(b.v. sc., m. v. sc. ph. d) email :gabermegahed@ yahoo. com december 2005 6
TRANSCRIPT
((B.V. Sc., M. V. Sc. Ph. DB.V. Sc., M. V. Sc. Ph. D))
Email :gabermegahed@ yahoo. COMEmail :gabermegahed@ yahoo. COM
December 2005December 2005 66
What is the goal of What is the goal of pregnancy ?pregnancy ?
unfortunately
Failure in reproduction will be
occurred :
Pregnancy wastage is Pregnancy wastage is
responsible for most gestation responsible for most gestation
failures in farm animals . failures in farm animals .
Pregnancy wastage can be Pregnancy wastage can be
divided into:divided into:
deathdeath
* Failure of fertilization and Early embryonic loss.
* Late embryonic and early fetal death .
* Fetal death.
* Abortion.
This mean, the cow returns
to estrus regularly at normal
interval each insemination.
Failure of fertilization
Causes:
Infertile bull (natural mating)
Handling of Semen
Storage of Semen
Time of insemination.
Site of insemination.
Delayed Ovulation.
Abnormal uterine environment.
A.I
When the embryo dies before
day 14 of the estrous cycle then
the life span C.L is not prolonged
and the cow returns to at a normal
interval.
Early embryonic death
Genetic defects → defect in the embryo itself there is clearly a lack of cytogenetic evidence Deficient maternal environment → which mediated by inadequate luteal function within the first few days of conception.Sudden changes in diet during the critical early embryonic phase which influence upon the uterine environment (protein trace elements).
Cause :
Infection and endocrine imbalance create an adverse environment with in the uterus that prevents the normal development of the embryo. Luteal deficiencymay result in embryonic death Stress ( especially heat stress)which create imbalance between oxidant and antioxidants.
Two possible approaches in the prevention of these early losses are:1- GnRH injection2-Progesterone supplementation Before day 6-7 These two approaches leads to 10.3 % improvement in pregnancy rate.
How can you prevent these early losses?How can you prevent these early losses?
- About 10% of late embryos die between 14-42 days. A smaller % of early fetal death occurs after this stage.- The lifespan of the CL in all cases is extended (this means prolonged interval between successive heats)
Late embryonic or early fetal death: Late embryonic or early fetal death:
The same as those for early embryonic death.
Genetic abnormality (4.8-26%) Stress Infections causesAgeing of ova- Ageing of cow.Pregnancy diagnosis.
Cause :
If large numbers of animals in a
herd are involved and if natural
service is used and cows have a
history of a mucopurulent Vulvae
discharge → then campylobacter
fetus infection should be expected.
N.B:-
Intrauterine death of the fetus is not
followed by abortion but the fetus is
retained instead. It occur between day 43 of gestation and
term .
Fetal death
* Early fetal death → can be followed by
resorption of fetal fluids, autolysis of fetal
tissue and membranes which are sometimes
not detected.
The consequences are -:
1- Stillbirth.
2- Fetal maceration
3- Mummification
4- Emphysema
5- Abortion.
Stillbirth is defined as the birth of a dead
calf after 272 days of gestation. Most
stillbirth, occur during the act of
parturition.
Stillbirth
Fetal maceration
This occurs as a consequence of fetal death,
usually in mid- to late gestation, followed by:-
-Regression of C.L and opening of the cervix
- But the fetus is not aborted and remains in the
genital tract
-Bacteria enter the genital tract.
- Its incidence is 0.09% of pregnancies.
- Maceration with a closed cervix is rare.
- Usually a chronic, fetid reddish- gray watery or
mucopurulent discharge from vulva over a period
of several week.
- may be toxic merits early but systemic illness
sometime occur .
- Gradual might loss.
- No satisfactory treatment .
- Poor breeding prognosis due to endometrial
damage.
After fetal death
There is resorption of fetal fluids
- Dehydration of fetal tissue and associated
membranes
- persistence of the C.L.
Its incidence is 0.43- 1.8% of pregnancies.
This condition occurs in the third to eighth
month of gestation but mostly the fourth and
sixth months.
Fetal mummification
The causes of F. mummification:
Genetic factor → there is a greater incidence
in the Jersey, Guernsey breeds
Torsion or compression of the umbilical cord
by its passing around a fetal extremity.
May follow infectious causes of fetal death
such as campylobacter fetus, molds BVD- MD
virus, leptospirsis but not brucella.
Trauma
- Fail to calve at the expected time.
- Fails to show udder development.
- On rectal palpation , a hard mass will be
identified in the uterus.
- No caruncles or cotyledons will be palpable
- There is a weak of fremitus in the middle
uterine artery.
From a clinical point of view, this condition From a clinical point of view, this condition
will be identified when a cowwill be identified when a cow
Types of Fetal mummification
The hematic type in cattle
The papyraceous type in the other species
Variable amount of hemorrhage occurs Between the endometrium and fetal
Membranes↓This occur after the plasma has been absorbed leaves a reddish- brown , gummy
tenacious mass of cells, clots and mucus
is not characterized by placental hemorrhage and the fetus is usually a brownish
color and the fetal membranes are not covered with this reddish - brown material.
Termination of pregnancy and delivery of the
fetus may be a goal of treatment. Manual removal of the C.L is effective when
the ovaries are easy reach (With risk ovarian
damage or hemorrhage).
Single dos of PGF2α (25mg) or 0.5 -1.0 mg of
its analogue given intramuscularly will be
expelled the fetal mummy within 3-5 days.
Handling of mummified fetus (Treatment)
Total expulsion does not take place (because of insufficient lubrication) completely Manual removal of the fetus will be occur with lubricant followed by Uterine irrigation with antibiotic, sometime , use irrigation with 1: 2000 acriflavine or normal salineIntramuscular dose of 10-20mg of ergometrineto overcome uterine atony. Systemic antibiotic according to animal healthy conditionBreeding prognosis will be good and conceive in 1-3 months.
- Similar to maceration
- Putrefactive bacteria invade through open cervix.
- Fetal death may be associated with dystocia.
- From the clinical point of view, the gross fetal changes include →Putrefaction
distension with crepitation and dry hair.
-Fetal emphysema complicating dystocia commonly Fetal to dam.
- May be poor prognosis.
Fetal emphysema
Abortion is defined as the expulsion of a dead
or non-viable fetus at any stage of pregnancy
before the time of normal parturition (late 2nd
and 3rd trimester).
Its frequency is normal for 1-2% of pregnant
cows.
if the % rises to 5% or more it should be
investigated thoroughly.
Abortion
- Causes, clinical finding, pathogenesis, handling, control and eradication were presentation in the
another presentation?