buying horse hay key issues for horse owners nutritional requirements of horses n pseudo-ruminants...
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Nutritional Requirements Nutritional Requirements of Horsesof Horses
Pseudo-RuminantsPseudo-Ruminants– ineffective ruminants: high quality neededineffective ruminants: high quality needed– fiber required:fiber required:
» daily forage intake should >1% bwdaily forage intake should >1% bw» Prefer 1/2 of daily intake to be foragesPrefer 1/2 of daily intake to be forages
Multiple RequirementsMultiple Requirements– Production: Reproduction, Growth, WorkProduction: Reproduction, Growth, Work– Maintenance: infrequently exercised, mature Maintenance: infrequently exercised, mature
horsehorse
Forage Requirements of Forage Requirements of Horse OwnersHorse Owners
NutritionNutrition– High Quality neededHigh Quality needed– Reduce feed costsReduce feed costs– Control of Toxic plantsControl of Toxic plants
ExerciseExercise– Daily requirementsDaily requirements– Soil compactionSoil compaction
AestheticsAesthetics
Forage QualityForage Quality
Digestibility is a function of maturityDigestibility is a function of maturity Crude protein is a function of maturity Crude protein is a function of maturity
and soil nitrogen.and soil nitrogen.
Nitrogen rate effect on Nitrogen rate effect on digestibility and crude proteindigestibility and crude protein
NitrogenRate
CrudeProteinLevel
DigestibleDry
MatterLb/ac % % 25100200300
6.7 7.610.610.8
53.854.853.455.1
Maturity effects on Digestibility Maturity effects on Digestibility and Crude protein.and Crude protein.
HarvestInterval
NitrogenRate Yield
CrudeProtein
DryMatterDig.
Weeks lbs/ac tons/ac % %1
2
4
8
300600300600300600300600
5.27 4.97 5.60 6.70 6.39 7.32 6.4710.48
19.222.216.820.214.917.211.111.7
59.861.659.561.758.659.252.052.3
22.2
Forage SelectionForage Selection
Cool SeasonCool Season– AnnualsAnnuals
» RyegrassRyegrass» Small grainsSmall grains» CloversClovers
– Perennials:Perennials:» Tall Fescue: toxinTall Fescue: toxin» othersothers
Warm SeasonWarm Season– AnnualsAnnuals
» Crabgrass: loamsCrabgrass: loams» Millets: SandMillets: Sand
– Perennials:Perennials:» Switch Grass, Indian Switch Grass, Indian
Grass, Side Oats Grass, Side Oats Gamma, Big and Gamma, Big and Little BluestemLittle Bluestem
Sugar Problems With Hay and Sugar Problems With Hay and ForageForage
Sensitive horsesSensitive horses– Laminitis (founder)Laminitis (founder)– Equine metabolic syndromeEquine metabolic syndrome– Equine Cushing’s syndromeEquine Cushing’s syndrome– Polysaccharide storage myopathyPolysaccharide storage myopathy
Sugar Problems With Hay and Sugar Problems With Hay and ForageForage
Cushing Disease and pasture laminitisCushing Disease and pasture laminitis Cause: Unable to take up sugar in the Cause: Unable to take up sugar in the
form of glucose due to diminished form of glucose due to diminished response to insulin (insulin resistance)response to insulin (insulin resistance)– Obese or fat horses over 15 years of ageObese or fat horses over 15 years of age– Common in poniesCommon in ponies
Sugar Problems With Hay and Sugar Problems With Hay and ForageForage
Polysaccharide storage myopathy Polysaccharide storage myopathy Cause:Increased sensitivity to insulin and Cause:Increased sensitivity to insulin and
increased glucose uptake in musclesincreased glucose uptake in muscles– Found more often in heavy muscled horses Found more often in heavy muscled horses
and poniesand ponies
Sugar Problems With Hay and Sugar Problems With Hay and ForageForage
Cool Season Grass RatingsCool Season Grass Ratings– Orchardgrass, meadow fescue, tall fescue all Orchardgrass, meadow fescue, tall fescue all
high in sugarhigh in sugar– Timothy and crested wheat grass are Timothy and crested wheat grass are
medium in sugarmedium in sugar– Warm Season Annuals are medium in sugar Warm Season Annuals are medium in sugar
contentcontent
Sugar Problems With Hay and Sugar Problems With Hay and ForageForage
Test forage for Sugar if horses are Test forage for Sugar if horses are sensitivesensitive– 10% of less considered safe10% of less considered safe
Sugar Problems With Hay and Sugar Problems With Hay and ForageForage
Producers can Take Some ActionProducers can Take Some Action– Soak hay 60 minutes in cold water followed Soak hay 60 minutes in cold water followed
by 30 minutes in hot waterby 30 minutes in hot water– Removes 30% of the sugar contentRemoves 30% of the sugar content
Sugar Problems With Hay and Sugar Problems With Hay and ForageForage
Grazing Control Options for ProducersGrazing Control Options for Producers– Sugar highest at vegetative state and Sugar highest at vegetative state and
periods of cool nights and warm sunny days, periods of cool nights and warm sunny days, or after a hard freeze and during periods of or after a hard freeze and during periods of droughtdrought
– Usually found in top 2” of plant so grazing Usually found in top 2” of plant so grazing susceptible horses last is recommendedsusceptible horses last is recommended
Warm Season Perennial Grasses Warm Season Perennial Grasses adapted to Central Sandsadapted to Central Sands
Rye Grass: most popularRye Grass: most popular Switch Grass: gaining popularitySwitch Grass: gaining popularity Sudan Grass: Can be toxic and avoidedSudan Grass: Can be toxic and avoided Big and Little Bluestem: Late Summer Big and Little Bluestem: Late Summer Indian Grass-Side Oats Gamma-Indian Grass-Side Oats Gamma-
Gamma Grass-Some interestGamma Grass-Some interest
Weed ControlWeed Control
Limited HerbicidesLimited Herbicides Multiple optionsMultiple options Integrated ManagementIntegrated Management
– Multiple usesMultiple uses– Multiple methodsMultiple methods
Why Control WeedsWhy Control WeedsWhy Control WeedsWhy Control Weeds
Economics: forage quality and quantityEconomics: forage quality and quantity Animal Health: toxicAnimal Health: toxic
– Hoary AlyssumHoary Alyssum– Tall fescueTall fescue
Spouse Nagging: better listenSpouse Nagging: better listen
Weed Control MethodsWeed Control MethodsWeed Control MethodsWeed Control Methods
HerbicidesHerbicides DefoliationDefoliation
– MowingMowing– GrazingGrazing
Good ManagementGood Management– FertilityFertility– Carbohydrate ManagementCarbohydrate Management– ShadingShading
Basic Principles of Chemical Basic Principles of Chemical Weed ControlWeed Control
Basic Principles of Chemical Basic Principles of Chemical Weed ControlWeed Control
Know your weedsKnow your weeds Choose the right herbicideChoose the right herbicide Calibrate your sprayerCalibrate your sprayer Spray at the proper timeSpray at the proper time
Know Your WeedsKnow Your WeedsKnow Your WeedsKnow Your Weeds
300 different species in Wisconsin 300 different species in Wisconsin Pastures and FieldsPastures and Fields
Only a Handful Only a Handful Economically SignificantEconomically Significant
Only a Handful Only a Handful Economically SignificantEconomically Significant
Yellow FoxtailYellow Foxtail MilkweedMilkweed PigweedPigweed RagweedRagweed ThistlesThistles Spotted Knap WeedSpotted Knap Weed HorsenettleHorsenettle GrassbursGrassburs Buffalo Burs and Sand BursBuffalo Burs and Sand Burs Hoary AlyssumHoary AlyssumCrabgrassCrabgrass
Life CycleLife Cycle
Annual: Seed germinates, plant grows, Annual: Seed germinates, plant grows, flowers and seeds out in one growing flowers and seeds out in one growing season (crabgrass)season (crabgrass)
Biennial: Seed germinates, plant grows, Biennial: Seed germinates, plant grows, then reproduces in following year (onion)then reproduces in following year (onion)
Perennial: Seed germinates, and plant Perennial: Seed germinates, and plant lives and reproduces for several years lives and reproduces for several years (bermudagrass)(bermudagrass)
Basic PrincipleBasic PrincipleBasic PrincipleBasic Principle
Starve the weed, feed the cropStarve the weed, feed the crop Spray annual weeds when they are Spray annual weeds when they are
young and actively growingyoung and actively growing Spray perennial weeds when they are at Spray perennial weeds when they are at
full leaf or fruit setfull leaf or fruit set
Labeled HerbicidesLabeled HerbicidesLabeled HerbicidesLabeled Herbicides
2,4-D: annual broadleaf2,4-D: annual broadleaf Banvel: WeedmasterBanvel: Weedmaster Picloram: Grazon P+DPicloram: Grazon P+D Sulfanyl Urea: Ally, AmberSulfanyl Urea: Ally, Amber
– specific weed tolerance and susceptibilityspecific weed tolerance and susceptibility Roundup: new usesRoundup: new uses Zorial: only labeled pre-emergeZorial: only labeled pre-emerge
SummarySummary
Weed managementWeed management Weed IdentificationWeed Identification Integrated Integrated
managementmanagement0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 3 5 7 9 11
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Month
Gro
wth
Rat
e
Soil FertilitySoil Fertility
ChemicalChemical– Soil pHSoil pH– NitrogenNitrogen– PhosphorusPhosphorus– PotassiumPotassium– SecondarySecondary– MicronutrientsMicronutrients
PhysicalPhysical– TextureTexture– StructureStructure– Infiltration rateInfiltration rate– UtilityUtility– AestheticsAesthetics– Crop selectivityCrop selectivity
Nutrient removed (lbs./ac) by Nutrient removed (lbs./ac) by grazing and hay production.grazing and hay production.
Nutrient
Grazing (500 lbs of horse/acre)
Hay (6 tons of hay/acre)
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium
18 9 1
300 60 240
Fertility ManagementFertility Management
Potassium: TrickyPotassium: Tricky– Grazing: limitedGrazing: limited– Hay: depletionHay: depletion– First indication: Winter killFirst indication: Winter kill– Late application may be more importantLate application may be more important– examine roots in late summerexamine roots in late summer– fertilize for Ryegrass Requirementsfertilize for Ryegrass Requirements
Fertility ManagementFertility Management
Soil pH:Soil pH:– limits nutrient availabilitylimits nutrient availability– Cool season more intolerantCool season more intolerant– Ryegrass/small grains: pH>5.8Ryegrass/small grains: pH>5.8– CloverClover
» pH<7: crimson, arrowleaf, subterranean, pH<7: crimson, arrowleaf, subterranean, lespedezalespedeza
» pH>7:alfalfa, berseem, sweetclover, vetch, pH>7:alfalfa, berseem, sweetclover, vetch, medics (?)medics (?)
Fertility ManagementFertility Management
Secondary: Ca, Mg, S.Secondary: Ca, Mg, S.– Ca, Mg: adjust with limeCa, Mg: adjust with lime– Sulfur becoming more importantSulfur becoming more important
Micronutrients: Zn, Cu, othersMicronutrients: Zn, Cu, others– pH regulatespH regulates
» pH<5.5: Zn, Cu, otherspH<5.5: Zn, Cu, others» pH>7.5: Fe, otherspH>7.5: Fe, others
– manure: build up of Cumanure: build up of Cu
SummarySummary
Maximum responseMaximum response– NitrogenNitrogen– PotassiumPotassium
Forage requirementForage requirement Nutrient useNutrient use Crop CompatibilityCrop Compatibility
– Manage for cool Manage for cool seasonseason
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 3 5 7 9 11
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Month
Gro
wth
Rat
e
Quality Hay CharacteristicsQuality Hay Characteristics
High digestibilityHigh digestibility High nutrient contentHigh nutrient content High palatabilityHigh palatability Easily consumedEasily consumed Free of toxic materialsFree of toxic materials Easily handledEasily handled
Factors in Purchasing HayFactors in Purchasing Hay
Chemical AnalysisChemical Analysis– ProteinProtein– DigestibilityDigestibility– other nutrientsother nutrients
Physical FactorsPhysical Factors Anti-quality Factors:Anti-quality Factors:
– toxins: fescue, sorghum, kleingrasstoxins: fescue, sorghum, kleingrass– dust, etc.dust, etc.
Physical Factors Affecting Physical Factors Affecting Quality HayQuality Hay
Stage of Maturity: younger is betterStage of Maturity: younger is better Foreign Material:Foreign Material:
– Dust, mold, etc.Dust, mold, etc.– Metal, Toxic weedsMetal, Toxic weeds– Insects (blister beetles)Insects (blister beetles)
Texture: softer is betterTexture: softer is better Leafiness: more leaf, more digestibleLeafiness: more leaf, more digestible Color: buyer factorColor: buyer factor
How Much Hay Will Your How Much Hay Will Your Horse Eat Per YearHorse Eat Per Year
Horse Weight x 2.2% of Body Weight (1100x 2.2=25 lbs)Horse Weight x 2.2% of Body Weight (1100x 2.2=25 lbs)
Number of days feed hay: 180 x 25=4,500 lbsNumber of days feed hay: 180 x 25=4,500 lbs– Small Square Bales(40 lbs) per yearSmall Square Bales(40 lbs) per year
» 4,500 divided by 40 lbs = 113 bales4,500 divided by 40 lbs = 113 bales
– Round bales or Big Squares per year at 800lbsRound bales or Big Squares per year at 800lbs» 4,500 divided by 800=6 large bales per year4,500 divided by 800=6 large bales per year
How Much Will Your Hay CostHow Much Will Your Hay CostSmall SquaresSmall Squares
Price Per BalePrice Per Bale Price Per Ton Price Per Ton
40 lbs 60 lbs 80 lbs40 lbs 60 lbs 80 lbs
Bale Weight, lbsBale Weight, lbs
$3.50$3.50 $175$175 $117$117 $88$88
$3.00$3.00 $150$150 $100$100 $75$75
$2.50$2.50 $125$125 $83$83 $63$63
$2.00$2.00 $100$100 $67$67 $50$50
$1.50$1.50 $75$75 $50$50 $38$38
How Much Will Your Hay CostHow Much Will Your Hay CostBig Bales(Round or Square)Big Bales(Round or Square)
Price Per BalePrice Per Bale Price Per Ton Price Per Ton
600 lbs 800 lbs 1000 lbs600 lbs 800 lbs 1000 lbs
Bale Weight, lbsBale Weight, lbs
$55$55 $183$183 $138$138 $110$110
$45$45 $150$150 $113$113 $90$90
$35$35 $117$117 $88$88 $70$70
$25$25 $84$84 $63$63 $50$50
$15$15 $50$50 $38$38 $30$30
CONSUMPTION CONSUMPTION REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS
% BODY WEIGHT CONSUMPTION Forage Concentrate TotalMature Horse Maintenance 1.5-2.0 0-0.5 1.5-2.0Young Horses Nursing foal, 3 months 0 1.0-2.0 2.5-3.5
Weaning foal, 6 months 0.5-1.0 1.5-3.0 2.0-3.5
Yearling foal, 12 months 1.0-1.5 1.0-2.0 2.0-3.0
Long Yearling, 18 months 1.0-1.5 1.0-1.5 2.0-2.5
Two Year old, 24 months 1.0-1.5 1.0-1.5 2.0-2.5
Horse RequirementsHorse Requirements
Nutrient Research Council Sets StandardsNutrient Research Council Sets Standards Horse Status Digestible Energy Crude ProteinHorse Status Digestible Energy Crude Protein
MaintenanceMaintenance 16.4 mcal16.4 mcal 1.44 lbs1.44 lbs
Working LightWorking Light
Working IntenseWorking Intense
20.5 mcal20.5 mcal
32.8 mcal32.8 mcal
1.8 lbs1.8 lbs
2.9 lbs2.9 lbs
Mare Lactating Mare Lactating 28.3 mcal28.3 mcal 3.1 lbs3.1 lbs
2 year old in 2 year old in trainingtraining
26.3 mcal26.3 mcal 2.5 lbs2.5 lbs
ClassClass Digestible Digestible Energy Energy
McalMcal
Crude Crude Protein Protein
lbslbs
CalciuCalcium in m in
gramsgrams
Phosphorus in Phosphorus in gramsgrams
Maintenance,matureMaintenance,mature 16.416.4 1.441.44 2020 1414
Weanlings 4-5 monthsWeanlings 4-5 months 14.414.4 1.591.59 3434 1919
Weanlings 6-11 Weanlings 6-11 monthsmonths
15.015.0 1.651.65 2929 1616
Yearling 12-17 Yearling 12-17 monthsmonths
18.918.9 1.871.87 2929 1616
Yearling 18-24 Yearling 18-24 monthsmonths
19.819.8 1.971.97 2727 1515
Two Year old-restingTwo Year old-resting 18.618.6 1.761.76 2424 1313
Two Year old-TrainingTwo Year old-Training 26.326.3 2.462.46 3434 1919
Intense working Intense working 3535 2.892.89 4040 2929
Hay-Alfalfa vs GrassHay-Alfalfa vs Grass
Is There a Difference In Grass Is There a Difference In Grass Vs Legumes??Vs Legumes??
Should I feed Grain???Should I feed Grain??? Is Hay Enough????Is Hay Enough????
COMMON FEEDSTUFFCOMMON FEEDSTUFF
Alfalfa
% DM Mcal/# % Protein
90 .94 18
Brome 89 .80 11
Orchard 88 .85 11
Straw 91 .70 4
Oats 89 1.3 12
Corn 88 1.5 9
Balancing a RationBalancing a Rationworksheet meeting worksheet meeting requirementsrequirementsNeeds:Needs: MC MC ProteinProteinWorking Horse 28 2.8Working Horse 28 2.8
Brome Hay .80 .11Brome Hay .80 .11(feed 15 lbs) 12 Mc 1.2 (feed 15 lbs) 12 Mc 1.2 lbslbs
NEEDED 16 Mc 1.6 NEEDED 16 Mc 1.6 lbs lbs
Balancing A RationBalancing A RationGrain Mix(50% corn x 50% Oat)Grain Mix(50% corn x 50% Oat)Needs 16Mc 1.6 Needs 16Mc 1.6 lbs lbs
Ration 1.4/lb Ration 1.4/lb 10.5%10.5%Amount= Amount= 16/1.4=11.4 lbs16/1.4=11.4 lbs 11.4x10.5=1.211.4x10.5=1.2
Balancing 0 Balancing 0 Short .4Short .4
Need .4 lbs proteinNeed .4 lbs proteinSource 1 lb of Soybean mealSource 1 lb of Soybean mealIncrease amounts fed by 10% of Increase amounts fed by 10% of DMDM
Balancing a RationBalancing a Rationworksheet meeting requirementsworksheet meeting requirementsNeeds:Needs: MC ProteinMC ProteinMaintenance 16.4 1.6Maintenance 16.4 1.6
Alfalfa/Brome Hay .87 .145Alfalfa/Brome Hay .87 .145(feed 20 lbs) 17.4c 2.9 lbs(feed 20 lbs) 17.4c 2.9 lbs
NEEDED 16 Mc 1.6 lbs NEEDED 16 Mc 1.6 lbs