s e m b l a n c e t o t h a t o f t h e210 . . .

g r a v i t y c o r e d i s c u s s e d a b o v e . I n d e e d , t h e Pb a c t i v i t y i s

r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e l e n g t h o f t h e c o r e , 4

d e c r e a s i n g b y l e s s t h a n 2 dpm, g~ f r o m v a l u e s o f a r o u n d 8 - 4

d pm. g n e a r t h e s u r f a c e t o a b o u t 6*8 d p m, g a t a d e p t h o f 15

c m s , c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e o L t h e

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g r a v i t y c o r e and t h e r e f o r e t y p i c a l o f i n s h o r e m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s ,—1w i t h v a l u e s r a n g i n g f r o m 1 t o 2 dp m, g

— 2 —1A s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 543 + 130 mg , cm y i s d e r i v e d

f r o m w e i g h t e d l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s ( f i g , 4 7 )( a p p l y i n g t h e same210e s t i m a t e o f s u p p o r t e d Pb a s u s e d f o r GLG2 ) , i , e , a s e d i m e n t ­

a t i o n r a t e a l m o s t x 8 g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e g r a v i t y

c o r e . T h i s i s e q u i v a l e n t t o a s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f

a / 2 #5 cm#y o r a mean r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n o v e r t h e

c o r e l e n g t h o f a/ 1*5 c m . y An a g e / d e p t h c u r v e i s p r e s e n t e d

i n f i g 49 # Prom t h i s s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e , a v a l u e o f

—1 • 2106*6 d p m. g i s o b t a i n e d f o r e x c e s s Pb d e p o s i t i n g a t t h e

s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e , i m p l y i n g an e s t i m a t e d a n n u a l f l u x o f210 . . - 2 u n s u p p o r t e d Pb t o t h e s e d i m e n t o f 3*6 dpm.cm “ , On t h i s

21 0b a s i s , by f a r t h e m a j o r i n p u t o f e x c e s s Pb i s t h a t b r o u g h t

t o t h e s e d i m e n t a l r e a d y a d s o r b e d on p a r t i c u l a t e m a t e r i a . l

e n t e r i n g t h e G a r e l o c h , d i r e c t a t m o s p h e r i c f a l l o u t c o n t r i b u t i n g

a r e l a t i v e l y m i n o r a m o u n t .

A l t h o u g h t h e s e c o r e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d v i r t u a l l y

s i m u l t a n e o u s l y f r o m an ' i d e n t i c a l ' s a m p l i n g l o c a t i o n , t h e r e a r e

21 0c l e a r l y c o n s i d e r a b l e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e Pb

p r o f i l e s , p e r h a p s t h e m o s t s t r i k i n g o f w h i c h i s t h e o b s e r v a t i o n

210o f a h i g h e r s p e c i f i c Pb a c t i v i t y i n e a c h s e c t i o n o f t h e C r a i b

c o r e r e l a t i v e t o e v e n t h e t o p s e c t i o n s o f t h e g r a v i t y c o r e .

The d i f f e r e n c e s c a n n o t t h e r e f o r e be e x p l a i n e d i n t e r m s o f21 0g r a v i t y c o r e c o m p r e s s i o n ; i n d e e d , t h e c u m u l a t i v e t o t a l Pb

— 2a c t i v i t y i n t h e b o t t o m 4 cms, o f t h e C r a i b c o r e (nj10«5 dpm,cm “ )

i s v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h a t p r e s e n t i n t h e u p p e r 4 cms . o f t h e

g r a v i t y c o r e ( /v]0«4 d pm . cm ) , T h i s i s i n f a c t t h e o n l y

r e s p e c t i n w h i c h t h e p r o f i l e s a r e a t a l l s i m i l a r , t h e s u r f a c e

a c t i v i t y o f ^ ^ P b i n t h e m i x e d z o n e o f t h e g r a v i t y c o r e

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178

1(mean ^ 6*6 d pm , g ) b e i n g o n l y s l i g h t l y l o w e r t h a n t h a t

o b s e r v e d i n t h e l o w e r 6 cms , o f t h e C r a i b c o r e ( m e a n ~ ' 6 « 9 dpm,_ -J

g ) , T h e r e f o r e , i f t h e s e c o r e s r e p r e s e n t s e d i m e n t r e c o v e r e d

f r o m an e q u i v a l e n t s i t e , c o n s i d e r a b l e l o s s o f s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l

m u s t h a v e o c c u r r e d d u r i n g g r a v i t y c o r i n g ; f u r t h e r m o r e , t h e

t o p o f t h e g r a v i t y c o r e may c o n s i s t o f m a t e r i a l u n d e r l y i n g t h a t

a t t h e b a s e o f t h e C r a i b c o r e , i n w h i c h c a s e more t h a n 15 cms ,

o f s e d i m e n t a p p e a r t o h a v e b e e n l o s t .

C o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e r a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e s

( f i g s , 39, . 45 ) c o n f i r m s t h e d i f f e r e n c e s a p p a r e n t i n t h e210 137Pb d a t a . I n t h e C r a i b c o r e , a c t i v i t i e s o f Cs s t e a d i l y

d e c r e a s e f r o m t h e s u r f a c e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e i n c r e a s i n g l e v e l s

o f t h e n u c l i d e p r e s e n t i n C l y d e S e a A r e a w a t e r s t h r o u g h i t s

1 34r i s i n g d i s c h a r g e f r o m V f i n d s c a l e s i n c e o^1 9 5 2 ; Cs c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

1 37show a s i m i l a r t r e n d . I n c o n t r a s t , Cs c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e

u p p e r f ew cms , o f t h e g r a v i t y c o r e e x h i b i t c o n s i d e r a b l e

v a r i a t i o n a n d f u r t h e r m o r e , t h e maximum o b s e r v e d a c t i v i t y i s

v e r y much l o w e r t h a n t h a t f o u n d i n t h e C r a i b c o r e . Be l ow

1 374 c m s , , Cs a c t i v i t i e s a r e l e s s t h a n t h o s e a t t h e b o t t o m o f

1 34t h e C r a i b c o r e a n d a r e d e c r e a s i n g . M o r e o v e r , no Cs i s

1 37o b s e r v e d . The e r r a t i c d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Cs i n t h e u p p e r f ew

1 34cms , o f t h e g r a v i t y c o r e and t h e n o t a b l e a b s e n c e o f Cs

s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e s e l a y e r s o f t h e r e c o v e r e d c o r e a r e n o t

u n d i s t u r b e d . I n d e e d t h e c o n c l u s i o n r e a c h e d f r o m c o m p a r i s o n

210o f t h e Pb p r o f i l e s i s g e n e r a l l y s u p p o r t e d , i . e . t h a t a r o u n d

1 5 - 2 0 cms , o f t h e d e p o s i t h a v e b e e n l o s t d u r i n g s a m p l i n g .

I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r a d i o c a e s i u m r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e u p p e r

4 cms , o f t h e g r a v i t y c o r e r e p r e s e n t t h e r e s i d u e o f b o t h a

s u b s t a n t i a l m i x i n g e f f e c t a n d a l o s s o f m a t e r i a l . Su ch a

21 0c o m b i n a t i o n i s a l s o c o n s i s t e n t w i t h Pb r e s u l t s .

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S e v e r a l a d d i t i o n a l p o i n t s o f i n t e r e s t a r i s e from t h e

r a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e o f GLC3,

( 1 ) t h e p r o f i l e s a s o b s e r v e d a r e c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e

i n c r e a s i n g d i s c h a r g e o f r a d i o c a e s i u m i s o t o p e s

f r o m ¥ i n d s c a l e , i , e , a p o s t u l a t e o f p h y s i c a l /

b i o l o g i c a l d i s t u r b a n c e i s n o t n e c e s s a r y t o e x p l a i n

t h e p r o f i l e s ,

( 2 ) i f t h e p r o f i l e s r e p r e s e n t t h e s t e a d y a c c u m u l a t i o n

o f u n d i s t u r b e d s e d i m e n t , t h e n t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f

^ ^ C s ( w i t h a h a l f - l i f e o f o n l y 2* 1y ) i n d e t e c t a b l e

a m o u n t s a t a d e p t h o f 13 cms, i n d i c a t e s a v e r y h i g h

210r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n ( c f , P b ) , I n f a c t ,1 34i f t h e o b s e r v a t i o n o f Cs a t 13 cms , i s e q u a t e d

t o i t s f i r s t r e l e a s e i n s i g n i f i c a n t q u a n t i t i e s f r o m

¥ i n d s c a l e ( i n 1 9 6 8 ) , t h e n a s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f

- 2 -1a r o u n d 650 mg,cm y i s d e r i v e d , i n r e a s o n a b l e

21 0a g r e e m e n t t o t h a t b a s e d on Pb d a t a , (On t h e

a s s u m p t i o n o f no p h y s i c a l / b i o l o g i c a l d i s t u r b a n c e a n d

no c a e s i u m m i g r a t i o n , t h i s v a l u e w o u l d s e t a l o w e r

l i m i t , s i n c e t h e 1968 t o a n a l y s i s p e r i o d c o r r e s p o n d s

1 1 34t o ^ > / 3 f Cs h a l f - l i v e s . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e

i s o t o p e a c c u m u l a t e d i n t h e s e d i m e n t i n 1968 w o u l d

a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y h a v e d e c a y e d b e l o w t h e l i m i t s o f

d e t e c t i o n ) ,

( 3 ) A l t h o u g h b o t h t h e 2 ” P b a n d ^ ^ C s p r o f i l e s c o u l d be

e x p l a i n e d on t h e b a s i s o f a r e l a t i v e l y s l o w r a t e o f210s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n ( e , g . a s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e Pb

d a t a o f t h e g r a v i t y c o r e ) c o m b i n e d w i t h s e d i m e n t m i x i n g1 ^7

t h e Cs ( t p = 30y) d i s t r i b u t i o n d o e s n o t l e n d i t s e l f 2

t o s u c h a n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . F o r e x a m p l e , u s i n g t h e

2 ^ P b s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 73 rag,cm“ ^ y “ 1 f a l l o f

t h e 1 3 7 Cs w o u l d , i n t h e a b s e n c e o f ( b i o l o g i c a l ) m i x i n g ,

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180

b e c o n t a i n e d i n t h e u p p e r 4 cms , o f t h e c o r e . The m i x i n g

p r o c e s s w o u l d t h e n be r e q u i r e d t o o p e r a t e much more e f f e c t i v e l y210w i t h r e s p e c t t o r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Pb ( t o p r o d u c e a n a p p r o x -

210i m a t e l y c o n s t a n t p r o f i l e o f Pb a c t i v i t y t h r o u g h o u t t h e 15 cms .

1 37o f t h e c o r e ) r e l a t i v e t o Cs w h i c h e x h i b i t s e x p o n e n t i a l d e c r e a s e .

From t h e f o r e g o i n g d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e r a d i o c h e m i c a l d a t a

i t i s t h e r e f o r e a p p a r e n t t h a t a s u b s t a n t i a l d e p t h o f s u r f a c e

s e d i m e n t h a s b e e n l o s t d u r i n g g r a v i t y c o r i n g i n t h e s e h i g h

p o r o s i t y s e d i m e n t s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e i s c o n v i n c i n g 21 0e v i d e n c e f r o m Pb a nd r a d i o c a e s i u m d a t a t h a t t h e C r a i b c o r e r

h a s r e c o v e r e d r e l a t i v e l y u n d i s t u r b e d c o r e s o f s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t .

C o n s e q u e n t l y c o n s i d e r a b l y more c o n f i d e n c e c a n be p l a c e d i n

r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m c o r e s r e c o v e r e d w i t h t h i s s a m p l e r .

W i t h t h i s i n m i n d , t h e p r e s e n t p i c t u r e o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n210i n G a r e l o c h f r o m b o t h Pb a nd r a d i o c a e s i u m d a t a i n C r a i b c o r e

GLC3 i s t h a t o f a b a s i n e x p e r i e n c i n g a v e r y h i g h r a t e o f s e d i m e n t

a c c u m u l a t i o n , o f t h e o r d e r o f 2 crn,y , Su c h a h i g h r a t e o f

s e d i m e n t a t i o n i s n o t i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h e x p e c t a t i o n s . The

G a r e l o c h i s i t s e l f an arm o f t h e C l y d e E s t u a r y w h i c h i s , a s

i n d i c a t e d i n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n , c o n t i n u a l l y d r e d g e d , A l a r g e

f l u x o f r e s u s p e n d e d p a r t i c u l a t e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h i s o p e r a t i o n

c o u l d t h e r e f o r e be s w e p t i n t o t h e l o c h ( a s t r o n g t i d a l c u r r e n t

o f ^ 5 k n o t s f l o w s o v e r t h e s i l l a t t h e n a r r o w e n t r a n c e t o t h e

l o c h ) t o s e t t l e i n t h i s r e l a t i v e l y d e e p t r o u g h ; i n o t h e r w o r d s ,

t h e G a r e l o c h may a c t a s a s e t t l i n g t a n k ? o r s e d i m e n t s i n w a s h e d

f r o m t h e e s t u a r y . I n t e r e s t i n g l y , i n 1 8 9 2 , M i l l , i n d i s c u s s i n g

t h e G a r e l o c h d e s c r i b e d i t a s " i n a l l p a r t s t h i c k l y c o v e r e d b y

s e w a g e l a d e n mud, c a r r i e d i n b y t i d e s f r o m t h e e s t u a r y " .

F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r a d i o n u c l i d e d a t a show no e v i d e n c e t o s u g g e s t

i n t e n s i v e b i o l o g i c a l o r p h y s i c a l r e w o r k i n g o f t h e s e d e p o s i t s ;

f o r e x a m p l e , a l t h o u g h b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g o r s l u m p i n g w o u l d be

c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e o b s e r v e d 2 1 ° ? b p r o f i l e , s u c h a l t e r n a t i v e s

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A. *1 O I

a r e n o t r e a d i l y c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e e v i d e n c e o f t h e r a d i o ­

c a e s i u m p r o f i l e s s i n c e a more h o m o g e ne ou s r a d i o c a e s i u m

d i s t r i b u t i o n w o u l d be e x p e c t e d .

The s t a b l e l e a d p r o f i l e f o r g r a v i t y c o r e GLG2 i s shown i n

f i g , 4 1 , an(l t h a t f o r GLC2, a f u r t h e r c o m p a n i o n C r a i b c o r e t o

GLC3, i n f i g . 5 0 , V e r y h i g h l e a d l e v e l s a r e o b s e r v e d t h r o u g h o u t

t h e 34 cms, o f t h e g r a v i t y c o r e , i n c r e a s i n g s h a r p l y t o w a r d s a

maximum a t a d e p t h o f c a , 4 t o 7 cms . a nd t h e n d e c r e a s i n g

t o w a r d s t h e s e d i m e n t s u r f a c e . I n c o n t r a s t , l e a d l e v e l s i n

c o r e GIC2 a r e o f s i m i l a r m a g n i t u d e a t t h e c o r e t o p t o t h o s e

o b s e r v e d a t d e p t h i n GLG2, b u t i n c r e a s e l i n e a r l y down t h e c o r e .

The s t a b l e l e a d p r o f i l e i s t h e r e f o r e a l s o i n t r i g u i n g i n i t s e l f .

On t h e b a s i s o f t h e g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s r e a c h e d f r o m

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e r a d i o n u c l i d e d a t a , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

a n y s p e c i e s i n t h e u p p e r f ew cms o f t h e g r a v i t y c o r e , a s

r e s i d u a l o f a m i x i n g / l o s s p r o c e s s , s h o u l d r e f l e c t t h e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h a t s p e c i e s i n t h e o v e r l y i n g s e d i m e n t ( i , e ,

t h e C r a i b c o r e ) ; t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f l e a d ( ^ 7 5 0 ppm) o b s e r v e d

i n t h i s z o n e i s s i m i l a r t o c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f o u n d i n t h e l o w e r

h a l f o f t h e C r a i b c o r e a n d i s t h e r e f o r e c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h i s

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . The o b s e r v a t i o n o f h i g h e r l e a d l e v e l s n e a r

t h e s u r f a c e o f GLG2 m u s t r e f l e c t i n p u t o f a s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r

l e a d c o n c e n t r a t i o n t o t h e s e d i m e n t t i t some p a s t t i m e ,

p r e s u m a b l y w i t h a s u b s e q u e n t r e t u r n t o p r e v i o u s l o w e r l e v e l s ,210Now, f o r t h e s a k e o f a r g u m e n t , i f t h e Pb s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e

e s t i m a t e d f r o m GLG2 i s e x t r a p o l a t e d t o t h e f u l l l e n g t h o f t h e

g r a v i t y c o r e , t h e a g e / d e p t h c u r v e o f f i g , 43 r e s u l t s . From

t h i s i t f o l l o w s e i t h e r t h a t l e v e l s o f l e a d p o l l u t i o n w e r e

c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t h i s l o c h e v e n i n t h e e a r l y 1 7 0 0 ’ s o r t h a t

n a t u r a l l e v e l s a r e u n u s u a l l y h i g h , u p t o x 60 t h o s e o b s e r v e d

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182

i n s e d i m e n t s o f o t h e r a r e a s ( e , g , L o c h G o i l , w h e r e 1 b a c k g r o u n d ’

l e v e l s o f l e a d a r e ^ 1 0 p p m ) , A l t e r n a t i v e l y , i f t h e s e d i m e n t —

- 2 -1a t i o n r a t e i s i n d e e d c l o s e r t o t h e 540 mg,cm y v a l u e

d e r i v e d f r o m C r a i b c o r e GLC3 and e s t a b l i s h e d a s b e i n g more

a c c e p t a b l e , t h e n t h e 34 cm h o r i z o n i n t h e g r a v i t y c o r e w o u l d

c o r r e s p o n d t o an ag e o f <*32 y ( t h i s d o e s n o t h o w e v e r t a k e

a c c o u n t o f a n y s e d i m e n t l o s s ) a nd t h e p r o f i l e m i g h t be

e x p l a i n e d i n t e r m s o f r e c e n t c u l t u r a l e f f e c t s . S i n c e t h e r e

i s no known l o c a l g e o l o g i c a l r e a s o n t o e x p e c t s u c h h i g h n a t u r a l

l e a d l e v e l s ( L e a t h e r l a n d , 1 9 7 8 , p e r s , comm,) a n d s i n c e t h e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o b s e r v e d ( 6 0 0 t o 8G0 ppm i n t h e C r a i b c o r e a n d

u p t o a/ 950 ppm i n t h e G r a v i t y c o r e ) a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h m a t e r i a l

d e r i v e d f r o m t h e e s t u a r y w h e r e l e v e l s r e a c h AqOOO ppm ( L e a t h e r ­

l a n d , 1 9 7 8 , p e r s , c o m m , ) , t h e l a t t e r e x p l a n a t i o n w o u l d seem

more r e a s o n a b l e , a l t h o u g h t h e a b s e n c e o f t i m e - m a r k e r s f o r t h e

l e a d r e c o r d i n t h e a r e a r e n d e r s a l m o s t a n y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

p o s s i b l e . F u r t h e r ' s a m p l i n g and a n a l y s i s a r e o b v i o u s l y

r e q u i r e d b e f o r e u n a m b i g u o u s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e s e s t a b l e

l e a d r e s u l t s i s p o s s i b l e . N o n e t h e l e s s , b a s e d on t h e " b e s t

e s t i m a t e " s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e C r a i b c o r e , t h e

p r e s e n t a n n u a l f l u x o f l e a d t o t h e s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s o f

- 2 -1G a r e l o c h a p p e a r s t o be ^ 3 4 0 p g . cm y

Loch G o i l

S a m p l i n g l o c a t i o n s f o r Lo c h G o i l a r e shown on p a g e 221

( f i g , 51 ) , The r e s u l t s o f t h e a n a l y s e s o f two C r a i b

c o r e s a n d one g r a v i t y c o r e f r o m s t a t i o n 1 a r e p r e s e n t e d i n

t h e t a b l e s a nd f i g u r e s on p a g e s 222 t o 2 4 6 ; t h o s e f o r a C r a i b

c o r e f r o m s t a t i o n 2 a r e shown on p a g e s 247 t o 2 5 5 .

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4° 5 0 W 4 ° 45 W ; S3

LochLong FIGURE 37 G a r e l o c h

s a m p l i n g s t a t i o n

( s c a l e 1 : 63 t 360)5 6 ° 0 5 N

3 G a r e l o c h e a d

F a s l a n e

Sta t i on

Clynder

Rhu

erf

5 6 ° O ' N -Cove

3arons'Poi nt

Ros ne at h PointKi l creqqan

Cl yde E s t u a r yRrth o f

Clyde

Gourock

G r e e n o c k

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TABLE 26 BACKGROUND INFO'E :ATICX FOR

GARELOCR GRAVITY CORE GLG2

CORE DESIGNATION:

SAMPLING DATS:

LOCATION:

WATER DEPTH:

TOTAL CORE LENGTH:

GARELOCH GRAVITY CORE

CORE GLG2

7 - 1 1 - 7 5

LAT, 56° 0 2 ’ 4 2 " N

LONG, 0 4 ° 4 9 ' 3 6 ” ¥

48 m

36 cm,

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OP SEDIMENTS:

h o m o g e n e o u s l i g h t / m i d b r own c l a y

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TABLE

27 GARELOCH GRAVITY CORE GLG2 : RESULTS

OF ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS

185

>:-P•HOTOUO

P4

v O l ^ - ^ - T h f ° > r - ( M O O O C ^ OO O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O h t ^ W

O O O O O O O O v D O ' ^ t ' v D ^ O

CU

-P>Hup

n C O v O N ^ t ' - ' O O O i n n ^ ( f l O ' f r> rON O O M ( M ( N n ^ n n i A r - T ) - \ 0

Tj- ^ oo co in vO• • • • • •in sO nO I'- nO

^3

i

-p 00 rj* in t - o ON VO O in NO 00 CM CM m ON h- ON o> • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

m t*- CO NO 00 r - 00 oo 00 in 00 ON CM 00 TT" ON O o ON o CM-p0)

>

cn m m m m m m m m m m m m m ''t m Tf- * m

£o•H-po0)

CO

r- cm cn Tf

I I I IO t- cm cn

in no oo on ▼- *-

I I I I I I Ir f in vo oo on O

cm on ^ in no t - 00 ON O r -r- CM CM

f I Iin no

I I It - 00 On o

CM

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TABL

E 27

(co

nt'

d)

SARE

LOCH

GR

AVIT

Y CO

RE

GLG2

:

RESU

LTS

OF AN

ALXT

ICAL

IN

VES

TIG

ATI

ON

S

186

coI

-p•HCOOUOP

b(

t ' - t ’— NONONOc ONONONONOc OCO t— t'— t— l>~ t'— t'- t*- t'— t— t— t— t"-

in oo oo O O ' t- On co oo On

r - O N O O r > o o m h - T j - h - T - i r \ T hT t ' C O c O T t c O ' ^ - c O T f c O T j - T i ’ ^’

eo

v—'

a CM CO in nOo CM CM CM CM CM

•H-P 1 1 1 1 1O<D T— CM CO in

CO CM CM CM CM CM

oo On O CM COCM CM CO CO CO COI I I I I I

r— oo on o CM

Boto

+ lCOCM«HO>>-P•H10cQ>

<D- p i-1> vO O n T— NO O t - CM ON in NO r— o

• • • • • • • • • • • • •H> NO in NO h - NO o in 00 in t - ON o -P

PT— T— T— T_ CM ' — 1 T— T_ CM U

cjf t

T*OP3wci0)B

0)BbOa

•H(03T*<D-Pc63

rHc8►0)>>-P•H(0Ouo

Ph

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TABL

E 27

(con

t'd

) GA

RELO

CH

GRAV

ITY

CORE

GL

G2

: RE

SULT

S OF

ANAL

YTIC

AL

INV

ESTI

GA

TIO

NS

187

b

+ iTbi «

CO Qo E

P PQm TJt— "—

b ,---sT— T— vO vO CM

1 « • • •+ 1 bi CM <n o O

CO E + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1o P

e'­ vO t - T— 00 T—e n • • • • •i— r~ CM 00 CM r -

+ l Lco - X E O PJ

P4 rb O ^CM

m m m m m m CM CM CM CM• • • • • • • • • • •

o o O o o o o o O O o

+ 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1

T_ t - On ON vO T“ t - CM• • • • • • • • • • •

i n c n m m CM t— o o

O CO f^l CMb ^ CM r * 1T“ v—T“ T~ • • • • •

1 o o o o O+ 1 61

< + 1 + 1 + 1 + i+ 1ce E

« p O vO ON t—vo ' b t - t— t - vO inCM ’ • • • • •CM (M T - *— r—

bT”

O i n i n CM i n Th vO h - ON 00+ 1 T_

|cn CM m CM CM CM CM T— r - o r—• • • • • • • • • • •

EH 61 o o O O O O O o o o oO - Eh E^ o + 1 + ! + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1

i£j H-Pk ^ ON rh T f vO f m vO o e'­ i n

O ^ r - VO m LTV m 00 t - T— e n 00T_ • • • • • • • • • • •CM vO vO vO vO i n i n c \ m CM T—

CM

O + 10000

ao•H-POCD

CO

r N n T j - ^ v O t - O O O ' r r -I I I I I I I I I I I

o r - W r i T t ' l A v O h C C O ' O

C M r ^ T t m v O t — o o c ^ o

I I IT - CM m

I I Iin vo

I I It— CO On

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188

co

oMEh

3MEhCOW

PIoMEHHP5

<

P4OCOEh

CMCJPIC3HPSOoHEhM

PSciJWoo

w

ciJ

br*

T—+ i

ttiCO <

o BP

•*—

br“+ 17 tfCO i

o Br - PcoT—

+ l L htoldCO < X B

pi PJ Ph rPo ^

T—CM

b --ST—r—■+ 1

1b(d B

PS PvOCM >—*CM

-PPoo

+I T I ,Eh N

O < Eh 6

P> P\ P4 TO

O ^CM

r— r— • •o o

+ 1 + 1t*- CM 00 vO

nt in co• • •

o o o

+ 1 +1 +100 Tt t— t'- h- t -

to♦EPk

O + 1 t -T~

II&

OCM

' d y—so CO

-p pfn oo •HP< -PP< dP PCO •H

EA p-p CD•H -P> <D

>b<D d

-p PSd voP CM

fH CMd> <H<v O

PPM d

O 0)T— ECM

t -CM

COcovo

P t— r \ XO CM CM W

W •H /—,P I -p B 1 1 1CQ o o<1 o •w ' CM vO CM %Eh CO CM CM

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Dep

th

in Co

re

(cm

.)189

FIGURE 38 Depth p r o f i l e s o f t o t a l ^ ^ P b and

f o r G a r e l o c h g r a v i t y c o r e GLG2

Tot a l and Ra A c t i v i t i e s ( d . p . m . g - 1 )

1 0

1 2

1 U

2101 8 h - H

2262 0 Ra

2 6

3 0

3 U L

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Dep

th

in co

re

(cm

)FIGURE 39 R a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e f o r G a r e l o c h

g r a v i t y c o r e GLG2

A c t i v i t y ( d pm g'1)

30

NO 1 3 4 C s

D e t e c t e dD

6

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D ep

th

in co

re

( cm

)

FIGURE 40 P o r o s i t y p r o f i l e f o r G a r e l o c h 191

g r a v i t y c o r e GLG2

Porosity 0- 72 0 - 7 6 0 - 8 0 0 - 8 4

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 4

1 6

1 8

2 0

22

2 4

2 6

2 8

3 0

3 2

3 4

0-8 8 I

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Dep

th

in co

re

(cm

)192

FIGURE 41 Lead p r o f i l e f o r G a r e l o c h g r a v i t y

c o r e GLG2

L e a d c o n c e n t r a t i o n ip g g-1)

5 0 0 6 0 0 700 8 0 0 9 0 0 1 0 0 0

1 0

1 6

20

22

2 4

2 6 -

2 8

3 0

3 2

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Exce

ss

210

Pb A

ctiv

ity

(d.p

.m.g

:1)

FIGURE 42 Depth p r o f i l e o f e x c e s s ~ Pb f o r

G a r e l o c h g r a v i t y c o r e GLG2

193

6

5

3

0-56-52-5 3-51-5

Depth in core (g.cnrr2 )

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FIGURE 43 Curve o f age ( c a l e n d a r d a t e ) a g a i n s t d e p t h

f o r G a r e l o c h g r a v i t y c o r e GLG2

C a l e n d a r d a t e ( no m i x i n g )

1 9 7 6 1936 1 8 9 6 1 8 5 6 1816 1776 1 7 3 6

0 4 0 8 0 120 1 6 0 2 0 0 2 4 0 A g e ( y )0 q «--------- 1-------------------- i--------------------1--------------------1-------------------- 1 l

” ! Mi x ed z o n e e q u i v a l e n t2 | t o about 21 y

U — i!

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TABLE 28 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ?OR

GARELOCH CRAIB CORE GLC3

CORE DESIGNATION:

SAMPLING DATE:

LOCATION:

WATER DEPTH:

TOTAL CORE LENGTH:

GARELOCH CRAIB CORE

CORE GLC3

7 - 1 1 - 7 5

LAT, 56° 0 2 ' 4 2 M N

LONG. 0 4 ° 4 9 ' 3 6 M W

48 m*

15 cm.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OP SEDIMENTS:

h o m o g e n e o u s l i g h t / m i d b r o w n c l a y

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196

cm 7- CN ON t - CO 7— 7_ o oLO Ln t - Ln CO Th Tf- }-• « • • • • • • • •o O o O o o o o o O

toin •H COJZ' to 1O rO oc CO in nO CJ co nO CO co CO Et-H rH VL in CO CO CO ON CO oE-1 r: i—i w ►-—< • • • • • • • « • • «< c 7— T— 7— T— T— 7— 7— 7— 7— to

d!—1 o 7— 7z- H • COin o co nO 00 T— h- CM 03 o t - o •H

•H CM 7— in CM ON t— NO t - o toS o • • • • • • • • • • + 1 d

r—» O o nO nO in in in m in NOM CO

« -Pp CJ rdc 'too =H •Hi—i O 0E-: >>r*rH CM►J CO -p

in o CN] in CO cc CO in NO t - •H ur-i o CM o ON ON r-t- VO "fr CM 7— to cd

d '— • « • • • • • • • • CO cn H" co CJ CM CJ CM CM CM CM 0 d

?! nrf oo

0 'ziw pH 0E-< O to

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TABL

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Page 217: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Dep

th

in co

re

( cm

)FIGURE 44 Depth p r o f i l e s o f t o t a l ^ ^ P b and

f o r G a r e l o c h Cr ai b c o r e GLC3

198

Tot a l 2 1 0 Pb a n d

0 1 2 3 ^ 5

^ ® R a A c t i v i t i e s ( d.p.m. g U

6 7 8 9 10

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2 2 6Ra

Page 218: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

199

FIGURE 45 R a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e f o r G a r e l o c h

Cr a i b c o r e GLC3

1 3 7 r ^ 13^ iCs a n d Cs A c t i v i t i e s ( dp.m. g - 1 )

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Page 219: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Dep

th

in co

re

(cm

) D

epth

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m)

FIGURE 46 P o r o s i t y p r o f i l e f o r G a r e l o c h

C r a i b c o r e GLC3

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0 - 7 9 0-83 0 - 8 7 0-91 0 - 9 5—T0

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Page 220: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

•Exc

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3

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Page 221: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Dep

th

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FIGURE 49 C u r ve o f a g e ( c a l e n d a r d a t e ) a g a i n s t d e n t h

f o r G a r e l o c h C r a i b c o r e GLC3

C a l e n d a r d a t e1976 1974- 1972 1970 1968 1966 ( no m i x i n g )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A g e ( y )0 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Page 222: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Dep

th

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)

203FIGURE 50 Lead p r o f i l e f o r G a r e l o c h C r a i b c o r e GLC2

L e a d c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( ju g . g — )

6 0 0 7 0 0 8 0 0

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204

S t a t i o n 10 -| o ^2^

T o t a l £' Pb a n d “ Ra d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r L o c h G o i l g r a v i t y

c o r e LGG5 a r e p l o t t e d i n f i g , 52 , P a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t i n g

i s t h e u n u s u a l p r o f i l e o b s e r v e d f o r ~ Ra , c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

i n c r e a s i n g f ro m a t y p i c a l i n s h o r e m a r i n e v a l u e o f ^ 1 * 7 dpm,g~^

a t d e p t h t h r o u g h a maximum of^N/5‘ 6 dpm,g""^ a t 3 c m s , b e l o w t h e

mud s u r f a c e ; a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e u p p e r 2 cms , o f t h e c o r e a r e

21 0r e l a t i v e l y d e p r e s s e d . S i m i l a r l y , t h e Pb p r o f i l e e x h i b i t s

r e d u c e d a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e u p p e r 2 cms o f t h e c o r e , p a s s e s

t h r o u g h a maximum a t a d e p t h o f 3 cms , a n d t h e n d e c l i n e s

226e x p o n e n t i a l l y t o 10 c m s , , b e l o w w h i c h e q u i l i b r i u m b e t w e e n Ra

21 0a n d Pb i s o b s e r v e d ,

210U s i n g e x c e s s Pb d a t a f r o m 3 cms , t o 10 cms, a n e s t i m a t e

o f t h e s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n r a t e c a n be o b t a i n e d . H o w e v e r ,

226s i n c e t h e Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n shows a r a p i d d e c l i n e w i t h d e p t h

226i n t h i s r e g i o n a n d t h e d e g r e e o f e q u i l i b r i u m b e t w e e n Ra a n d

21 0Pb i s u n kn o wn , a l t e r n a t i v e e s t i m a t e s a r e d e r i v e d a s d e s c r i b e d

b e f o r e , W e i g h t e d l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s y i e l d s v a l u e s o f

( a ) 45 + 2 mg,cm’"^y ( b ) 4 0 + 2 mg , cm~^y a nd

—2 ” 1 210( c ) 3 5 + 2 mg,cm y f o r s u p p o r t e d Pb e q u i v a l e n t t o

( a ) m e a s u r e d ^ Ra ; ( b ) mean t o t a l Pb a t d e p t h ; a n d 21 0( c ) Pb e s t i m a t e d i t e r a t i v e l y . C o n f i d e n c e i n

t h e r e s u l t o f t h e i t e r a t i v e a p p r o a c h , h o w e v e r , i s i n t h i s c a s e ,

l i m i t e d s i n c e t h e e x t e n t o f l o s s o f s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t ( a n d

t h e r e f o r e t h e ’ t r u e 1 a g e o f t h e u p p e r s t r a t a c o n t a i n i n g t h e

^ ^ P b and ’ a n o m a l o u s ’ ^ ^ R a p r o f i l e s ) i s a s y e t u n d e f i n e d .

F o r t h i s r e a s o n and f o r r e a s o n s w h i c h w i l l become a p p a r e n t ,

t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e e s t i m a t e s o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e i s

- 2 -1m i n o r a n d t h e r e f o r e a mean v a l u e o f 40 mg,cm y ( t i g . 55)

( e q u i v a l e n t t o a mean s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f ^ / 1 * 2 mm,y“ 1 ) i s u s e d t o

e v a l u a t e t h e a g e / d e p t h c u r v e o f f i g . 5 6 W i t h a n e x t r a ­

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205

210p o l a t e d v a l u e o f u n s u p p o r t e d Pb a t t h e ' s e d i m e n t /_ i

w a t e r ' i n t e r f a c e o f 1 2 - 6 dpm, g an e s t i m a t e o f t h e f l u x o f

210 —2 —1e x c e s s Pb t o t h e m u d - s u r f a c e o f 0»5 dprn#cm y i s

c a l c u l a t e d , i n c l o s e a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e e s t i m a t e d a t m o s p h e r i c_2

f l u x o f / \ y0 «3 S dpm,cm f o r t h e r e g i o n , On t h i s b a s i s t h e m a i n21 0s o u r c e o f e x c e s s Pb i n t h e s e d i m e n t s i s a p p a r e n t l y t h a t due

t o d i r e c t a t m o s p h e r i c r a i n o u t on t o t h e l o c h s u r f a c e . The/■)-j o 2

c o n t r i b u t i o n o f e x c e s s ^ Pb f r o m i n - s i t u d e c a y o f “ Ra i n

— 2 — 1t h e w a t e r c o l u m n i s e s t i m a t e d a t 0«03 dpm,cm y ( b a s e d on a

mean “ Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e w a t e r o f 0*13 dpm, 1*" a n d a

w a t e r c o l u m n d e p t h o f 80 m e t r e s ) a nd i s t h e r e f o r e i n s i g n i f i c a n t .

The s t a b l e l e a d p r o f i l e f o r c o r e Lfr05 p r e s e n t e d i n f i g 57

i s c l a s s i c a l i n f o r m , l e a d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n c r e a s i n g

e x p o n e n t i a l l y f r o m d e p t h t o t h e c o r e t o p w h e r e c o n s i d e r a b l y

h i g h e r v a l u e s a r e r e c o r d e d . A s s u m i n g a s u r f a c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n

-1o f 500 pgg , a m o d e r n f l u x o f l e a d t o t h e s e d i m e n t o f

— 2 —120 p g , c m y i s e s t i m a t e d , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a n i n c r e a s e o f x 50

o v e r p r e - i n d u s t r i a l l e v e l s ; t h i s a s s u m e s t h a t v a l u e s o f / M l 0 pg

g o b s e r v e d a t t h e b a s e o f t h e c o r e r e p r e s e n t n a t u r a l

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and t h a t t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e h a s r e m a i n e d

u n c h a n g e d . I f t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e was i n f a c t l o w e r i n

t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a t h e n t h e i n c r e a s e d i n p u t may be

s u b s t a n t i a l l y g r e a t e r t h a n t h i s v a l u e . A s s u m i n g t h e f i r s t

s i g n i f i c a n t r i s e i n l e a d l e v e l s t o o c c u r a t a d e p t h o f / ^ 2 0 cms ,

i n t h e c o r e , an ag e o f n/ 180 y e a r s i s e s t i m a t e d f o r t h i s

h o r i z o n ( i , e , r ^ A D 1 7 9 0 ) w h i c h i s n o t i n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e

known o n s e t o f c u l t u r a l c h a n g e a nd i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t y i n t h e r e g ­

i o n , I t i s w o r t h p o i n t i n g o u t t h e n , t h a t c o n s i d e r e d

i n d e p e n d e n t l y , t h e r a d i o n u c l i d e and m e t a l d a t a f o r t h i s

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206

g r a v i t y c o r e ar e a p p a r e n t l y s e n s i b l e and i n some ways f o l l o w

c l a s s i c a l t r e n d s . The i n t e r e s t i n g f a c t h o w e v e r i s t h a t t h e s e

r e s u l t s w i l l be shown t o be a l m o s t t o t a l l y e r r o n e o u s ,

58 p r e s e n t s t h e t o t a l 2 ^ P b a n d 2 2 ^Ra d i s t r i b u t i o n s

f o r C r a i b c o r e LGC2 r e c o v e r e d f r o m t h e same l o c a t i o n a s g r a v i t y

c o r e LGG5, A g a i n , t h e m o s t r e m a r k a b l e f e a t u r e o f t h e p r o f i l e

i s t h e u n u s u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e n a t u r a l s e r i e s n u c l i d e s ,226p a r t i c u l a r l y t h a t o f Ra w h i c h e x h i b i t s a w e l l - d e f i n e d

maximum a t ^ 4 cms , b e l o w t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e # The 21 0t o t a l Pb p r o f i l e s h o ws some e v i d e n c e o f a maximum a t a d e p t h

226e q u i v a l e n t t o t h a t o f t h e Ra maximum, w i t h a g r a d u a l t r e n d

t o d e c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s b e l o w t h i s l e v e l . H o w e v e r , i n 226v i e w o f t h e ^ Ra a n o m a l y a nd o f t h e s h o r t c o r e l e n g t h no

e s t i m a t e o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e i s p o s s i b l e . M o r e o v e r , f r o m

t h e s e r e s u l t s , t h e r e i s no o b v i o u s p o i n t o f o v e r l a p b e t w e e n t h e

C r a i b a n d g r a v i t y c o r e s ,o o ft

To s t u d y t h e Ra a n o m a l y f u r t h e r , t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e

210d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Pb b e l o w 10 cms , a n d t o d e t e r m i n e a p o s s i b l e

p o i n t o f o v e r l a p b e t w e e n C r a i b a n d g r a v i t y c o r e s a s u b s t a n t i a l l y

l o n g e r C r a i b c o r e , LGC9, was r e c o v e r e d f r o m t h e same l o c a t i o n21 0a p p r o x i m a t e l y 14 m o n t h s l a t e r . C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e t o t a l Pb

a n d 2 2 ^ Ra d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n t h i s l a t t e r c o r e ( f i g , 60 ) w i t h

t h o s e o f LG-C2, shows goo d a g r e e m e n t , t h e d i s t i n c t maximum i n

Ra a g a i n b e i n g o b s e r v e d a few c e n t i m e t r e s b e l o w t h e21 0s e d i m e n t s u r f a c e . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e c u m u l a t i v e t o t a l Pb

a n d 22(^Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e u p p e r 10 cms , o f LGC9 c o m p a r e—2 —2f a v o u r a b l y w i t h t h o s e i n LGC2 (35*1 dpm,cm ' a n d 34*8 dpm,cm

f o r 2 1 0 Pb a n d 17*9 dpm,cm” 2 a n d 19*1 dpm,cm” 2 f o r 2 2 6 Ra

r e s p e c t i v e l y ) , T h i s a g r e e m e n t c o n s t i t u t e s goo d e v i d e n c e o f

t h e r e j > r o d u c i b i l i t y w i t h w h i c h t h e C r a i b c o r e r r e c o v e r s

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u n d i s t u r b e d s e d i m e n t . M o r e o v e r , t h e r a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e s

f o r t h e s e c o r e s ( f i g s . 5 9 , 61 ) r e v e a l a c o n s i d e r a b l y h i ? h e r1 37

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Cs i n t h e t o p m o s t s e c t i o n o f c o r e LGC9

s a m p l e d 14 m o n t h s a f t e r LGrC2, c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e i n c r e a s i n g 1 37o u t p u t o f Cs i n w a s t e f r om Y i n d s c a l e o v e r t h i s t i m e p e r i o d

a n d i m p l y i n g t h a t t h e s u p e r f i c i a l l a y e r o f s e d i m e n t h a s b e e n

r e c o v e r e d u n d i s t u r b e d b y t h e C r a i b c o r e r . C r a i b c o r e s , t h e n ,

a r e e s s e n t i a l l y s e l f - c o n s i s t e n t , and p r o f i l e s o b s e r v e d i n t h e

l o n g e r LG-C9 c o n f i r m 226( 1 ) t h a t t h e Ra a n o m a l y i s c o n f i n e d t o t h e u p p e r 8 c ms ,

o f t h e d e p o s i t , a nd

210( 2 ) t h a t Pb c o n c e n t r a t i o n s d e c l i n e g r a d u a l l y w i t h926

d e p t h b e l o w t h e l e v e l o f t h e “ Ra maximum.

210H o w e v e r , a c o n s i d e r a b l e a c t i v i t y o f e x c e s s Pb

r e m a i n s a t a d e p t h o f 17 cms .

A l t h o u g h , i n t h i s i n s t a n c e , a s i m i l a r g e n e r a l t r e n d i s

o b s e r v e d i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e n a t u r a l s e r i e s n u c l i d e s i n

b o t h t h e g r a v i t y a nd C r a i b c o r e s , t h e r e n o n e t h e l e s s e x i s t

c o n s i d e r a b l e a n d s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e r e s p e c t i v e

p r o f i l e s i n t h e two c o r e t y p e s . F o r e x a m p l e , b o t h t h e Ra

210a n d t o t a l Pb c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e u p p e r 6 cms . o f t h e C r a i b

c o r e a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y g r e a t e r t h a n t h e maximum a c t i v i t i e s

o b s e r v e d i n t h e g r a v i t y c o r e , i m p l y i n g t h a t a t l e a s t t h i s

t h i c k n e s s o f s e d i m e n t h a s b e e n l o s t f r o m t h e g r a v i t y c o r e

d u r i n g s a m p l i n g . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e i s no p o i n t o f o v e r l a p

b e t w e e n C r a i b ( b e l o w 6 c m s . ) a nd g r a v i t y ( b e l o w 2 c m s . ) c o r e s

w h e r e a n a c c e p t a b l e a n d s i m u l t a n e o u s d e g r e e o f c o r r e s p o n d e n c e910

o c c u r s b e t w e e n Pb and Ra a c t i v i t i e s f o r a n i n d i v i d u a l

s e c t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , i f t h e Ra a c t i v i t i e s a r e i g n o r e d ,

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2 0 8

210a n d t h e c o r e s m a t c h e d s o l e l y on t h e b a s i s o f Pb a c t i v i t i e s

( e . S , 3 cms , i n t h e g r a v i t y c o r e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o 8 t o 9 cms ,

i n t h e C r a i b c o r e ) t h e n t h e p r o f i l e o f Pb b e l o w t h e s e d e p t h s

s h o u l d show s i m i l a r t r e n d s ; c l e a r l y t h i s i s n o t t h e c a s e ,

21 0F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e t o t a l c u m u l a t i v e a c t i v i t y o f Pb f r o m 3 cms ,_2

t o 10 cms , i n t h e g r a v i t y c o r e i s ^ ' 1 5 « 5 dpm,cm , m a r k e d l y l o w e r

t h a n t h a t f r o m 9 cms t o 16 c rns . i n t h e C r a i b c o r e o f / v 2 1 « 4 - 2dpm,cm , The i n e s c a p a b l e c o n c l u s i o n f r o m t h e r a d i o n u c l i d e

d a t a i s t h e r e f o r e t h a t n o t o n l y h a s a c o n s i d e r a b l e q u a n t i t y o f

s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t b e e n l o s t d u r i n g g r a v i t y c o r e s a m p l i n g b u t

210a l s o t h a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f Pb a n d ^ Ra o b s e r v e d i n t h e

g r a v i t y c o r e a r e n o t i n f a c t i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e n a t u r a l s e d i m e n t

c o n d i t i o n s b u t a r e an a r t e f a c t o f c o r i n g a nd r e p r e s e n t t h e

' r e m a i n s ' o f a f a i r l y l a r g e - s c a l e m i x i n g / l o s s ] :>rocess .

The g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s d r a w n f r o m t h e n a t u r a l s e r i e s

p r o f i l e s a r e l a r g e l y c o n f i r m e d b y t h e r a d i o c a e s i u m d a t a f o r*1 A W

t h e s e c o r e s . F i g s , 5 9 , 61 p r e s e n t t h e Cs a nd Cs

p r o f i l e s f o r c o r e s LGC2 a n d LGC9 r e s p e c t i v e l y w h i l e t h a t f o r

g r a v i t y c o r e LGG5 i s shown i n f i g , 5 3 ,137 . . .Cs p r o f i l e s i n b o t h C r a i b c o r e s e x h i b i t i n c r e a s i n g

c o n e e n t r a , t i o n s f r o m d e p t h t o w a r d s t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e

( c f G a r e l o c h ) c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

t h e s e n u c l i d e s i n w a s t e r e l e a s e d f r o m V i n d s c a l e , F u r t h e r m o r e ,

137 ot h e a c t i v i t y o f Cs i n t h e u p p e r f ew cms, o f t h e C r a i b c o r e s

- 1 - 1i s a r o u n d 30 d p m , g a n d i s g r e a t e r t h a n c a 10 d pm , g t o a

d e n t h o f 8 c ms . I n c o n t r a s t t h e maximum ^Cs a c t i v i t y

o b s e r v e d i n t h e g r a v i t y c o r e i s l e s s t h a n 10 d p m , g , c o n f i r m i n g

t h a t a t l e a s t 8 cms , o f s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t h a v e b e e n l o s t ,

W h i l e t h e t o t a l a b s e n c e o f 1 3 4 Cs i n t h e g r a v i t y c o r e a n 1 t h e

o b s e r v e d d e p t h d i s t r i b u t i o n o f ^ G s c o u l d oe c o m p a t i b l e

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209

w i t h s e d i m e n t b e l o w 3 cms, i n t h e C ra ib c o r e , when t a h e n

i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e n a t u r a l s e r i e s r a d i o n u c l i d e d a t a ,

t h e more i n t e r n a l l y c o n s i s t e n t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s t h a t d e s c r i b e d

a b o v e , i . e . c o m p l e t e l o s s o f a s u b s t a n t i a l q u a n t i t y o f s u r f a c e

s e d i m e n t , t h e u p p e r 10 cm, o f t h e g r a v i t y c o r e c o m p r i s i n g

r e s i d u a l m i x e d s e d i m e n t .

I f t h e a bove i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s c o r r e c t , t h e n t h e

i m p l i c a t i o n i s t h a t o n l y t h e d a t a r e c o r d e d a t c o n s i d e r a b l e

d e p t h i n t h e g r a v i t y c o r e may be r e l i a b l e . F o r e x a m p l e ,

10 ppm c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f l e a d i n t h e s e d i m e n t , b a s e d on

o b s e r v e d l e v e l s i n t h e l o w e r 10 cms , o f t h e g r a v i t y c o r e , a r e

p r o b a b l y v a l i d i n d i c a t o r s o f n a t u r a l v a l u e s .

I t i s a p p a r e n t t h e n t h a t a n y m e a n i n g f u l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f

s e d i m e n t a r y p r o c e s s e s i n Loch G o i l w i l l p r i m a r i l y d e r i v e f r o m

226s t u d y o f C r a i b c o r e p r o f i l e s . S i n c e t h e ^ Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n

i s r e a s o n a b l y s t a b l e b e l o w a d e p t h o f 10 cms , i n c o r e LGC9 a n d

e x h i b i t s a c o n c e n t r a t i o n t y p i c a l o f t h e s e d e p o s i t s , i t i s

21 0p o s s i b l e t o e s t i m a t e a mean v a l u e f o r t h e s u p p o r t e d ' Pb o v e r

t h e d e p t h i n t e r v a l 10 cms . t o 17 cms , and h e n c e t o d e r i v e a

v a l u e f o r t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e . U s i n g a mean s u p p o r t e d

^ ^Pb a c t i v i t y o f 2 - 2 + 0*2 d p m , g ( b a s e d on t h e l a s t t h r e e

226m e a s u r e m e n t s o f R a ) , w e i g h t e d l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s- 2 -1y i e l d s a v a l u e o f 200 + 73 mg,cm y f o r t h e r a t e o f s e d i m e n t

a c c u m u l a t i o n ( f i g , 63 ) ( e q u i v a l e n t t o a mean s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f

1 "I6 mm,y a n d a s u r f a c e r a t e o f 1 crn.y ) , The c o r r e s p o n d i n g

a g e / d e p t h c u r v e f o r LGC9 i s shown i n f i g 6 4 , A l t h o u g h

t h e o r e t i c a l l y i t w o u l d be p o s s i b l e t o a d o p t an i t e r a t i v e226.^a p p r o a c h t o t h e e x c e s s ^ Ra o b s e r v e d i n t h e u p p e r 10 cms . o f

t h e c o r e , and t h e r e b y t o i n c l u d e more d a t a p o i n t s i n d e t e r m i n i n g

t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e , i n p r a c t i c e t h i s w o u l d be u n r e a l i s t i c

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210

s i n c e s u c h a l a r g e e r r o r i s a l r e a d y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e

d e r i v e d v a l u e , C o n f i r m a t o r y e v i d e n c e o f a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h

r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n f o r t h i s l o c a t i o n comes f r o m

t h e r a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e i n LGC9, a f t e r a l l o w i n g f o r a

b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g d e a t h o f 4 cms , f o r t h e s e d e p o s i t s , t h e

e v i d e n c e f o r w h i c h i s o u t l i n e d b e l o w #

X - r a d i o g r a p h s o f s e v e r a l c o r e s f r o m t h i s l o c a t i o n h a v e

i n d i c a t e d t h e p r e s e n c e o f v o r r n - h o l e s t o a d e p t h o f -v 4 cms, i n

t h e d e p o s i t ; t h a t f o r c o r e LGC9 i s shown i n p l a t e 1

T h i s d e p t h o f b i o l o g i c a l r e w o r k i n g i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e 21 0 - ..o b s e r v e d Pb d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h i s c o r e , r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t

210 Pb a c t i v i t i e s b e i n g o b s e r v e d i n t h e u p p e r 4 c m s , o f t h e

d e p o s i t ( f i g , 60 ) f a nd i s a l s o l a r g e l y c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e 1 37

Cs p r o f i l e ( f i g , 61 ) , w h i c h b e l o w t h e t o p m o s t s e c t i o n o f

t h e d e p o s i t e x h i b i t s c o n s t a n t a c t i v i t y t o a d e p t h o f 4 cms ,

1 37The o b s e r v a t i o n o f a much i n c r e a s e d Cs a c t i v i t y i n t h e

u p p e r 1 cm, s e c t i o n o f t h e c o r e s u g g e s t s t h a t b i o l o g i c a l

r e w o r k i n g i s n o t c o n t i n u o u s , b u t f o l l o w s a s e a s o n a l p a t t e r n

o r a t l e a s t i s i n t e r m i t t e n t i n n a t u r e w i t h a . t i m e - s p a n o f

/ 210s e v e r a l m o n t h s , (The Pb s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e i n d i c a t e s an

' a g e 1 o f 6 t o 12 m o n t h s f o r t h e u p p e r 1 cm, o f d e p o s i t ) .

The ~ Ra p r o f i l e i s n o t i m m e d i a t e l y c o n s i s t e n t w i t h h o m o g e n e o u s

p a r t i c l e r e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e u p p e r 4 c m s , , b u t a p o s s i b l e

e x p l a n a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d l a t e r . A s s u m i n g a m i x e d z o n e o f

1 374 c m s , , a n d e q u a t i n g t h e o b s e r v a t i o n o f Cs a t 17 c ms , t o

i n p u t a r o u n d 1933 ( b a s e d u p o n t h e f i r s t s i g n i f i c a n t o u t p u t o f

1 37 Cs f r o m V i n d s c a l e o c c u r r i n g i n 192 2 a n d one y e a r d e l a y i n

^■^Cs i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o C l y d e S e a A r e a s e d i m e n t s ) a v a l u e o f

— 2 —1180 mg,cm y i s d e r i v e d f o r t h e r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n ;

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2 i i

PLATE 1

X - r a d i o ^ r a p h o f C r a i b c o r e LGC9 f r o m L och G o i l s t a t i o n 1

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211

PLATE 1

X-radiograph of Craib core LGC9 from Loch Goil station 1

fT V*-' #***.

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212

1 37t h i s s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e r e p r e s e n t s a minimum s i n c e Cs may

i n f a c t e x t e n d t o g r e a t e r d e p t h s t h a n 17 cms , F u r t h e r m o r e ,

1 34i f t h e d e e p e s t o b s e r v a t i o n o f Cs a t 9 c m s , i n t h e d e p o s i t

i s r e g a r d e d , t o a f i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n , a s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o_ 9 _']

i n p u t a r o u n d 1 9 6 8 , a s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 198 mg, cm “y i s

d e r i v e d . D e s p i t e t h e o b v i o u s a p p r o x i m a t i o n s i n v o l v e d , t h e s e

- 2 -1e s t i m a t e s a r e i n go od a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e 200 mg , cm y v a l u e

21 0b a s e d on Pb., i m p l y i n g t h a t l i t t l e o r no s i g n i f i c a n t r a d i o ­

c a e s i u m m i g r a t i o n i s o c c u r r i n g i n t h e s e r a p i d l y a c c u m u l a t i n g

s e d i m e n t s ,

G u i n a s s o a nd S c h i n k ( 1 9 7 5 ) h a v e shown t h a t an e s t i m a t e9 -|

o f t h e minimum b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t (cm“y )

r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e c o m p l e t e h o m o g e n i s a t i o n o f a d e p o s i t—.1

e x p e r i e n c i n g a s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e <.y ( c m , y ) a n d a m i x i n g

d e p t h s ( c m ) i s g i v e n b y

K h £ 1 0 ( U . S . ( 1 0 )

21 0T h u s , i f t h e c o n s t a n t Pb a c t i v i t y i n t h e u p p e r 4 cms , o f t h i s

d e p o s i t i s a t t r i b u t e d t o b i o l o g i c a l r e w o r k i n g , a l o w e r l i m i t

2 -1e s t i m a t e f o r o f 31 cm y i s o b t a i n e d . T h i s v a l u e i s3 2 - 1t y p i c a l o f e s t i m a t e s o f K^, r a n g i n g f r o m 1 t o 10 cm y , f o r

n e a r s h o r e s e d i m e n t s ,210An e s t i m a t e o f t h e f l u x o f e x c e s s Pb t o t h e s e d i m e n t /

w a t e r i n t e r f a c e , a l t h o u g h c o m p l i c a t e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e P P Ra a n o m a l y , c an be o b t a i n e d v i a t h e f o l l o w i n g a s s u m p t i o n s ;

91 o( 1 ) t h a t t h e “ Pb s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e d e r i v e d o v e r t h e

d e p t h i n t e r v a l 10 cms , t o 17 cms , i s a p p l i c a b l e i n

t h e ’ a n o m a l o u s 1 u p p e r 10 cms , o f t h e d e p o s i t ,226

( 2 ) t h a t t h e i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f “ R a - s u p p o r t e d

2 1 ^Pb d e p o s i t i n g i n e a c h l a y e r o f s e d i m e n t i s

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213

e q u i v a l e n t t o t h a t a t d e p t h ( i #e , ' s / 2*2 dpm#g*~^);

226t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h i s v a l u e o f Ra a nd

m e a s u r e d ^ Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n s b e i n g ' e x c e s s 1 “ Ra ,

( 3 ) t h a t a m i x e d zone o f 4 cms , e x i s t s a t t h e

s e d i m e n t s u r f a c e .

Thus an e s t i m a t e o f t h e mean t o t a l Ra a c t i v i t y ( d p m . g )o o f

i n t h e m i x e d z on e i s o b t a i n e d b y s u m m a t i n g t h e t o t a l Ra

a c t i v i t y i n e a c h s e c t i o n ( m e a s u r e d a c t i v i t y x s e c t i o n w e i g h t )

a nd d i v i d i n g b y t h e t o t a l w e i g h t o f s e d i m e n t i n t h e m i x e d

z o n e , A v a l u e o f 9*7 d p m, g i s c a l c u l a t e d . S i m i l a r l y ,210t h e mean t o t a l Pb a c t i v i t y i n t h e m i x e d z on e i s c a l c u l a t e d

__1 226 210 t o be 13*9 d p m , g , A s s u m i n g a mean “ R a - s u p p o r t e d Pb

226a c t i v i t y o f 2*2 d p m , g , t h e mean e x c e s s Ra a c t i v i t y i n—1 ^10t h e m i x e d z o n e i s e s t i m a t e d a t 7*5 d p m, g , Prom t h e P b -

d e r i v e d s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e , t h e a g e o f t h e 4 cm# h o r i z o n i s

5*2 y . c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e mean l i f e t i m e o f a p a r t i c l e i n2 Q 226

t h e m i x e d z o n e . The g r o w t h o f Pb f r o m e x c e s s Ra i s

o b t a i n e d f r o m s o l u t i o n o f t h e e q u a t i o n .

Ad = Ap (1 - e w i t h t = 5*2 y ,

f r o m w h i c h , a v a l u e o f 1«1 d p m . g i s o b t a i n e d . T h e r e f o r e

210t h e mean t o t a l s u p p o r t e d Pb a c t i v i t y i n t h e mi x e d z on e i s_ 1 _ -j -1

3*3 d p m , g ( 2 * 2 d p m , g a s t h e n a t u r a l c o m p o n e n t + 1 • 1 dpm,g""

g r o w t h f r o m ’ e x c e s s ' ^ ^ R a ) , Hence t h e mean e x c e s s ^ ^ P b

—1a c t i v i t y i n t h e m i x e d z on e i s 10*6 d p m , g a n d a n a c t i v i t y o f

e x c e s s ‘“^ P b d e p o s i t i n g a t t h e mud s u r f a c e o f 12*3 d p m , g

i s d e r i v e d f r o m e q u a t i o n 3

A

A« = d + SM )UJ

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214

C o m b i n i n g t h i s s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y w i t h t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e — 2 —1 9i 0o f 200 mg,cm ^ y a f l u x o f e x c e s s Pb t o t h e s e d i m e n t

—2 —1s u r f a c e o f 2*5 dprn.cm y i s d e r i v e d . T h i s i s c o n s i d e r a b l y

— 2 —1h i g h e r t h a n t h e e s t i m a t e d a t m o s p h e r i c i n p u t o f 0*38 dpm.cm y

a n d i m p l i e s t h a t p a r t i c u l a t e s d e p o s i t i n g a t t h i s l o c a t i o n m u s t210c a r r y c o n s i d e r a b l e q u a n t i t i e s o f Pb s o r b e d i n t h e c a t c h m e n t .

The s t a b l e l e a d p r o f i l e f o r c o r e L0-C9 i s shown i n f i g , 65, L e a d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n c r e a s e f r o m 4 0 0 ppm a t t h e b o t t o m o f

t h e c o r e , t o p a s s t h r o u g h a b r o a d maximum o f ^ 5 5 0 ppm b e t w e e n

10 eras, a nd 5 cms . d e p t h b e f o r e d e c l i n i n g s t e a d i l y t o w a r d s

t h e s e d i m e n t s u r f a c e w h e r e a v a l u e o f a r o u n d 4 0 0 ppm i s a g a i n

r e c o r d e d . C o m p a r i s o n o f t h i s p r o f i l e w i t h t h a t o f t h e

g r a v i t y c o r e LGG'5 ( f i g . 57) i n d i c a t e s t h a t i n g e n e r a l t h e

o b s e r v e d d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

o f a m i x i n g / l o s s p r o c e s s f o r t h e g r a v i t y c o r e ; t h a t i s

( 1 ) s t a b l e l e a d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s n e a r t h e t o p o f t h e

g r a v i t y c o r e a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e r e c o r d e d i n t h e

l o w e r h a l f o f t h e C r a i b c o r e , a n d

( 2 ) t h e o b s e r v e d d e c r e a s e i n s t a b l e l e a d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

b e l o w 10 cms , i n t h e C r a i b c o r e i s more g r a d u a l

t h a n t h a t o b s e r v e d i n t h e g r a v i t y c o r e , i , e , s i m i l a r

21 0t o t h e t r e n d o b s e r v e d f o r P b , The a p p a r e n t l a c k

o f h o m o g e n e i t y i n t h e u p p e r 4 cms , o f t h e d e p o s i t

w i t h r e s p e c t t o s t a b l e l e a d i s h o w e v e r u n e x p l a i n e d .

A p p a r e n t l y t h e r e h a s b e e n a d e c r e a s e d i n p u t o f

l e a d t o t h e s e d i m e n t i n r e c e n t y e a r s . B a s e d on t h e

210 —2 —1Pb. s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 200 mg, cm y a nd a

s u r f a c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 4 0 0 p g , g \ t h e m o d e r n

—2 —1f l u x o f l e a d t o t h e s e d i m e n t i s ^ 3 0 p g , c m y w h i c h

c o m p a r e s w i t h a n a t u r a l f l u x , e s t i m a t e d f r o m t h e

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21 5

-1g r a v i t y c o r e , o f 2 f ' g . cm " y , a s s u m i n g a s i m i l a r

r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i . a l

e r a ; h o w e v e r t h i s a p p a r e n t 4 0 - f o l d i n c r e a s e i n

l e a d i n p u t p r o b a b l y r e p r e s e n t s a minimum e s t i m a t e ,

a s t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e m i g h t r e a s o n a b l y be

e x p e c t e d t o h a v e b e e n l o w e r i n p r e - s e t t l e m e n t t i m e s .

I n summary t h e n , t h e r e i s good e v i d e n c e f r o m C r a i b c o r e

r a d i o n u c l i d e a n d X - r a d i o g r a p h i c e v i d e n c e t h a t - t h e s e d i m e n t s o f

s t a t i o n 1 i n L o c h C o i l a r e s u b j e c t t o b i o t u r b a t i o n t o a d e p t h

* 210 o f ^ 4 cms . The d e p t h d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Pb i n f e r s a r e l a t i v e l y

h i g h r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n o f 2G0 mg,cm y"~ ( 0 * 6 c m , y ) ,

210The d e r i v e d a n n u a l f l u x o f Pb t o t h e s e d i m e n t s u r f a c e i s

a b o u t 6. t i m e s t h a t e x p e c t e d on t h e b a s i s o f d i r e c t a t m o s p h e r i c

f a l l o u t a l o n e . The f l u x o f s t a b l e l e a d t o t h e s e d i m e n t i s

- 2 -1c a l c u l a t e d t o be a r o u n d 80 jig, cm y , A p a r t i c u l a r l y

i n t e r e s t i n g f e a t u r e o f t h e s e d e p o s i t s i s t h e p r e s e n c e o f a

22 6c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Ra i n t h e u p p e r l a y e r s

o f t h e d e p o s i t , l e v e l s b e i n g r o u g h l y 5 t i m e s g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e

o b s e r v e d i n d e e p e r s e d i m e n t s .

Loc h C o i l

S t a t i o n 20 226

P i g , 66 p r e s e n t s t h e p r o f i l e o f t o t a l Pb a n d " Ra« 210f o r C r a i b c o r e LBC4, r e c o v e r e d f r o m Loch C o i l s t a t i o n 2 , Pb

i s r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t i n t h e u p p e r 6 c ms , o f t h e c o r e w i t h a

mean a c t i v i t y o f 6*6 d p m , g “ \ Be l ow 8 cms . 2 1 ° P b d e c r e a s e s

s l o w l y w i t h d e p t h , a minimum v a l u e o f 3*0 d p m , g “ 1 b e i n g o b s e r v e d2 ° 6i n t h e b o t t o m s e c t i o n o f t h e c o r e , o t a d e p t h o f 16 cms , “ Ra

s h o ws e v i d e n c e o f a s u r f a c e maximum, b u t o f c o n s i d e r a b l y r e d u c e d

m a g n i t u d e r e l a t i v e t o t h a t o b s e r v e d a t s t a t i o n 1 , C o n c e n t r a t i o n s

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216

i n t h e u p p e r 4 c m s , o f t h e c o r e h a v e a mean o f ^ 2 » 9 d p m, g

r o u g h l y 2 t i m e s t h a t o b s e r v e d b e l o w t h i s h o r i z o n , w h e r e 6^ 6 1 m e a s u r e m e n t s o f Ra y i e l d a mean o f 1 - 5 dnm ”

210U s i n g t h i s e s t i m a t e f o r s u p p o r t e d P b , w e i g h t e d l i n e a ro -1

r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s y i e l d s a v a l u e o f 123 + 18 n g , c m ” ‘"y ( f i g , 6 9 ) f o

t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e b a s e d on t h e d e c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n910

o f e x c e s s Pb w i t h d e p t h i n t h e l o w e r h a l f o f t h e C r a i b c o r e ,—1T h i s i s e q u i v a l e n t t o a mean s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 3*5 mm,y

o v e r t h e l e n g t h o f t h e c o r e , a n d a s u r f a c e a c c u m u l a t i o n r a t e

o f 7 mm,y” 1 ,

X - r a d i o g r a p h s o f C r a i b c o r e s f r o m t h i s s i t e show e v i d e n c e

o f worm t r a c t s t o d e p t h s s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r t h a n 4 cms , P l a t e 2

s hows an X - r a y p h o t o g r a p h o f t h e u p p e r 6 cms , o f a c o m p a n i o n

C r a i b c o r e t o t h a t o f LGC4, A s s u m i n g h o m o g e n i s a t i o n o f t h e

210d e p o s i t t o 6 cms , t h r o u g h b i o t u r b a t i o n , c o n s i s t e n t w i t h Pb

d a t a a n d X - r a d i o g r a p h i c e v i d e n c e , a n d u s i n g e q u a t i o n 10

a f t e r G u i n a s s o a n d S c h i n k ( 1 9 7 5 ) , a minimum e s t i m a t e f o ro -1o f 26 c;n“y i s d e r i v e d f o r t h i s l o c a t i o n , i n c l o s e a g r e e m e n t

w i t h t h a t c a l c u l a t e d p r e v i o u s l y f o r s t a t i o n 1 , A l s o on t h e

210b a s i s o f t h i s a s s u m p t i o n , an e s t i m a t e o f e x c e s s Pb i n t h e

m i x e d z on e c a n be made a n d h e n c e a v a l u e o b t a i n e d f o r t h e f l u x

21 0o f e x c e s s Pb t o t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e , i n a m a n n e r

s i m i l a r t o t h a t d e s c r i b e d f o r c o r e LGC9, Thus t h e mean t o t a l

° ° 6 —1 Ra a c t i v i t y i n t h e u p p e r 6 cms , o f t h e d e p o s i t i s 2 - 5 d n m , g ,91 0

o f w h i c h t h e d e t r i t a l c o m p o n e n t g i v i n g r i s e t o s u p p o r t e d " Pb

1 2 3i s 1*5 d p m , g ” , e x c e s s “ Ra i n t h e m i x e d z o n e i s t h e r e f o r e 1 .0 dpi

— 2 1g , “ 1 . Prom th e s e d im e n ta t i o n r a t e o f 123 mg.cm” y a n a ge

o f / v / 1 5 y i s c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e b a s e o f t h e m i x e d z one a n d a

v a l u e o f 0*4 d p m , g ” o b t a i n e d f o r t h e g r o w t h , o f ^ ^ ? b f r om

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217

PLATE 2

X—radiograph of a Craib core from Loch Goil stat-ion 2

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218

2 6 r ^ 1 0e x c e s s “ R a . T h e r e f o r e t h e e s t i m a t e d t o t a l s u p p o r t e d Pb

i n t h e i x e d z o r o i s 1*9 dpm. g , S i n c e t h e mean t o t a l ~ ^ ? b

— 1m t h e u p p e r 6 cms. o f t h e d e p o s i t i s 6*6 d p m . g , t h e

e s t i m a t e d ~ ^ P b e x c e s s i n t h e m i x e d z o n e i s 4 * 7 d p m . g ”^ , U s i n g

— 1e q u a t i o n 3 a v a l u e o f 6*8 d pm . g i s o b t a i n e d f o r t h e a c t i v i t y 2 1 Co f e x c e s s “ Pb d e p o s i t i n g a t t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e ,

21 0i m p l y i n g a f l u x o f e x c e s s Pb t o t h e s e d i m e n t o f 0»8 dpm,- 2 -1 . 210cm y , T h i s Pb f l u x i s a g a i n c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r t h a n

t h a t e x p e c t e d f r o m a t m o s p h e r i c f a l l o u t a l o n e .

The r a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e f o r c o r e L0C4 i s shown i n f i g , 68

a n d a s b e f o r e t h e t r e n d o f i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f ^ ^ C s

1 37a n d Cs t o w a r d s t h e mud s u r f a c e i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h a t

e x p e c t e d on t h e b a s i s o f r a d i o c a e s i u m d i s c h a r g e f r o m U i n d s c a l e ,

The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f a m i x e d zone o f 6 cms . i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e

1 37p r o f i l e , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f s e c t i o n 2 w h e r e Cs shows a

1 37s u r p r i s i n g l y h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n . I f t h e l ow Cs c o n c e n t r a t i o n

a t t h e b a s e o f t h e c o r e (17 c m s . ) i s e q u a t e d t o i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f

1 37 Cs i n t o t h e s e d i m e n t s i n 1 9 5 3 , a s d i s c u s s e d f o r c o r e LG-C9,

a n d c o r r e c t i o n made f o r t h e m i x i n g d e p t h o f 6 c m s . , t h e

- 2 -1e s t i m a t e d r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i s 110 mg.cm y , i n^1 0

g o o d a g r e e m e n t t o t h a t b a s e d on “ Pb r e s u l t s . A g a i n t h i s

1 37s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e b a s e d on Cs r e p r e s e n t s a minimum, s i n c e

1 37 Cs may be p r e s e n t b e l o w 17 cms .

The s t a b l e l e a d p r o f i l e f o r c o r e LGC4 i s shown i n f i g , 71 .

L e a d l e v e l s a r e c o n s t a n t i n t h e t o p 10 t o 12 cms , b u t f o l l o w

a d e c r e a s i n g t r e n d b e l o w t h i s d e p t h . The p r o f i l e i s t h e r e f o r e

c o n s i s t e n t w i t h a s u r f a c e m i x e d z on e o f 6 c ms . I n t e r e s t i n g l y ,

t h e r e i s no i n d i c a t i o n o f a r e d u c e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f l e a d i n

t h e u p p e r f ew cms . o f t h i s c o r e r e l a t i v e t o d e e p e r s e c t i o n s , a s

was f o u n d i n L0C9, ( f i s . 65 ) - C o m b i n i n 8 t h e s u r f a c e

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219

1 oi nc o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s t a b l e l ep.d ( 3 0 0 p g . g ” ) w i t h t h e “ P b - d e r i v e d

/ — ° —1s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e ' ( 123 mg,cm ~y ) y i e l d s an e s t i m a t e o f 37 pg - 2 -1cm y f o r t h e m o d e rn f l u x o f l e a d t o t h i s l o c a t i o n .

B o t h f r o m t h e a n a l y s e s p e r f o r m e d i n t h i s s t u d y on C r a i b

c o r e s LGC9 and LGC4, a nd f r o m t h e f o l l o w i n g a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m ­

a t i o n , i t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e r e a r e m a j o r a nd i n t e r e s t i n g

d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e s e d i m e n t s d e p o s i t i n g a t s t a t i o n s 1 a n d

2 i n L o c h G o i l ,

F i r s t l y , i n D e e g e n s 1 ( 1 9 7 4 ) s t u d y o f t h e s u p e r f i c i a l

d e p o s i t s o f t h e C l y d e S e a A r e a , t h e b o t t o m s e d i m e n t s a t t h e s e

two s t a t i o n s a r e shown t o be q u i t e d i f f e r e n t i n t e x t u r e ( f i g , 7 ) .

W h i l e t h o s e o f s t a t i o n 1 a r e d e s c r i b e d a s muds , i n d i c a t i n g

c o m p o s i t i o n l a r g e l y o f v e r y f i n e m a t e r i a l s , i , e , s i l t a.nd c l a y ,

t h e s e d i m e n t s o f s t a t i o n 2 a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s a m i x t u r e o f mud,

s a n d a nd g r a v e l , s u g g e s t i n g t h e p r e s e n c e o f a s u b s t a n t i a i i y

g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f c o a r s e - g r a i n e d p a r t i c l e s . T h i s

c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s i n a c c o r d w i t h ( a ) c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e p o r o s i t y

p r o f i l e s f o r t h e two s t a t i o n s ( t a b l e s 35 , 3 7 ) ,

w h i c h i n d i c a t e a c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r w a t e r c o n t e n t f o r

s t a t i o n 1, c o n s i s t e n t w i t h a g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f f i n e - g r a i n e d

m a t e r i a l , a n d ( b ) t h e r e s u l t s o f L e n n i e ( 1 9 7 8 ) who, a s d i s c u s s e d

l a t e r , p e r f o r m e d a p r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e

s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e d i m e n t s f r o m t h i s s i t e .

S e c o n d l y , t h e r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n a t s t a t i o n 1 ,

a t t h e d e e p e s t p a r t o f t h e l o c h , h a s b e e n shown i n t h i s s t u d y

t o be g r e a t e r t h a n 1^ t i m e s t h a t o c c u r r i n g a t s t a t i o n 2 ,

P r e s u m a b l y , t h e r e f o r e , t h i s r e l a t i v e l y d e e p b a s i n i s a c t i n g a s

a l o w - e n e r g y t r o u g h i n t o w h i c h p a r t i c u l a t e s f r o m o v e r l y i n g

w a t e r s a r e p r e f e r e n t i a l l y s e t t l i n g e i t h e r d i r e c t l y , o r more

l i k e l y , t h r o u g h r e s u s p e n s i o n a nd l a t e r a l g r a v i t a t i o n a l

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220

t r a n s p o r t f o l l o w i n g d e p o s i t i o n e l s e w h e r e i n h i g h e r e n e r r y

e n v i r o n m e n t s . Such a p r o c e s s w o u l d t e n d t o o p e r a t e i n f a v o u r

o f l i g h t e r , s m a l l e r m a t e r i a l s and c o u l d t h e r e f o r e a c c o u n t f o r

t h e h i g h p r o p o r t i o n o f f i n e s o f w h i c h t h i s d e p o s i t i s c o m p o s e d .

T h i s mo d e l i s i n a c c o r d w i t h t h a t p r o p o s e d by D a v i s e t a l

( 1 9 7 3 ) t o e x p l a i n f a c t o r o f t h r e e d i f f e r e n c e s i n r a t e s o f

s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n f o u n d i n M i c h i g a n l a k e s , P e n n i n g t o n

e t a l ( 1 9 7 5 ) , h o w e v e r , who f o u n d c o n s i d e r a b l e ' v a r i a t i o n i n

s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n r a t e s a t d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s i n B l e l h a m

T a r n , r e g a r d t h e p r o c e s s a s more a k i n t o d o w n - s l o p e f l o w o f a

s e m i - f l u i d ( i n s u c h h i g h p o r o s i t y s e d i m e n t s ) . The n e t r e s u l t

i n e i t h e r c a s e i s t h e s ame , i , e , t r a n s p o r t a n d p r e f e r e n t i a l

s e t t l i n g o f f i n e - g r a i n e d m a t e r i a l s i n d e e p b a s i n s .

T h i r d l y , a n d o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t , i s t h e s u b s t a n t i a l

d i f f e r e n c e i n b a s i c c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e s e d i m e n t s

b e t w e e n t h e s e l o c a t i o n s . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e mean CaCO^ c o n t e n t

o f t h e u p p e r few c e n t i m e t r e s o f s e d i m e n t a t s t a t i o n 1 i s 6 c/ o ,

w h i l e t h a t a t s t a t i o n 2 i s o n l y 2 - 4 ^ , S i m i l a r l y , t h e mean

t o t a l c a r b o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t s t a t i o n 1 i s a b o u t 6 /j , h i g h e r

t h a n t h e v a l u e o f 4 - 7 $ f o r s t a t i o n 2 , T o g e t h e r t h e s e r e s u l t s

i n d i c a t e a g r e a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b i o g e n i c d e b r i s i n t h e

muds o f t h e d e e p s i t e . T h i s p o s t u l a t e f o r m s t h e b a s i s o f t h e226,t e n t a t i v e e x p l a n a t i o n p r e s e n t e d l a t e r f o r t h e Ra a n o m a l y

w h i c h i s c o n s p i c u o u s b y i t s m a g n i t u d e a t t h i s l o c a t i o n .

M o r e o v e r , i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e h e r e t h e d e c r e a s e i n

p e r c e n t a g e CaCO^ w i t h d e p t h a p p a r e n t i n t h e s e s e d i m e n t s , T n i s21 0g r a d i e n t may g i v e r i s e t o a f u r t h e r d i l u t i o n o f Pb i n t h e

s u r f a c e l a y e r s o f t h e d e p o s i t ( c f , s a l t ) a n d may t h e r e f o r e be

a f u r t h e r c o n t r i b u t o r y f a c t o r t o t h e o b s e r v a t i o n b y some

Page 241: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

FIGURE 31 Loch Goil sampling stations (scale 1:63>360) 221£ ° 5 5 ' w 4 ° 5 0 ' W

Lochgoi l head5 6 ° 1 0 ' n -

t a t i o n

tation,

LochGoil

S t a t i o n

Carrie k

5 6 ° 0 5 ' N

LochLong

Gareloch

Page 242: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

TABLE 30 BACKGROUND IN ROE. -AT I ON FOR

LOCH GOIL GRAVITY CORE LGG5

CORE DE3IGNATI0:

SAMPLING DATE:

LOCATION

VATSB DEPTH:

TOTAL CORE LENGTH:

LOCH GOIL GRAVITY COA;

CORE LGG5

4 - 2 - 7 6

LAT# 56° 0 8 ’ 20" N

LONG. 0 4 ° 5 3 ' 21" V

81 m

45 cm

STATION

GENERAL DESCRIPTION 0 ? SEDIMENTS:

h o m o g e n e o u s d a r k b r o w n / b l a c k v e r y f i n e c l a y / m u d

Page 243: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

TABL

E LO

CH

GOIL

GR

AVIT

Y CO

RE

LGG5

;

RESU

LTS

OF AN

ALYT

ICAL

IN

VES

TIG

ATI

ON

S

223

a

(O•HCO

d£dOho

•rlS

a

o

CMa

o i n^ O' o CM

H O H O

ON NO Th T—00 r - VO vO• • • •

CTNCM

OnONin

pncnj

inCM

>>-p•H(0OUO

Pn

O C M t ' - T t ' t - N O t ' - O P N C M P N N O i n r f

Tj - ONOOOOt s- h - v O v O i n r j - ( n C M r - T - T - r - ’r - T - T -P O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C O O O O O O O C O O O O O O O O O O O O O

o 00 PN h - 00 PN i n t - 00 ON NO o C- nO PN ONT- I - VO o r*- ON r — i n i n PN 00 (M O O ' CM 00 o CM 00

b£ • • • • • • • • « • • • • • • • • ' • •w PN NO 00 00 00 o O T— CM T— CM i n Tj- PN PN

r— T“ T“ r— T- T— T— T— r - T-“ T“ T—

-P

-P<D

r - O O O C M O O O N O N O O v D r - i n Ob - t - c n r - v O r - ' ^ t T j - C M O O r N O v O^ • r ' t t A v O N P P r r -

\ 0 NO nO 00 00 00i - cm on h - o on

CO 00 CM t#- Tf- PN r -pn pn r f T f ^ ^ ^

ONPN

ao t— CM PN in NO t - CO ONo

T—CM PN i n NO

T—f - 00

v—ON

•H-P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1Oa)

oO T - CM PN i n NO t - 00 ON o T- CM PN T f i n NO t - 00

w T— N- T~ N~ N~ N“

Page 244: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

TABL

E 31

(co

nt'

d)

LOCH

GO

IL

GRAV

ITY

CORE

LG

G5

; RE

SULT

S OF

ANAL

YTIC

AL

INV

ESTI

GA

TIO

NS

224

CO •HCO

r—Id W fi d o Pi O •Hs o

>>-p•HCOOUoft

•p

Pin

-p

-pobl

PIo

•H-p ' bt> oCD

w

ON

i n

ON

oOn

m

m T—• • • •

T- r - o o00 00 00 00

vO cn ON 0 0✓—-> CM NO o Tt*bl • • • •

W T+- NO NOT“* r - N—

00 O r —t - T— T -• • • •

CM cn in vONt

o

NO

o CM vOCM

1CM

■CM

•CM

I1ON

1 1cn

1i n

T— CM CM CM

i ncn

vOT-

ovO vO CMON ON

om

b-r f

I I IO n r -

o00

m

<m i n CM f - 00 NO

i n cm tJ*

O <M ^

cn•16o

cn 00 boCM CM• • T—T— V— •

o+ 1ON o

CM T— cn• • •

cn CM«Ho>>

-P•HCOfio

O cn T—• • • CD

00 ON ON r—1c - f - b - o

•H-PPidf t

0)Pi2COd

m 1> b - (1)Nt T— o S• • •00 vO VO flr - T— r~ d

CDe

bePi

•HCOd

'd rHt - t- a> •H

in t"- T*“ -p pi• • • d

t - m cn d iitJ- rH

d 5zi>0)

oo

■P d•H PiCO ■P

NO 00 ON ocn cn cn p II

o1 1 1 f t H

i n b - 00 % %m cn cn T— CM

Page 245: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

TABL

E 31

(co

nt'

d)

LOCH

GO

IL

GRAV

ITY

CORE

LG

G5

: RE

SULT

S OF

ANAL

YTIC

AL

INV

ESTI

GA

TIO

NS

225

4-I txw E

O Pco

bT” C- ON t— 001 • • • • •

4-I tx O o o o oOT E + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 4-1O

t—P

nO o ONco • • • • •i— NO ON C- 00 T—

+ITco b$ XI -

& E P i PIO nd

CM

r— CO ON in ON CO CMco CM CO CM CM CM• • • • • • •o o O o o O O+ 1 + 1 + 1 4-1 4-1 + 1 4-100 00 CO CO O CO t4CM -<4 CO Tj- o co• • • • « • •00 t - ICN CO CM T—

CM in r - NO o NO CM O O O nb CO CO CO CO CM CM CM CM CM T—T— • • • • • • • • • • •

1 o o O o o o O O O O o+ | fct£

4-1 4-1 4-14-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1d E

P5 P 00 C- NO 00 NO C- t— CM t4 h- T~vO CM nO in 00 o O 00 C— O CMCM >—•» • • • • • • • • • • •CM in T f N* CO CO CM CM CM CM

00 ON ON o t - co NO O 00 NO *<4 inb ^ CO CO CM ■*4 CM CO CM CM T— T— T— T—

r— r - • • • • • • • • • « • •1 o o o o o o O o o O o o

4-1 txO C 4-1 + 1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1

fD C3P i P 00 v— 00 00 CO CO O 00 ^4 ON CM h-

O T* T— Tf ON T- O r- T— O CO CM T—^___ w • • • • • • • • t • • •CM c- ON ON ON f - NO Nt CO CM CM CM

o T— CM co in NO 00 ONO v - CM CO rh in NO t - 00 ON T~ T— T— T“ V— N— 1—T—

•H /—\-P E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1O<D

oo T- CM CO in NO h- 00 ON o * - CM co '"t in NO t*- 00

CO r~ T” N- r~ T— T— r— T_

ION

Page 246: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

226

bT—r -•+ 1

1bl

CO EO P

dm '—■T“

bT—T— 1

+ 11bl

COo

t-<n

EPd

T—

in

W«ooHEhM

S

oco«oof-3

-pPoo

WPQE-i

+ 1 I .bdw ■ X E

rO PJ Pm do

CM

bJ—1

+ 11bl

eg Epg P

vO dCM -—•CM

+ 1& E Pm PJ

O d

CM

PO•H-po

0

co

+ 1OnCM•CM

m

o+1o

CMCM

rj* vO 00

I I I

be«EPhd

o + 1

wPo•H-P

-r- m in CM CM CM CM

P m egCM CM O pi— ▼— T- •H

• • • CM Eo o O u

d 0+ 1 + 1 + 1 0 - p

- p 0CM t - T“" u d00 vO r - o

• • • PH egT— r - i— P h pg

p vO10 CM

CMrP-P 0•H 0> u

co m sir — T— d -p• • • 0

O O o - p - peg CO

+ i + 1 + 1 p 0pH pH

i n i n o eg 0t - vO t - ► 0• • • 0 d

T— T— y—pQ «HP m o

Oy— pCM eg

0CO ECO 'w *

o CM Ti­ i n 00 o 0m cn e n m m m O

X1 1 1 1 1 1 w

Ov _ cn t - 00CM m c n m m m T“

Page 247: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

FIG!

0

2

A

6

8

1 0

1 2

1A

16

18

2 0

2 2

2 A

2 6

2 8

3 0

3 2

3A

3 6

AO

j] 52 Depth p r o f i l e s o f t o t a l ^ ^Pb and

f o r Loch G o i l g r a v i t y c o r e LGG5

Pb a n d A c t i v i t i e s ( d p m . g

7 8 9 10 11

To t a l

x

227

X

Iw

Page 248: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Dep

th

in co

re

( cm

)

FIGURE 5 3 R a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l

g r a v i t y c o r e LGG5

C s Ac t i v i t y ( d . p r n g - 1 )

2 00

1

2

3

NO 13^ C s

D e t e c t e d5

6

7

8

9

10

Page 249: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Dep

th

in co

re

(cm

)229

FIGURE 54 P o r o s i t y - p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l g r a v i t y c o r e LGG5

P o r o s i t y

0 - 7 4 0 - 7 8 0 - 8 2 0 - 8 6

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

2 6

2 8

30

3 2

34

3 6

3 8

40

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

000

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0'0

0 - 9 0 0 - 9 4

0

0

0

Page 250: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

91

DE

xce

ss

Pb

Act

ivit

y (

d.p.

m.

g"1)

FIGURE 55 Depth p r o f i l e o f e x c e s s f o r

Lo c h G o i l g r a v i t y c o r e LGG5

0D e p t h in c o r e ( g . c m 2 )

Page 251: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Dep

th

in co

re

( cm

.)231

FIGURE 36

Cur v e of a g e ( c a l e n d a r d a t e ) a g a i n s t d e p t h f or L o c h Goi l g r a v i t y c o r e L G G 5

1 9 7 6 1 9 3 6 1 8 9 6 1 8 5 6 1 8 1 6 1 7 7 6 C a | e n d a r d a t e(no l o s s o r mix m g )

0 4 0 8 0 120 1 6 0 2 0 0 A g e ( y )0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

2022

t------------------r

©

©

Page 252: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

0

2

£

6

8

10

12

1 £

1 6

18

20

22

2 £

2 6

2 8

3 0

3 2

3 £

3 6

3 8

£0

232

E 57 Lead p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l

g r a v i t y c o r e LGG5

L e a d C o n c e n t r a t i o n ( jj g . g -1 )

100 2 0 0 3 0 0 £ 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0— I

Page 253: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

233

TABLE 32 BACKGROUND IXPQRNRTION FOR

LOCH GQIL CRAIB CORE LGC2

CORE DESIGNATION: LOCH GOIL CRAIB CORE

CORE LGC2

SAMPLING BATE: 8*4*75

LOCATION: LAT, 56° 0 8 ' 2 0 " N STATION 1

LONG, 0 4 ° 5 3 ' 21" V

VATER DEPTH: 81 m

TOTAL CORE LENGTH: 1 ° cm

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OP SEDIMENTS:

h o m o g e n e o u s v e r y d a r k b r o w n / b l a c k v e r y f i n e mud

Page 254: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

TABL

E 33

LOCH

GQ

IL

CRAI

B CO

RE

LGC2

:

RESU

LTS

OF AN

ALYT

ICAL

IN

VES

TIG

ATI

ON

S

234

-p•HtoouoP

-p>

>>up

-p>-pa>

>

CM55 On

55 o £ r r • O £ -o

' 1 H E-»m

10 1•H E10 CM o i n m o 00 o>i m m cn CM o r— o *T—1 a • • • • • • • • bod T— T— r~ t— CM T“ T— r~£ ,_a •o ouo i n m m nO O m vO + 1•H O T— o O o o 00 ON

o • • • • • • • • mnO vO vO vO vO vO i n i n •

00 nO t - T- mbi o o ON T— nO On m

• • • • • • • •m 00 00 vO t"- 00

Oi n•CM

O t - I A v Or- tJ- VD • • • •

00 O 00 00CM CM CM CM

vO CM NO00 Tf CM• • •

ON 00 00CM CM CM

£o r— cm cn■H -•—>-P E 1 1 1o o0) W O T- CM

CO

Ii n vO

I It -I

Tf tn vO

0 0 On

I I t> oo

CM«HO5>>-P•HOf)£<D

T- O in v - 00 m m r— o• • • • • • • • • • o

cn in in t"- NO in tj- Tt- Tf- 1—1ON 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 o•H

-Pud

<DU£todo

Th ET“• £

o d0)Ebe£

•H(0£ «

rH•H

T— <D £ON -p• d II

m £m rH

d>o

<D>> O

-P d•H Pito -P

o OT" P

OII

1 Eh

ON • •t- CM

Page 255: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

TABL

E 33

(co

nt'

d)

LOCH

GQ

IL

CRAI

B CO

RE

LGC2

;

RESU

LTS

OF AN

ALYT

ICAL

IN

VES

TIG

ATI

ON

S

235

T— cn cn cn m+ 1 1 • • • •

w o O O oCO

o e + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1p

m o nO in cm O o o o o or— • • • • • • • • • •Tf- m r- CM o o o o o o

T - r - 00 nO vO i n Tj- CM m CM CM1 • • • • • • • • • •

+ 1 bi o o o O O O O o o O

CO 6 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + | + 1 + 1 + 1 + |o P

t - nd 00 i n 00 NO CM nO nO CM CMm " • • • • • • • • • •T— o i n (M T— nO i n ON o t - C -

m CM CM CM r— ■»—

DT - i n i n t - CO t - m CM CM CM t—

1 • • • • • • • • • •+ 1 b( o O O o o o O o O o

drv*

EQ + 1 + 1 + I + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 +M-l

nO 'P o <n o CM nO o ON t -CM • • • • • • • • • •CM On o CM r - no rf- CM CM v -

v— CM i n NO CM CM NO t - Tj- NO o---s nO i n i n i n cn cn CM c n

+ ! - 1 a O O O O o O o O o

Eh b£+ 1 + 1 + 1O ' + 1 + 1 -H + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1

Eh E43 P o i n c n ON O ' ON O T— oP» rd 00 o m o 00 CM m CM

o ^ • • • • • • • • • •

CM T- CM m CM T“ CM o O N

CM T— T— T— T- T - r - r— T- r -

£ oO•H

cm m in NO 00 ON *■”-PO

eo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

d)CO

O t- CM cn in NO t - 00 ON

co-papoo

+ 1CO

•H

O-Po£

oppW

Page 256: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Dep

th

in co

re

(cm

)FIGURE 58 Depth p r o f i l e s o f t o t a l 2 1 °Pb and 2 2 6 Ra

f o r Loch G o i l Cra i b c o r e LGC2

236

T o t a l a n d ^ ® R a A c t i v i t i e s ( d.pm. g U

0

1

2t - f r — i

3

4

5

6 Pb

Ra7

8

9

10I

Page 257: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

D ep

th

in co

re

( cm

)

237

FIGURE 39 R a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l

C r a i b c o r e L G C 2

1 3 7 134C s a n d Ac t i v i t i e s ( d.p.m. g - ')

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0 •

0 10 20 3 0 4 0

>$iI

X/

Cs

Page 258: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

TABLE 34 BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR

LOCH GQIL CRAIB CORE LGC9

CORN DESIGNATION: LOCH GOIL CRAI3 CORE

CORE LGC9

SAMPLING DATE: 1 0 * 8 - 7 6

LOCATION: LAT, 5 6 ° 0 8 f 20"N STATION 1

LONG, 0 4 ° 5 3 ' 21 11V

VATER DEPTH: 81 m

TOTAL CORE LENGTH: 18 cm.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION 0? SEDIMENTS:

h o m o g e n e o u s d a r k b r o v n / b l a c k v e r y f i n e mud.

Page 259: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

TABLE

35 LOCH GQIL

CRAIB CORE LGC9 : RESULTS

OF ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATIONS

239

52; 5z;

sg ON NO G in CM0 — in NO in O in NO• • • • •

CO •Eh O O O Eh O 0•HCO>>

pH t - in O NO CM m cn m ^ s Is-d 00 Th ON ON 0 ON CM 0 *— %G • • • • • • • • • • md T- T— r— T— T— CM T— y— CM y— 10 Bg 00 %

*H ON m NO O O 0 00 y— cn tios O ON CM T— in T— 1— ON 00 in

CM 0 • • • • • • • • • • y— *in in NO NO NO NO NO in in in • CO

O •HCO

+ 1 d•cn• -Pcn CM ^1

O ----V r— CM O in 00 in y— NO tX)O nO cn NO t - NO CM ON O ON <n «H •rHd • • • • • • • • • • O <U

O nO NO in m m m Is- CM in >CM

-p >>•H UCO TJ0) Cl

0

>> <D-P rH d•H O COCO ---N, NO 00 CM t - NO ON O ON ON T~ O m CM t" CM 00 •H COO s

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • -P dG ON ON t - r - in in e- m in m t - in h- Tj- G GO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 d f t

f t f t *d

n d0 COG -P

rHw Pd CO0) d

• E G-P> CJ rH

N 00 Tf 00 00 O ON m r— O CM in cn t - r— ON 00 NO d d>> t i NO f - in r - CM 00 0 O NO 00 NO r - m CM 0 NO 0) OG • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • E •H

P in in Is- c— t - Is- 00 00 O 00 ON t - 00 CO ON 00 CM -PT— y— ex)

Cl rH•H dCO G3 d

OG

% d O-P -p •H> r f in in n- f - f*N r— m ON CO m 0 NO d E

CM in O ON 00 00 CM O tJ- cn t - nO O NO y— P \-P ex • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • rH rd t - 00 O CM e - O r— r— cn CM T” O ON cn CM Tt- d O

> CM CM cn m CM m m cn m cn cn m CM m m cn > OCD d

O>>

-P -P•H GCO dO 0

CJ O y— CM cn Th in NO l - G GO T“ CM cn Th in NO t - 00 ON T— v— r - T— y— T— T— O d

•H „—s f t f t■P 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Od

0O y _ CM m in NO t - 00 ON O r- CM cn in NO • •

CO T“ t— T_ T_ T— T“ CM

Page 260: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

TABL

E 35

(co

nt'

d)

LOCH

GQ

IL

CRAI

B CO

RE

LGC9

:

RESU

LTS

OP AN

ALYT

ICAL

IN

VES

TIG

ATI

ON

S

240

I+ lW

om

EP

d

C M t — v O v O v O v D l A i n ^ ' • • • • • • • • •r - T - O O O O O O O

+ 1 +1 +1 4-1 +1 4-1 4-1 -$■ I +1

nOin O' 4• • •

-<t CM CMm O CM• • •CM CM r-

Tf '4-

QPQ

b vO ON no nO O ’' t Cvj vO nO NO VO in NO VO NO inT“ T- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

1 CM CM CM CM x— V ymm o o O O o o o o o4-1 tit

4-1 4-1+ 1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 + 1 + 1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 + 1 +w EO P CM nO o r— in O O nO m t- O VO in cn x— on NO

l> d • • • • • • • • • • • « • • • • •m —«- in cn CM T— on ON v£> on t - t}- in CM cn on m CMT— in cn cn on CM T— T- T~

o cn cn -4- t - ON O NO O t"-b NO 00 ON in on on CM CM r—v- i— • • • • • • • • • •

1 o o o O O O O O O O4-1 bt

+ 14-1 + 1 4-1 + 1 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 +d E

Oh P x— 00 O T— 00 t - in r* CMNO d o o in CM m t— O in onCM • • • • • • • • • •CM 00 T” CM

T—t"- NO in on CM CM

4-1 IH tit O < H E

;Q PPiO

CM

d

o4-1ONCM•CM

a00 ON0

•Hcm cn in NO f -

-PO

E0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

00CDCO

O r - CM cn in NO t"-

O t-

bo4-lr-

1ON ON 00 ON 4- ON ECM CM CM CM CM cn CM P

CO bt • • • • • • • dXI ■ O O O O O O O

£> E4-1 4-1 4-1

CMP P 4-1 4-1 + 1 4-1 •

O d Or - ' CM O O' CM 00 r— NO

4-1CM cn CM 00 x— NO O• • • • • • •T— NO in r f in CM

•CM m

dII 0

•H-P

Th P dT— O• ’ x— •H

O CM s

4-1u

d CDCD -p

-p CDOn U d

• Ox— P d

P 03d noTO CM

CMXi

00 O NO ON t - on CM t_ X— 0 00 NO O i n On- P•H

-P(0

CM on CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM T— T - CM CM T— > CDP

O O O O O 0 0 O O O O O O O O O O d CD

4-1 4-1 + 1 4-1 4-1 4-1 + 1 4-1 4-1 + 1 + 1 4-1 4-1 4-1 + 1 4-1 + 1CD

-Pd

0

CDd

rj- NO 00 CM Tf ON NO r _ CM O ON CM cc NO CDO CM NO 00 i n O Th CM NO i n O on 00 CM r—1 CD• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • d Ph

on c n CM T— T— O O ' 00 00 n- NO t - NO NO >■ x:r - T - r— 1- T— ■*“ N- O -p

POr—CM

COGOOO

«HocdCD

S

r — CM m in NO Xx— N“ T~ T_ T" T“ x— w

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

O T- CM m Th in NOT— T” x— T— r— T— T-

Page 261: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Dep

th

in co

re

(cm

)241

FIGURE 60 Ve v t h p r o f i l e s o f t o t a l 21°Pb and 2 26 Ra

f o r Loch G o i l C ra ib c o r e LGC9

Total 210 p b ancf 2 2 6 p Q c t i v j t i e s ( d pm g ~ U

10 12 H 1 6

t V, I

7

8

9Pb

| | 2 2 6Ra

Page 262: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

61 R a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l Cr a i b

c o r e LGC9

1 3 7 13 \Cs a n d C s A c t i v i t i e s ( d. p.m. g.“ ^)

10 2 0 3 0 £ 0 5 0 6 0,--------------- !--------------- 1---------------1--------------- 1--------------- r

x///

X

Cs .

C s .

Page 263: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

FIGURE 6 2 a P o r o s i t y p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l

C r a i b c o r e LGC9

243

Porosity

00

•82 0-86 0-90 0-941 T .........i

e 2o- •

Zi_ - m•O £ O 6 - •

•.£ 8 _ •

£ 10<1)a 12

*

14 - ••

16 - ••

1 8 -FIGURE 62b Porosity profile for Loch

C r a i b c o r e LGC2

Eo

a>ooc

J C-♦-»Q.O)

O

0 - 8 20

2

4

6

8

1 0

12 L

P o r o s i t y

0 - 8 6 0 - 90 0 - 9 4 — \—

Page 264: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Exc

ess

Pb A

ctiv

ity

( d.p

.m

g?1)

244

210FIGURE 63 Depth p r o f i l e o f e x c e s s Pb f o r Loch G o i l

C r a i b c o r e LGC9

10987

1 I__________________________ i__________________________ i__________________________ i

3 4 5 6

D e p t h in c o r e ( g . c m - “ ^ )

Page 265: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Dep

th

in co

re

(c

m)

245FIGURE 64 Curve o f age ( c a l e n d a r d a t e ) a g a i n s t d e p t h

f o r L oc h G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC9

1 9 7 7

0 .0

C a l e n d a r d a t e (no m i x i n g ) 1 9 7 2 1 9 6 7 1 9 6 2 1 9 5 7

10 15i

1 9 5 2

2 5

1

2

3

4

5

M i x e d z o n e e q u i v a l e n t t o a b o u t 5 -2 y

___________i

8

9

10

11

12

1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

1 9 4 7

3 0 A g e ( y )

Page 266: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

De

pth

in co

re

(. cm

)

246

FIGURE 65 Lead p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l Cr a i b c o r e LGC9

L e a d c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( j ug . g - 1 )

400 500 600 7000

1

3

12

15

i

Page 267: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

TABLE 36 BACKGROUND INEQUATION FOR

LOCH COIL CRAIB CORE LGC4

CORE DESIGNATION:

SAMPLING BATE:

LOCATION:

VATER DEPTH:

LOCH GOIL CRAIB CORE

CORE LGC4

3*3*76

LAT, 5 6 ° 0 6 ' 8 M N

LONG, 0 4 ° 5 3 1 1 M V

40 m

18 cm.TOTAL CORE LENGTH:

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SEDIMENTS:

h o m o g e n e o u s m i d - b r o w n s e d i m e n t .

STATION 2

Page 268: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

TABL

E 37

LOCH

GO

IL

CRAI

B CO

RE

LSC4

:

RESU

LTS

OF AN

ALYT

ICAL

IN

VES

TIG

ATI

ON

S

248

cn

s or

NCO

•rHCO

rH

H

CM ON o NO in CM ON od 00 h- in r— cn NO in CM t J-d w • • • • • • • • • •d T“ r— ^— T“ T— i— ^— T— T-oO

• H ON t — ON o in o ON cn O ONs T— 00 NO T— r— cn o o VO h -

CM • • • • • • • • • •o ■"t in Tj- in in cn in

cno - o ^CO >O

CM

-p 13=

bdU 'n

-p

-pCD

bf

0O•H-POoCO

O O N G ' ^ i A v D h O ^ i n x t O ' h O in nO• • • • • • • • • • • • • • a * *

O'* I"— CM r- in vO nOcn nO t— h- CN IA cn

O CM O r - O CO

r t O CM ON OJ m *- O in On

cn r fh- CM

C M T j - i n i n c n o o o o o o o o m N D N O h - N O i n i n t —C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M C M

t- cm cn in no

I I I I I I IO i- cm cn tJ- in vo

Ot— CO ON r—

I I I II"- 00 ON o

cm cnT— T ~

I

Tf in vo h-

I I Icm cn Tf

I Iin vo

cnI

NO t - O in 00 ON t - Tj- T“ ON 00 o NO f -ON cn cn O 00 00 00 00 00 NO ON t - NO in <H• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • oCM CM CM CM CM T— T - T“ T— T— T— r — T “ T- T— T—

Bo

bo

• co O .H

. W+ 1 a &cn-P 43boO >>> u

•XJd o

CM

>5-P•HWd<L)■XJ

>>-p•H

0)t—io

•xJCDCO

10 in 00 ON cn t"- cn o cn 00 00 00 in nO T— cn 00 •H COO 'w^ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • -P CDU 00 Tt- cn 00 CM r— T— T— O ON ON O' ON ON CO vO no u Pio

Ph00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 t - t - h- t - d

PMPmXCD'd

oupCOdCDB(3do>Ebo(3

•HCO

•Xl<D-PdP

r-4d><D>>-P

•HCOOPo

CO■pr H0CO<du

do•H-P>>

iHdddouo•HEcn^

Ood

O o o

-pdoou<D

dd-P

P-4 Ph Eh

t- CM cn

Page 269: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

TABL

E 37

(co

nt'

d)

LOCH

GO

IL

CRAI

B CO

RE

LGC4

:

RESU

LTS

OF AN

ALYT

ICAL

IN

VES

TIG

ATI

ON

S

249

uT “* r - O O ' O ' O ' 00 00

• • • • • • • • •

+ 1 T— V- o o o o o %

b£(0 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 +1 + 1 + 1 + 1 •

O E PQP cn vO cn 00 O ' vO o CM

cn • • • • • • • •vO C'- in in cn CM

b o CM O O ' CM vO cn O ' O ' O ' O ' o c - inr —

r— cn cn cn CM CM CM T ” r — o o o o T - o o+ 1 1

t l + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 +1 +1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 +(0O E cn CM t— vO t - in vO in O' CM O' in Tt- o

Pcn •b. vD vO Tf CM in 00 •<3- O ' O O ' o * — c - cnT— x—' m in cn cn cn cn CM T- r - T— r - T—

+ 1m bd* ^ X) E

Pi PjO 'O

CM

bo%

EPicn cn cn cn cn cn cn cn b• • • • • • • •

o o O o O o o o CM

+ 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 OCM r— vO cn in + 1• • • • • • • •

m cn cn cn CM CM CM T— in

o r - O CM T— o cn ob CM CM CM CM T— T— T— T— T— T—

r— , —v • • • • • • • • • •

+ 11

o O o O O o o o o o1bt + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1

d05 6 vO cn cn CM T— T— in cn vO

vo P t - 00 t - i— in CM CM 00CM b • • • • • • • • • •CM CM CM CM cn •»— T“ * “ r “

+ 1 IH bd o ■ H E

PjPi ^

CM

o 00 00 O ' vO O ' 00 \D vO vO vD CMCM T— — T— r— \— T— i— T— r — r — T“ T*“• • • • • • • • • • A. • • •

o O O o o o o O o o o o o o

+ 1 + i + i + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1

o CM T_ vO vO vO Qv T_ vO O' O CMin CM O ' o CM 00 T— vO 00 vO O 00 c - O• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

\D \D vO c - vO in in cn cn cn

£o r - CM m•H ^ '■P E 1 1 1o o© >— O r - CMin

I

o T— CM cn in vOin vO t - 00 O' T“ r“ T“ T”

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

in vO t - 00 O' oT—

CM cn in

II.JQP i

oCM

co£o

•H-Pd£•HEPi0)-p0nd

<D -P U O Pi Pi 2 d to C3

vo,£ CM •P CM •H> -P

tn0

0 P-P 0

d 0E 'O

-p Pi10 0o o

«H,PP i <H

O O

CM £d

CO 0CO EooXPI

«T—

Page 270: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Dep

th

in co

re

(cm

)

250FIGURE 66 Depth p r o f i l e o f t o t a l and ^ ^ R a

f o r Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC4

Total and ^ ® R a A c t i v i t i e s (d.p.m. g.- D

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

M

HH

Ra

15 -

Page 271: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Dep

th

in co

re

(cm

)

FIGURE

251

67 P o r o s i t y p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l

C r a i b c o r e LGC4

P o r o s i t y

0-76 0-80 0-84 0 -88 0-920

2

U

6

8

10

12

U

1 6

1 8

1--------------- I -------------1

9

Page 272: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Dep

th

in co

re

(cm

)FIGURE 68

00 r1 -

2 -

3 -

4 -

5 -

6 -

7 -

8 -

9 -

10 -

11 -

12 -

1 3 -

14 -

15 -

16 - 17 -

252

R a d i o c a e s i u m p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l Cr ai b

c o r e LGC4

1 3 7 , 13 4_ . . . . ,C s a n d Cs A c t i v i t i e s ! d.p.m. g J

10 20 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0

C s.

Cs.

Page 273: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Ex

cess

A

ctiv

ity

( d.p

.m.

g~

^ )

21 0FIGURE 69 Depth p r o f i l e o f e x c e s s Pb f o r

Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC4

253

3 - 5

D e p t h in c o r e ( g . c m “ 2 )

Page 274: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

Dep

th

in co

re

(cm

)FIGURE 70 Curve o f age ( c a l e n d a r d a t e ) a g a i n s t d e p t h 254

f o r Loch G o i l C r a i b c o r e LGC4

Ca l e n d a r d a t e ( no mi x i n g )

1 9 7 6 1 9 6 6

0 100

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

19 56 1 9 4 6

30193640

192650

1 0

1 1

12

1 3

14

1 5

16

1 7

Mi xed z o n e e q u i v a l e n t t o a b o u t 2 0 y -

1 9 1 66 0 A g e ( y.)

Page 275: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

255

FIGURE 71 Lead p r o f i l e f o r Loch G o i l Cr a i b c o r e LGC4

' L e a d C o n c e n t r a t i o n ( jj g. gy 1)

100 2 0 0 300 400 500

Eo

<Dt_Oo

1 0 -c

Q.

Q

U

1 7

Page 276: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

256

21 0w o r k e r s o f d e p r e s s e d l e v e l s o f Pb a t s e d i m e n t s u r f a c e s .

The d e c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n w i t h d e p t h p r e s u m a b l y r e f l e c t s

e i t h e r d i a g e n e t i c c h a n g e r e s u l t i n g i n d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e 2 -

C03 p h a s e on b u r i a l , o r r e s i s t a n c e t o b u r i a l t h r o u g ho 1 q

s e l e c t i v e p a r t i c l e r e d i s t r i b u t i o n , C o m p a r i s o n o f Pb•j

a c t i v i t i e s ( 1 3 • 9 : 6*6 d pm , g ) a nd o f s t a b l e l e a d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

( 4 0 0 / 5 5 0 : 300 [>g,g i n t h e mi xed z o n e s o f t h e s e d e p o s i t s

a l s o i n d i c a t e s a h i g h e r s p e c i f i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f e a c h s p e c i e s

a t s t a t i o n 1 , A s i m i l a r v a r i a t i o n i s a l s o o b s e r v e d f o r Ra

( 9 * 7 : 2*5 d p m . g "* ) a nd f o r m a n g a n e s e ( 3/ : 1 * 1 ^ ) ( P a r m e r , 1 9 7 8 ,

p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) , The t h r e e m a j o r p h a s e s w h i c h a r e

n o r m a l l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e f f i c i e n t s c a v e n g i n g o f h e a v y m e t a l s

t o s e d i m e n t s a r e c l a y m i n e r a l s , Pe /Mn o x i d e s a n d o r g a n i c

s u b s t a n c e s ; s i n c e t h e r e i s e v i d e n c e t h a t a l l t h r e e p h a s e s a r e

p r e s e n t i n g r e a t e r a m o u n t s a t s t a t i o n 1, i t i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g

t h a t h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f r e a c t i v e c h e m i c a l s p e c i e s a r e

a l s o f o u n d t h e r e , H o w e v e r , i t i s i m p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t a n cl l y s i s

o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e e l e m e n t s i n t h e v a r i o u s f r a c t i o n s

o f t h e s e d i m e n t t o d e f i n e w h i c h p a r t i c u l a r p h a s e i s p r i m a r i l y

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e e f f e c t . C e r t a i n l y , t h e p h a s e s r e s p o n s i b l e

f o r h i g h l e a d l e v e l s w i l l d i f f e r f r o m t h o s e g i v i n g r i s e t o h i g h

r a d i u m l e v e l s . F o r e x a m p l e , L e l a n d e t a l ( 1 9 7 2 ) , i n c o m p a r i n g

t h e r e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c i e s o f o r g a n i c , c l a y , a nd P e / H n o x i d e

p h a s e s i n s c a v e n g i n g l e a d , f o u n d a s t r o n g e r c o r r e l a t i o n f o r

t h i s m e t a l w i t h o r g a n i c s a nd Pe/Mn o x i d e s , ( R e c e n t l i t e r a t u r e

( e , g , Yen , 1 977) h a s f u r t h e r e m p h a s i s e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f ■

o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s i n s u c h p r o c e s s e s ) . Rad i um e n r i c h m e n t f r o m!

w a t e r on t h e o t h e r h a n d , a p p e a r s t o be d o m i n a t e d by s c a v e n g i n g ' !

b y b i o l o g i c a l s i l i c a t e ,

)i

Page 277: by DAVID SAMUEL SWAN - CORE · 2020. 2. 21. · Figure Page 15 Freezer/transporter for gravity cores 76 16 Section of Mackereth mini-corer 78 17 Polonium plating cell 92 18 Schematics

257

The e x c e p t i o n t o t h i s g e n e r a l t r e n d i n e l e m e n t a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n b e t w e e n s i t e s a p p e a r s t o be t h a t o f r a d i o c a e s i u m ,1 37 Cs s h o w i n g s i m i l a r s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t i e s a t b o t h s t a t i o n s ,

U n l i k e l e a d a n d o t h e r h e a v y m e t a l s w h i c h a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y

r e a c t i v e i n t h e h y d r o s p h e r e a n d c a n a p p a r e n t l y be r e a d i l y

s c a v e n g e d f r o m s o l u t i o n b y v a r i o u s p h a s e s , c a e s i u m s hows a

much h i g h e r d e g r e e o f s p e c i f i c i t y i n i t s a d s o r p t i o n p r o p e r t i e s .

R em o v a l o f c a e s i u m h a s b e e n shown t o r e s u l t p r i m a r i l y f r o m

i o n - e x c h a n g e on t o c l a y m i n e r a l s , a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r on t o

l a y e r e d a l u m i n o - s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s , w h i c h h a v e a C - c r y s t a l l o -

g r a p h i c - a x i s - s p a c i n g o f 1 0 a e . g , i l l i t e , m i c a s , ( T a m u r a a n d

J a c o b s ( i 9 6 0 ) ; P i c k e r i n g e t a l ( 1 9 6 6 ) ) , I f c a e s i u m

a d s o r p t i o n i s a,s s p e c i f i c a s s u g g e s t e d t h e n p r e s u m a b l y t h e r e

a r e s i m i l a r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e c l a y m i n e r a l r e s p o n s i b l e f o r

i t s u p t a k e a t b o t h s t a t i o n s i n Lo c h G o i l , T h i s w o u l d r e q u i r e

t h a t a t s t a t i o n 2 , d i l u t i o n o f t h i s p h a s e b y a s s u m e d n o n ­

r e a c t i v e s a n d s a nd g r a v e l s i s e q u i v a l e n t t o d i l u t i o n b y o t h e r

c l a y m i n e r a l s / o r g a n i c s / P e / l l n o x i d e s ( w h i c h a r e r e l a t i v e l y n o n ­

r e a c t i v e t o c a e s i u m ) a t s t a t i o n 1 . C l e a r l y an i n t e r e s t i n g

f u t u r e s t u d y c o u l d i n v o l v e d e t e r m i n a t i o n a nd c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e

p a r t i c u l a r m a t e r i a l s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p r e f e r e n t i a l r e m o v a l o f

t h e s e c h e m i c a l l y q u i t e d i f f e r e n t e l e m e n t s a t e a c h l o c a t i o n .

One o f t h e m o s t u n e x p e c t e d f e a t u r e s o f t h i s s t u d y h a s b e e n2°6t h e o b s e r v a t i o n o f a c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f " Ra

i n t h e u p p e r f ew c ins , o f t n e s e d i m e n t s o f s t a t i o n 1 i n L o c h

G o i l r e l a t i v e e i t h e r t o t h o s e o b s e r v e d a t d e p t h o r t o

l i t e r a t u r e v a l u e s f o r n o r m a l c o a s t a l d e p o s i t s . D u r i n g t h e

c o u r s e o f t h e wo r k a n u m o e r o x p o s s i o l e e x p l a n a t i o n s f o r t h i s

e f f e c t h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d a n a t-1 l o s e a r e o u t l i n e d b e l o w .

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One s u c h a l t e r n a t i v e , an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i n t e r m s o f u p w a r d 223d i f f u s i o n o f Ra f r o m d e p t h i n t h e s e d i m e n t , i s u n l i k e l y f o r

t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n , A l t h o u g h u p w a r d d i f f u s i o n o f i n o r g a n i c

r a d i u m h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d i n d e e p - s e a c o r e s ( e , g , G o l d b e r g a nd

l i o i d e , 1 9 3 3 ) , r a t e s o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n s u c h d e p o s i t s

a r e many o r d e r s o f m a g n i t u d e l o v e r t h a n t h o s e r e c o r d e d i n

n e a r s h o r e s e d i m e n t s ; i n a d d i t i o n , d i f f u s i o n i s known t o b e a

v e r y s l o w p r o c e s s f o r m o s t r a d i o n u c l i d e s ( s e e f o r e x a m p l e

D uu rs ma a n d G r o s s ( 1 9 7 1 ) a nd Ko c zy and S o u r r e t t ( 1 9 5 8 ) who—S 2 —1r e p o r t a v a l u e o f 10 cm s f o r t h e d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f

R a ) . E x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t a n o m a l y i n t e r m s o f u p w a r d 226m i g r a t i o n o f Ra f o l l o w e d by ' t r a p p i n g 1 i n t h e t o p m o s t l a y e r s

o f t h e d e p o s i t , shown t o be a c c u m u l a t i n g a t 6 mm,y , t h e r e f o r e

s e e ms h i g h l y i m p r o b a b l e , F o r t h i s r e a s o n , e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e 2 9£

h i g h e r Ra l e v e l s i n s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t t h r o u g h i n c r e a s e d i n p u t

a t t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e i s p r e f e r r e d . C l e a r l y , s i n c e

t h e s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e i s h i g h a n d a s m i x i n g o c c u r s t o v 4 c m s , ( t o926

w h i c h d e p t h t h e Ra a n o m a l y i s l a r g e l y c o n f i n e d ) , t h e c a u s e

m u s t be a r e c e n t o n e . An o b v i o u s p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n i s

r e c e n t c h a n g e e i t h e r i n t h e n a t u r e o f t h e m a t e r i a l d e p o s i t i n g

a t t h e s i t e o r i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h a t m a t e r i a l r e s p o n s i b l e

f o r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f ~~°Ra t o t h e s e d i m e n t . R e c e n t

c u l t u r a l c h a n g e i n t h e c a t c h m e n t was t h e r e f o r e i n v e s t i g a t e d ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r e s t r y a c t i v i t y d u r i n g d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e l o c a l

A r g y l e F o r e s t s i n c e t h i s c o u l d r e a s o n a b l y be e x p e c t e d t o i n c r e r . s e

s o i l e r o s i o n . S u b s e q u e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n , h o w e v e r , s ho we d t h a t

i n s u f f i c i e n t a f f o r e s t a t i o n / d e f o r e s t a t i o n h a d o c c u r r e d i n r e c e n t

y e a r s , A s e c o n d l i n e o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n f o l l o w e d t h e d i s c o v e r y

t h a t a f a c t o r y i n B a l l o c h h a d e x t r a c t e d , p r o c e s s e d a n d

d i s t r i b u t e d r a d i u m i s o t o p e s i n p r o d u c t i o n o f m e d i c a l r a d i a t i o n

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259

s o u r c e s , l u m i n o u s p a i n t s , e t c . The f a c t o r y was c l o s e d i n t h e

mi d 1 9 2 0 ' s ; h o w e v e r , t h e s o i l u n d e r l y i n g t h e p r e m i s e s was

l a t e r f o u n d t o be c o n t a m i n a t e d w i t h r a d i o a c t i v i t y a n d t h e

s i t e was t h e r e f o r e e x c a v a t e d t o a d e p t h o f s i x f e e t , f u r t h e r

i n v e s t i g a t i o n , h o w e v e r , . h a s shown t h a t t h i s s o i l , w h i c hP P n

c o n t a i n e d an e s t i m a t e d 0*2 Ci o f R a , was d i s p o s e d o f i n

1963 a t t h e Grar roch Head d ump i ng g r o u n d ( S t o t t , 1 9 7 6 ) , C l e a r l y ,

f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s , t h i s d i s p o s a l e v e n t c a n n o t e x p l a i n

t h e a n o m a l y ;

( 1 ) i t h a s b e e n w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e C l y d e R i v e r

P u r i f i c a t i o n B o a r d f r o m s t u d i e s o f t r a c e m e t a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n s t h a t s o l i d w a s t e s dumped a t t h e s p o i l

g r o u n d r e m a i n c o n f i n e d t o a l o c a l i s e d a r e a o f

20 km^,

( 2 ) i f d i s p e r s i o n h a d o c c u r r e d , some o b s e r v a t i o n o f a n

e q u i v a l e n t a n o m a l y i n G a r e l o c h w o u l d be e x p e c t e d ,

a n d

( 3 ) t h e t o t a l a c t i v i t y o f r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n v o l v e d i s s o

l ow t l i a t , i f d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r a w i d e a r e a , i t w o u l d226,p r o d u c e an i m m e a s u r a b l e i n c r e a s e i n Ra c o n t e n t .

To o b t a i n some b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e t e x t u r a l

c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e s e d i m e n t s a t t h i s s i t e a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r°2 6t o e x a m i n e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e Ra a n o m a l y m i g h t be

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h , f o r e x a m p l e , a c h a n g e i n m i n e r a l c o m p o s i t i o n

i n t h e u p p e r l a y e r s o f t h e d e p o s i t , a f u r t h e r c o r e was

r e c o v e r e d f r o m t h i s s t a t i o n a nd p a r t i c l e s i z e and c l a y m i n e r a l

a n a l y s e s p e r f o r m e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e l e n g t h o f t h e c o r e b y

L e n n i e ( 1 9 7 8 ) The r e s u l t s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e p r e s e n t e d

i n t a b l e s 38 a n d 39 , From t a b l e 38 i t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t

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TABLE 38 LOCII COIL CAAI3 CORE LCC8; STAT ION 1 :

PARTICLE SIZE 01 SIR I BUTTON ( CA 1

SECTION SIZE PR ACTIO::- ( a )

C o a r s e S i l t >50 pm 5 0 - 2 0 pm

F i n e S i l t 2 0 - 1 * 4 pm

C l a y < 1*4 pm

0 - 2 8 66 4 22

2 - 4 1 59 7 33

4 — 6 2 42 40 18

6 - 8 3 32 45 20

8 - 1 0 8 6 60 25

10 - 12 3 9 71 18

12 - 14 2 39 25 34

14 - 16 1 20 46 33

16 - 18 3 34 38 25

TABLE 39 LOCH COIL CRAIB CORE LCC8; STAT ION 1 :

CLAT MINERAL COO;POSITION (A) 31 X-RAY

DIPFEA.CTOMETAY

S e c t i on I l l i t e s K a o l i n and C h l o r i t e M o n t m o r i l l o n i t e

0 - 2 40 59 0

2 - 4 51 49 0

4 - 6 4 0 49 11

6 - 8 22 67 11

8 - 1 0 38 4 7 15

10 - 12 41 58 0

12 - 14 36 64 0

14 - 16 39 55 6

16 - 18 35 50 15

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( 1 ) c o a r s e - g r a i n e d m a t e r i a l (>50 pm) f o r m s a r e l a t i v e l y

m i n o r c o m p o n e n t o f t h e s e d i m e n t ;

( 2 ) t h e l a r g e s t p r o p o r t i o n c o m p r i s e s a c o m b i n a t i o n o f

f i n e s i l t s ( 1 * 4 pm t o 20 pm) a n d - s i l t s ( 20 pm t o

50 p m ) , a l t h o u g h t h e r e l a t i v e a b u n d a n c e o f t h e s e

f r a c t i o n s i s h i g h l y v a r i a b l e , a nd

( 3 ) t h e c l a y s i z e f r a c t i o n (<1 »4 pm) r e p r e s e n t s a

s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e s e d i m e n t , w i t h a mean

v a l u e o f a b o u t 2 5 ^ ,

T h i s d i s t r i b u t i o n i s t h e r e f o r e i n g o o d g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t w i t h

D e e g e n s 1 c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f s e d i m e n t s f r o m t h i s l o c a t i o n a nd

w i t h t h e p o r o s i t y d a t a o f t h i s s t u d y . The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f

s i z e f r a c t i o n s w i t h i n t h e s e d i m e n t i s , h o w e v e r , s e e n t o b e q u i t e

v a r i a b l e a n d no o b v i o u s c o r r e l a t i o n o f s i z e f r a c t i o n w i t h

226 Ra a n o m a l y i s p o s s i b l e . C o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e c o a r s e f r a c t i o n

o f t h i s s e d i m e n t ( e x a m i n e d u n d e r a h i g h - p o w e r m i c r o s c o p e ) was

g e n e r a l l y u n i f o r m , c o n s i s t i n g l a r g e l y o f m u s c o y i t e , m i c a , q u a r t z ,

c h l o r i t e , f e r r i c o x i d e a n d s h e l l f r a g m e n t s , a l l o f e x t r e m e l y

s m a l l g r a i n s i z e ( L e n n i e , p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) . T a b l e 39

i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e d o m i n a n t c l a y m i n e r a l s i n t h e <1 »4 pin

f r a c t i o n a r e i l l i t e s , w i t h a mean o f ^ 3 3 ^ , a n d k a o l i n i t e s a nd

c h l o r i t e s , w h i c h h a v e a s l i g h t l y h i g h e r mean o f ^55/h , The

r e m a i n d e r i s c o m p o s e d o f m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e w h i c h r a n g e s

a p p a r e n t l y r a n d o m l y f r o m z e r o t o a maximum o f 15/^, A g a i n no0 2 6 .d i r e c t c o r r e l a t i o n o f c l a y m i n e r a l c o m p o s i t i o n w i t h ' Ra

a n o m a l y i s e s t a b l i s h e d . O r g a n i c c o n t e n t s , e s t i m a t e d i n t h i s

s t u d y b y t r e a t m e n t o f s e d i m e n t w i t h 11^0^, h a v e a mean v a l u e o f

1 1 ^ , a l t h o u g h two h i g h v a l u e s o f 21>h a n d 1 9h w e r e r e c o r d e d ; t h i s

f i n d i n g i s i n g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t w i t n t h e r e s u l t s o f cp Ca-CO^

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262

a n d °/o t o t a l c a r b o n d e t e r m i n a t i o n s ( b y m i c r o a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d s )

w h i c h i n d i c a t e d a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h o r g a n i c o o n t e n t f o r t h e

d e p o s i t ,

C l e a r l y , h o w e v e r , t h e r e i s no c l u e . to i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f 026t h e ' Ra d i s t r i b u t i o n e i t h e r f r o m t h e r e s u l t s o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n

o f p o s s i b l e a r t i f i c i a l i n f l u e n c e s o r f r o m d e t a i l e d c o m p a r i s o n

o f t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e s e d i m e n t i n t h e a n o m a l o u s z o n e w i t h

t h a t a t d e p t h ,

I n t h e a b s e n c e o f a d e f i n i t i v e e x p l a n a t i o n , t h e m o s t

c o n v i n c i n g i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a t p r e s e n t r e l a t e s t o t h e w e l l -095

e s t a b l i s h e d ' n a t u r a l 1 i n v o l v e m e n t o f Ra i n b i o l o g i c a l

p r o c e s s e s . T h u s , S h a n n o n a n d C h e r r y ( 1 9 7 1 ) f o u n d v e r y h i g h

? 2 6c o n c e n t r a . t i ons o f ‘ Ra i n some s p e c i e s o f m a r i n e p h y t o p l a n k t o n

f r o m c o a s t a l w a t e r s o f S o u t h A f r i c a , E n r i c h m e n t f a c t o r s w e r e

o b s e r v e d t o be c o n s i d e r a b l y g r e a t e r f o r p h y t o p l a n k t o n t h a n f o r

z o o p l a n k t o n w i t h a v e r a g e v a l u e s o f 7 , 3 0 0 a n d 060 r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

r e l a t i v e t o s e a - w a t e r , A d d i t i o n a l e v i d e n c e o f s i g n i f i c a n t

u p t a k e o f r a d i u m b y p l a n k t o n i c s p e c i e s i s i n f e r r e d f r o m

s i m i l a r i t i e s b e t w e e n t h e c h e m i s t r i e s o f r a d i u m a n d b a r i u m .

F o r e x a m p l e , h i g h v a l u e s o f b a r i u m w e r e f o u n d i n m i c r o p l a n k t o n

c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e c o a s t s o f O r e g o n and H a w a i i b y M a r t i n a nd

K n a u e r ( 1 9 7 3 ) M o r e o v e r , Xu e t a l ( 1 9 7 0 ) a nd Ed mo nd ( 1 9 7 0 ) h a v e296 .

n o t e d a s t r o n g i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e o f Ra , b a r i u m a n d s i l i c a t e226c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n s t u d i e s o f t h e s c a v e n g i n g o f “ Ra b y

c a r b o n a t e a n d s i l i c a t e p h a s e s a n d c o n c l u d e d t h a t s i l i c a was t h e

2 26m a j o r s c a v e n g e r o f R a , . T h e r e i s t h e r e f o r e s u b s t a n t i a l996

e v i d e n c e t o s u g g e s t t h a t Ra i s e n r i c h e d i n p l a n k t o n a nd

c l e a r l y t h i s c o u l d r e s u l t i n t r a n s f e r o f c o n s i d e r a b l e q u a n t i t i e s

o f 2 2 6 Ra t o s e d i m e n t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n b i o l o g i c a l l y p r o d u c t i v e

inshore m a r i n e and loch e n v i r o n m e n t s .

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I n d e e d M a c k e n z i e ( 1 9 7 7 ) h a s r e c e n t l y f o u n d a s t r o n g \

c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t o t a l i n v e n t o r i e s o f s i l i c a t e a n d 226 Ra i n L o c h ^ o i l a nd h a s c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f 226 Ra a nd s i l i c a t e a r e i n t e r l i n k e d a n d a r e d o m i n a n t l y i n f l u e n c e d

b y common p r o c e s s e s , n a m e l y t h e i n t e r m i t t e n t b l o o m s a nd

s u b s e q u e n t d e a t h , s i n k i n g and d e c a y o f s i l i c e o u s p l a n k t o n .

M a c k e n z i e f u r t h e r d e r i v e d an e s t i m a t e d r a d i u m e n r i c h m e n t f a c t o r

o f x 6 2 0 0 , i n go od a g r e e m e n t t o t h a t o b s e r v e d b y S h a n n o n and

C h e r r y ,

I t i s t h e r e f o r e t e m p t i n g t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e h i g h 926_

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s 0 1 ~ Ra i n t h e t o p m o s t l a y e r s o f s e d i m e n t a t

t h i s s t a t i o n i n L o c h S o i l r e s u l t f r om a n n u a l i n p u t o f h i g h

226 ,l e v e l s o f *“ Ra a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s e a s o n a l d e l i v e r y o f s k e l e t a l

2^6r e m a i n s o f s i l i c e o u s o r g a n i s m s t o t h e s e d i m e n t s , “ Ra

a r r i v i n g a t t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f o . e e f r o m t h i s s o u r c e i s

s u b s e q u e n t l y r e d i s t r i b u t e d by b i o l o g i c a l r e w o r k i n g t h r o u g h o u t

t h e m i x e d z o n e o f 4 c:; is, ; c o n t i n u e d d e c a y and d i s s o l u t i o n o f

? 9 6s i l i c a t e r e m a i n s r e l e a s e t h e Ra , w h i c h , m s o l u b l e f o r m ,

i s f r e e t o m i g r a t e t o t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e ( a i d e d by

b i o l o g i c a l d i s t u r b a n c e ) a n d h e n c e t o e s c a p e i n t o o v e r l y i n g

w a t e r s . T h i s h y p o t h e s i s i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e o b s e r v a t i o n226,b y l i a c K e n z i e o f i n c r e a s e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f ' Ra i n t h e

b o t t o m w a t e r s o f L oc h G o i l , The d e c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

2 ° 6 Ra f r o m t h e b a s e o " t h e m i x e d z one t o t h e mud s u r f a c e

t h e r e f o r e r e l a t e s t o e n h a n c e d e x c h a n g e o f c o m p o n e n t s d i s s o l v e d

i n i n t e r s t i t i a l w a t e r s nersr t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e ;2°6The e x p o n e n t i a l d e c r e a s e i n “ Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o b s e r v e d b e l o w

t h e m i x e d z o n e i s a t t r i b u t e d t o a n e x p o n e n t i a l d e c l i n e i n

s i l i c a r e m a i n s b e l o w t h i s l e v e l ; s u p p o r t i n g e v i d e n c e f o r t h i s

p o s t u l a t e f r o m o t h e r s o u r c e s i s o u t l i n e d b e l o w . P e r h a p s t h e

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264

major uncertainty in the above argument is the apparently high

r a t e o f s i l i c a d i s s o l u t i o n w h i c h v o u l l b e r e q u i r e d , s i n c e f r o m

2 1 0 .Pb d a t i n g , t h e a g e o f t h e m i x e d z o n e c o r r e s p o n d s t o ^ 5 * 2 y .

H o w e v e r , R o b b i n s e t a l (1 9 7 5 ) , who i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f d i a t o m f r u s t u l e s i n a 2 1 ° F b - d a t e d c o r e f r o m S o u t h e r n Lake

M i c h i g a n , f o u n d t h a t a bundances d e c r e a s e d e x p o n e n t i a l l y o v e r t h e

u p p e r 10 cifis, o f t h e d e p o s i t , w i t h v a l u e s a t t h e s e d i m e n t /

w a t e r i n t e r f a c e two o r d e r s o f m a g n i t u d e h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e a t

d e p t h . T h i s d i s t r i b u t i o n was a t t r i b u t e d t o a c o m b i n a t i o n o f

d i s s o l u t i o n o f f r u s t u l e s on b u r i a l a n d a p r e f e r e n t i a l s o r t i n g

o f s e d i m e n t g r a i n s w h i c h o p e r a t e d t o m a i n t a i n d i a t o m f r u s t u l e

r e m a i n s n e a r t h e mud s u r f a c e ; t h i s p he nomenon p r o d u c e d c o n s t a n tp 10

Pb ( a n d o t h e r h e a v y m e t a l ) c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n a m i x e d z on e

o f 2*5 cn i s , , w h e r e d i a t o m f r u s t u l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s e x h i b i t e d

r a p i d d e c l i n e . The s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e— O —1

M i c h i g a n c o r e was 46 mg,cm “y , o f s i m i l a r m a g n i t u d e t o t h a t

d e r i v e d f o r Loch G o i l and. i m p l y i n g t h a t a r a p i d r a t e o f s i l i c a

d i s s o l u t i o n i s n o t u n a c c e p t a b l e f o r t h e l a t t e r . F u r t h e r m o r e ,

P a r k e r e t a l ( 1 9 7 7 ) m e a s u r e d t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f d i a t o m

f r u s t u l e s i n t h e w a t e r c o l u m n , i n s e d i m e n t t r a p s a t v a r i o u s

d e n t h s , a n d i n a s e d i m e n t c o r e f r o m Lake M i c h i g a n , They

c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e m a j o r p o r t i o n o f a m or p h o u s s i l i c o n p r o d u c e d

a n n u a l l y a s d i a t o m f r u s t u l e s i s d e c o m p o s e d b e f o r e i n c o r p o r a t i o n

i n t o t h e p e r m a n e n t s e d i m e n t .

The a b o v e t e n t a t i v e e x p l a n a t i o n a p p e a r s t o be c o n s i s t e n t

w i t h t h e o b s e r v e d r e s u l t s arid t h e known m a r i n e c h e m i s t r y o f

R a , U n f o r t u n a t e l y no d a t a a r e a s y e t a v a i l a b l e on t h e

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p l a n k t o n i c r e m a i n s i n t h e s e C l y d e s e d i m e n t s ,92^

The r e l a t i v e l y r e d u c e d Ra a n o m a l y o b s e r v e d a t s t a t i o n 2 i n

L o c h G o i l i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e a b o v e e x p l a n a t i o n on t h e

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265

b a s i s o f p r e f e r e n t i a l a c c u m u l a t i o n o f f i n e m a t e r i a l s a t

s t a l i o n 1 , o r i n d e e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e ' p a t c h y ' p r o d u c t i o n

and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p l a n k t o n i n s e a - l o c h s ( G r a n t h a m e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ,

S o l o r z a n o a n d G r a n t h a m , 1 9 7 5 ) . The i n c r e a s e d l e v e l s o f 2 2 6 Ra

a p p a r e n t i n t h e s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s o f Loc h Lomond c l e a r l y may

h a v e a s i m i l a r e x p l a n a t i o n . The c o m p l e t e a b s e n c e o f t h e

e f f e c t i n G a r e l o c h , h o w e v e r , i s i n i t i a l l y s u r p r i s i n g b u t may

h a v e one o r a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s ; ( a ) t h e

known l o w e r b i o l o g i c a l p r o d u c t i v i t y i n t h i s l o c h r e s u l t i n gO O A.

f r o m r i v e r b o r n e p o l l u t a n t i n p u t s ; ( b ) r e d u c e d Ra u p t a k e

b y t h e s p e c i f i c p l a n k t o n i c s p e c i e s p r e s e n t ; ( c ) i n c r e a s e d

2^6d i l u t i o n o f a n y ~ R a - r i . c h s k e l e t a l r e m a i n s b y g r e a t e r a m o u n t s

o f d e t r i t a l m a t e r i a l ( c f , s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e / ^ x 2 \ t h a t f o r

s t a t i o n 1 L o c h G o i l ) a nd ( d ) a ' p a t c h y 1 d i s t r i b u t i o n o f

p l a n k t o n i c a c t i v i t y ,

A k e y a s s u m p t i o n i n t h e a b o v e a r g u m e n t i s t h a t t h e •225

' a no r nn . l ous ' l e v e l s o f Ra i n t h e s e d e p o s i t s a r e n o t s u p p o r t e d230b y an e q u i v a l e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p a r e n t Th , I f f u t u r e

a n a l y s e s p r o v e t h a t t h i s i s n o t t h e c a s e , t h e n an a l t e r n a t i v e

e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e o b s e r v e d c h a n g e i n d i s t r i b u t i o n w i l l be

r e q u i r e d , K o i d e e t a l ( 1 9 7 6 ) , h o w e v e r , a l s o f o u n d h i g h*1 Q

l e v e l s (v9 d p m . g ) , o f u n s u p p o r t e d Ra i n m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s

o f f t h e c o a s t o f South-er r . C a l i f o r n i a a nd a t t r i b u t e d t h o s e t o .

e n r i c h m e n t i n p h y t o p l a n k t o n . M o r e o v e r , t h e y c o m p i l e d d a t a

f o r t h e 2 ^ ° T h a n d 2 2 ^Ra a c t i v i t i e s o f s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s f r o m

v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s and f o u n d e x c e s s a n d u n s u p p o r t e d

2 2 6 Ra r r e s e n t i n a n um b er o f l o c h a nd c o a s t a l m a r i n e d e p o s i t s .

I n t e r e s t i n g l y , K o i d e e t a l made f u r t h e r u s e o f t h e d e p t h

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f e x c e s s 1-2 Ra t o n e r i v e a c h r o n o l o g y f o r t h e

d e p o s i t s on t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t no m i g r a t i o n o f Ra h a d

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266

o c c u r r e d a f t e r b u r i a l . S e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s t h u s d e r i v e d w e r e

i n r e a s o n a b l e a g r e e m e n t ( w i t h i n a f a c t o r o f x 2 ) w i t h t h o s e

b a s e d on i n d e p e n d e n t m e t h o d s ( ^ C , 2 ^ T h / 2 ^ 2Th) , C l e a r l y

t h e r e f o r e s i l i c a d i s s o l u t i o n ( a n d t h e r e f o r e p o s s i b l e 2 2 6 Ra

m i g r a t i o n ) i s c o m p l e x and m u s t d e p e n d on t h e f o r m o f s i l i c a

o f w h i c h p a r t i c u l a r s k e l e t a a r e c omp o s e d a n d on t h e p a r t i c u l a r

c h e m i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h e s a m p l i n g l o c a t i o n .

C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e r e s u l t s f o r L oc h G o i l a n d G a r e l o c h

h i g h l i g h t s some i n t e r e s t i n g d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e s e d i m e n t ­

a t i o n p r o c e s s e s a nd c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n s o f t h e d e p o s i t s i n

t h e two l o c h s . Thus w h i l e t h e r e i s c o n c l u s i v e p r o o f o f

b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g t o a d e p t h o f 4 t o 6 c e n t i m e t r e s i n Loch

G o i l s e d i m e n t s t h e r e i s no f i r m e v i d e n c e o f t h i s i n t h e

r a d i o n u c l i d e r e s u l t s f r o m G a r e l o c h , f u r t h e r m o r e , a c o n s i d e r ­

a b l y h i g h e r r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i s a p p a r e n t i n

G a r e l o c h , a r o u n d x2-| t h a t o b s e r v e d cat t h e d e e p s i t e i n Lo c h

G o i l ; t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e h i g h e r mean

p a r t i c u l a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n G a r e l o c h o f * / 3 - 2 rng#l r e l a t i v e

1t o a/ i •4 m g , l ~ i n Loch G o i l ( L e a t h e r l a n d , 1 9 7 6 , p e r s . c o m m , ) .

S i m i l a r l y h i g h e r l e v e l s o f l e a d a r e o b s e r v e d i n G a r e l o c h

s e d i m e n t s ( 6 0 0 ppm t o 800 ppm i n t h e C r a i b c o r e and > 9 0 0 ppm

i n t h e g r a v i t y c o r e , f o r w h i c h t h e l e v e l s a r e a c c u r a t e a l t h o u g h

t h e ' d e n t h ' i s u n c e r t a i n ) c o m p a r e d t o maximum l e v e l s i n Loch

G o i l o f * / 550 ppm. T h a t G a r e l o c h i s t h e r e f o r e e x p e r i e n c i n g

a c o n s i d e r a b l y h i r r h e r t o t a l f l u x o f l e a d i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h

i t s g e o , g r a p h i c a l p o s i t i o n n e a r t h e h e a r t o f t h e C l y d e s i d e

I n d u s t r i a l c o n u r b a t i o n , f u r t h e r m o r e b o t h t h e h i g h s e d i m e n t ­

a t i o n r a t e and t h e e n h a n c e d l e a d l e v e l s a r e c o n f i r m a t i v e t n a t

t h e m a i n s o u r c e o f s e d i m e n t t o t h e G a r e l o c h d e r i v e s f r o m i n f l u x

f r o m t h e e s t u a r y r a t h e r t h a n f r o m d i r e c t r u n o f f f r o m t h e

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267

i m m e d i a t e c a t c h m e n t . Loch G o i l , on t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

p r o b a b l y d e r i v e s m o s t o f i t s s e d i m e n t s f r o m p a r t i c u l a t e s

o r i g i n a t i n g i n i t s ovn d r a i n a g e b a s i n . I n t e r e s t i n g l y ,

s u r f a c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f r a d i o c a e s i u m a t t h i s s t a t i o n i n

G a r e l o c h a r e x2 h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e i n Lo c h G o i l , M ac K e n z i e

( 1 9 7 7 ) h a s o b s e r v e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r s o f x6 8 5 a n d x 3 2 0

f o r r a d i o c a e s i u m i n G a r e l o c h a nd Loch G o i l s e d i m e n t s

r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h i s d i f f e r e n c e a g a i n p r e s u m a b l y r e f l e c t s

t h e g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f c l a y m i n e r a l s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o

G a r e l o c h d e p o s i t s .

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2h8

3*5 Summary a.nd G e n e r a l C o n c l u s i o n s

R a d i o a n a } . y t i c a l s e p o , r a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s a p p r o p r i a t e t o21 0

Pb d a t i n g i n s e d i m e n t s h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d , 2 10 Pb i s

m e a s u r e d i n d i r e c t l y v i a a - s p e c t r o m e t r i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f i t s210 20 Ra - e m i t t i n g g r a n d - d a u g h t e r P o ; Po s p i k e i s a d d e d a s226c h e m i c a l y i e l d t r a c e r , Ra i s m e a s u r e d i n d i r e c t l y v i a

s e p a r a t i o n and g a s p h a s e a - s c i n t i l l a t i o n c o u n t i n g o f i t s

2 2 2 -r a d i o a c t i v e d a u g h t e r , ' “ Rn, S e d i m e n t c o r e s r e c o v e r e d f r o m

t h e C i l i c i a B a s i n i n t h e E a s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a n , L o c h Lomond,

a f r e s h w a t e r l o c h i n v e s t c e n t r a l S c o t l a n d , a n d Loc h G o i l a n d

G a r e l o c h , t v o f j o r d - l i k e s e a - l o c h s o f t h e C l y d e S e a A r e a ,r\ o o r

h a v e b e e n e x a m i n e d f o r t h e i r Pb a n d ~ Ra d i s t r i b u t i o n s a n d

21 0w h e r e a p p r o p r i a t e a Pb c h r o n o l o g y c o v e r i n g t h e l a s t 100 t o

150 y # h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d . M a j o r c o m p l e m e n t a r y s t u d i e s

i n c l u d e r a d i o c a e s i u m a s s a y , w h i c h i s p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l i n

p r o v i d i n g a c c e p t a b l e e v i d e n c e o f r e c o v e r y o f u n d i s t u r b e d

s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t and a s an a d d i t i o n a l c h r o n o m e t e r , a n d l e a d

a n a l y s i s , a,s i n d i c a t o r o f r e c e n t a n t h r o p o g e n i c i n f l u e n c e s ,

210I n d e v e l o p i n g Pb c h r o n o l o g i e s , t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f

c o r r e c t i n g f o r a n u m b e r o f s e d i m e n t p r o p e r t i e s h a s b e e n

e m p h a s i s e d . Thus t h e d i s c o v e r y o f s y s t e m a t i c v a r i a t i o n i n2 2 A

t h e d e p t h d i s t r i b u t i o n o f “ Ra i n s e v e r a l c o r e s h a s s t r e s s e do o ^

t h e n e e d t o m e a s u r e " ° Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e l e n g t h9-J 0

o f c o r e s b e f o r e m a k i n g c o r r e c t i o n f o r t h e s u p p o r t e d ~ Pb

21 0c o n t r i b u t i o n i n Pb e x c e s s d a t i n g . O f t e n , i n s t u d i e s2 1 0

e l s e w h e r e , R a - s u p p o r t e d Pb i s s i m p l y t a k e n e i t h e r a s2 1 0t h a t o b s e r v e d a t d e p t h s w h e r e a l l e x c e s s Pb i s a s s u m e d t o

226 . . .h a v e d e c a v e d , o r f rom d i r e c t m e a s u r e m e n t o f Ra a c t i v i t i e s

i n o n l y a f ew r a n d o m s e c t i o n s o f c o r e . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e

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269

s i g n i f i c a n c e o f c o r r e c t i n g f o r s e d i m e n t v a r i a b l e s i n c l u d i n go

w a t e r c o n t e n t a n d i n t h e c a s e o f m a r i n e s e d i m e n t s , s a l t -

r e s i d u e s f r o m i n t e r s t i t i a l w a t e r s , i s i n d i c a t e d . Such

c o r r e c t i o n s a r e a l s o o f t e n o m i t t e d , w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t

s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s a n d a g e / d e p t h c u r v e s m u s t be e r r o n e o u s .

The r e s u l t s o f a n a l y s i s o f t h e C i l i c i a B a s i n c o r e , r e c o v e r ­

e d b y a c o n v e n t i o n a l s m a l l d i a m e t e r g r a v i t y c o r e r , i n d i c a t e210e x p o n e n t i a l d e c r e a s e o f Pb w i t h d e p t h c o n s i s t e n t w i t h a

—2 —1 — 1s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e o f 16 mg,cm y ( 0 * 3 4 mrii,y ) , The f l u x210o f e x c e s s Pb t o t h e s e d i m e n t s i s e s t i m a t e d a t o n l y 0*09

- 2 -1dpm,cm y , w h i c h i s l o w e r e v e n t h a n t h e e s t i m a t e d f l u x o f

210 °1 0 e x c e s s Pb e x p e c t e d f r o m i n - s i t u p r o d u c t i o n o f ^ Pb f r o m226.d e c a y o f ^ 11 a i n o v e r l y i n g w a t e r s . T h i s f a c t , t a k e n i n

c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e a b s e n c e o f ( l ) d e t e c t a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s 1 ^7

o f I J ' C s , ( 2 ) s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l s o f c u l t u r a l l y d e r i v e d h e a v y

m e t a l s , a n d ( 3 ) i n c r e a s i n g p o r o s i t y t o w a r d s t h e s u r f a c e .of t h e

c o r e , i n d i c a t e t h a t an u n d e f i n e d d e p t h o f s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t

h a s b e e n l o s t d u r i n g s a m p l i n g . I t i s f u r t h e r shown t h a t t h e 21 0

Pb p r o f i l e i s u n l i k e l y t o a r i s e f r o m b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g s i n c e

- 2 9 —1a b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t o f 8*5 x 10 cm^y i s

c a l c u l a t e d , a p p r o x i m a t e l y two o r d e r s o f m a g n i t u d e l o w e r t h a n

t h a t e x p e c t e d f o r a c o a s t a l d e p o s i t . I f t h e s e d i m e n t s f r o m

210w h i c h t h e Pb s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e i s d e r i v e d a r c u n d i s t u r b e d ,

t h e n t h e e s t i m a t e d s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e i s a minimum v a l u e .

The Loch Lomond c o r e was c o l l e c t e d by m i n i - k a c k e r e t h

c o r e r , a s a m p l e r s p e c i f i c a l l y d e s i g n e d t o r e c o v e r c o r e s un t o

1 m e t r e i n l e n g t h , w i t h m i n i m a l d i s t u r b a n c e t o t h e s u p e r f i c i a l

210l a y e r s o f d e p o s i t . The Pb p r o f i l e , c o n t a i n e d m t h e u p p e r

12 t o 15 c ms . o f t h e 82 cm. c o r e , e x h i b i t e d e x p o n e n t i a l d e c l i n e

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2 7 0

with depth, A slight flattening of the profile in the upper2 cms , i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h e i t h e r s l i g h t d i s t u r b a n c e d u r i n g

c o r i n g o r a v e r y l i m i t e d d e g r e e o f p h y s i c a l o r b i o l o g i c a l

— 2 —1m i x i n g , a s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n r a t e o f 22 mg,cm y

( a / 1 inm,y“ 1 ) i s d e r i v e d f r o m t h e e x c e s s 2 1 ° P b p r o f i l e , a n d t h eoi o _ o _ 1

e s t i m a t e d f l u x o f Pb t o t h e d e p o s i t i s a b o u t 0 * 5 4 dum,cm “y

T h i s i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e e s t i m a t e d a t m o s p h e r i c f l u x o f 2 l C Pb

i n t h e a r e a ( ^ 0 * 3 3 dpm,cm “y ) and s i n c e t h e e s t i m a t e d f l u x2i o 210 2 27o f Pb due t o i n - s i t u p r o d u c t i o n o f Pb f r o m d e c a y o f “ l ia

— 2 —1m t h e o v e r l y i n g w a t e r s i s i n s i g n i f i c a n t a t <0*01 dpm,cm~ y , 210some e x c e s s Pb d e p o s i t i n g i n t h e s e d i m e n t s m u s t a , r i s e f r o m

21 0Pb a d s o r b e d on p a r t i c u l a t e s i n t h e c a t c h m e n t ,

l i a d i o c a e s i u m i n t h i s c o r e i s due e n t i r e l y t o bomb f a l l o u t ,

137The Gs p r o f i l e i s c o n t a i n e d e s s e n t i a l l y i n t h e u p p e r 2 t o 3

210c i ns , o f t h e d e p o s i t a nd i s c o n s i s t e n t b o t h wi th , t h e "* Pb

o b s e r v e d s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e a n d t h e e x p e c t e d t i m e - i n t e g r a t e d

1 37f l u x o f Cs f r o m a t m o s p h e r i c f a l l o u t . T h e r e f o r e t h e s e d i m e n t

s u r f a c e h a s p r o b a b l y b e e n r e c o v e r e d d u r i n g s a m p l i n g . An

1 37e l o n g a t e d ' t a i l 1 o f Cs e x t e n d s t o a d e p t h o f a b o u t 7 c m s ,

i n d i c a t i v e o f some s m a l l d e g r e e o f downward m i x i n g o r p o s s i b l y

r a c l i o c a e s i u m m i g r a t i o n .

Some i n d i c a t i o n o f a c h a n g e i n s l Q p e i s a p p a r e n t i n t h e

°1 0e x c e s s ^ Pb p r o f i l e b e l o w a/ 3 cms , i n t h e c o r e , p o s s i b l y

i n d i c a t i v e o f a c h a n g e i n s e d i m e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n . T h i s w o u l d

14 /be c o n s i s t e n t w i t h e v i d e n c e d e r i v e d f r o m C, a n d m e t a l (Al a n d

Mn) a n o m a l i e s i n a 5 m e t r e c o r e r e c o v e r e d f r o m a n e a r b y s a m p l i n g

s t a t i o n i n t h e s o u t h b a s i n , A t e n t a t i v e e x p l a n a t i o n i n v o l v i n g

r e c e n t m a j o r d i s t u r b a n c e t o t h e n a t u r a l p r o c e s s e s o f s e d i m e n t ­

a t i o n i s p o s t u l a t e d . I f s o , t h e n a p a l a e o m a g n e t i c ' d a t e ' o f

a/1 80 0 A,D, f o r t h e 20 - 25 cm, h o r i z o n i n t h i s c o r e b e c o m e s

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210c o m p a t i b l e w i t h an e x t r a p o l a t e d Pb t i m e - s c a l e , The

e s t i m a t e d r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n a t f i n a l c o m o a c t i o n

f r o m 2 1° P b r e s u l t s i s 0*4 mm,y” 1 , i n goo d a g r e e m e n t w i t h a14 1C - b a s e d s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e f o r t h i s b a s i n o f 0»3 rnm,y ,

T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t , o u t w i t h a p o s s i b l e 1s l u m p - e v e n t ’ , t h e

m o d e r n r a t e o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n may n o t be s i g n i f i c a n t l y0 0

d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e p o s t - g l a c i a l r a t e , Ha c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

show a n i n t e r e s t i n g i n c r e a s i n g t r e n d f ro m t y p i c a l i n s h o r e m a r i n e

—1a n d l o c h s e d i m e n t v a l u e s o f 1*8 dp m. g f r o m a b o u t 15 cms d e p t h

t o a maximum o f 3*3 dpm. g a t t h e s e d i m e n t / w a t e r i n t e r f a c e ,

A s i m i l a r e f f e c t i s o b s e r v e d , t h o u g h t o a much more m a r k e d

d e g r e e , i n t h e s e d i m e n t s o f Loph G o i l ,

S t a b l e l e a d shows a t y p i c a l p r o f i l e w i t h l e v e l s i n c r e a s i n g

f r o m d e p t h t o w a r d s t h e mud s u r f a c e . N a t u r a l l e v e l s a r e a r o u n d

2 110 ppm ( e q u i v a l e n t t o a f l u x o f 0 * 2 2 p g , cm y ) , a p p r o x i m a t e l y— O — 1

x1 5 l o w e r t h a n m o d e r n i n p u t s o f 150 ppm (3*3 j ig , cm” y . ) ,

L e v e l s o f l e a d c o n t a m i n a t i o n i n Lo c h Lomond a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y

l o w e r t h a n t h o s e e x p e r i e n c e d b y t h e C l y d e s e a - l o c h s , G a r e l o c h

a n d Loch G o i l ; t h i s i s g e n e r a l l y c o n s i s t e n t w i t h i t s g r e a t e r

d i s t a . n c e a nd p h y s i c a l i s o l a t i o n f r om m a j o r i n d u s t r i a l c e n t r e s

and. t h e C l y d e e s t u a r y r e s p e c t i v e l y . Loch G o i l , v i r t u a l l y a s

f a r r e m o v e d f r o m s u c h i n f l u e n c e s a s Loch Lomond, may r e c e i v e

a d d i t i o n a l i n p u t o f l e a d p o l l u t i o n f r o m s h i p p i n g a n d l o c a l

o i l - p o l l u t i o n s o u r c e s .

The m a j o r a im o f t h i s p r o j e c t h a s b e e n t o e x a m i n e t h eo 1 n

a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f t h e Pb d a t i n g t e c h n i q u e i n i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f

t h e p a t t e r n s a n d r a t e s o f r e c e n t s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e

s e a - l o c h s o f t h e C l y d e S e a A r e a . D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e0 1 0c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Pb i n c o r e s f r o m Loch G o i l a n d G a r e l o c h

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272

21 0h a s shown Pb t o be p r e s e n t i n s u f f i c i e n t e x c e s s , o v e r t h a t

2 P hr e q u i r e d f o r r a d i o a c t i v e e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h T i n , f o r u s e i n

s u c h s t u d i e s . The v a l u e o f a c c o m p a n y i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s o f

r a d i o c a e s i u m , ^ ^ C s a n d ^ ^ C s , d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n t h e s e s e d i m e n t s

i s a p p a r e n t . S e d i m e n t p r o f i l e s o f r a d i o c a e s i u m m i r r o r

i n c r e a s i n g d i s c h a r g e o f t h e s e n u c l i d e s f r o m V i n d s c a l e s i n c e

1952 a n d a r e t h e r e f o r e i n v a l u a b l e i n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h a t

u n d i s t u r b e d s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t h a s b e e n r e c o v e r e d a n d , i noi oc o n j u n c t i o n w i t h X - r a d i o g r a p h i c e v i d e n c e a n d ~ Pb r e s u l t s , i n

i n d i c a t i n g t o wha t d e p t h s e d i m e n t m i x i n g o c c u r s .

T h i s p r o j e c t t h r o u g h t h e c o n c o m i t t a n t u s e o f a c o n v e n t i o n a l

( a n d s t i l l g e n e r a l l y u s e d ) s m a l l - d i a m e t e r g r a v i t y c o r e r a n d a

h y d r a u l i c a l l y damped C r a i b c o r e r , s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d t o r e c o v e r

u n d i s t u r b e d s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s h a s p r o v i d e d an e x c e l l e n t

o p p o r t u n i t y t o c ompar e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e s e d i f f e r e n t

s a m p l e r s i n r e t r i e v i n g s e d i m e n t f r o m h i g h p o r o s i t y d e p o s i t s ;

i n d e e d t h i s h a s p r o v e d a p a r t i c u l a r l y e n l i g h t e n i n g a s p e c t o f

t h e s t u d y . C l e a r l y , i n s e d i m e n t s t u d i e s o f a n y k i n d w h i c h

i n v o l v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f v a r i a b l e s

i n t h e s e d i m e n t c o l u m n , t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e

m a t e r i a l , i . e , c o r e s i n w h i c h t h e v e r t i c a l i n t e g r i t y o f t h e

s e d i m e n t s i s m a i n t a i n e d , i s o f p a r a m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e . No

m a t t e r how c a r e f u l l y s u b s e q u e n t s t o r a g e , p r e t r c a t m e n t a n d

c h e i c a l a n a l y s i s i s p e r f o r m e d , i f t h e o r i g i n a l s a m p l e h a s

b e e n d i s t u r b e d i n c o l l e c t i o n , t h e n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e l e v a n c e

o f t h e r e s u l t s i s a t t h e v e r y l e a s t r e d u c e d . C o m p a r i s o n o f

t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f ^ ^ P b , a n d ^ C s / ^ C s i n t h e s e

c o r e s h a s i n d i c a t e d c o n c l u s i v e l y t h a t a s u b s t a n t i a l a m o un t

o f s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t h a s b e e n l o s t d u r i n g g r a v i t y c o r e s a m p l i n g

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a nd t h e e x t e n t o f l o s s a p p e a r s t o be c o n s i d e r a b l e , a s much a s

15 — 2C c m s . i h i r t h . e r m o r e , t h e r e i s s t r o n g e v i d e n c e t o s u g g e s t

t n a t a c o n s i d e r a b l e d e p t h o f t h e ' s u r f a c e 1 m a t e r i a l r e c o v e r e d

i n g r a v i t y c o r e s d o e s n o t i n f a c t r e p r e s e n t u n d i s t u r b e d s e d i m e n t

b u t i s m a t e r i a l w h i c h r e s u l t s f r o m a s u b s t a n t i a l m i x i n g / l o s s

p r o c e s s . I n a d d i t i o n , a nd p e r h a p s o f m o s t s i g n i f i c a n c e ,

c o m p a r i s o n o f g r a v i t y c o r e p r o f i l e s snows n o t o n l y g o o d i n t e r n a l

c o n s i s t e n c y b u t p r o f i l e s w h i c h e x h i b i t ’ c l a s s i c a l 1 f o r m s / ° 1 ( )( e , g , e x p o n e n t i a l d e c r e a s e o f e x c e s s ^ P b ) , I n o t h e r w o r d s ,

e x a m i n e d b y t h e m s e l v e s , t h e r e s u l t s f r o m t h e s e g r a v i t y c o r e s

w o u l d ha.ve b e e n a c c e p t e d a s good e v i d e n c e o f a, c o n s t a n t r a t e

o f s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n , a s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e w o u l d h a v e b e e n

d e r i v e d a n d . ,an a p p a r e n t l y q u i t e e r r o n e o u s c h r o n o l o g y d e v e l o p e d

f o r t h e s e d i m e n t s ; o n l y i n t h e l i g h t o f c o m p a r i s o n o f r e s u l t s

w i t h t h o s e f r o m C r a i b c o r e s a r e t h e i n a d e q u a c i e s o f t h e u s e

o f s m a l 1 - d i a n e t e r g r a v i t y c o r e r s to s u c h d e n o s i t s n o t i c e d . The 6 cnq

d i a m e t e r , L , g r a v i t y c o r e r u s e d was o f c o n v e n t i o n a l d e s i g n

a nd s t a n d a r d c o r i n g p r o c e d u r e s w e re a d o p t e d i n r e c o v e r y o f

t h e s e c o r e s ; i n a d d i t i o n t h e c r ew o f t h e C , 11, P , 3 , s u r v e y

v e s s e l , J h i d r i c k I I , a r e h i g h l y e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e i r mode o f

c o l l e c t i o n . T h u s , i f , a s s eems l i k e l y , t h e c o n c l u s i o n s r e a c h e d

f r o m t h i s s t u d y a r e g e n e r a l l y a p p l i c a b l e , t h e n t h e w i d e

l i t e r a t . r e , w h i c h i s b a s e d on d a t a f r o m s e d i m e n t s c o l l e c t e d , oy.

s u e ’:, c o r e r s , mas t be t r e a t e d w i t h c a u t i o n , A l x k o u g h ,

i n c r e a s i n g l y , s e d i m e n t s t u d i e s a r e c o n d u c t e d u s i n g s p e c i a l l y

d e s i vned ' s o f t - l a n d i n g ' s a m p l e r s , t h e r e a r e few i f a n y i n s t a n c e s

o f d i r e c t c o m p a r i s o n o f r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d u s i n g s u c h c o r e r s

w i t h t h o s e - p r e v i o u s l y o b t a i n e d f r o m g r a v i t y c o r e s . C l e a r l y

i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e e v i d e n c e g a t h e r e d i n t h i s s t u d y , s u c h

a c o m p a r i s o n c o u l d be q u i t e r e v e a l i n g .

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V a l i d c o n c l u s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e p a t t e r n s a n d r a t e s o f

r e c e n t s e d i m e n t a c c u m u l a t i o n i n Loch G o i l a n d G a r e l o c h a r e

c o n s e q u e n t l y r e s t r i c t e d t o i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f r e s u l t s d e r i v e d

f r o m C r a i b c o r e a n a l y s i s :

I n g e n e r a l , s e d i m e n t s e x a m i n e d a r e h o m o g e n e o u s i n

a p p e a r a n c e w i t h no o b v i o u s v i s i b l e s i g n s o f s t r a t i g r a p h i c

m a r k e r s o r l a m i n a t i o n s , X - r a d i o g r a p h i c e v i d e n c e s hows a n i m a l

b u r r o w s t o a d e p t h o f * * 4 cms , and ~6 cms . i n -Loch G o i l

s e d i m e n t s , d e p e n d e n t u p o n l o c a t i o n , i n d i c a t i n g a c t i v e

b i o t u r b a t i o n t o t h e s e d e p t h s . T h i s c o n c l u s i o n i s g e n e r a l l y

c o n s i s t e n t w i t h r a d i o n u c l i d e p r o f i l e s w h i c h e x h i b i t r e l a t i v e l y

c o n s t a n t a c t i v i t y o v e r s u c h d e p t h i n t e r v a l s ; f u r t h e r m o r e

r a d i o c a e s i u m e v i d e n c e s u g g e s t s t h a t r e w o r k i n g may be i n t e r m i t t e n t ,

w i t h a t i m e p e r i o d o f s e v e r a l m o n t h s t o a y e a r . I n c o n t r a s t ,

t h e r e i s no c o n c l u s i v e e v i d e n c e f r o m r a d i o n u c l i d e d a t a o f

b i o l o g i c a l r e w o r k i n g i n G a r e l o c h s e d i m e n t s .

S e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s h a v e b e e n e s t i m a t e d f r o m d e p t h p r o f i l e s

210o f e x c e s s Pb f o r e a c h s t a t i o n . I n Loch G o i l , r a t e s a r e

210d e r i v e d f r o m t h e e x c e s s Pb d i s t r i b u t i o n a t d e p t h s b e n e a t h

*~2 “ 1 “ 1t h e z on e o f a c t i v e m i x i n g . V a l u e s o f 200 mg,cm y ( 6 mm,y )2 1 — ia n d 123 mg. cm” y~ ( 3*5 min.y” ) h a v e b e e n f o u n d f o r s t a t i o n s 1

a n d 2 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . The c o r r e s p o n d i n g a g e s o f t h e m i x e d z o n e s

a r e j u s t o v e r 5 y , a n d 15 y . r e s p e c t i v e l y ; t h e maximum

r e s o l u t i o n w h i c h c o n be a c h i e v e d i n a g o —d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a

s p e c i f i c h o r i z o n i s t h e r e f o r e l i m i t e d b y t h i s m i x i n g z o n e ,

G a r e l o c h e x p e r i e n c e s a s i p i i f i c n n t l y h i g h e r r a t e o f s e d i m e n t

a c c u m u l a t i o n o f 540 mg,cm y ( o r 1*5 c in ,y ) , c o n s i s t e n t

w i t h i t s c o n s i d e r a b l y g r e a t e r i n f l u x o f p a r t i c u l a t e s f r o m ' t h e21 0

a d j a c e n t C l y d e e s t u a r y . E s t i m a t e d f l u x e s o f Pb t o t h e

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2

— 9 —1s e d i m e n t s r a n g e f r om 0*8 t o 2*5 dpm,cm “y i n Lo ch G o i l t o - 2 -13*6 dprn cm y i n - G a r e l o c h and a r e t h e r e f o r e c o n s i d e r a b l y

h i g h e r t h a n t h e e s t i m a t e d a t m o s p h e r i c f l u x f o r t h e a r e a o fn — 2 — 10*3 3 dpm,cm “y # The c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h i s f r o m i n - s i t u

210 ^ 2 Cp r o d u c t i o n o f Pb f r o m ^ Ra i n t h e o v e r l y i n g w a t e r s i s shown

t o be t o t a l l y i n s i g n i f i c a n t ( 0*03 dpm#cm“ 2y ” 1 ) # T h e r e f o r e01 o

t h e m a j o r s o u r c e o f e x c e s s Pb t o t h e s e d e p o s i t s a p p e a r s t o

be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r i v e r and s i ream p a r t i c u l a t e s , 2 1 ° P b - d e r i v e d

s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s i n d i c a t e d a b o v e c o mp a r e f a v o u r a b l y w i t h

t h e o n l y o t h e r e s t i m a t e s o f ' n a t u r a l ' r a t e s o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n i n_ -1

t h e a r e a , i , e , 5 min,y f o r Loch R i d d o n ( Mo o r e , 1931 ) a n d

5 mrn,y f o r H o l y L oc h q u o t e d b y B e s t (1 970 ) I n t e r e s t i n g l y ,

M o o r e ' s e s t i m a t e was b a s e d on s e d i m e n t t r a u s a n d on a l t e r n a t i n gJL O

l i g h t / d a r k b a n d s o b s e r v e d i n s e d i m e n t c o r e s , p r e s u m e d d u e t o

a n n u a l d i a t o m b l o o m s ; t h i s s t r a t i f i c a t i o n i s t h e r e f o r e i n

m a r k e d c o n t r a s t t o L o c h G o i l / G a r e l o c h s e d i m e n t s a n d i n f e r s

t h a t t h e b o t t o m d e p o s i t s o f Loch R i d d o n a r e o r w e r e s u b j e c t t o

l e s s d i s t u r b a n c e f r o m f a u n a l m i x i n g , P u r t h e r m o r e , minimum

r a t e s o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n d e r i v e d f r o m r a d i o c a e s i u m d a t a , on t h e

a s s u m p t i o n s t h a t no s i g n i f i c a n t m i g r a t i o n o f c a e s i u m i s o t o p e s

1 37h a s o c c u r r e d and t h a t t h e f i r s t s i g n i f i c a n t i n p u t o f Csa

a n d Cs t o t h e s e d i m e n t s o c c u r r e d i n 1953 a nd 1968

- 2 -1r e s p e c t i v e l y , a r e i n go od a g r e e m e n t — v i z , 180 mg,cm ~y ,—9 _ 1 —9 —1

110 mg,cm ‘"y a n d 650 mg,cm “y — f o r Loch G o i l s t a t i o n s 1

a n d 2 a n d G a r e l o c h r e s n e c t i v e l y ,

M a j o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f “ P b , P-a

s t a b l e l e a d and m a n g a n e s e i n t h e s e d i m e n t s o f t h e two s a m p l i n g

l o c a t i o n s i n L o c h G o i l a p p a r e n t l y r e f l e c t d i f f e r e n c e s i n

p h y s i c a l a n d c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e s e d i m e n t s . H i g h e r

s p e c i f i c e l e m e n t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t o e f i n ^ r

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276

s e d i m e n t s o f t h e d e e p - b a s i n , s t a t i o n 1 , P a r t i c u l a r l y

i n t e r e s t i n g a r e t h e i n c r e a s e d l e v e l s o f Ra o b s e r v e d i n t h e

s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s a t t h i s l o c a t i o n b o t h r e l a t i v e t o t h o s e a t

d e p t h a n d a t s t a t i o n 2 , At p r e s e n t , t h i s e x c e s s i s2 2 A

a t t r i b u t e d t o e n r i c h m e n t o f “ Ra i n t h e r e m a i n s o f s i l i c e o u s

o r g a n i s m s , d e p o s i t e d i n t h e s e d i m e n t a f t e r d e a t h ; t h e i r

r e m a i n s , u n d e r g o i n g r a p i d d e c a y i n t h e u p p e r l a y e r s o f t h e

226d e p o s i t r e l e a s e i n c o r p o r a t e d Ra w h i c h m i g r a t e s b a c k t o t h e2 2 o v e r l y i n g w a t e r s . No e q u i v a l e n t Ra ' a n o m a l y ' i s a p p a r e n t

i n t h e s e d i m e n t s o f G a r e l o c h , a nd t h i s may be a c o n s e q u e n c e o f

226i t s l o w e r b i o l o g i c a l p r o d u c t i v i t y , Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , o t h e r

t h a n t h o s e r e g a r d e d a s ' e x c e s s ' a b o v e a r e t y p i c a l o f c o a s t a l

-1m a r i n e d e p o s i t s w i t h v a l u e s r a n g i n g f r o m 1 t o 2 d p m, g

L e a d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n G a r e l o c h ( 6 0 0 t o 800 ppm;— 0 —'I

c o r r e s p o n d i n g f l u x 325 t o 435 p g . c m “ y ) a r e h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e

i n Loch G o i l ( 4 0 0 t o 550 ppm; c o r r e s p o n d i n g f l u x SO t o 110 _2 — “]

p g , c m y ) , c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e c l o s e r p r o x i m i t y o f G a r e l o c h

t o t h e h e a v i l y i n d u s t r i a l i s e d a nd d e n s e l y p o p u l a t e d r e g i o n s o f

t h e a r e a .

I n c h a p t e r 1 t h e h i g h l y v a r i a b l e n a t u r e o f t h e s e d i m e n t

m a t r i x was i n d i c a t e d ; w h i l e f r o m t h i s s t u d y t h e r e i s g o o d

e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e C r a i b c o r e r c o n s i s t e n t l y r e c o v e r s r e l a t i v e l y

u n d i s t u r b e d s e d i m e n t c o r e s , n o n e t h e l e s s some d i f f e r e n c e s i n

d e t a i l a r e s t i l l a p p a r e n t b e t w e e n r e s u l t s f r o m s u c h c o r e s

c o l l e c t e d a t an ' i d e n t i c a l ' l o c a t i o n ( s t a t i o n 1 , L oc h G o i l ) ,

As f u r t h e r e x a m p l e o f t h i s , C a r p e n t e r ( 1 9 7 5 ) h a s d e s c r i b e d

t h e u s e o f a h y d r o s t a t i c a l l y damped s o f t - l a n d i n g m u l t i p l e c o r e

s a m p l e r , w h i c h r e c o v e r s f o u r u n d i s t u r b e d c o r e s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y

a t t h e c o r n e r s o f a r e c t a n g u l a r b a s e - f r a m e ; e v e n c o r e s

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277

c o l l e c t e d i n t h i s way , w i t h t h e g u a r a n t e e o f i d e n t i c a l t i m e a nd

l o c a t i o n t o w i t h i n a f ew s q u a r e m e t r e s , s ho we d up t o 25/-

21 0d i f f e r e n c e s i n P b - d e r i v e d s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s . I d e a l l y ,

t h e r e f o r e , s e d i m e n t s t u d i e s s h o u l d be c o n d u c t e d on t h e b a s i s

o f m u l t i p l e c o r e a n a l y s i s a t e a c h l o c a t i o n , w i t h c o n c l u s i o n s

d r a w n f r o m r e s u l t a n t g e n e r a l t r e n d s i n s e d i m e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n s

a n d s e d i m e n t c o m p o s i t i o n . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , b o t h t e m p o r a l a n d

f i n a n c i a l r e s t r i c t i o n s a r e m a s t e r s o f t h i s i d e a l .

C o n c l u s i o n s d r a w n f r o m t h i s p r e l i m i n a r y s e d i m e n t s t u d y

h a v e b y n e c e s s i t y b e e n d e r i v e d f r o m a l i m i t e d n u m b e r o f c o r e s ;

t h e r e f o r e t h e y a r e b e s t r e g a r d e d (a) a s i n i t i a l i n d i c a t o r s o f t h e

p a t t e r n s a n d r a t e s o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n o c c u r r i n g i n t h e r e g i o n s

s t u d i e d , a nd ( b ) a s a, u s e f u l b a s e l i n e f r o m w h i c h f u t u r e r e s e a r c h

c a n b e more e x t e n s i v e l y c o n d u c t e d . N e v e r t h e l e s s t h e r e s u l t s?1 Cdo h i g h l i g h t t h e v a l u e o f “ Pb g e o c h r o n o l o g y w h i l e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y

e m p h a s i s i n g t h e c r i t i c a l l i m i t a t i o n s w h i c h a p p l y b o t h i n

m e t h o d o l o g y a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .

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APPENDIX 1

P a r t i c l e S i z e A n a l y s i s

The f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a l s cheme was u s e d i n p a r t i c l e s i z e

a n a l y s i s ; t h e c o a r s e f r a c t i o n was e s t i m a t e d b y w e t s i e v i n g ,

f i n e s i l t a n d c l a y f r a c t i o n s b y t h e p i p e t t e m e t h o d , a n d c o a r s e

s i l t by d i f f e r e n c e . O r g a n i c m a t t e r was d e s t r o y e d b y o x i d a t i o n

w i t h ^ 2 ^ 2 *

P r i o r t o p a r t i c l e s i z e s e p a r a t i o n , d i s p e r s i o n a n d

d e f l o c c u l a t i o n o f s e d i m e n t a g g r e g a t e s w e r e a c h i e v e d b y t r e a t i n g

a#1 5 g # s e d i m e n t ( w e i g h e d t o t h r e e d e c i m a l p l a c e s ) w i t h 50 m i s ,

d i s t i l l e d w a t e r and 25 m i s , o f 50^ s o l u t i o n ; t h i s m i x t u r e

was a g i t a t e d f o r 16 h o u r s u s i n g a r e c i p r o c a t i n g s h a k e r .

C o a r s e F r a c t i o n A n a l y s i s

F o l l o w i n g d i s p e r s i o n , t h e s e d i m e n t was w a s h e d t h r o u g h a

f i n e s i e v e ( 3 0 0 m e s h ; e q u i v a l e n t t o 50 pm) i n t o a 1000 m l ,

g r a d u a t e d c y l i n d e r . A f t e r a i r - d r y i n g a t 3 0 ° C , m a t e r i a l

r e t a i n e d b y t h e s i e v e was b r u s h e d i n t o a c r y s t a l l i s i n g d i s h .

O r g a n i c m a t e r i a l was s u b s e q u e n t l y d e s t r o y e d b y t r e a t m e n t w i t h

10 m i s , d i s t i l l e d H^O a nd 3 m i s , 30^ ^ 2 ^ 2 ' T k i s m i x t u r e was

h e a t e d on a h o t p l a t e t i l l c e s s a t i o n o f f r o t h i n g , a n d t h e p r o c e s s

r e p e a t e d b y f u r t h e r a d d i t i o n o f s m a l l a l i q u o t s o f H^O^ u n t i l no

f u r t h e r e f f e r v e s c e n c e o c c u r r e d . The s u s p e n s i o n was t h e n

e v a p o r a t e d t o d r y n e s s , w e i g h e d a n d t h e c o a r s e f r a c t i o n o f t h e

s e d i m e n t c a l c u l a t e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f t o t a l w e i g h t .

F i n e F r a c t i o n A n a l y s i s : The P i p e t t e M e t h o d

T h i s t e c h n i q u e i s b a s e d u p o n t h e d i f f e r i n g r a t e s o f

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s e d i m e n t a t i o n o f p a r t i c l e s o f d i f f e r e n t s i z e ; STOICS*3 LAV

s t a t e s t h a t t h e r a t e o f f a l l , V, o f a p a r t i c l e o f r a d i u s , r ,

i n a l i q u i d o f v i s c o s i t y , p , i s g i v e n b y

V = 2 / 9 s d ( pp_ pL)

w h e r e pp a n d a r e t h e d e n s i t i e s o f p a r t i c l e a n d l i q u i d

—2r e s p e c t i v e l y a nd g i s t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n o f g r a v i t y 9*81 m . s

A l l f r a c t i o n s h a v i n g a s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f

t h e s i z e f r a c t i o n s o u g h t w i l l s e t t l e b e l o w a . c e r t a i n , d e p t h i n

a c o l u m n o f l i q u i d a f t e r t i m e ’ t ' , P a r t i c l e s o f t h e s i z e

r e q u i r e d c a n t h e n be w i t h d r a w n f r om t h e s o l u t i o n a b o v e t h i s

l e v e l u s i n g a p i p e t t e ,

I n ' p r a c t i c e , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p a r t i c l e s w h i c h f a l l

f o r t ime ’ t ’ , t h r o u g h a c e r t a i n d e n t h o f l i q u i d a t a s p e c i f i e d

t e m p e r a t u r e , i s m e a s u r e d , ( T e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n c e i s d u e t o

t h e v a r i a t i o n o f l i q u i d v i s c o s i t y w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e ) . T a b l e s

r e l a t i n g t i m e o f s e t t l i n g t o ’ e q u i v a l e n t s e t t l i n g d i a m e t e r s ’ o f

< 2 0 pm a t a d e p t h o f 10 cms , a n d o f < 1 * 4 pm a t a d e p t h o f 10

c ms , o v e r a w i d e r a n g e o f t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e u s e d ( t a b l e 4 0 ) ,

F i n e S i l t P l u s Cla.y F r a c t i o n s (<20 pm)

The s u s p e n s i o n o f f i n e m a t e r i a l p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e 50 pm

sieve >as made u p t o t h e mark i n t h e 1000 m l , c y l i n d e r a n d s h a k e n

w e l l f o r 30 s e c o n d s . The s u s p e n s i o n was t h e n a l l o w e d t o

s e t t l e f o r a n a p p r o p r i a t e p e r i o d o f t i m e . V i t h r o u g h l y 20

s e c o n d s o f t h i s t i m e r e m a i n i n g , t h e 10 mj., p i p e t t e was l o w e r e d

t o a d e p t h o f 10 cms . i n t h e s u s p e n s i o n a n d a t t h e p r e d e t e r m i n e d

t i m e , t h e s u s p e n s i o n w i t h d r a w n . The 10 m l . s u s p e n s i o n was

p l a c e d i n a c r y s t a l l i s i n g d i s h , 3 m i s . o f 30cp H^O^ a d d e d a nd

o r g a n i c m a t t e r d e s t r o y e d a s b e f o r e . The r e s i d u a l m i x t u r e

was d r i e d , w e i g h e d and t h e p e r c e n t a g e f i n e s i l t p l u s c l a y

c a l c u l a t e d a s f o l l o w s ,

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281

TABLE 40 SETTLING TIMES PGA

DIAMETER <1*4 mm a:

TEMP. °C <1 »

h o u r s

16 17

17 17

18 17

19 16

20 16

21 15

22 15

CLAY (EQUIVALENT SETTLING

d <20 um) AT 10 cms . DEPTH

TIMEi------------------------------ 1pm < 2 0 um

m m s m m s ; s e c s

42 5 27

32 5 19

05 5 10

39 5 3

15 4 55

51 4 48

29 4 41

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1 s i l t + c l a y = f r a c t i o n V o l . c y l i n d e r 1CQOven d r y w t , s a m p l e V o l , p i p e t t e

C l a y F r a c t i o n ( <1*4 }im)

An i d e n t i c a l p r o c e d u r e t o t h a t d e s c r i b e d a b o v e was

e m p l o y e d b u t w i t h a l o n g e r s e t t l i n g p e r i o d ,

_ V t - f r a c t i o n V o l c y l i n d e r/o c l a y - 7;-------*"7 t --------------- — x 7 v * t t t — x 100Oven d r y w t # s a m p l e v o l , p i p e t t e

C l a y M i n e r a l A n a l y s i s

C l a y m i n e r a l a n a l y s i s was p e r f o r m e d b y X - r a y d i f f r a c t o r n e t r y ,

I n t h e o r y , when a m o n o c h r o m a t i c X - r a y beam m a k es c o n t a c t w i t h

t h e s u r f a c e o f a c r y s t a l , p a r a l l e l p l a n e s o f a t o m s i n t e r a c t

w i t h i t a nd t h e beam i s r e f l e c t e d A maximum i n t h e i n t e n s i t y• %/

o f t h e r e f l e c t e d beam i s o b s e r v e d i f t h e c o m p o n e n t w a v e s

r e f l e c t e d f r o m e a c h p l a n e o f t h e c r y s t a l r e - i n f o r c e , i , e , a r e

i n p h a s e . The c o n d i t i o n s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h i s t o o c c u r a r e

d e s c r i b e d b y B r a g g ' s Law,

r | \ = 2 d s i n 0

w h e r e , p i s a n i n t e g e r

\ i s t h e w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e m o n o c h r o m a t i c r a d i a t i o n ,

d i s t h e s p a c i n g o f s i m i l a r p l a n e s o f a t o m s ,

6 i s t h e a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e o f t h e X - r a y beam.

C l a y m i n e r a l s h a v e v e r y s i m i l a r c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e s ; h o w e v e r ,

t h e y c a n b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m e a c h o t h e r on a s e m i -

q u a n t i t a t i v e b a s i s b y a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r i n g d - s p a c i n g

o f p l a n e s a l o n g t h e i r C - c r v s t a l l o g r a p h i c a x e s t o g e t h e r w i t h

t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i n t e n s i t i e s o f t h e a s s o c i a t e d r e f l e c t i o n s .

I n p r a c t i c e , a p o w d e r e d s p e c i m e n i s m o u n t e d s u c h t h a t a

m o n o c h r o m a t i c beam o f X - r a y s r e f l e c t s f r o m i t t o a G e i g e r -

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283

M u l l e r c o u n t e r w h i c h i n t u r n t r a n s m i t s a s i g n a l t o a c h a r t

r e c o r d e r ; t h i s s y s t e m p r o d u c e s a t r a c e f r o m w h i c h v a l u e s o f

28 c a n be d i r e c t l y r e a d , and h e n c e d - s p a c i n g s d e r i v e d . T a b l e s

o f d—s p a c m g s f o r v a r i o u s m i n e r a l s a r e r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e

( e . £ , F i n k , 1 96 6) a n d f r om t h e s e t h e m i n e r a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f

t h e s p e c i m e n d e t e r m i n e d . S i n c e t h e a r e a u n d e r t h e p e a k

c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e i n t e n s i t y o f r e f l e c t i o n , a s e m i - q u a n t i t a ' t i v e

p i c t u r e c a n be o b t a i n e d .

I n t h i s s t u d y , i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f c l a y m i n e r a l s p r e s e n t

i n t h e < 1 - 4 pm s i z e f r a c t i o n was p e r f o r m e d u s i n g a P h i l l i p s

w i d e - a n g l e X - r a y d i f f r a c t o m e t e r w i t h G e i g e r c o u n t e r , u t i l i s i n g

Ni f i l t e r e d CuK m o n o c h r o m a t i c r a d i a t i o n The X - r a y t u b e wasa # J

o p e r a t e d a t 35 XV w i t h a c u r r e n t o f 20 mA, A l l s p e c i m e n s w e r e

r u n a t one d e g r e e p e r m i n u t e and a c h a r t s p e e d o f 5 x 240 mm,min

R a n d o m l y o r i e n t a t e d s p e c i m e n s ( n e c e s s a r y t o m i n i m i s e d i s t o r t i o n

t o t h e 001 r e f l e c t i o n s w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d t o r e f l e c t i o n s a l o n g

t h e C - c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c a x e s ) w e re p r e p a r e d by a d d i n g a f ew

d r o p s o f c l a y s u s p e n s i o n t o a g l a s s s l i d e a nd l e a v i n g t o d r y ,

t h e r e b y a l l o w i n g t h e c l a y m i n e r a l s t o o r i e n t a t e t h e m s e l v e s

d u r i n g f a l l t h r o u g h t h e l i q u i d . S t a n d a r d s o f i l l i t e , k a o l i n

a n d m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e w e r e a n a l y s e d a nd c o m p a r e d t o t h e c l a y

f r a c t i o n o f t h e s e d i m e n t .

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284

APPENDIX 2

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS AND COMPUTE.'! PROGRAMS

210 ^26The m e t h o d s u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e Pb a n d “ Ra a c t i v i t i e s

i n s e d i m e n t s a m p l e s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d b e l o w . U n c e r t a i n t i e s

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e v a l u e s d ue t o c o u n t i n g

s t a t i s t i c s o n l y , a r e d e t e r m i n e d b y means o f t h e f o r m u l a e ,

E r r o r on a sum o r d i f f e r e n c e ; C=A-B,

C _J ° A B

E r r o r on a p r o d u c t o r q u o t i e n t ; c=Ax3 o r A / B ,

a = c c

210( 1 ) C a l c u l a t i o n o f Pb a c t i v i t y i n s e d i m e n t

208L e t A = o b s e r v e d c o u n t r a t e f o r Po ( c p m ) ; cr = c o u n t i n gA

e r r o r ( c p m ) .

210L e t B = o b s e r v e d c o u n t r a t e f o r Po ( c p m ) ; = c o u n t i n g e r r o r

(cpm) .

( c o u n t r a t e s , A a n d B, h a v e b e e n c o r r e c t e d f o r p a r t i a l p e a k

o v e r l a p a s d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t i o n 2 . 4 ( I I ) ) .

208L e t D — d e t e c t o r b l a n k u n d e r Po p e a k ( c p m ) ; CT = c o u n t i n g

e r r o r ( c p m ) .210L e t E = d e t e c t o r b l a n k u n d e r Po p e a k ( c p m ) ; = c o u n t i n g

e r r o r ( c p m ) .)AO

L e t F = a c t i v i t y o f Po t r a c e r a d d e d ( d p m ) .

L e t G = w e i g h t o f s e d i m e n t d i s s o l v e d ( g ) .

(G a n d F h a v e b e e n c o r r e c t e d t o t h e f r a c t i o n o f t o t a l d i s s o l u t i o n

r e m o v e d f o r a n a l y s i s ) .

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285

08-C a l c u l a t i o n o f Po a c t i v i t y

A c t i v i t y o f 208 Po - A - D = H cpm.208E r r o r on a c t i v i t y o f Po =

+ < V- o~

208-p . . . , +Po a c t i v i t y = H - cr Cpm.

C a l c u l a t i o n o f o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y

O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y = = I

E r r o r on o v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y = a H =F

4.O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y = I -

C a l c u l a t i o n of 10 Po a c t i v i t y

A c t i v i t y o f “ ^ P o = B - E = J cpm.

210E r r o r on a c t i v i t y o f Po =

21 0 -d 1 . . . T + nPo a c t i v i t y = J - cr cpm.

H cpm

^ d pm .

210C a l c u l a t i o n o f Po a c t i v i t y i n s e d i m e n t

A c t i v i t y o f ^ ^ P o = y = K dpm.

t? 4 . • • 4 p 210-r> JE r r o r on a c t i v i t y o f Po = y

210 KA c t i v i t y o f Po i n s e d i m e n t = ^ = L dpm/*/ .

210E r r o r on a c t i v i t y o f Po i n s e d i m e n t = d p m / g .

s ) t/

T h e r e f o r e a c t i v i t y o f ^ ^ P o i n s e d i m e n t = L - d p r . / g .210= A c t i v i t y of Pb i n s e d i m e n t .

A c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m h a s b e e n w r i t t e n i n FOItTAAN IV t o p e r f o r mOf0

t h e a b o v e ~ Pb c a l c u l a t i o n .

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TABL

E 41

PR

OGRA

MM

E IN

FORT

RAN

IY FO

R TH

E CA

LCUL

ATIO

N OF

210P

o A

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ITY

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CO CM

CM MO U 05 W

CM CM M

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in onM CM O S ~CO oCO o

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287

225( 2 ) C a l c u l a t i o n o f Ra a c t i v i t y i n s e d i m e n t

L e t A = t h e o b s e r v e d c o u n t r a t e (cpm) a t t i m e t ( h ) ; =

c o u n t i n g e r r o r ( c p m ) .

t ( h ) = t h e t i m e e l a p s e d b e t w e e n s e p a r a t i o n and c o u n t i n g

( c a l c u l a t e d b y t h e method o f H of f m an n a n d Van C a m e r i k ( 1 9 6 j )

t o a l l o w a s m a l l c o r r e c t i o n f o r d e c a y d u r i n g c o u n t i n g ) .

L e t 13 - t h e d e t e c t o r b a c k g r o u n d c o u n t r a t e ( c p m ) ; ^ = c o u n t i n g

e r r o r ( c p m ) .

L e t C = t h e b l a n k c o u n t r a t e (cpm) c o r r e c t e d t o t i m e z e r o ;

CTq = c o u n t i n g e r r o r - ( c p m ) .

L e t D = t h e d e t e c t o r e f f i c i e n c y ($6) f o r c o l l e c t i o n a n d c o u n t i n g22~> 222

o f ^Rn b a s e d on 3 a e m i s s i o n s p e r ^ Rn d e c a y .->22L e t E = t h e e q u i l i b r a t i o n t i mq ^ i g r o w t h o f ^ Rn t o s e c u l a r

226e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h ^ Ra i n t h e s o l u t i o n ) .

L e t F = t h e e q u i v a l e n t w e i g h t o f s e d i m e n t i n t h e s o l u t i o n

a n a l y s e d .

G ( cpm) = A — B ; Qq.

C o r r e c t t o t i m e z e r o

H ( c pm) - Ge^2 2 2 Rnt ( h )

B l a n k c o r r e c t i o n

I ( cpm) = I! - Cj ( M e

E f f i c i e n c y c o r r e c t i o n

2 2 a A + a B

2 2 °H + ° C

J (dpm) = IOC x j ; a j (dpm) = x 100 x jj

222B u t t h i s i s b a s e d on 3 a m e a s u r e m e n t s f o r e a c h Rn d e c a y

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288

222 +T h e r e f o r e Rn a c t i v i t y = a J dpm = K - a „ dpm.3 . K

E q u i l i b r a t i o n c o r r e c t i o n

L( dpm) = 100 x | ; CT ^ (dpm) = a R x

222T h e r e f o r e Rn a c t i v i t y i n s e d i m e n t

M ( d p m / g ) = ( d p m / g ) = Q L

F~222 +A c t i v i t y o f ‘‘^^Rn i n s e d i m e n t = M - ® ^ ( d p m / g )

226= A c t i v i t y o f Ra i n s e d i m e n t .

A c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m h a s b e e n w r i t t e n i n FORTRAN IV t o s o l v e t h e226a b o v e ^ Ra c a l c u l a t i o n .

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TABL

E 42

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TABL

E 42

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OGRA

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03 03w w

hh cm E-i <<'— ■'tO XvO I A O n

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291

REFERENCES

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s t u d i e s o f t h e R e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t o f l a k e V a x j 8 s j 8 n , I

I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d c h r o n o l o g y " ; A r c h , H y d r o b i o l , , 7 7 , 3 , 3 3 0 ,

B a x t e r , M , S , a n d H a r k n e s s , D , D , , 1 9 7 5 , " 1 4 C / 1 2 C r a t i o s a s

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C o n f , " I s o t o p e r a t i o s a s p o l l u t a n t s o u r c e a n d b e h a v i o u r

i n d i c a t o r s " , 1 3 5 ,

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B e a s l e y , T , M , , 1 9 6 9 , " L e a d - 2 1 0 p r o d u c t i o n b y n u c l e a r d e v i c e s ,

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B e n n i n g e r , L , K , , L e v i s , D,M, a n d T u r e k i a n , K , K , , 1 9 7 5 ,

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e s t u a r i n e s y s t e m " ; i n " M a r i n e C h e m i s t r y i n t h e C o a s t a l

E n v i r o n m e n t " , e d . C h u r c h , T , M , , Am, Chem, S o c , Symp, S e , 1 8 ,

2 0 2 ,

B e r g e r , V , H, a n d H e a t h , G , R , , 1 9 6 8 , " V e r t i c a l m i x i n g i n p e l a g i c

s e d i m e n t s " ; J , o f M ar , R e s , , 2 6 , 1 3 4 ,

B e r n e r , R , A , , 1 9 7 1 , " P r i n c i p l e s o f C h e m i c a l S e d i m e n t o l o g y " ,

M c G r a w - H i l l I n c ,

B e s t , G , A , , 1 9 7 0 , " R a d i o a c t i v e p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r f r o m

p r e s s u r i s e d w a t e r r e a c t o r s a n d i t s d i s c h a r g e i n t o t h e s e a " ;

P h , D , t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f L i v e r p o o l ,

B l a k e , G , R , , 1 9 6 5 , I n " M e t h o d s o f S o i l A n a l y s i s , P a r t . 1 " ,

E d s , B l a c k , C , A , , E v a n s , D , D , , V h i t e , J , L , , E n s m i n g e r , L , E ,

a n d C l a r k , F , E , , Am, S o c , o f Agro no my ,

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B l a u e r , H , M , , 1 9 7 6 . P e r s o n a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n ,

Bloom, A , L , , 1 9 6 6 , " P e a t a c c u m u l a t i o n a n d c o m p a c t i o n i n a

C o n n e c t i c u t c o a s t a l m a r s h " ; J , S e d , P e t r o l , , 3 4 , 5 9 9 ,

B o r t l e s o n , G , C # a n d L e e , G . F , , 1 9 7 2 , " R e c e n t s e d i m e n t a r y

h i s t o r y o f La ke Mendoia , V i s c o n s i n " ; E n v i r o n , S c i , T e c h n o l , ,

6 , 7 9 9 .

B r a d b u r y , J , P , ' a n d W a d d i n g t o n , J , C , B , , 1 9 7 3 , "The i m p a c t

o f E u r o p e a n s e t t l e m e n t on S h a ga wa L a k e , N o r t h - e a s t e r n

M i n n e s o t a , U , S , A , " ; i n " Q u a t , P l a n t , E c o l o g y " , E d s , B i r k s ,

H , J , a n d W e s t , R , G , , B l a c k w e l l S c i e n t i f i c P u b , , O x f o r d , 2 8 9 ,

B r e w e r , P , G , , 1 9 7 5 , I n " C h e m i c a l O c e a n o g r a p h y " , V o l , 1 ,

C h a p t e r 7 , E d s , R i l e y , J , P , a n d S k i r r o w , G,

B r i c k e r , P , 0 , I I I , , a nd T r o u p , B , N , , 1 9 7 5 , " S e d i m e n t - w a t e r

e x c h a n g e i n C h e s a p e a k e B a y " ; i n " E s t u a r i n e R e s e a r c h "

V o l , 1 , Ed , C r o n i n , L , E , , A c a d e m i c P r e s s , L o n d o n ,

B r u l a n d , K , W , , 1 9 7 4 , " ^ ^ P b G e o c h r o n o l o g y i n t h e C o a s t a l

M a r i n e E n v i r o n m e n t " ; P h , D , t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a ,

Sa n D i e g o ,

B r u l a n d , K , ¥ , , K o i d e , M#, B o w s e r , C , , M a h e r , L , J # a n d G o l d b e r g ,

E , D , , 1 9 7 5 , " L e a d - 2 1 0 a n d p o l l e n g e o c h r o n o l o g i e s on

La k e S u p e r i o r s e d i m e n t s " ; Q u a t , R e s , , 5 , 8 9 ,

B u c h a n a n , J . Y , , 1 8 9 1 , "On t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f o c e a n i c a n d

l i t t o r a l m a n g a n e s e n o d u l e s " ; T r a n s , R o y , S o c , E d , , V o l , 3 6 ,

4 5 9 ,

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B u r t o n , J , D , a nd L i s s , P , S , , 1 9 7 6 , E d s , E s t u a r i n e C h e m i s t r y ,

A cad e mi c P r e s s ,

B u r t o n , V.M, a n d S t e w a r t , N , G , , 1 9 6 0 , ’’Use o f l o n g - l i v e d

n a t u r a l r a d i o a c t i v i t y a s a n a t m o s p h e r i c t r a c e r ” ;

N a t u r e , 1 8 6 , 5 8 4 ,

C a l v e r t , S , E , a n d P r i c e , N , B , , 1 9 7 0 , ’’C o m p o s i t i o n o f

m a n g a n e s e n o d u l e s a n d m a n g a n e s e c a r b o n a t e s f r o m Lo c h F y n e ,

S o o t l a n d ” ; C o n t r i b , M i n e r a l , P e t r o l , , 2 9 , 2 1 5 ,

C a m b r a y , R , S , , J e f f e r i e s , D , F , a nd T o p p i n g , G , , 1 9 7 5 # ”An

e s t i m a t e o f t h e i n p u t o f a t m o s p h e r i c t r a c e e l e m e n t s i n t o t h e

N o r t h S e a a n d t h e C l y d e S e a ( 1 9 7 2 - 3 ) , lfU , K , A , E , A . P u b l ,

A , E , R , E , - R 7 7 33 , H , M , S . O ,

C a r p e n t e r , R , , 1 9 7 5 . ’’C h e m i c a l a n d g e o c h e m i c a l s t u d i e s o f f

t h e c o a s t o f W a s h i n g t o n ” , R e p o r t o f p r o g r e s s May 1 9 7 4 -

May 1 9 7 5 . U , S , A . E , C , r e f e r e n c e A 7 5- 5 6 R L 0 - 2 2 2 5 - T 2 4 - 1 8 ,

Chapman, W,A# , R i c e , T , A , a n d P r i c e , T , J , , 1 9 5 8 , ’’U p t a k e a n d

a c c u m u l a t i o n o f r a d i o a c t i v e z i n c b y m a r i n e p l a n k t o n , f i s h a n d

s h e l l f i s h ” ; U , S , F i s h W i l d , S e r v , F i s h , B u l l , , 5 8 , 2 7 9 ,

Chow, T , J , , B r u l a n d , K,V, B e r t i n e , K , K , , S o u t a r , A , , K o i d e , M , ,

a n d G o l d b e r g , E , D , , 1 9 7 3 , ’’L e a d p o l l u t i o n ; r e c o r d s i n

s o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a c o a s t a l s e d i m e n t s ” ; S c i e n c e , 1 8 1 , 5 5 1 ,

C h u r c h , T , M , , 1 9 7 5 , E d i t o r " M a r i n e C h e m i s t r y i n t h e C o a s t a l

E n v i r o n m e n t " ; Am, Chera, S o c , Symp, Se 1 8 ,

C l y d e R i v e r P u r i f i c a t i o n B o a r d , 1 9 7 2 , 1 7 t h A n n u a l R e p o r t ,

C l y d e R i v e r P u r i f i c a t i o n B o a r d , 1 9 7 3 , 1 8 t h A n n u a l R e p o r t ,

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C l y d e R i v e r P u r i f i c a t i o n B o a r d , 1 9 7 4 a , 1 9 t h A n n u a l R e p o r t

C l y d e R i v e r P u r i f i c a t i o n B o a r d , 1 9 7 4 b , " P o l l u t i o n i n t h e C l y d e "

i n "The C l y d e E s t u a r y a nd F i r t h , An a s s e s s m e n t o f p r e s e n t

k n o w l e d g e c o m p i l e d b y members o f t h e C l y d e S t u d y G r o u p " ;

N , E , R , C , P u b , S e r , C , , n u m b e r 1 1 , 24 ,

C o l l a r , R , H , F , , 1 9 7 4 , "The R i v e r C l y d e E s t u a r y , C u r r e n t

k n o w l e d g e o f w a t e r a n d s e d i m e n t m o v e m e n t " , i n "The C l y d e

E s t u a r y a n d F i r t h " , N , E , R . C # , 1 9 7 4 , P u b , S e r , C,

n u mb e r 1 1 ,

C o n l a n , B , , H e n d e r s o n , P , a n d W a l t o n , A , , 1 9 6 9 , "A

s i m p l i f i e d p r o c e d u r e f o r t h e a s s a y o f p i c o c u r i e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

o f R a d i u m - 2 2 6 a n d i t s a p p l i c a t i o n t o a s t u d y o f t h e

n a t u r a l r a d i o a c t i v i t y i n s u r f a c e w a t e r i n S c o t l a n d " ;

A n a l y s t , 9 4 , 1 5 ,

Cox , A , , 1 9 6 9 , S c i e n c e , N , Y , , 1 6 3 , 2 3 7 ,

C r a i b , J . S , , 1 9 6 5 , "A s a m p l e r f o r t a k i n g s h o r t

u n d i s t u r b e d m a r i n e c o r e s " ; J , C o n s , p e r m , i n t ,

E x p l o r , M e r , , 3 0 , 1 , 34 ,

C r a i g , 1 9 5 9 , " H y d r o g r a p h y o f S c o t t i s h c o a s t a l

w a t e r s " ; Mar , R e s , , No, 2 ,

C r o z a z , G , , P i c c i o t t o , E, a n d D e B r u e c k , W, , 1 9 6 4 ,210" A n t a r c t i c snow c h r o n o l o g y w i t h P b " ;

J o u r , o f G e o p h , R e s , , 6 9 , 2 5 9 7 ,

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Damon, P , E , a n d Hyde , H . I . , 1 9 5 2 , " S c i n t i l l a t i o n t u b e s f o r

t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f r a d i o a c t i v e g a s e s " ; R e v , S c i , I n s t r ,

2 3 , 7 6 6 ,

D a v i e s , A , T , a n d G o r s l i n e , D , S , , 1 9 7 6 , " O c e a n i c s e d i m e n t s

a n d s e d i m e n t a r y p r o c e s s e s " ; * I n “C h e m i c a l O c e a n o g r a p h y ”

e d s , R i l e y , J , P , a n d C h e s t e r , R , , 2nd e d , Y o l , 5 , C h a p t e r 1 ,

D a v i s , M#B , , 1 9 6 8 . " P o l l e n g r a i n s i n l a k e s e d i m e n t s ;

r e d e p o s i t i o n c a u s e d b y s e a s o n a l w a t e r c i r c u l a t i o n " .

S c i e n c e , N , Y , , 1 6 2 , 7 9 6 ,

D a v i s , M#B , , B r u b a k e r , L , B , a n d Webb, T, I I I , 1 9 7 3 ,

" C a l i b r a t i o n o f a b s o l u t e p o l l e n i n f l u x " ; i n " Q u a t , P l a n t

E c o l o g y " , E d s , B i r k s , M . J , , a n d W e s t , R , G , , 9 , B l a c k w e l l

S c i e n t i f i c P u b , , O x f o r d ,

D e a r n l e y , G, a n d N o r t h r u p , D , C , , 1 9 6 6 , " S e m i c o n d u c t o r C o u n t e r s

f o r N u c l e a r R a d i a t i o n s " , 2 nd e d . , S p o n , , L o n d o n ,

D e e g a n , C , E , , K i r b y , R , , R a e , I , a n d F l o y d , R , , 1 9 7 3 , "The

s u p e r f i c i a l d e p o s i t s o f t h e F i r t h o f C l y d e a n d i t s s e a -

l o c h s " ; I n s t i t u t e o f G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e s , r e p o r t n o , 7 3 / 9 ,

H M S 0

D i c k s o n , J , H , , S t e w a r t , D , A , , Thompson , R , , T u r n e r , G , , .

B a x t e r , M , S #> D r n d a r s k i , N , D, a nd R o s e , J , , 1 9 7 8 ,

" P a l y n o l o g y , p a l a e o m a g n e t i s m , a n d r a d i o m e t r i c d a t i n g o f

F l a n d r i a n m a r i n e a n d f r e s h w a t e r s e d i m e n t s o f L o c h Lomond" ;

N a t u r e , 2 7 4 , 5 4 8 ,

D o o l e y , H,D, a nd S t e e l e , J , H . , 1 9 6 9 . "Wind d r i v s i c u r r e n t s

n e a r a c o a s t " ; D t . H y d r o g r , Z , , 2 2 , 2 1 3 ,

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D r n d a r s k i , N . D . , 1 9 7 7 . " S t u d i e s i n R a d i o c a r b o n G e o c h e m i s t r y " ;

P h , D , t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f G l a s g o w ,

D u u r s m a , E . K , a n d B o s c h , C . J # , 1 9 7 0 , " T h e o r e t i c a l , e x p e r i m e n t a l

a n d f i e l d s t u d i e s c o n c e r n i n g d i f f u s i o n o f r a d i o i s o t o p e s

i n s e d i m e n t s a n d s u s p e n d e d s o l i d p a r t i c l e s o f t h e s e a .

P a r t B, M e t h o d s a n d e x p e r i m e n t s " , N e t h , J # S e a R e s , ,

4 ( 4 ) , 3 9 5 .

D u u r s m a , E . K , a n d G r o s s , M , G , , 1 9 7 1 , " M a r i n e s e d i m e n t s a n d

r a d i o a c t i v i t y " ; i n " R a d i o a c t i v i t y i n t h e M a r i n e E n v i r o n m e n t " ,

N a t i o n a l Academy o f S c i e n c e s ,

E a k i n s , J . D , , 1977* P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ,

E a k i n s , J , D , a n d M o r r i s o n , R , J , , 1 9 7 6 , "A new p r o c e d u r e f o r

t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f P b - 2 1 0 i n m a r i n e a n d l a k e s e d i m e n t s " ,

A , E , R , E , - R 8 4 75 ,

E d g i n g t o n , D , N #, a n d R o b b i n s , J , A , , 1 9 7 6 , " R e c o r d s o f l e a d

p o l l u t i o n i n Lake M i c h i g a n s e d i m e n t s s i n c e 1 8 0 0 " ;

E n v i r o n , S c i , T e c h n o l , , 1 0 , No, 3 , 2 6 6 ,

E d g i n g t o n , D , N # W a h l g r e n , M#A, a n d M a r s h a l l , J . S , , 1 9 7 5 ,

"The b e h a v i o u r o f p l u t o n i u m i n a q u a t i c e c o s y s t e m s : A

summary o f s t u d i e s on t h e G r e a t L a k e s " ; i n " E n v i r o n m e n t a l

T o x i c i t y o f A q u a t i c R a d i o n u c l i d e s : m o d e l s a n d m e c h a n i s m s " ;

E d s , M i l l e r , W,M, a n d S t a n n a r d , J . N , ; A nn , A r b o r , S c i ,

P u b , I n c , , M i c h i g a n ,

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Edmond, J , M , , 1 9 7 0 , "Comments on t h e p a p e r b y T , L , Ku,

Y , H # L i , G #G, M a t h i e u a n d H,K, Vong" "Rad i um i n t h e

I n d i a n —A n t a r c t i c Ocean s o u t h o f A u s t r a l i a " ; J o u r , o f

G e o p h y s , R e s , , 7 5 , 6 8 7 8 ,

E l d e r f i e l d , H, a n d H e p w o r t h , A , , 1 9 7 5 , " D i a g e n e s i s , M e t a l s

a n d P o l l u t i o n i n E s t u a r i e s " ; M a r i n e P o l l u t i o n B u l l e t i n ,

6 , No, 6 , 8 5 ,

E m e r y , K#0 , , 1 9 6 0 , "The S e a o f f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a " ;

J o h n V i l e y , N , Y , , p , 3 6 6 ,

E r i c s o n , D , B , a n d V o l l i n , G , , 1 9 6 8 , "The E v e r - c h a n g i n g S e a " ;

MacGi bbon a n d Kee L t d , , L o n d o n ,

E v a n s , G , , 1 9 7 1 , "The R e c e n t s e d i m e n t a t i o n o f T u r k e y a n d

t h e a d j a c e n t M e d i t e r r a n e a n a n d B l a c k S e a s " , a r e v i e w i n

" G e o l o g y a n d H i s t o r y o f T u r k e y " , E d , C a m p b e l l , A , J , ,

P e t r o l , E x p l , S o c , L i b y a , 3 8 5 ,

E v a n s , D, W, , C u t s h a l l , N , H , , C r o s s , F , A , a n d V o l f e , D , A , , 1 9 7 7 ,

" M a n g a n e s e c y c l i n g i n t h e N e w p o r t R i v e r e s t u a r y , N o r t h

C a r o l i n a ’*; E s t u a r i n e a n d C o a s t a l M a r , S c i , , t o be

p u b l i s h e d .

F a r m e r , J . G , , 1 9 7 8 . P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ,

F a r r i n g t o n , J . W , , H e n r i c h s , S , M # a n d A n d e r s o n , R , , 1 9 7 7 ,

21 0" F a t t y a c i d s a n d Pb g e o c h r o n o l o g y o f a s e d i m e n t c o r e

f r o m B u z z a r d s B ay , M a s s a c h u s e t t s " ; G e o c h i m , e t Cosmoch i m,

A c t a , 4 1 , 2 8 9 ,

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F e e l y , H,W, a n d S e i t z , H , , 1 9 7 0 , "Use o f l e a d - 2 1 0 a s a

t r a c e r o f t r a n s p o r t p r o c e s s e s i n t h e s t r a t o s p h e r e " .

J o u r , o f Ge o ph , R e s , , 7 5 , 2 2 8 5 ,

F e r r a n t e , E . R , , G o u r s k i , E, a n d B o u l e n g e r , R , R , , 1 9 6 4 ,

" D e t e c t o r f o r r a d o n - 2 2 2 m e a s u r e m e n t s a t v e r y l ow l e v e l " ;»»

m The n a t u r a l r a d i a t i o n e n v i r o n m e n t , E d s , Adams, J , A , S ,

a n d L o w d e r , V,M, ; C h i c a g o U n i , P r e s s , 3 5 3 ,

F i n k , I , , 1 9 6 6 , " F i n k I n d e x t o t h e P o w d e r D i f f r a c t i o n f i l e " ,

E d s , B i g e l o w , V , C , , a n d S m i t h , J , V , A , S , T , M , p u b , P , D , I , S ,

- 1 6 - f ,

F l e m i n g , G, 1 9 6 9 , "The C l y d e B a s i n ; H y d r o l o g y a n d s e d i m e n t

t r a n s p o r t " , P h , D , t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e ,

F l y n n , V , W, , 1 9 6 8 , "The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f l o w - l e v e l s o f

p o l o n i u m - 2 1 0 i n e n v i r o n m e n t a l m a t e r i a l s " ; A n a l , Ch im, A c t a ,

4 3 , 221 ,

F r a n c i s , C , W, , C h e s t e r s , G, a n d H a w k i n s , L , A , , 1 9 7 0 ,

21 0"The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f Pb mean r e s i d e n c e t i m e s i n t h e

a t m o s p h e r e " ; E n v i r o n , S c i , T e c h n o l , , 4 , 5 8 6 ,

G a g g e l e r , H , , Yon G u n t e n , H , R , , a n d N y f f e l e r , U , , 1 9 7 6 ,2 1 0 -" D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f Pb i n l a k e s e d i m e n t s a n d i n a i r

s a m p l e s b y d i r e c t Y~r a y m e a s u r e m e n t " ; E a r t h and P l a n e t a r y

S c i , L e t t s . , 33 , 3 1 1 9 ,

G a i r , R . , 1 9 6 7 # " C l y d e s e d i m e n t s : R h e o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s

a n d m o ve me nt " P h , D , t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e ,

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G o j k o v i c , S , , D e l e o n , G, a n d C e r v e n j e k , E , , 1 9 6 3 ,

’’D a t i n g o f some U ra n i n i t e s f r o m Y u g o s l a v l o c a l i t i e s

b y t h e ^ ^ P b / ^ ^ P b m e t h o d " ; i n " R a d i o a c t i v e D a t i n g "

P r o c , Symp, R a d , D a t i n g , I , A , E , A , , V i e n n a , 1 0 5 ,

G o l d b e r g , E , D , , 1 9 6 3 , " G e o c h r o n o l o g y w i t h ^ ^ P b " i n

" R a d i o a c t i v e D a t i n g " , P r o c , Symp, R a d , D a t i n g ,

I , A , E , A , , V i e n n a , 1 2 1 ,

G o l d b e r g , E , D , , 1 9 7 1 , " A t m o s p h e r i c T r a n s p o r t " ; i n

" I m p i n g e m e n t o f Man on t h e O c e a n s " , E d , Hood, D , W , ,

J o h n V i l e y a n d S o n s I n c , , 7 5 ,

G o l d b e r g , E , D , a n d B r u l a n d , K , V , , 1 9 7 4 , " R a d i o a c t i v e

G e o c h r o n o l o g i e s " J i n "The S e a " , V o l , 5 , E d , G o l d b e r g , E , D , ,

J o h n V i l e y a n d Sons [ s e e a l s o B r u l a n d , IC,V, , B e r t i n e , K , ,

K o i d e , M# a n d G o l d b e r g , E , D , , 1 9 7 4 , " H i s t o r y o f m e t a l

p o l l u t i o n i n s o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a C o a s t a l Z o n e " ; E n v i r o n ,

S c i , T e c h n o l , , 8 , 4 2 5 J

G o l d b e r g , E , D , arid K o i d e , M, , 1 9 6 2 , " G e o c h r o n o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s

o f d e e p - s e a s e d i m e n t s by t h e I o / T h m e t h o d " ; G e o c h i m , e t

Co smo ch i m, A c t a , 2 6 , 4 1 7 - 4 5 0 ,

G o l d b e r g , E , D , a n d K o i d e , M, , 1 9 6 3 , " R a t e s o f s e d i m e n t

a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n " ; E a r t h S c i e n c e s a n d

M e t e o r i t e s , 9 0 ,

G o l d b e r g , E , D , , Ga mb l e , E , , G r i f f i n , J , J , a n d K o i d e , M, , 1 9 7 7 ,

" P o l l u t i o n h i s t o r y o f N a r r a g a n s e t t Bay a s r e c o r d e d i n i t s

s e d i m e n t s " ; E s t u a r i n e a n d C o a s t a l M a r , S c i , , 5 , 5 4 9 ,

G o u l d i n g , F , S , a n d S t o n e , Y , , 1 9 7 0 , " S e m i c o n d u c t o r R a d i a t i o n

D e t e c t o r s " ; S c i e n c e , 1 7 0 , 2 8 0 ,

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G r i l l , E , V , , 1 9 7 8 , "The e f f e c t o f s e d i m e n t - w a t e r e x c h a n g e

on m a n g a n e s e d e p o s i t i o n a n d n o d u l e g r o w t h i n J e r v i s

I n l e t , B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ” ; G e o c h i m , e t Cosmoch i m, A c t a , ,

4 2 , 4 8 5 .

G r a n t h a m , B , , T e t t , T , B , a n d Wood, B . J , B #, 1 9 7 8 , " P h y t o p l a n k t o n

d i s t r i b u t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o h y d r o g r a p h y i n s e a - l o c h s " ;

P r o c , R oy , S o c , E d , , 76B, 144. ( i n p r e s s )

G u i n a s s o , N #L, a n d S c h i n k , D , R , , 1 9 7 5 , " Q u a n t i t a t i v e e s t i m a t e s

o f b i o l o g i c a l m i x i n g r a t e s i n a b y s s a l s e d i m e n t s " ;

J o u r , o f G e o p h y s , R e s , , 8 0 , 2 1 , 3 0 3 2 ,

H a l c r o w , W , , M ac ka y , D,W, a n d T h o r n t o n , I # , 1 9 7 3 , "The

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t r a c e m e t a l s a nd f a u n a i n t h e F i r t h o f

C l y d e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e d i s p o s a l o f s e w a g e s l u d g e " ;

J , Mar , B i o l , A s s . U . K , , 5 3 , 7 2 1 ,

H a r r i s o n , C , G , A, a nd F u n n e l l , B . M , , 1 9 6 4 , " R e l a t i o n s h i p o f

P a l a e o m a g n e t i c R e v e r s a l s a n d M i c r o p a l a e o n t o l o g y i n two

l a t e C e n o z o i c C o r e s f r o m t h e P a c i f i c O c e a n " ; N a t u r e ,

L o n d o n , 2 0 4 , 5 6 6 ,

H o h n d o r f , A , , 1 9 6 8 , " B e s t i m m u n g d e r h a l b w e r t s z e i t v o n P b - 2 1 0 " ;

Z , N a t u r f o r s c h u n g , 24A, 6 1 2 ,

H o f f m a n n , B #W, a n d Van C a m e r i k , S . B , , 1 9 6 7 , "A t a b l e a n d

m e t h o d f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e t r u e t i m e r e p r e s e n t i n g a

c o u n t r a t e o b s e r v e d i n r a d i o n u c l e a r c o u n t i n g " ; A n a l y t i c a l

C h e m i s t r y , 3 9 , 1 1 9 8 ,

J a w o r o w s k i , Z #, 1 9 6 9 , A t , E n e r g y R e v , , 7 , 3 ,

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J a w o r o w s k i , Z , , 1 9 7 0 , ' ' S o u r c e s o f l e a d —210 i n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t " .

The B i o l o g y a n d E c o l o g y o f P o l o n i u m a n d R a d i o l e a d ,

( P r o c , , M e e t i n g S u t t o n , 1 9 7 0 ) , I n s t , C a n c e r R e s , , S u t t o n ,

J a c o b i , W, , a nd Andre*, K , , 1 9 6 3 , J o u r , G e o p h y s , R e s , , 6 8 , 1 3 ,

3 7 9 9 ,

J o h n s t o n , R , , Adams, J , A , a n d D o o l e y , H , D #, 1 9 7 4 , "Some

o b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e h y d r o g r a p h y , c h e m i s t r y a n d p l a n k t o n

o f t h e F i r t h o f C l y d e i n r e l a t i o n t o n i t r a t e - r i c h

e f f l u e n t s " i n "The C l y d e E s t u a r y a n d F i r t h " , N , E , R , C ,

p u b , s e r i e s C, n u m b e r 1 1 ,

J o h n s t o n e , G , S , , R e a d , H , H, a n d M a c G r e g o r , A , G , , 1 9 6 6 ,

"The G r a m p i a n H i g h l a n d s " ( 3 r d e d i t i o n ) ; I n s t i t u t e o f

G e o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e s H an db oo k on t h e r e g i o n a l g e o l o g y o f

G r e a t B r i t a i n , H , M , S , 0 ,

K l e i n , D,A, a n d G o l d b e r g , E , D , , 1 9 7 0 , " M e r c u r y i n t h e m a r i n e

e n v i r o n m e n t " ; E n v i r o n , S c i ; T e c h n o l , , 4 , 7 6 5 ,

K o c z y , F , F , , 1 9 5 8 , " N a t u r a l Radi um a s a t r a c e r i n t h e O c e a n s " ;

P r o c , 2nd U n i t e d N a t i o n s i n t , C o n f , " P e a c e f u l U s e s o f

A t o m i c E n e r g y " , 1 8 , 3 5 1 ,

K o c z y , F , F , a n d B o u r r e t t , R , , 1 9 5 8 , "The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f

r a d i u m i n d e e p - s e a s e d i m e n t s " P r o g r , R e p , N a t , S c i , F o u n d , ,

G r a n t No, G3995 , V,M, A c c t . 8 8 9 1 ,

K o i d e , M, , S o u t a r , A, a n d G o l d b e r g , E , D , , 1 9 7 2 , " M a r i n e

210g e o c h r o n o l o g y w i t h P b " ; Eafcth a n d P l a n e t a r y S c i , L e t t s , ,

1 4 , 4 4 2 .

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K o i d e , M . , B r u l a n d , K . V. a n d G o l d b e r g , E . D . , 1 9 7 3 . " 2 2 8 T h /

232 210Th a n d Pb g e o c h r o n o l o g i e s i n m a r i n e a n d l a k e

s e d i m e n t s " ; G e o c h i m , e t Cosmoch i m, A c t a , 3 7 , 1 1 7 1 .

K o i d e , M . , G r i f f i n , J . J , a n d G o l d b e r g , E . D . , 1 9 7 5 . " R e c o r d s

o f p l u t o n i u m f a l l o u t i n m a r i n e a n d t e r r e s t r i a l s a m p l e s " ;

J o u r , o f G e o p h y s , R e s , , 8 0 , 3 0 ,

K o i d e , M, , B r u l a n d , K. V. a n d G o l d b e r g , E . D . , 19 76 " ^ ^ R a

c h r o n o l o g y o f a c o a s t a l m a r i n e s e d i m e n t " ; E a r t h a n d

P l a n e t a r y S c i . L e t t s . , 3 1 , 3 1 ,

K r i s h n a s w a m i , S . , L a i , D . , M a r t i n , J , M . a n d M e y b e c k , M . , 1 9 7 1 ,

" G e o c h r o n o l o g y o f l a k e s e d i m e n t s " ; E a r t h a n d P l a n e t a r y

S c i , L e t t s . , 1 1 , 4 0 7 ,

K r i s h n a s w a m i , S . , L a i , D . , Amin, B . S , a n d S o u t a r , A . , 1 9 7 3 ,

55" G e o c h r o n o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s i n S a n t a B a r b a r a B a s i n } Fe

a s a u n i q u e t r a c e r f o r p a r t i c u l a t e s e t t l i n g " ; L i m n o l ,

a n d O c e a n o g . , 18 ( 5 ) , 7 6 3 ,

Ku, T . L . , 1 9 6 6 , P h . D . T h e s i s , C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y ,

Ku, T . L . , L i , Y . J . , M a t h i e u , G#G, a n d Vong, H #K . , 1 9 7 0 ,

"Rad i um i n t h e I n d i a n - A n t a r c t i c O c e a n s o u t h o f A u s t r a l i a " ;

J o u r , o f G e o p h y s , R e s , , 7 5 , 5 2 8 6 ,

Ku, T , L , a n d G l a s b y , G . P . , 1 9 7 2 , " R a d i o m e t r i c e v i d e n c e f o r

t h e r a p i d g r o w t h r a t e o f s h a l l o w - w a t e r , c o n t i n e n t a l m a r g i n

m a n g a n e s e n o d u l e s " ; G e o c h i m , e t Co smo ch i m, A c t a , 36 , 6 9 9 ,

K u l p , J . L . , 1 9 5 3 . "Age d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f U r a n i u m m i n e r a l s b y

t h e ^ ^ P b m e t h o d " ; N u c l e o n i c s , 1 1 , 8 , 1 9 ,

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L e a t h e r l a n d , T , M . , 1 9 7 8 , P e r s o n a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n ,

L e d e r e r , C . M . , H o l l a n d e r , J , M , a n d P e r l m a n , I , , 1 9 6 7 ,

" T a b l e o f I s o t o p e s " ( 6 t h e d i t i o n ) , V i l e y , New Y o r k ,

L e l a n d , H , V, a nd S h u k l a , S . S . , 1 9 7 2 , " F a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g t h e

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l e a d a n d o t h e r t r a c e e l e m e n t s i n s e d i m e n t s

o f s o u t h e r n La ke M i c h i g a n " ; i n " T r a c e m e t a l s a n d m e t a l -

o r g a n i c i n t e r a c t i o n s i n n a t u r a l w a t e r s " E d , S i n g e r , P , C # ,

Ann. A r b o r . S c i , P u b , I n c ,

L e n n i e , D , , 1 9 7 8 . B , S c , t h e s i s , C h e m i s t r y D e p t , , U n i v e r s i t y

o f G l a s g o w ,

L e n n i e , D , , 1 9 7 8 , P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ,

L e r m a n , A, a n d L i e t z k e , ^ , A , , 1 9 7 5 , " U p t a k e a n d m i g r a t i o n o f

t r a c e r s i n l a k e s e d i m e n t s " ; L i m n o l , a n d O c e a n o g , , 2 0 ,

4 , 4 9 7 ,

L i e t z k e , T , A , , L e r m a n , A, a n d T a n i g u i c h i , H , , 1 9 7 3 , "** ^ C s

90a n d S r ; s i m i l a r i t i e s a n d d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t r a n s p o r t

modes i n s e d i m e n t s " ; T r a n s , Am, G e o p h y s , U n , , 54 , 3 4 1 ,

L i v i n g s t o n , H, a n d Bowen, V , T , , 1 9 7 5 , " A m e r i c i u m i n t h e m a r i n e

e ' n v i r o n m e n t - r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o p l u t o n i u m " ; i n

" E n v i r o n m e n t a l T o x i c i t y o f A q u a t i c R a d i o n u c l i d e s ; M o d e l s

a n d M e c h a n i s m s " , E d s , , M i l l e r , M.V, a nd S t a n n a r d , J . N , ,

Ann , A r b o r , S c i , P u b , I n c ,

L u c a s , H . F . , 1 9 5 7 , " I m p r o v e d l o w - l e v e l a l p h a - s c i n t i l l a t i o n

c o u n t e r f o r j a d o n " ; R e v , S c i , I n s t r . , 2 8 , 6 8 0 ,

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M a c G r e g o r , M, a n d M a c G r e g o r , A , G , , 1 9 4 8 , "The M i d l a n d V a l l e y

o f S c o t l a n d ” ( 2 n d e d i t i o n ) . I n s t i t u t e o f G e o l o g i c a l

S c i e n c e s h a n d b o o k on t h e r e g i o n a l g e o l o g y o f G r e a t

B r i t a i n , H , M , S , 0 ,

MacKay, D,W, a n d T o p p i n g , G , , 1 9 7 0 , " P r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t on

t h e e f f e c t s o f s l u d g e d i s p o s a l a t s e a ” ; E f f l u e n t a n d

W a t e r t r e a t m e n t J o u r n a l , 6 4 1 ,

MacKay, D , W, , H a l c r o w , W, a n d T h o r n t o n , I # , 1 9 7 2 , " S l u d g e

d u m p i n g i n t h e F i r t h o f C l y d e " ; M a r i n e P o l l u t i o n B u l l , ,

3 , ( 2 ) , 7 .

M a c K e n z i e , A , B # , 1 9 7 7 # "A r a d i o n u c l i d e s t u d y o f t h e C l y d e

S e a A r e a " , P h , D , t h e s i s , C h e m i s t r y D e p a r t m e n t , U n i v e r s i t y

o f G l a s g o w ,

M a c K e n z i e , A , B , , B a x t e r , M , S , , M c K i n l e y , I , G , , Swan, D , S , a n d

J a c k , V , , 1 9 7 8 , "The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f ^ ^ C s , ^ ^ C s ,

210, . , 2 2 6 d , 2 2 8 - p , ,P b , Ra a n d Ra c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n n e a r s h o r e m a r i n e

s e d i m e n t s a n d s e a w a t e r " ; J o u r n a l o f R a d i o a n a l y t i c a l

C h e m i s t r y ; ( i n p r e s s ) ,

M a c k e r e t h , F , J , H , , 1 9 6 9 # "A s h o r t c o r e s a m p l e r f o r s u b a q u e o u s

d e p o s i t s " ; L i m n o l , a n d O c e a n o g , , 1 4 , 1 4 5 #

M a c k e r e t h , F ^ j ^h , , 1 9 7 1 # "On t h e v a r i a t i o n i n d i r e c t i o n o f t h e

h o r i z o n t a l c o m p o n e n t o f r e m a n e n t m a g n e t i s a t i o n i n l a k e

s e d i m e n t s " ; E a r t h a n d P l a n e t a r y S c i , L e t t s , , 1 2 , 3 3 2 ,

M a r t i n , J , H , a n d K n a u e r , G , A , , 1 9 7 3 # "The e l e m e n t a l c o m p o s i t i o n

o f p l a n k t o n " ; G e o c h i m , e t Cosmoch i m, A c t a , 3 7 , 1 6 3 9 ,

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210M a t s u m o t o , E , , 1 9 7 5 , ” Pb g e o c h r o n o l o g y o f s e d i m e n t s f r o m

La ke S h i n j i ” ; G e o c h e m i c a l J o u r n a l , 9 , 1 6 7 .

M a t s u m o t o , E . a n d Vong, C . S , , 1 9 7 7 , MH e a v y m e t a l s e d i m e n t a t i o n

210m S a a n i c h I n l e t m e a s u r e d w i t h Pb t e c h n i q u e ” ; J o u r , o f

G e o p h y s , R e s . , 8 2 , 34 , 5 4 7 7 ,

M c D o n a l d , J . G , , 1 9 7 4 , ’’G e o l o g y ” i n ”A N a t u r a l H i s t o r y o f L oc h

Lomond” , U n i v e r s i t y o f G l a sg o w P r e s s ,

M c K i n l e y , I , G . , 1 9 7 8 , ’’T r a c e r a p p l i c a t i o n s o f r a d i o c a e s i u m

i n a c o a s t a l m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t ” , P h . D . t h e s i s , C h e m i s t r y

D e p a r t m e n t , U n i v e r s i t y o f G l a s g o w ,

M e a d e , R . H , , 1 9 7 3 , I n ’’C o n t i n e n t a l S h e l f S e d i m e n t T r a n s p o r t ” ;

e d s . S w i f t , D . J _ P , , D ua ne , D. B, a n d P i l k e y , O . H . j D o w d e n

H u t c h i n s o n a n d R o s s , S t r o u d s b u r g , P e n n s y l v a n i a ,

M i l l , H . R . , 1 8 9 2 , ’’The C l y d e S e a A r e a ” ; T r a n s , o f t h e R o y a l

S o c , E d . , V o l . XXXVI, p a r t I I I , No. 2 3 , 6 4 0 ,

M i l l e r , W,M, a n d S t a n n a r d , J . N , , 1 9 7 5 , E d s , ’’E n v i r o n m e n t a l

T o x i c i t y o f A q u a t i c R a d i o n u c l i d e s ” ; Ann , A r b o r , S c i ,

P u b , I n c . , M i c h i g a n ,

M i l n e , P , H , , 1 9 7 4 , ’’P h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d t i d e s o f t h e

C l y d e S e a A r e a ” ; i n "The C l y d e E s t u a r y a n d F i r t h ” ,

N . E . R . C , p u b , s e r i e s C, n u m b e r 1 1 ,

M i t c h e l l , N . T . , 1 9 7 5 , ’’R a d i o a c t i v i t y i n s u r f a c e a n d c o a s t a l

w a t e r s o f t h e B r i t i s h I s l e s 1 9 7 2 - 7 3 ” ; M i n i s t r y o f

A g r i c u l t u r e , F i s h e r i e s a n d F o o d , F i s h e r i e s R a d i o b i o l o g i c a l

L a b o r a t o r y T e c h n i c a l R e p o r t , FRL 1 0 ,

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M o o r e , H , B # , 1 9 3 1 , "The muds o f t h e C l y d e S e a A r e a I l l s

C h e m i c a l a n d p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , r a t e a n d n a t u r e o f

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1 7 , 3 2 5 .

M o o r e , H #E . , P o e t , S . E , a n d M a r t e l l , E . A , , 1 9 7 3 . " 222Rn, 210Pb210 . 210Bi a n d Po p r o f i l e s a n d a e r o s o l r e s i d e n c e t i m e s

v e r s u s a l t i t u d e " ; J o u r , o f G e o p h y s , R e s . , 7 8 , 7 0 6 5 .

M u r r a y , I . , 1 9 7 6 , P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ,

M u r r a y , J , a n d I r v i n e , R , , . 1 8 9 4 , "On t h e m a n g a n e s e o x i d e s a n d

m a n g a n e s e n o d u l e s i n m a r i n e d e p o s i t s " ; T r a n s , Ro y , S o c , E d , ,

V o l . 3 7 , 7 2 1 .

N a t i o n a l Academy o f S c i e n c e s , 1 9 6 1 , " R a d i o c h e m i s t r y o f P o l o n i u m " ;

p u b , n o , N . S , 3 0 3 7 ,

N a t i o n a l Academy o f S c i e n c e s , 1 9 7 1 , " R a d i o a c t i v i t y i n t h e

M a r i n e E n v i r o n m e n t " ,

N a t u r a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l , 1 9 7 4 , "The C l y d e

E s t u a r y a n d F i r t h " ; N . E . R . C , p u b l i c a t i o n s s e r i e s C,

n u m b e r 1 1 ,

N o s h k i n , V #E , , 1 9 7 2 , " E c o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s o f p l u t o n i u m

d i s s e m i n a t i o n i n a q u a t i c e n v i r o n m e n t s " ; H e a l t h P h y s i c s ,

2 2 , 5 3 7 ,

N o s h k i n , V , E , a n d Bowen, V . T . , 1 9 7 3 , " C o n c e n t r a t i o n s a n d

d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f l o n g - l i v e d f a l l o u t r a d i o n u c l i d e s i n

o p e n o c e a n s e d i m e n t s " ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l A t o m i c E n e r g y

A g e n c y , S .M, - 1 5 8 / 4 5 ,

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N o z a k i , Y, a n d T s u n o g a i , S . , 1 9 7 3 , ”L e a d - 2 1 0 i n t h e N o r t h

P a c i f i c a n d t h e t r a n s p o r t o f t e r r e s t r i a l m a t e r i a l t h r o u g h

t h e a t m o s p h e r e ’1; E a r t h a n d P l a n e t a r y S c i . L e t t s . , 2 0 , 8 8 #

N o z a k i , Y . , C o c h r a n , J . K , , T u r e k i a n , K . K, a n d K e l l e r , G . , 1 9 7 7 ,

210’’R a d i o c a r b o n and Pb d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s u b m e r s i b l e

t a k e n d e e p s e a c o r e s f r o m p r o j e c t F a m o u s ” ; E a r t h a n d

P l a n e t a r y S c i , L e t t s . , 34 , 2 , 1 6 7 ,

O p d y ke , N . D . , G l a s s , B . , H a y s , J , a nd F o s t e r , J . , 1 9 6 6 .

" P a l a e o m a g n e t i c S t u d y o f A n t a r c t i c D e e p - S e a C o r e s ” ;

S c i e n c e , N , Y . , 1 5 4 , 3 4 9 .

O l d f i e l d , F . , A p p l e b y , P . G . a n d B a t t e r b e e , P . W . , 1 9 7 8 .

21 0’’A l t e r n a t i v e Pb d a t i n g ; r e s u l t s f r o m t h e New G u i n e a

H i g h l a n d s a n d Lough E r n e ” ; N a t u r e , 2 7 1 , 3 3 9 ,

P a r k e r , J , I # , Conway, H . L . a n d Y a g u c h i , E . M . , 1 9 7 7 ,

’’D i s s o l u t i o n o f d i a t o m f r u s t u l e s a n d r e c y c l i n g o f

Amor phous S i l i c o n i n Lake M i c h i g a n ” ; J o u r . F i s h . R e s ,

B o a r d , C a n . , 3 4 , 4 , 5 4 5 .

P a t t e r s o n , C . , 1 9 7 1 , ’’L e a d ” ; i n ’’I m p i n g e m e n t o f Man on t h e

O c e a n s ” , e d . Hood, D . V . , J o h n V i l e y a n d Sons I n c . , 2 4 5 ,

P e i r s o n , D #H . , C a m br ay , R . S , a n d S p i c e r , G . S . , 1 9 6 6 , ”L e a d - 2 1 0

a n d P o l o n i u m - 2 1 0 i n t h e a t m o s p h e r e ” ; T e l l u s , 1 8 , 4 2 7 - 4 3 3 ,

P e n n i n g t o n , ¥ . , 1 9 7 3 , "The r e c e n t s e d i m e n t s o f W i n d e r m e r e ” ;

F r e s h w a t e r B i o l o g y , 3 , 3 6 3 ,

P e n n i n g t o n , V , , C am b r ay , R . S , a n d F i s h e r , E . M , , 1 9 7 3 .

1 37' • O b s e r v a t i o n s on l a k e s e d i m e n t s u s i n g f a l l o u t Cs a s a

t r a c e r ” , N a t u r e , 2 4 2 , 3 2 4 ,

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P e n n i n g t o n , W. , C am b r ay , R . S . , E a k i n s , J , D , a n d H a r k n e s s , D . D . ,

1 9 7 6 , " R a d i o n u c l i d e d a t i n g o f t h e r e c e n t s e d i m e n t s o f

B l e l h a m T a r n " ; F r e s h w a t e r B i o l o g y , 6 , 3 1 7 ,

P e t i t , D , , 1 9 7 4 , u^ ^ P b e t i s o t o p e s s t a b l e s du p l o mb d a n s

d e s s e d i m e n t s l a c u s t r e s " , E a r t h a n d P l a n e t a r y S c i , L e t t s , ,

2 3 , 1 9 9 .

P i c k e r i n g , R , J . , C a r r i g a n , P , H , J r . , T a m u r a , T , , A b e e , H , H , ,

B e v e r a g e , J . W , a n d Andrew, R,W, J r . , 1 9 6 6 , " R a d i o ­

a c t i v i t y i n b o t t o m s e d i m e n t s o f t h e C l i n c h a n d

T e n n e s s e e R i v e r s " ; i n " D i s p o s a l o f r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e s

i n t o s e a s , o c e a n s , a n d s u r f a c e w a t e r s " ; I , A #E , A , p u b ,

SM 7 2 / 4 ,

P o e t , S , E , , M o o r e , H , E , a n d K a r t e l l , E . A , , 1 9 7 2 , " L e a d - 2 1 0 ,

B i - 2 1 0 a n d P o - 2 1 0 i n t h e a t m o s p h e r e : A c c u r a t e r a t i o

m e a s u r e m e n t a n d a p p l i c a t i o n t o a e r o s o l r e s i d e n c e t i m e

d e t e r m i n a t i o n " ; J o u r , o f G e o p h y s , R e s , , 7 7 , 6 5 1 5 ,

P r e s l e y , B #J # , K o l o d n y , Y , , N i s s e n b a u m , A, a n d K a p l a n , I , R , ,

1 9 7 2 , " E a r l y d i a g e n e s i s i n a r e d u c i n g f j o r d , S a a n i c h

I n l e t , B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a - I , T r a c e e l e m e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n

i n i n t e r s t i t i a l w a t e r a n d s e d i m e n t " ; G e o c h i m , e t Cosmoch im,

A c t a , 3 6 , 1 0 7 3 .

f i sP r e s t o n , A , , 1 9 6 6 , "The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f Zn i n t h e f l e s h

o f o y s t e r s r e l a t e d t o t h e d i s c h a r g e o f c o o l i n g p o n d

e f f l u e n t f r o m t h e C , E , G #B, n u c l e a r p o w e r s t a t i o n a t

B r a d w e l l on S e a , E s s e x " ; i n " R a d i o e c o l o g i c a l Co n e , P r o c , "

E d s , A b e r g , B, a n d H u n g a t e , F . P . , 9 9 5 - 1 0 0 4 , P e r g a m o n

P r e s s , New Y o r k ,

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Rama, K o i d e , M, a n d G o l d b e r g , E , D , , 1 9 6 1 " L e a d - 2 1 0 i n

n a t u r a l w a t e r s " ; S c i e n c e , 1 3 4 , 9 8 ,

R i l e y , J . P , a n d C h e s t e r , R , , 1 9 7 6 , " C h e m i c a l O c e a n o g r a p h y "

V o l , 6 , 2 n d e d i t i o n , A c a d e m i c P r e s s ,

R i t c h i e , J , C , , McHenry , J , R , a n d G i l l , A , C , , 1 9 7 3 , " D a t i n g

r e c e n t r e s e r v o i r s e d i m e n t s " . . L i m n o l , a n d O c e a n o g , , 1 8 , 2 5 4 ,

R o b b i n s , J , A , a n d E d g i n g t o n , D#N #, 1 9 7 5 , " D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f

21 0r e c e n t s e d i m e n t a t i o n r a t e s i n L a k e M i c h i g a n u s i n g Pb 1 37

a n d C s " ; G e o c h i m , e t Cosmoch im, A c t a , 3 9 , 2 8 5 - 3 0 4 ,

R o b b i n s , J , A , , E d g i n g t o n , D#A, a n d P a r k e r , J , I , , 1 9 7 5 ,

" D i s t r i b u t i o n o f a m o r p h o u s , d i a t o m f r u s t u l e , and

d i s s o l v e d s i l i c a i n a l e a d - 2 1 0 d a t e d c o r e f r o m S o u t h e r n

La k e M i c h i g a n " ; ( m a n u s c r i p t ) ,

R o b b i n s , J , A , K r e z o s k i , J #R, a n d M o z l e y , S #C# , 1 9 7 7 , " R a d i o ­

a c t i v i t y i n s e d i m e n t s o f t h e G r e a t L a k e s , P o s t - d e p o s i t i o n a l

r e d i s t r i b u t i o n b y d e p o s i t - f e e d i n g o r g a n i s m s " ; E a r t h a n d

P l a n e t a r y S c i , L e t t s , , 3 6 , 3 2 5 ,

R u n w e l l , D #S , , 1 9 6 4 , " S p a r t i n a s a l t m a r s h e s i n S o u t h e r n

E n g l a n d ; r a t e a n d s e a s o n a l p a t t e r n o f s e d i m e n t a c c r e t i o n " ;

J o u r , o f E c o l , , 5 2 , 7 9 ,

S a c k e t t , W,M#> 1 9 6 5 , " D e p o s i t i o n r a t e s b y t h e p r o t a c t i n i u m

m e t h o d " . T h i r d A n n u a l Sympos ium on M a r i n e G e o c h e m , ,

U n i v , o f Rhode I s l a n d O c c a s i o n a l P u b , No, 3 , , 2 9 ,

S a d a u s k i s , J , , 1 9 5 8 , A r g o n n e N a t i o n a l L a b , ( A , N , L * ) - 5 9 6 7 ,

S a d a u s k i s , J , , 1 9 6 0 , A r g o n n e N a t i o n a l L a b , ( A , N , L , ) - 6 1 8 6 ,

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S c h e l l , W . R . , 1 9 7 7 , " C o n c e n t r a t i o n s , p h y s i c o - c h e m i c a l

2 1 0 2 1 0s t a t e s a n d mean r e s i d e n c e t i m e s o f Pb a n d Po i n

m a r i n e a n d e s t u a r i n e w a t e r s ” ; G e o c h i m , e t C os moch i m,

A c t a , 41 , 1 0 1 9 .

S h a n n o n , L , V , a n d C h e r r y , R . D . , 1 9 7 1 . " R a d i u m - 2 2 6 i n m a r i n e

p h y t o p l a n k t o n " ; E a r t h and P l a n e t a r y S c i , L e t t s . , 1 1 , 3 3 9 ,

Shaw, H . F . , 1 9 7 8 , "The c l a y m i n e r a l o g y o f t h e r e c e n t

s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s f r o m t h e C i l i c i a B a s i n , N o r t h e a s t e r n

M e d i t e r r a n e a n " ; M a r i n e G e o l o g y , 2 6 , M51.

Shaw, H , F , a n d B u s h , P . R . , 1 9 7 8 , The m i n e r a l o g y a n d

g e o c h e m i s t r y o f t h e r e c e n t s u r f a c e s e d i m e n t s o f t h e

C i l i c i a B a s i n , N o r t h e a s t M e d i t e r r a n e a n " ; M a r i n e G e o l o g y ,

2 7 , 1 1 5 .

S i l l , C,W, a n d O l s e n , D . G , , 1 9 7 0 , " S o u r c e s a n d p r e v e n t i o n

o f r e c o i l c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f s o l i d - s t a t e a l p h a d e t e c t o r s " ;

A n a l y t i c a l C h e m i s t r y , 4 2 , 1 3 , 1 5 9 6 ,

S i n g e r , P . C . , 1 9 7 2 , E d , " T r a c e m e t a l s a n d m e t a l - o r g a n i c

i n t e r a c t i o n s i n n a t u r a l w a t e r s " , Ann, A r b o r , S c i e n c e

P u b s , I n c . , M i c h i g a n ,

S i s s o n s , J . B . , 1 9 6 7 , "The E v o l u t i o n o f S c o t l a n d ’ s S c e n e r y " ;

O l i v e r a n d Boyd L t d , , E d i n b u r g h ,

S i s s o n s , J , B , , 1 9 6 7 , " G l a c i a l s t a g e s a n d r a d i o c a r b o n d a t e s

i n S c o t l a n d " ; S c o t t , J , G e o l , , 3 , 3 7 5 ,

S m i t h , F , A , , D e l l a R o s a , R . J , a n d C a s a r e t t , L . J . , 1 9 5 5 ,

Amer , R ep , > U , R , - 3 0 5 .

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S o l o r . z a n o , L , a n d G r a n t h a m , B , , 1 9 7 5 , ’’S u r f a c e n u t r i e n t s

c h l o r o p h y l l a , a nd p h a e o p i g m e n t i n some S c o t t i s h s e a - l o c h s ” ;

J , e x p , m a r . B i o l , E c o l , , 2 0 , 6 3 - 7 6 .

S t e w a r t , D #, 1 9 7 8 , P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ,

S t o t t , W , , 1 9 7 6 , P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ,

T a l v i t i e , N . A . , 1 9 7 2 , ’’E l e c t r o d e p o s i t i o n o f a c t i n i d e s f o r

a l p h a s p e c t r o m e t r i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n ” ; A n a l y t i c a l C h e m i s t r y ,

4 4 , 2 , 2 8 0 ,

T a m u r a , T , a n d J a c o b s , D . G , , 1 9 6 0 , ’’S t r u c t u r a l i m p l i c a t i o n s

i n c a e s i u m s o r p t i o n ” ; H e a l t h P h y s i c s , 2 , 3 9 1 ,

T e m p l e t o n , V . L , a n d P r e s t o n , A , , 1 9 6 6 , ’’T r a n s p o r t a n d

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f r a d i o a c t i v e e f f l u e n t s i n c o a s t a l a n d

e s t u a r i n e w a t e r s o f t h e U n i t e d K i ng d om ” i n " D i s p o s a l o f

r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e s i n t o s e a s , o c e a n s a n d s u r f a c e w a t e r s ” .

I . A . E . A . , V i e n n a , SM - 7 2 / 1 6 , 2 6 7 .

T e r H a a r , G , L , H o l t z m a n n , R , B , a n d L u c a s , H , F , , 1 9 6 7 ,

’’L e a d a n d l e a d - 2 1 0 i n r a i n w a t e r ” ; N a t u r e , 2 1 6 , 3 5 3 ,

Thom, A , S . , 1 9 4 9 , " I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t i d a l p h e n o m e n a i n t h e

C l y d e E s t u a r y u s i n g a s c a l e m o d e l ” ; J , I n s t r , c i v ,

E n g r s . , 3 3 , 1 0 0 ,

T h o m p so n , R # , 1 9 7 7 , P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ,

T h o m p s o n , R, a n d T u r n e r , G . , 1 9 7 7 , P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ,

T h o m ps o n , A , , 1 9 6 9 , ”A h y d r a u l i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e C l y d e ” ;

P h , D , t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f S t r a t h c l y d e ,

Ii

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Thomson , J . a n d Y a l t o n , A , , 1 9 7 2 , " N a t u r a l R a d i o a c t i v e

d e c a y s e r i e s e l e m e n t s i n t h e O c e a n s a n d S e d i m e n t s " ;

P r o c , Roy , S o c . E d , , 7 2 / 7 3 , 1 5 .

Thomson , J , , T u r e k i a n , K,K, a n d M c C a f f r e y , R . J . , 1 9 7 5 .

"The a c c u m u l a t i o n o f m e t a l s i n a n d r e l e a s e f r o m

s e d i m e n t s o f Long I s l a n d S o u n d " * i n " E s t u a r i n e R e s e a r c h

E d , C r o n i n , L , E . V o l , I , 2 8 , A c ad e mi c P r e s s , L o n d o n ,

T i p p e t t , R , , 1 9 7 4 , "A N a t u r a l H i s t o r y o f Lo c h Lomond" ,

G l a s g o w U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s ,

T o b a i l e m , J , , 1 9 5 5 , Ann , P h y s , , 1 0 , 7 8 3 ,

T o p p i n g , G, 1 9 7 4 , "The a t m o s p h e r i c i n p u t o f some h e a v y

m e t a l s t o t h e F i r t h o f C l y d e a n d i t s r e l a t i o n t o o t h e r

i n p u t s " ; ICES CM 1 9 7 4 / E 3 2 ,

T u r e k i a n , K . K . , 1 9 5 6 , " R a p i d t e c h n i q u e f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n o

c a r b o n a t e c o n t e n t o f d e e p - s e a c o r e s " ; B u l l , Amer . Asso

P e t r o l , G e o l o g i s t s , 4 0 , 2 5 0 7 ,

T u r e k i a n , K , K , , 1 9 7 7 , "The f a t e o f m e t a l s i n t h e o c e a n s 11;

G e o c h i m , e t Co smo c h i m, A c t a , 4 1 , 1 1 3 9 ,

U n i t e d N a t i o n s , 1 9 7 2 , " I o n i z i n g R a d i a t i o n ; L e v e l s a n d

E f f e c t s ; 1 - L e v e l s , " U n i t e d N a t i o n s P u b , E 7 2 , I X , 1 7 ,

Y i ndom, M, , 1 9 6 9 , " A t m o s p h e r i c d u s t r e c o r d s i n p e r m a n e n t

s n o w f i e l d s : I m p l i c a t i o n s t o m a r i n e s e d i m e n t a t i o n " ;

G e o l , S o c , Amer , B u l l , , 8 0 , 7 6 1 ,

V r i g h t , H , E , , 1 9 7 1 , " L a t e q u a t e r n a r y v e g e t a t i o n a l h i s t o r y

o f N o r t h A m e r i c a " i n "The L a t e C-enozoic G l a c i a l A g e s " ,

E d . T u r e k i a n , K . K , Y a l e P r e s s , New H a v e n , 4 2 5 ,

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Y a f f e , L #, 1 9 6 2 , " P r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i n f i l m s , s ou r c e s a nd

t a r g e t s " ; Ann, R ev , N u , S c i , , 1 2 , 1 5 3 ,

Yen, J , F , , 1 9 7 7 , Ed , " M a r i n e C h e m i s t r y " ; Ann, A r b o r , S c i e n c e

P u b , I n c ,