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Page 1: Business - pdf.helion.pl · Wydawnictwo C.H.Beck Warszawa 2016 BUSINESS ELŻBIETA JENDRYCH Phrases, Collocations and Metaphors Glossary with Practice and Answer Key

BusinessPhrases, Collocations and Metaphors Glossary with Practice and Answer Key

ElżbiEta JEndrych

Page 2: Business - pdf.helion.pl · Wydawnictwo C.H.Beck Warszawa 2016 BUSINESS ELŻBIETA JENDRYCH Phrases, Collocations and Metaphors Glossary with Practice and Answer Key

BUSINESS PHRASES, COLLOCATIONSAND METAPHORS

Glossary with Practice and Answer Key

Page 3: Business - pdf.helion.pl · Wydawnictwo C.H.Beck Warszawa 2016 BUSINESS ELŻBIETA JENDRYCH Phrases, Collocations and Metaphors Glossary with Practice and Answer Key
Page 4: Business - pdf.helion.pl · Wydawnictwo C.H.Beck Warszawa 2016 BUSINESS ELŻBIETA JENDRYCH Phrases, Collocations and Metaphors Glossary with Practice and Answer Key

Wydawnictwo C.H.BeckWarszawa 2016

BUSINESS

ELŻBIETA JENDRYCH

Phrases, Collocations and Metaphors Glossary with Practice and Answer Key

Page 5: Business - pdf.helion.pl · Wydawnictwo C.H.Beck Warszawa 2016 BUSINESS ELŻBIETA JENDRYCH Phrases, Collocations and Metaphors Glossary with Practice and Answer Key

© Wydawnictwo C.H.Beck 2016

Wydawnictwo C.H.Beck Sp. z o.o.ul. Bonifraterska 17, 00-203 Warszawa

Skład i łamanie: GRAFOSDruk i oprawa: Elpil, Siedlce

ISBN 978-83-255-8385-9

ISBN e-book 978-83-255-8386-6

Business Phrases, Collocations and MetaphorsGlossary with Practice and Answer Key

Manager projektu: Anna Wieczorek

Page 6: Business - pdf.helion.pl · Wydawnictwo C.H.Beck Warszawa 2016 BUSINESS ELŻBIETA JENDRYCH Phrases, Collocations and Metaphors Glossary with Practice and Answer Key

Spis treściUnit 1 ECONOMICS ..................................................................................................................................................... 9Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors .............................................................. 9

Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 16List of popular collocations ................................................................................................................................ 20

Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 38Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 43

Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 45

Unit 2 MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................................................... 47Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 47

Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 56List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 61

Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 81Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 88

Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 95

Unit 3 EMPLOYMENT ................................................................................................................................................ 98PART 1. RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION ........................................................................................................ 98Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 98

Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 99List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 101

Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 102Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 103

Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 104

PART 2. EMPLOYMENT ....................................................................................................................................... 104Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 112

List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 116Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 128

Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 132Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 133

Unit 4 PROMOTION AND ADVERTISING ....................................................................................................... 135Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 135

Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 138

Page 7: Business - pdf.helion.pl · Wydawnictwo C.H.Beck Warszawa 2016 BUSINESS ELŻBIETA JENDRYCH Phrases, Collocations and Metaphors Glossary with Practice and Answer Key

6 Spis treści

List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 140Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 144

Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 146Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 147

Unit 5 TRADE .................................................................................................................................................................. 149Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 149

Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 156List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 160

Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 171Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 175

Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 178

Unit 6 DISTRIBUTION, TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS ........................................................................... 180Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 180

Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 184List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 186

Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 190Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 193

Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 194

Unit 7 FINANCE AND BANKING ......................................................................................................................... 195PART 1. FINANCE ................................................................................................................................................. 195Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 195

Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 205List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 209

Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 226Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 230

Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 235

PART 2. ACCOUNTING ......................................................................................................................................... 237Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 237

Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 242List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 246

Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 248Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 250

Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 250

PART 3. BANKING ................................................................................................................................................ 251Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 251

Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 257List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 260

Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 267Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 269

Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 270

PART 4. INSURANCE ........................................................................................................................................... 271Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 271

Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 273List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 274

Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 276

PART 5. TAXES .................................................................................................................................................... 277Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 277

Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 279List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 280

Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 281

Page 8: Business - pdf.helion.pl · Wydawnictwo C.H.Beck Warszawa 2016 BUSINESS ELŻBIETA JENDRYCH Phrases, Collocations and Metaphors Glossary with Practice and Answer Key

7 Spis treści

Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 282Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 283

PART 6. STOCK EXCHANGE ............................................................................................................................... 283Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 283

Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 287List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 288

Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 291Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 293

Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 296

Unit 8 PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS ........................................................................................................... 298PART 1. PEOPLE .................................................................................................................................................... 298Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 298

Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 302List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 305

Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 314Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 317

Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 320

PART 2. ORGANIZATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 322Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors ............................................................... 322

Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 325List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 328

Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 336Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 339

Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 341

Unit 9 LEGAL ISSUES ................................................................................................................................................ 342Glossary of high frequency phrases, collocations and metaphors .............................................................. 342

Practice Section 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 346List of popular collocations .................................................................................................................................. 348

Practice Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 355Glossary of standard metaphors ......................................................................................................................... 357

Practice Section 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 357

KEY ........................................................................................................................................................................ 359

Page 9: Business - pdf.helion.pl · Wydawnictwo C.H.Beck Warszawa 2016 BUSINESS ELŻBIETA JENDRYCH Phrases, Collocations and Metaphors Glossary with Practice and Answer Key
Page 10: Business - pdf.helion.pl · Wydawnictwo C.H.Beck Warszawa 2016 BUSINESS ELŻBIETA JENDRYCH Phrases, Collocations and Metaphors Glossary with Practice and Answer Key

Unit 1 ECONOMICS

GLOSSARY OF HIGH FREQUENCY PHRASES, COLLOCATIONS AND METAPHORS

alokacja zasobów › allocation of resources/resource allocationaudyt środowiskowy › environmental audit/green auditbardzo szybki wzrost › exponential growthbilans handlu zagranicznego › balance of trade bilans płatniczy › balance of paymentsbezrobocie strukturalne › structural unemploymentblok handlowy › trading bloc/trade blocbrakuje towarów (na rynku) › goods are missingcena równowagi › equilibrium pricecena gwarantowana › guaranted price/fixed pricecena ustawowa › official pricecena zamrożona › frozen pricechłonność rynku › market absorptionchłonny rynek › ready marketchronić krajowych producentów › protect domestic producerschronić nowe gałęzie przemysłu › protect infant industrieschronić przemysł krajowy przed importem › protect domestic industries from importscykl koniunkturalny › business cycle/economic cycleczarny rynek › black marketczynniki produkcji › factors of productiondobra kapitałowe › capital goodsdobra koniunktura › economic prosperity/prosperity/boom

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10 Unit 1 Economics

dodatni bilans handlowy › favourable balance of trade/positive balance of tradedolna granica cenowa › price floordostępność siły roboczej › availability of labourdostępny na rynku › available on the marketduży popyt na › high demand for/huge demand for/great demand for/big demand fordziałać na globalnym rynku › operate on the global marketefekt cieplarniany › greenhouse effectefekt skali › economies of scaleeksport niewidoczny › invisible exporteksporter netto › net exporterelastyczność popytu › elasticity of demandelastyczny rynek pracy › flexible labour marketgęsto zaludniony › densely populatedglobalne ocieplenie › global warmingglobalny rynek › global marketgospodarka dobrze rozwijająca się › thriving economygospodarka dzielenia się towarami, ekonomia współdzielenia › sharing economygospodarka kapitalistyczna › capitalist economygospodarka kwitnie › economy is boominggospodarka mieszana › mixed economygospodarka nakazowa › command economy/centrally planned economy/controlled economygospodarka oparta na usługach › service economygospodarka oparta na wiedzy › knowledge economy/knowledge-based economygospodarka rynkowa › market economygospodarka zwalnia › economy slows downgórna granica cenowa › price ceilinghamować rozwój wolnego rynku › hamper free market developmenthandel międzynarodowy › international trade/cross-border tradehandel wewnętrzny › domestic trade/home tradehandel zagraniczny › foreign trade/overseas tradehotele i restauracje (jako branża) › hospitality sector/hospitality industryinflacja kosztowa › cost-push inflation/cost-induced inflationinflacja popytowa › demand-pull inflation/demand inflationinflacja strukturalna › structural inflationingerencja rządu › government interferenceingerować za pomocą podatków › interfere by means of taxesistnieje niedobór towarów (na rynku) › goods are scarcekapitał ludzki › human capital

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11Unit 1 Economics

klęska żywiołowa › natural disasterkoniunktura gospodarcza › economic situation/state of the economykonkurencja cenowa › price competitionkonkurencja doskonała › pure competition/perfect competitionkonkurencja między firmami › competition between companieskonkurencyjny produkt › competitive productkonsumpcja na głowę mieszkańca › consumption per capitakontrola cen i płac › price and wage controlskontrolować poziom inflacji › keep inflation under controlkontyngent eksportowy › export quotakoszyk towarów › basket of goodskraj o niskich kosztach siły roboczej › low-cost countrykraj o wysokim dochodzie › high-income countrykraj rozwijający się › developing countrykraj rozwinięty › developed countrykwitnąca gospodarka › booming economy/prosperous economyliczba osób bezrobotnych › jobless figuremasowa konsumpcja › mass consumptionmasowy rynek › mass marketmechanizm cenowy › price mechanismmechanizm wolnorynkowy › free market mechanismnagły wzrost popytu › surge in demandnakładać restrykcje handlowe › impose trade restrictionsnałożyć embargo › impose a ban (on trade)/impose an embargo/put an embargonarazić się na ryzyko inflacji › run the risk of inflationnasycić rynek › saturate the marketniedobory towarów (na rynku) › shortages of goodsniekorzyści skali, negatywny efekt skali › diseconomies of scalenieruchomości › real estateniewidzialna ręka konkurencji › invisible hand of competitionnisza na rynku › market nicheochrona konsumenta › consumer protectionochrona środowiska › environmental protection/protection of the environmentodnawialne źródła energii › renewable energy sourcesogół społeczeństwa › the general public/the publicograniczenia importowe › restrictions on import/import restrictionsokreślić górną granicę cenową › put a ceiling on a price

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12 Unit 1 Economics

ostra konkurencja › tough competition/intense competition/fierce competition/cut-throat competition/keen competition/strong competitionotoczenie biznesu › business environmentożywienie na rynku › market boompaliwa kopalne › fossil fuelspaństwowy monopol › state monopolyplan zaciskania pasa w gospodarce › austerity measurespłaca minimalna › minimum wagepodaż i popyt › supply and demandpodaż pieniądza › money supplypodaż przewyższa popyt › supply outstrips demand/supply exceeds demandpodaż zaspokaja popyt › supply meets demandpodstawowe produkty spożywcze › essentials foodstuffs/basic foodstuffspodział pracy › division of labourpogorszenie koniunktury, pogorszenie sytuacji gospodarczej › economic slumppogorszyć inflację › exacerbate inflationpopyt i podaż › demand and supplypośredniczyć › act as an intermediarypowstrzymać inflację › halt inflationprawo konkurencji › competition lawprawo podaży i popytu › the law of supply and demandprodukcja i sprzedaż › trade and industryprodukcja pierwotna › primary productionprodukt krajowy brutto › gross domestic product/GDPprognoza gospodarcza › economic forecast/economic outlook/economic projectionpromować wolny handel › promote free tradeprzeciętny dochód na głowę › per capita income/average incomeprzemysł budowlany › construction industryprzemysł ciężki › heavy industryprzemysł lekki › light industryprzemysł modowy › fashion industryprzemysł rozrywkowy › entertainment industry/show businessprzemysł spożywczy › food industryprzemysł strategiczny › strategic industryprzemysł wydobywczy › extractive industryprzemysł wytwórczy › manufacturing industryprzetwórstwo żywności › food processingprzewaga konkurencyjna › competitive advantage/competitive edge

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13Unit 1 Economics

przyjazny dla środowiska › environmentally friendly/environment friendlyprzyspieszony wzrost › accelerated growthprzyznać koncesję › grant a concessionregulować ceny › regulate pricesroboty publiczne › public worksrolnictwo organiczne › organic farmingrolnictwo przemysłowe › factory farming/battery farmingropa naftowa › crude oilrosnący popyt na › increasing demand for/growing demand forrównowaga rynkowa › market equilibrium/equilibrium on the marketrynek akcji › equity market/stock marketrynek finasowy › financial marketrynek instrumentów pochodnych › derivatives marketrynek kapitałowy › capital marketrynek konsumpcyjny › consumer marketrynek mieszkaniowy › housing marketrynek nasycony › saturated marketrynek nielegalny › illegal marketrynek nieruchomości › property market/real estate marketrynek niszowy › niche marketrynek pieniężny › money marketrynek pierwotny › primary marketrynek podziemny › underground marketrynek pracy › job market; labour market (BE), labor market (AE)rynek przemysłowy › industrial marketrynek towarowy › commodity marketrynek walutowy › foreign exchange/FOREX/FX/currency marketrynek wewnętrzny, rynek krajowy › domestic market/home marketrynek wirtualny › virtual marketrynek wtórny › secondary marketrynek z nadpodażą › congested market/glutted marketschładzać gospodarkę › cool down the economysektor usług › service industry/service sector/tertiary production/tertiary sectorsilnie dotowany eksport › heavily subsidised exportsiła nabywcza (waluty) › purchasing power (of a currency)siła portfela › power of the pursesiła robocza › work force/workforce/manpower/laboursiła wyższa › force majeure/act of God

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14 Unit 1 Economics

siły popytu i podaży › forces of supply and demandsiły rynkowe › market forcesskorygowany o inflację › inflation adjusted/adjusted for inflationskutki działalności biznesowej na środowisko › environmental footprint of business operationssłaba gospodarka › weak economy/fragile economy/ailing economysłabnąca gospodarka › flagging economy/weakening economysłabnący popyt na › falling demand forsłaby popyt na › low demand for/weak demand forspadek koniunktury › contraction/economic decline/economic downturnspecjalna strefa ekonomiczna › special economic zone/SEZsprawny rynek › healthy marketstabilna gospodarka › stable economystarzejąca się populacja › ageing populationstopa inflacji › inflation rate/rate of inflationstopa wzrostu gospodarczego › rate of economic growthstopa życiowa › standard of livingstrajk › industrial action/strikestrumień dochodu › stream of incomesurowce › raw materialsswobodny przepływ towarów, siły roboczej i kapitału › free flow of goods, labour and capitalsystem walutowy › currency systemszara strefa › grey market/twilight zone (BE), gray market (AE)szpiegostwo przemysłowe › industrial espionagesztuczna kontrola cen › artificial price controlsszybki odpływ kapitału › flight of capital/capital flightszybki wzrost gospodarczy › fast economic growth/rapid economic growthszybko zmieniające się otoczenie biznesu › volatile business environmentśrodki produkcji › means of productiontowary konsumpcyjne › consumer goodstowary konsumpcyjne trwałego użytku › consumer durablestowary pierwszej potrzeby › essential goods/staple goods/staples/necessity goodstowary szybko zbywalne, towary szybko rotujące › fast moving consumer goods/FMCGuczciwy handel (bez wykorzystywania nikogo) › fair tradeujemny bilans handlowy › adverse balance of trade/adverse trade balanceułatwiać eksport › facilitate exportusługi na rzecz handlu › services to tradeutrzymać zrównoważony rozwój › maintain sustainable growth

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15Unit 1 Economics

uzdrowienie gospodarki › economic recoveryuzyskać kontrolę nad rynkiem, opanować rynek, zdominować rynek › corner the marketwahania koniunktury › market fluctuationswahania popytu › fluctuations in demandwalczyć z recesją › fight recessionwartość dodana › added valuewartość pieniądza w czasie › time value of moneywolna konkurencja › free competitionwolna strefa ekonomiczna › free economic zone/FEZwolny obszar celny, strefa wolnocłowa › free zone/duty-free zone/free-trade zone/tax-free zonewpływ na środowisko › environmental impactwydobycie surowców › extraction of raw materialswschodzący rynek › emerging marketwskaźnik bezrobocia › unemployment rate/unemployment ratiowskaźnik cen detalicznych › retail price index/RPIwskaźnik cen towarów i usług konsumpcyjnych › consumer price index/CPIwskaźnik gospodarczy › economic indexwspólna waluta › single currencywspółpraca gospodarcza › economic cooperationwydajność pracy › work efficiencywyniki gospodarcze, wyniki osiągane przez gospodarkę › economic performancewyznacznik popytu › determinant of demandwzrost gospodarczy › economic growthwzrost i spadek koniunktury › boom and bustzaburzony rynek › disturbed marketzahamować inflację › curb inflationzalać rynek towarami › flood the market with goodszalanie rynku towarami › market glutzamrożenie cen › price freezezanieczyszczać środowisko › pollute the environment/harm the environment/damage the environment/contaminate the environmentzanieczyszczenie środowiska › pollution of the environmentzałamanie rynku; zawodność rynku › market failurezapobiegać nieuczciwej konkurencji › prevent unfair competitionzaspokoić popyt › meet demand/satisfy demand/cope with demandzasoby nieodnawialne › non-renewable resourceszasoby siły roboczej › labour resourceszastój gospodarczy › economic slow-down

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16 Unit 1 Economics

zastój w interesach › business stagnationzdrowa gospodarka › sound economy/healthy economyzliberalizowana gospodarka, uwolniona gospodarka › deregulated economy/liberalised economyzła koniunktura › economic slump/slump/troughzmiana popytu › change in demandzmienny rynek › volatile marketznaleźć chłonny rynek na › find a ready market for znieść bariery w handlu › lift trade restrictionszrównoważony rynek › balanced market/well-balanced marketzrównoważony wzrost › sustainable growthzużycie energii › energy consumptionzwiększyć eksport › boost exportzwiększyć popyt › increase demand/boost demand

Practice Section 1

Task 1

Complete the expressions.

allocation of ....................

protect .................... producers

cross-.................... trade

the law of .................... and demand

consumption per ....................

centrally .................... economy

.................... market mechanism

.................... domestic product

extraction of .................... materials

maintain .................... growth

Task 2

Give the full terms for the following acronyms.

1. SEZ – ........................................................................................................................

2. GDP – ........................................................................................................................

3. CPI – ........................................................................................................................

4. FEZ – ........................................................................................................................

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17Unit 1 Economics

Task 3

Identify ten adjectives in the pool that may precede the word ‘competition’.

tough fierce significant intense cut-throat animated great keen eager exaggerated strong strict gross free weak

Task 4

Translate into English.

1. wzrost i spadek koniunktury – ......................................................

2. zła koniunktura – ......................................................

3. cykl koniunkturalny – ......................................................

4. dobra koniunktura – ......................................................

5. koniunktura gospodarcza – ......................................................

6. spadek koniunktury – ......................................................

Task 5

Give the opposites to the following expressions.

1. heavy industry – ......................................................

2. healthy economy – ......................................................

3. negative balance of trade – ......................................................

4. ailing economy – ......................................................

5. free economy – ......................................................

6. economy slows down – ......................................................

7. boom – ......................................................

8. impose restrictions – ...................................................... restrictions

9. foreign trade – ...................................................... trade

10. economies of scale – ...................................................... of scale

Task 6

Identify the words in the pool that may precede the word ‘market’.

free foreign easy red global secondary saturated blind industrial black primary grey new domestic durable fixed

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18 Unit 1 Economics

Task 7

Add the missing prepositions.

1. fluctuations .................... demand

2. keep .................... .................... competition

3. keep inflation .................... control

4. impose restrictions ....................

5. available .................... the market

6. operate .................... the global market

7. keep ahead .................... competition

8. economy slows ....................

9. surge .................... demand

10. find a ready market .................... something

Task 8

Identify incorrect collocations.

1. production, underground, labour, commodity, virtual, domestic, fair + market

2. weak, weakening, sound, ailing, high, flagging, falling, strong, low + economy

3. light, textile, extractive, fashion, manufacturing, current, present + industry

4. market + niche, scale, boom, economy, mechanism, glut

Task 9

Identify the words that may precede the word ‘economy’.

1. sh.................... economy

2. th..................... economy

3. we................... economy

4. fr...................... economy

5. ai..................... economy

6. mi.................... economy

7. st..................... economy

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19 Unit 1 Economics

Task 10

Identify the words in the pool that may precede the word ‘demand’.

high huge slim low slight great large weak little

Task 11

The expressions below do not represent correct collocations. Change the second element in each pair to create correct collocations.

1. market materials market ........................................

2. price trade price ...........................................

3. free recovery free .............................................

4. economic freeze economic ...................................

5. fair espionage fair ...............................................

6. industrial glut industrial .....................................

7. currency competition currency .....................................

8. raw system raw ..............................................

Task 12

Identify incorrect collocations.

1. healthy, recovered, upgraded + market

2. slight, low, weak + demand

3. industrial, industry, striking + action

4. vogue, visible, volatile + business environment

5. consumptive, consumer, consumable + goods

6. factors, ways, means + of production

7. grey zone, twilight zone, grey market

8. services + to, for, at + trade

9. sustaining, sustained, sustainable + growth

10. stocked, congested, glutted + market

11. weak, fragile, low, ailing + economy

12. country, domestic, home + market