Business Leadership and

Organizational Behavior

Business Leadership and

Organizational Behavior

Introduction to Organizational

Behavior

Craig W. Fontaine, Ph.D.

Section 1:

Various Views & Perspectives of Organizations

Section 1:

Various Views & Perspectives of Organizations

Task – an organization’s mission, purpose, or goal for existing

People – the human resources of the organization

Technology – the tools, knowledge, and/or techniques used to transform inputs into outputs

Structure – the wide range of tools, knowledge, and/or techniques used to transform inputs into outputs

Components of an OrganizationComponents of an Organization

Open-Systems View of Organizations Open-Systems View of Organizations

© 2013 Cengage Learning

External PerspectiveUnderstand behavior in terms of externalevents, environmental forces, and behavioral consequences.

InternalPerspectiveUnderstand behavior in terms of thoughts, feelings, past experiences, and needs.Explain behavior by examining individuals’ history and personal value System.

Both perspectives have produced motivational & leadership theories.

Explain behavior by examining surrounding external events and environmental forces.

Internal and External PerspectivesInternal and External Perspectives

Formal Organization – the official, legitimate, and most visible part of the system

Informal Organization – the unofficial and less visible part of the system

Hawthorne Studies: studies conducted during the 1920’s and 1930’s that suggested the importance of informal organizations

Formal –vs- Informal Formal –vs- Informal

© 2013 Cengage Learning

Formal Elements

Informal Elements

Section 2:

Management

Section 2:

Management

What Managers DoWhat Managers Do

Managerial Activities:

• Make decisions

• Allocate resources

• Direct activities of others to attain goals

Managerial Activities:

• Make decisions

• Allocate resources

• Direct activities of others to attain goals

Managers (or administrators)

Individuals who achieve goals through other people.

Where Managers WorkWhere Managers Work

Organization

A consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals.

Management Functions (Henri Fayol)Management Functions (Henri Fayol)

ManagementManagementFunctionsFunctions

ManagementManagementFunctionsFunctions

PlanningPlanningPlanningPlanning OrganizingOrganizingOrganizingOrganizing

LeadingLeadingLeadingLeadingControllingControllingControllingControlling

Management Functions (cont’d)Management Functions (cont’d)

Planning

A process that includes defining goals, establishing strategy, and developing plans to coordinate activities.

Management Functions (cont’d)Management Functions (cont’d)

Organizing

Determining what tasks are to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, and where decisions are to be made.

Management Functions (cont’d)Management Functions (cont’d)

Leading

A function that includes motivating employees, directing others, selecting the most effective communication channels, and resolving conflicts.

Management Functions (cont’d)Management Functions (cont’d)

Controlling

Monitoring activities to ensure they are being accomplished as planned and correcting any significant deviations.

Mintzberg’s Managerial RolesMintzberg’s Managerial Roles

Source: Adapted from The Nature of Managerial Work by H. Mintzberg. Copyright © 1973 by H. Mintzberg. Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education.

1–17

Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles (cont’d)Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles (cont’d)

Source: Adapted from The Nature of Managerial Work by H. Mintzberg. Copyright © 1973 by H. Mintzberg. Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education.

Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles (cont’d)Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles (cont’d)

Source: Adapted from The Nature of Managerial Work by H. Mintzberg. Copyright © 1973 by H. Mintzberg. Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education.

Management SkillsManagement Skills

Technical skillsThe ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise.

Human skillsThe ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups.

Conceptual SkillsThe mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations.

Effective Versus Successful Managerial Activities (Luthans)

Effective Versus Successful Managerial Activities (Luthans)

1. Traditional management• Decision making, planning, and controlling

2. Communication• Exchanging routine information and processing

paperwork

3. Human resource management• Motivating, disciplining, managing conflict, staffing,

and training

4. Networking• Socializing, politicking, and interacting with others

1. Traditional management• Decision making, planning, and controlling

2. Communication• Exchanging routine information and processing

paperwork

3. Human resource management• Motivating, disciplining, managing conflict, staffing,

and training

4. Networking• Socializing, politicking, and interacting with others

Allocation of Activities by TimeAllocation of Activities by Time

Source: Based on F. Luthans, R.M. Hodgetts, and S.A. Rosenkrantz, Real Managers (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1988).

Section 3:Organizational Behavior

Section 3:Organizational Behavior

Enter Organizational BehaviorEnter Organizational Behavior

Organizational behavior (OB)

A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness.

Replacing Intuition with Systematic StudyReplacing Intuition with Systematic Study

Systematic study

Looking at relationships, attempting to attribute causes and effects, and drawing conclusions based on scientific evidence.

Provides a means to predict behaviors.

Intuition

A feeling not necessarily supported by research.

Replacing Intuition with Systematic StudyReplacing Intuition with Systematic Study

TheFacts

PreconceivedNotions ≠

OB Discipline OverviewOB Discipline OverviewOB Discipline OverviewOB Discipline Overview

Contributing Disciplines to the OB FieldContributing Disciplines to the OB Field

PsychologyThe science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals.

Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)

SociologyThe study of people in relation to their fellow human beings.

Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)

Social PsychologyAn area within psychology that blends concepts from psychology and sociology and that focuses on the influence of people on one another.

Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)

AnthropologyThe study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities.

Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field (cont’d)

Political ScienceThe study of the behavior of individuals and groups within a political environment.

Source: Drawing by Handelsman in The New Yorker, Copyright © 1986 by the New Yorker Magazine. Reprinted by permission.

There Are Few Absolutes in OBThere Are Few Absolutes in OB

ContingencyContingencyVariablesVariablesx y

Contingency variables

Situational factors: variables that moderate the relationship between two or more other variables and improve the correlation.

The Independent VariablesThe Independent Variables

IndependentIndependentVariablesVariables

IndependentIndependentVariablesVariables

Individual-Level Individual-Level VariablesVariables

Individual-Level Individual-Level VariablesVariables

OrganizationOrganizationSystem-LevelSystem-Level

VariablesVariables

OrganizationOrganizationSystem-LevelSystem-Level

VariablesVariables

Group-LevelGroup-LevelVariablesVariables

Group-LevelGroup-LevelVariablesVariables

Independent variable

The presumed cause of some change in the dependent variable.

The Dependent VariablesThe Dependent Variables

x

y

Dependent variable

A response that is affected by an independent variable.

The Dependent Variables (cont’d)The Dependent Variables (cont’d)

ProductivityA performance measure that includes effectiveness and efficiency.

EffectivenessAchievement of goals.EfficiencyThe ratio of effective output to the input required to achieve it.

The Dependent Variables (cont’d)The Dependent Variables (cont’d)

Absenteeism

The failure to report to work.

Turnover

The voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization.

The Dependent Variables (cont’d)The Dependent Variables (cont’d)

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)

Discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee’s formal job requirements, but that nevertheless promotes the effective functioning of the organization.

The Dependent Variables (cont’d)The Dependent Variables (cont’d)

Job satisfaction

A general attitude toward one’s job, the difference between the amount of reward workers receive and the amount they believe they should receive.

Basic OB Model, Stage IBasic OB Model, Stage I

Model

An abstraction of reality.A simplified representation of some real-world phenomenon.

Basic OB Model, Stage II

Basic OB Model, Stage II

Challenges and Opportunities for OBChallenges and Opportunities for OB

Responding to Globalization– Increased foreign assignments– Working with people from different cultures– Coping with anti-capitalism backlash– Overseeing movement of jobs to countries with

low-cost labor Managing Workforce Diversity

– Embracing diversity– Changing U.S. demographics– Implications for managers

• Recognizing and responding to differences

DomesticDomesticPartnersPartners

DomesticDomesticPartnersPartners

Major Workforce Diversity CategoriesMajor Workforce Diversity Categories

RaceRaceRaceRaceNon-ChristianNon-ChristianNon-ChristianNon-Christian

NationalNationalOriginOrigin

NationalNationalOriginOrigin

AgeAgeAgeAge

DisabilityDisabilityDisabilityDisability

GenderGenderGenderGender

Challenges and Opportunities for OB (cont’d)Challenges and Opportunities for OB (cont’d)

Improving Quality and Productivity– Quality management (QM)– Process reengineering

Responding to the Labor Shortage– Changing work force demographics– Fewer skilled laborers– Early retirements and older workers

Improving Customer Service– Increased expectation of service quality– Customer-responsive cultures

Challenges and Opportunity for OB (cont’d)Challenges and Opportunity for OB (cont’d)

Improving People Skills Empowering People Stimulating Innovation and Change Coping with “Temporariness” Working in Networked Organizations Helping Employees Balance Work/Life Conflicts Improving Ethical Behavior

Section 4 :

Quality Management &Organizational Behavior

Section 4 :

Quality Management &Organizational Behavior

What Is Quality Management?What Is Quality Management?

1. Intense focus on the customer.

2. Concern for continuous improvement.

3. Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does.

4. Accurate measurement.

5. Empowerment of employees.

Improving Quality and ProductivityImproving Quality and Productivity

Quality management (QM)– The constant attainment of customer

satisfaction through the continuous improvement of all organizational processes.

– Requires employees to rethink what they do and become more involved in workplace decisions.

Process reengineering– Asks managers to reconsider how work would be

done and their organization structured if they were starting over.

– Instead of making incremental changes in processes, reengineering involves evaluating every process in terms of its contribution.