bwjp/nrcdv...military experience, trauma, and intimate partner violence bwjp/nrcdv webinar series...

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Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005WTAXK055 awarded by the Office on Violence Against Women, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this publication/program/exhibition are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women.

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Page 1: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence      BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series

November 10, 2010This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded by the Office on Violence Against Women, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this publication/program/exhibition are those of 

the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women.

Page 2: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence Webinar Series    

Webinars:December 1, 2010:  Justice‐Involved Veterans and Intimate Partner Violence – registration now open on the BWJP Website January 12,2011:  Challenges Faced by Female VeteransFebruary 8 2011:  Veterans and Domestic Violence:  The Traumatic Impact on Women

Page 3: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Today’s PresentationMagnitude of the problemWounds of warIntimate partner violence  (IPV)Combat‐related post‐traumatic                                   stress disorder and IPV  Implications

Victim safetyOffender accountability

Resources

Page 4: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Magnitude of the ProblemOver 2 million have served in Iraq and AfghanistanOver 5oo,000 National Guard and ReservesMultiple deploymentsIncreased OPTEMPO

Extended toursDecreased breaks 

“Battlemind”= SurvivalDrawdownReunion and reintegration

Page 5: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Common Stress ReactionsSleep disturbanceBad dreams/nightmaresAnger/short temper  Agitation, irritation, annoyanceJumpy and easily startledAvoiding people and placesIncreased drinking, smoking, drug useMistrustOver‐controlling or overprotective 

Page 6: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Invisible/Signature WoundsTraumatic brain injury (TBI)

Estimated as many as 20% will experience a TBI (Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center)Estimated 320,000 experienced probable TBI  (2008 Rand Corporation Study)Controversy 

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Estimated 300,000 have PTSD or major depression (Rand Study)

DiagnosisCo‐occurring disordersEstimated only 50% reported or sought help (Rand Study)

Warrior mentality and stigma

Page 7: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

TBI     A traumatically induced disruption of brain function/disturbance of consciousness, resulting in impairment of cognitive, emotional, and physical functioning

Cognitive:  problems with memory and concentrationEmotional:  anger, anxiety, poor impulse control, misinterpret communication of othersPhysical:  headaches, fatigue, insomnia                   

Blasts leading cause of TBI in OIF/OEFAccount for 69% of TBI in current conflictsEffects of concussion from blast injury not always immediately apparent

Page 8: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Mental Health IssuesVA estimates 44% OIF/OEF veterans have psychological conditions 14% of those returning have serious mental health issues (PTSD or depression) (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research study)OIF/OEF veterans with major depression, receiving VA services, have a 9.1‐fold increased risk of suicide, compared to those w/o major depression  Self medicating/substance abuse (associated with PTSD and TBI)

Page 9: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

PTSDThe person has been exposed to a traumatic event in which both of the following have been present: 

(1) the person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others (2) the person's response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror

Page 10: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

PTSDVA estimates 15% of OIF/OEF veterans have PTSD

Of the 40% who have sought mental health care, 49.8% have PTSD problemsDifference between active duty and Guard and Reserves

Symptoms of PTSD:Re‐experiencingAvoidance and numbing                                   Hypervigilance and increased arousal

PTSD is a treatable condition

Page 11: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Intimate Partner Violence When there has been physical and or sexual violence in an intimate relationship, the range of behaviors continually remind victims that violence is always a possibility:

IntimidationCoercion and threatsEmotional abuse, e.g., name calling, put downs,                 mind games, public embarrassmentUse of childrenEconomic coercionUsing minimization, denial, lying and blaming the victimStalking

Page 12: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

IPV       Most returning military do not become abusive Veterans with PTSD consistently found in research studies to have  higher incidence of IPV perpetration than veterans without PTSDVeterans with PSTD report significantly higher rates of generally violent behaviors and aggression than veterans without PTSD Over one half (53.2%) OIF/OEF veterans presenting for care at a VA Deployment Health Clinic endorsed at least one act of physical aggression (IPV) in the past 4 months

Page 13: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Lethal IPV     2008 Surveillance of Violent Deaths Report, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control:

Majority of the violent deaths were secondary to IPV and relationship problems  Two hundred of the incidents involved homicide followed by suicide 20% of all suicides were by former and current military personnelHomicide‐suicide accounts for 27‐32% of lethal IPV incidents in general population

Predominant risk markers include guns, patterns of estrangement and reunion, and offender’s poor mental health

Page 14: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

• Intimate partner violence also called  domestic violence •Post‐traumatic stress disorder •Traumatic brain injury •Substance abuse•Other mental health issues (depression)

Page 15: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Post‐Traumatic Stress DisorderCriteria B: Re‐experiencing

Intrusive distressing recollectionsDistressful dreams/nightmaresActing or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring (flashbacks, illusions, hallucinations)Intense psychological distress @ exposure to internal or external cues (triggers)Physiological reactivity on exposure to cues

Page 16: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Post‐Traumatic Stress DisorderCriteria C:  Avoidance

Efforts to avoid thoughts (etc.) of the event/sEfforts to avoid activities, places, reminders that arouse recollectionsInability to recall an important aspect of the traumaMarked diminished interest in activitiesFeeling detachment/estrangementRestricted range of affect (& love feelings)Sense of foreshortened future

Page 17: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Post‐Traumatic Stress DisorderCriteria D: Increased arousal

Sleep disturbanceIrritability or outbursts of angerDifficulty concentratingHypervigilanceExaggerated startle response

Page 18: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

PTSD Symptoms  & IPV Perpetration PTSD Symptoms

Traumatic EventRe‐experiencing that eventAvoidanceIncrease arousal

Social Isolation//Irritability//Hypervigilance/

IPV BehaviorsPhysical/sexual assaultCoercion and threatsEmotional abuseEconomic coercion

Use of IsolationIntimidation and threatsRighteous rageStalking & surveillance

Page 19: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

The Relationships and PTSD Study: Detection of Intimate Partner 

Violence (NRI‐04‐040)

Research Study Team:

Principle Investigator: April Gerlock PhD, ARNPProject Director: Jackie Grimesey, PhD; Study Team: Ofer Harel, PhD; Alisa Pisciotta, BA; Lynne Berthiaume, MN; Elaine Nevins, BA; Christina Cho, BA; Koriann Brousseau, BA; George Sayre, PsyD

This material is based upon work supported by the US Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Research and Development, Nursing Research Initiative. Opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the VA.

Page 20: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

First DeploymentWar/Conflict Zone

Page 21: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

PTSD: AvoidanceSocial Isolation

“….well, I was trying to put her through school to get her master’s degree, and, but, basically, I was hiding.  I didn’t want to have to be out in public.  I didn’t want to have to relate with people. So, if you work the night shift, you don’t do those things….But, then, she would want me to make changes and I wasn’t in a place where I could make changes…It just got to a point where we—there was no room left…She wasn’t receiving any feelings or information or anything from me, which became just intolerable for her. (Veteran)

Page 22: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

IPV: Use of Isolation“…I think the most I had was, like 107 missed calls in a row.  And, he had, like this severe anxiety of me going anywhere, and it would always turn into an argument… And, I couldn’t even go to the grocery store by myself, and I mean, it got to the point where my friends no longer liked him.  …all he did was call.  If I turned off my phone, or put it on silent and didn’t answer, it turned into a huge fight when I got home. …It got to a point where I stopped going and seeing my friends.  I stopped going out and being social….I knew there would be a fight waiting at home…”(Partner)

Page 23: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

IPV:  Intimidation and Threats“…Well, I have knives and‐ well, I had knives and weapons around the house, back in the day. And, I told her if she kept on doing, arguing and saying things that I didn’t appreciate or didn’t like, she would come up missing. And, that was—I told her I would take my weapon and kill her.” (Veteran)“He says, “I killed people in <country>. Now, what does that make you think? If you’re yelling at somebody and said, “I killed before.” (Partner)

Page 24: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

IPV:  Righteous Rage

“At its worse, something could be said that was not kind….it would escalate very quickly.  …I’ll be frank:  It would feel like, I never knew quite where it was going to go.  His temper…I always knew that if he started laughing, then I was in trouble.  For him, it was  a way of trying to manage his rage. And, it never worked…(Partner)

Page 25: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

IPV:  Stalking/Threats to Kill“…he changed more than when he came from deploy. And, he always has a , like, a violent person. And, the other day he’s telling me, “if you leave me, or, or you cheat on me, or, somewhere, or something. I will find you. I will kill you. …I prefer to kill you and put you in pieces, and the spread, spread every where that you leave me… or, If you leave me, I, I’m going to kill somebody.” (Partner)

Page 26: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

The Relationships and PTSD Study: Detection of Intimate Partner Violence (Phase 2) 

First ≈ 278 couples◦ Yes IPV 125 (45%) No IPV 153 (55%)

Months in PTSD treatment:◦ Spans from 1 months to 432 months (36 years)

Age Range◦ 23 y.o. ‐ 83 y.o.

Served in war zone:◦ 97% Yes 3% No

Page 27: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Veteran Currently Violent in Intimate Relationship

Page 28: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Veteran Previously Violent in This Relationship

Page 29: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Veteran Violent in Previous Intimate Relationship

Page 30: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded
Page 31: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Police Response

Page 32: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

General Violence in Community

Page 33: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Veteran’s Mutuality:Talked About War Zone Experiences

Page 34: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

War Zone DeploymentsIPV & Relationship Breakups

Discussion

Page 35: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Difference in Treatment Approaches for PTSD & IPV

PTSD Treatment:Work with victims/survivors of traumatic experiencesGoal of PTSD treatment is to quiet the PTSD symptoms & facilitate re‐integration into the full range of social experiencesTherapist/s accept what is offered by the client at face value and approach with empathy and compassion

Page 36: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Difference in Treatment Approaches for PTSD & IPV

While the IPV perpetrator treatment therapist remains respectful they do NOT take what is offered at face valueIPV perpetrators misrepresent and lie about what has happened (re: their behaviors), misrepresent the victim (and the victim’s behaviors), and they alienate the victim from the therapists and treatment servicesIPV perpetrators may also be victims/survivors of trauma (e.g. childhood abuse, war trauma, etc.)

Both types of treatment are important, but very different

Page 37: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Difference in Treatment Approaches for       PTSD & IPV

IPV perpetrator rehabilitation:Goal of treatment is to stop all forms of abusive and violent/assaultive behaviors towards intimate partners by holding the batterer (not the victim) responsible for the violence and abuse and accountable for stopping itCharacterizing behaviors of an IPV perpetrator are lying, minimizing the violence, and blaming the victim (thus, verification is needed through police reports, etc.)

Page 38: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Implications Victim Safety

Active duty, Reserve, National Guard, or veteran (jurisdiction, regulations, services/resources, confidentiality)Risk and danger assessmentProtection orders (civilian and/or military)Lautenberg Amendment:  FirearmsCivil issues (e.g., divorce, custody, support)

Page 39: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Risk and Danger AssessmentRisk factors

Carries, has access to or threatens with a weaponPattern of estrangements, separations, and reunionsObsessive jealousyMental health issues                             

PTSDDepression Suicide threatsTBI

Daily impairment by alcohol or drugs 

Page 40: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

Implications  Offender accountability

History and context of the violence:  Batterer/non‐battererAssessment for IPVAssessment for co‐occurring disordersIntervention for IPV                                            Treatment for co‐occurring disorders           Monitoring and supervisionLautenberg Amendment:  Firearms

Coordinated community response Department of Veterans Affairs

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ResourcesDepartment of Veterans Affairs, National Center on Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder

Guide for family members of returning service members –very comprehensive and provides good resource information, however, little information about domestic violence

http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/reintegration/returning‐war‐zone‐guide‐families.aspGuide for military personnel returning from the war – much of the same information as the family member guide but from a different perspective

http://www.ptsd.va.gov/public/reintegration/returning‐war‐zone‐guide‐sm.asp

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Resources

Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health & Traumatic Brain Injuryhttp://www.dcoe.health.mil/

National Center on Domestic and Sexual Violencehttp://www.ncdsv.org/ncd_militaryresponse.html

Page 43: BWJP/NRCDV...Military Experience, Trauma, and Intimate Partner Violence BWJP/NRCDV Webinar Series November 10, 2010 This project was supported by Grant No. 2005‐WT‐AX‐K055 awarded

ResourcesBWJP Website, Military Pagehttp://www.bwjp.org/military.aspxDocuments

Understanding the Military Response to Domestic Violence, Tools for Civilian AdvocatesCollaborating for Safety: Coordinating the Military and Civilian Response to Domestic Violence, Elements and Tools 

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BWJP PROJECT    Funded by the Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against WomenMilitary/civilian advocates network

Wiki                                                            Resource information and discussionVolunteer consultantsTraining 

Blueprint for an effective community response to the co‐occurrence of combat‐related PTSD and IPV

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Contact InformationGlenna Tinney

Military Advocacy Program CoordinatorBattered Women's Justice Project

703‐822‐[email protected]

Dr. April Gerlock253‐582‐8440, ext. [email protected]

[email protected]

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