BUSINESSLAW

(As per the Revised Syllabus of Mumbai University for F.Y. BMS, Semester I)

Topics Law of Contract Law of Sale of Goods Law of Negotiable Instruments Law of Consumer Protection Company Law Intellectual Property Rights

K.R. BULCHANDANISolicitor, Advocate Supreme Court, Notary Public,

Ex-Sr. Counsel, Government of India,Certified Mediator,

Ex-Professor, Government Law College, Mumbai,Author of Business Law for Management.

ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED

© AuthorNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of theauthor and the publisher.

First Edition : 2005 Reprint : 2013Second Edition : 2007 Fifth Revised Edition : 2014Third Edition : 2008 Reprint : 2015Reprint : 2009 Reprint : 2016Fourth Edition : 2011 Reprint : 2017Reprint : 2012 Sixth Revised Edition : 2018

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MR. JUSTICE BAKHTAVAR LENTIN,Retired Judge,Bombay High Court.

FOREWORD

TO

15TH REVISED EDITION

ON BUSINESS LAW

Writing a foreword is a chore with rarely an exception. The exception is BusinessLaw by Mr. K. R. Bulchandani, when writing a foreword becomes a pleasure.

What is easy to read is difficult to write. For both, the gratitude of the reader mustgo to the author.

Business Law is divided into two sections with an indepth analysis of four Actsin each. It is a mine of information with updated case law for S.Y.B.Com. students forwhom it is essentially intended, as it is also for the layman. The language is simple,the material well cohesed and the presentation lucid.

I need not wish the book a success because a success it will be.

12th August 1994. BAKHTAVAR LENTINChateau Marine

Marine DriveBombay - 400 020

FOREWORD TO 5TH EDITION OFBUSINESS LAW FOR MANAGEMENT

FOREWORD TO THE FIFTH EDITION ONBUSINESS LAW FOR MANAGEMENT

C. K. THAKKER Chief Justice,Bombay High Court.

FOREWORD TO 2ND EDITION ON“BUSINESS LAW FOR MANAGEMENT”

I have glanced through “Business Law for Management” by Mr. K.R. Bulchandani.

Dividing into two parts and again in several sections, the author has discussed all subjects

in simple and lucid manner. Fundamental principles of law have been explained and highlighted

with reference to leading English and Indian cases. The author has rightly stated: “Lucidity and

simplicity have been adopted without sacrificing the essentialities”.

Over and above the Law of Contract, the author has dealt with other subjects connected

with Mercantile law. Basic principles of Company Law, law relating to Securities, Foreign

Exchange, Restrictive Trade Practices, Consumer Protection, Essential Commodities, Environ-

mental Pollution and Protection have also been discussed.

I wish the publication success.

1st May, 2002. C.K. THAKKER

Y.K. Sabharwal Chief Justice House,J. Mehta Road,Malabar Hill,Mumbai 400 006.Tel.: Off: 262 3665

Res. 363 1650

FOREWORD TO 1ST EDITION OF“BUSINESS LAW FOR MANAGEMENT”

It is my pleasure to contribute a Foreword to this extremely useful Book, which

comprehensively provides to students and professionals the in-depth study of relevant provisions

of various Acts in one text. In two parts, the learned author has ably dealt with various topics,

such as Law of Contract, Bailment and Pledge, Agency, Sale of Goods, Negotiable Instruments,

Foreign Exchange and Securities and Stock Exchange.

I congratulate Mr. K.R. Bulchandani for painstaking efforts in bringing out this publication

and wish him all success.

5th August, 1999. (Y.K. SABHARWAL)

PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITIONIt is my pleasure to present to my readers sixth revised edition of Business Law (for BMS). While

revision was due long back, however, with the pressing revision of other texts of Business Law for otherfaculties, I regret the delay in presenting the sixth edition of this book.

Law continues to develop and evolve. But with the present governance, it is rapidly developing andevolving. After the last edition of this text, the legislations covered by this text have also being substantiallychanged. Even while this book was in the press, new provisions were inserted in Negotiable InstrumentsAct, 1881 by amendment of 2018. Rapid revision and keeping the pace with the amendments is alwayschallenging to ensure that the book touches the shelves at the earliest.

Law need not be static but it also should not be subject to rapid and regular amendments. There maybe a valid reason for the enactors to support such rapid amendments, but it also leads to chaos and complexto follow besides making enforceable thereof difficult. Deletions, substitutions, additions with provisos andexplanations makes the reading of law a nightmare, particularly with the provisions scattered in the statute,rules, regulations followed by notifications, circulars and orders. For able and stable governance, it is alsoimperative to avoid complex, several and huge dose of legislations. If only, we as the citizens could bespared of repeated changed law, for good governance comes with stability and certainty.

To illustrate, Companies Act, 2013, promising to be a compact legislation with less complexprovisions than the Companies Act, 1956 (since repealed), falls miserably short of such expectations. With41 voluminous Rules enacted between the period from 2014 to 2016, besides regulations, circulars,clarifications and orders issued, makes the reading and compliance thereof a nightmare. Interestingly, boththe substantive provisions in the Act and the procedural provisions in the Rules, overlap each other to addto the confusion, complexities and repetitions. It is becoming difficult to distinguish between what issubstantive law and what is procedural law.

Mercifully, the British enactments like the Contract Act, 1872, Sale of Goods Act, 1930 and such likelegislations, continue to maintain consistency in law. If, British Parliament could enact such laws, why ourgovernance, much more in expertise, is not able to achieve likewise?

The task of grouping the substantive and procedural law and provide my readers a simplified and lucidreading and understanding of the subject, has been always a challenge for me. The fact that my readers haveacclaimed my writings, it prompts me to continue the same flow in the revised texts. The present text aimsat updating the law in view of vast changes in law between 2014 and 2018.

As usual, the syllabus are much wanting. Many a basic and important topics in each law set out in themodules, which ought to have been a subject of study, are unfortunately not prescribed. Nevertheless, Ihave incorporated some of such important topics to strengthen the basics of the study of law.

I am sure that this text with updated law, coupled with the provisions of the Act and the applicable Rulesgrouped together, will ease the study and also enjoyable. I wish all the best to my readers and all success.

Before I part with wishes, I owe gratitudes to all those who have supported in the revision of the text,not forgetting the readers who have continued to inspire me to keep on revising and updating my writings.

Particularly, my thanks are extended to Mr. George A.L. and Mr. Prakash Nadar who have undergonethe tribulations of putting the entire text in order and ensuring it is flawless. I am also grateful to my wife,Mrs. Kavita, my daughter, Ms. Loshika, Advocate, Solicitor, England and South Wales, for their behind thestage performance. My publishers cannot be left out, but for whom I would have never penned even thefirst edition of my writings.

With warm regards and wishes.August, 2018 K.R. Bulchandani

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITIONWhen I first penned my work on Business Law in 1978 for under-graduates, I did hope of positive

response but that my work would multiply for post-graduates and professional courses was not anticipated.Multiple readership of my work which began on modest scale is peaking to unsurmountable heights bothwith popularity and acclaim. As a stage artist needs a loud applause to boost his performance, so alsowriters need this boosting by recognition.

I am humbled by the popularity of the book and therefore when my publishers requested me to pen mysimilar work on Business Law for Management, I unhesitatingly ventured on the expansion of the subject.The release of my book on Business Law for Management in 1999 has since then got the peak acclaim.Management students of different faculties have now sought my work to meet their respective requirements.Therefore one more treaty for management students.

Business Law is both simple and complex. Simple, if placed before the reader as a reading material ina codified form weeding out the intricacies created by legal framers. Complex, if law is read as enactedwith sections, provisos, exceptions, explanations and regular amendments and so on.

Probably, what has appealed my readers is the yardstick of simplicity observed in presenting thesubject, which if read by any class of readers should be easy to apply in every walk of life. I have thereforeconcentrated on elements of each branch of law discussed in this text, for if elements grasped, your rootsand foundation are stronger. It is for you now to blossom and build on the roots and foundation.

The text takes you through diverse legislations, commencing from basics of law of contract, indemnity,guarantee, bailment, pledge, agency, sale of goods, partnership, company law and negotiable instruments,legislations like, law of customs, excise, insurance and mortgages are also incorporated. This adventurousjourney through different branches of law will be enjoyable and amusing, as, I am sure, readers willpleasantly grasp the basics. Suggestions and critical acclaim have always motivated me to improve uponevery work as perfection is unsurmountable.

It is time for me to wish you all the best while travelling through the text, but not before I offer mygratitudes and acknowledgements to:

(i) My publishers for their continued and unstinted support and guidance :(ii) Mrs.K.K. Bulchandani and Ms.L.K. Bulchandani, Advocate for proof reading and editing.

(iii) My staff for compiling the data ; and(iv) My well wishers and critics.With warm regards and wishes.

K.R. BULCHANDANI

SYLLABUSSr. No. Modules No. of Lectures

1 Contract Act, 1872 & Sale of Goods Act, 1930 15

2 Negotiable Instrument Act, 1981 & Consumer Protection Act, 1986 15

3 Company Law 15

4 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) 15

Total 60

Sr. No. Modules/Units

1 Contract Act, 1872 & Sale of Goods Act, 1930

Contract Act, 1872: Essential elements of Contract; Agreement and Contract – Capacityto Contract, free consent, consideration, lawful objects/consideration, Breach of contract.Remedies for breach of Contract.

Sale of Goods Act, 1930: Scope of Act, Sale and Agreement to sell, essential of a validSale Contract – Conditions and warranties – Implied Condition and warranties, Rights ofan unpaid seller.

2 Negotiable Instrument Act, 1981 & Consumer Protection Act, 1986

Negotiable Instrument Act, 1981: Introduction of Negotiable Instruments –Characteristics of negotiable instruments, Promissory note, Bills of exchange, Cheque,Dishonour of Cheque.

Consumer Protection Act, 1986: Objects of Consumer Protection- Introduction ofConsumers, who is consumer? Meaning of the words “Goods and services” – Meaning ofthe words “Defects and Deficiencies of goods and services” Consumer disputes andComplaints.

3 Company Law

Company Law: What is company? – Incorporation of company – MOA, AOA,Prospectus, Meetings, Meaning of transfer and transmission of shares.

4 Intellectual Property Rights(IPR)

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

IPR definition/objectives

Patent definition. What is patentable? What is not patentable? Invention

And its Attributes, Inventors and Applications

Trademarks, definition, types of trademarks, infringement and passing off. Copy rightdefinition and subject in which copy right exists, Originality, Meaning and Content,Authors and Owners, Rights and Restrictions. Geographical indications (only shortnotes)

PAPER PATTERN

Maximum Marks: 75Questions to be set: 05Duration: 2½ Hrs.All Questions are Compulsory Carrying 15 Marks each.

QuestionNo.

Particular Marks

Q.1 Objective Questions(A) Sub Questions to be asked (10) and to be answered any 08(B) Sub Questions to be asked (10) and to be answered any 07*Multiple Choice/True or False/Match the Columns/Fill in the Blanks)

15 Marks

Q.2 Full Length QuestionOR

15 Marks

Q.2 Full Length Question 15 Marks

Q.3 Full Length QuestionOR

15 Marks

Q.3 Full Length Question 15 Marks

Q.4 Full Length QuestionOR

15 Marks

Q.4 Full Length Question 15 Marks

Q.5 (A) Theory questions(B) Theory questionsOR

08 Marks07 Marks

Q.5 Short NotesTo be asked 05To be answered 03

15 Marks

Note:Theory question of 15 marks may be divided into two sub-questions of 7/8 and 10/5 Marks.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1 – 3What is Law? Definition of Law – Sources of Indian Law – What is Business Law?

MODULE-ILAW OF CONTRACT

LAW OF CONTRACT 7 – 93Introduction – Importance of the law of contract – Essential elements/formation of a valid contract –Agreements and contracts – agreement – contract – Interpretation of a contract – Agreement andcontract distinguished – Sale & agreement to sell – Which agreements are contracts and enforceable bylaw? – Offer or proposal – Counter-offer – Auction sales – Standing or open offer – Offer and aninvitation to offer distinguished – Acceptance – promise – Communication – Consideration and legalityof the objects – When an agreement without consideration is valid – Kinds of consideration – Lawfulconsideration and lawful object distinguished – What is unlawful consideration? – Consideration orobject unlawful in part – Capacity to contract – free consent – Coercion – Undue influence – Fraud –Misrepresentation – Mistake – Void agreements – Impossibility and frustration of the contract –Restitution – Discharge of contract – By performance – by breach – by frustration – by agreement – byaccord and satisfaction – by operation of law – by unauthorized material alteration – by lapse of time –by death – Breach of contract – Consequences and remedies – Types of damages – Measure ofdamages – Remoteness of damages – Quantum Meruit – Penalty and liquidated damages – Earnestmoney, advance Money and security deposit.

MODULE-IILAW OF SALE OF GOODS

SALE OF GOODS ACT 97 – 132Introduction – Scope of the act – Sale – Essentials of valid sale – Agreement to sell – Hire-purchaseagreement – Formation of the contract – Goods – Documents of title to goods – Subject matter ofcontract – Goods perishing–effect of destruction of goods – Delivery of goods – Delivery of wrongquantity – Acceptance of delivery – Rights and duties of the buyer – Rights and duties of the seller –Delivery to carrier or wharfinger – Carriage by sea – Stipulations in a contract–conditions andwarranties – consequences of breach of conditions and warranties – Implied warranties and conditions –Caveat emptor – Effects of the contract–passing of property –Time when property passes – Effect oftransfer of ownership or passing of property – Transfer of title – Unpaid seller – Rights – Right of lien –Right of stoppage in transit – Right of re-sale – Right of withholding delivery – Reservation of right ofdisposal – Other rights – Effect of sub-sale or pledge by buyer – Remedies for breach of the contract ofsale – Auction sales.

MODULE-IIILAW OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS

LAW OF NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS 135 – 174Introduction – What is a negotiable instrument? – Essential characteristics of a negotiable instrument –Promissory note – Bill of exchange – Bills in sets – Payment in due course – Maturity of aninstrument – Cheque – Types of cheques – Bankers and customers – Draft – Dishonour of cheques –When is an offence committed under section 138? – When cause of action arises? – What is a validnotice? – Vicarious liability/persons liable – Who can file the complaint? – How is limitationcomputed? – Cognizance of offences – Territorial jurisdiction – Presumption of dishonour – Burden ofproof – Defences available – Defences not available – Double jeopardy – Penal action – Offences bycompanies – Power of court to try cases summarily – Power to direct interim compensation – Mode of

service of summons – Evidence on affidavit – Offences to be compoundable – Power of Appellate courtto order payment pending appeal.

MODULE-IVLAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION

LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION 177 – 213Introduction – Objects and reasons – Extent of consumer protection – Consumer – Goods – Services –Consumer dispute – Complainant – Complaint – Unfair trade practice – Restrictive trade practice –Defects – Deficiency – Excessive price – Hazardous goods – Councils – Central consumer protectioncouncil – State consumer protection councils – The district consumer protection council – Consumerprotection redressal agencies – District forum – State commission – National commission –Administrative control – Review of the order – Revision petition – Transfer of cases – Circuit benches –Ex-parte orders – Case law on extent of jurisdiction of consumer forums – Limitation period – Finalityof orders – Vacancy or defects in appointment not to invalidate orders – Enforcement of orders of theDistrict Forum, the State Commission or the National Commission.

MODULE-VCOMPANY LAW

INTRODUCTION 217 – 220Birth of a company – Companies Act, 2013.

1. COMPANY — FORMATION AND REGULATION 221 – 248Definition – Characteristics or essential features and nature of a company – Types of companies –Companies limited by shares – Private company – Public company – Listed company – Holdingcompany and subsidiary company – Small company – Associate company – Body corporate –Company limited by guarantee – One person company – Company with unlimited liability – Producercompany – Government company – Foreign company – Company with charitable objects – Dormantcompany – Active company – Prohibition of association or partnership of persons exceeding certainnumber/illegal association – Lifting or piercing the corporate veil – Incorporation of a company –Certificate of incorporation – Simplified proforma for incorporating company electronically (SPICe).

2. MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION 249 – 270Memorandum – Name – Registered office – Objects – Liability – Share capital – Memorandum of oneperson company – Alteration of memorandum – Articles – Alteration of articles – Act to overridememorandum, articles, etc. – Effect of memorandum and articles – Constructive notice of memorandumand articles of association – E-governance – Commencement of business – Doctrine of indoormanagement – Doctrine of ultra vires.

3. MEMBERSHIP OF A COMPANY 271 – 276Member – Member and Shareholder – How is membership acquired? – How membership ceases? –Who can be a member? – Rights and liabilities of a member/shareholder – Register of members – E-governance – Annual Return.

4. PROSPECTUS AND PRIVATE PLACEMENT 277 – 290Offer document – Prospectus – Contents of prospectus – Kinds of prospectus – Abridged prospectus –Shelf prospectus and information memorandum – Red herring prospectus – Deemed prospectus – Letterof offer and contents – Abridged letter of offer – Legal framework for issuance of prospectus – Privateplacement/ preferential issue/allotment.

5. MEETINGS 291 – 307Types of meetings – Statutory meeting – Annual general meeting – Extra-ordinary general meeting –Class meetings – Meetings of creditors and debenture holders – Convening and conducting ofmeetings – Voting rights – Voting through electronic means–e-voting – Postal ballot – Board meetings.

6. SECURITIES, SHARE CAPITAL, SHARES, TRANSFER ANDTRANSMISSION OF SHARES 308 – 319

Securities – Public offer of securities – Issue of securities – Allotment of securities by a company –Share capital – Sweat equity shares – Employees stock option – Bonus shares – Issue and redemption ofpreference shares – Beneficial interest – Debenture – Transfer and transmission of shares/securities –Lien on shares.

MODULE-VIINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

INTRODUCTION 323 – 324Concept, nature and background of IPR in India – Definition/objectives – Types of intellectual propertyrights.

VI(A) PATENTS 325 – 354Introduction – Objects – Inventions and patents – Meaning and salient features of patent – What ispatentable – What is not patentable? – Invention – Conditions for an invention to be patented–attributes – Inventors – Procedure for obtaining a patent – Types of patent applications – Specification –Drawings – Model or sample – Patent of addition – Amendment of application and specification beforecontroller – Priority dates of claims – Convention countries/convention applications – Foreignapplications – International applications under Patent Co-operation Treaty – Publication ofapplication – Examination of application – Search for anticipation – Mention of inventor in a patent –Opposition to the grant of patent – Grant of patent – Rights of patentees – Grant of patent to true andfirst inventor when obtained in fraud by another – Term of patent – How does a patent expire? –Provisions for secrecy of certain inventions – Assignment of a patent – What is infringement?

VI(B) COPYRIGHTS 355 – 371Introduction – Definition/meaning of copyright – Author and owner of copyright – Works that areprotected – Ownership of copyright – Rights of a copyright owner in originality – Original work andfair use/fair dealing – Term/duration of copyright – Registration of copyright – Work in whichcopyright subsists – Restriction on remedies in the case of work of architecture – Assignment ofcopyright – Testamentary disposition of copyright – Relinquishment of copyright – Licence byowners – Compulsory licence – Statutory licence – Termination of licence – Licence to produce andpublish translations – Appellate board – Infringement – Importation of infringing copies – Civilremedies – Offences.

VI(C) TRADE MARKS 372 – 388Introduction – Concept, definition and meaning of trade mark – Functions of a trade mark – Types oftrade mark – Service marks – Certification trade marks – Collective marks – Associated trade marks –Permitted use – Registration of trade mark–procedure – Registration of parts of trade marks and of trademarks as a series – Protection of trade marks through the international registration under MadridProtocol – Rights of registered trade mark owner and limitations thereto – Absolute grounds for refusalof registration–trade marks that cannot be registered – Relative grounds for refusal of registration –Registration of trade mark used in good faith or honest concurrent use – Certificate of registration –Duration, renewal, removal & restoration of trade mark – Removal of trade mark for non-use – Effectof registration – Registered users – Passing off – Infringement of registered trade marks – Suit forinfringement and reliefs – When a registered trade mark is not infringed? – Effect of acquiescence –When vested right does not exist – Prohibitions on registration of certain marks – Assignment &transmission of trade mark.

VI(D) GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS OF GOODS 389 – 398Introduction – Goods and geographical indication – Registration of geographical indications – Duration,renewal, removal and restoration of registration – Effect of registration – Infringement of geographicalindications – Suits – Cancellation or varying the registration – Prohibition of registration ofgeographical indication as trade mark – Protection to certain trade marks – Regulatory authorities.

TABLE OF CASES

AA. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar (Dr.) v. Life Insurance Corp. of India – AIR 1963 SC 1185 249, 268, 270A. Sathyanarayana v. C. Nagaraj – 2000 (4) All MR (Journal) 15 Kar (HC) 160A.B.C. Luminarit Pvt. Ltd. v. A.P. Agencies – AIR 1989 SC 1239 66A.C. Ananthaswamy v. Boraiah – (2004) 8 SCC 588 54A.C. Narayanan v. State of Maharashtra – AIR 2014 SC 630 164A.K. Singhania v. Gujarat State Fertilizer Co. Ltd. – (2013) 16 SCC 630 161A.K. Srinivasa Naidu v. Jayarama Reddiar – AIR 1977 Mad. 56 131A.P. State Electricity Board v. A.P. State Electricity Consumer Association – 1992 CPJ 148 (NC) 204AT Brij Paul Singh & Bros. v. State of Gujarat – AIR 1984 SC 1703 83A.V. Murthy v. B.S. Nagabasavanna – AIR 2002 SC 985 167Afsar MM Tacki v. Dharamsey Tricamdas – AIR 1947 BOM 98 72Afser Shaikh v. Soleman Bibi – AIR 1976 SC 163 52Agarwal Dyeing Industries v. Rajasthan Financial Corporation – 1991 (2) CPJ 341 (Raj.) 211Agricultural Market Committee v. Shalimar Chemical Works Ltd. – AIR 1997 SC 2502 117Air India v. Suganda Ravi Mashelkar – 1993 I CPJ 63 NC 204Alice v. Clark – 1905 27 ALL. 266 40Allied Motors v. Sanderson Agencies – AIR 1992 Del. 324 89Alsop’s Patent – (1907) 24 RPC 733 327Alva Aluminium Ltd. v. Gabriel India Ltd. – (2011) 1 SCC 167 49Amiraju v. Seshama – 1918-41 Mad. 38 49Anand Behari Lal v. Dinshaw & Co. – AIR 1942 Oudh 417 265Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation v. Pampa Hotels Ltd. – AIR 2010 SC 1806 10Angile Insulations v. Davy Ashmore India Ltd. – AIR 1995 SC 1766 66Aneeta Hada v. Godfather Travels & Tours Pvt. Ltd. – (2012) 5 SCC 661 163Anil Gupta v. Star India Pvt. Ltd. – (2014) 10 SCC 373 162Anil Hada v. Indian Acrylic Ltd. – (2000) 1 SCC 1 162Anil Kumar Goel v. Kishan Chand Kaura – AIR 2008 SC 899 160Anil Kumar Haritwal v. Alka Gupta – (2004) 4 SCC 366 173Anil Kumar Sawhney v. Gulshan Rai – (1993) 4 SCC 424 156Anil Kumar Srivastava v. State of Uttar Pradesh – AIR 2004 SC 4299 19Anita Malhotra v. Apparel Export Promotion Council – (2012) 1 SCC 520 162Anup Sarmah v. Bhola Nath Sharma – JT 2012 (11) SC 79 101Aparna A. Shah v. Sheth Developers Pvt. Ltd. – (2013) 8 SCC 71 156, 158Archana M. Kamat v. Canara Bank – AIR 2003 SC 1694 195Arvind Mills Ltd. v. Associated Railways – AIR 2004 SC 5147 200Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co. Ltd. v. Riche – 1875 LR 7 HL 653 256, 261, 267Ashok Tanwar v. State of H.P. – AIR 2005 SC 614 205Ashok Yeshwant Badave v. Surendra Madhavrao Nighojakar – AIR 2001 SC 1315 156Association of Leasing & Financial Service Companies v. Union of India – (2011) 2 SCC 352 98Atamal Ramoomal v. Deepchand Kessarmal – AIR 139 Sind 33 39Attorney General v. Great Eastern Railway Co. (1880) 5 AC 473 269Attorney General of Australia v. Adelaide S.S Co. – 1913 A.C. 724 63Attwood v. Lamont – 1928 3 K.B. 571 64

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Atul Mathur v. Atul Kalra – (1989) 4 SCC 514 164Atul Products Ltd. v. Dipak Kumar Jayantilal Shah (1997) 88 Comp. Cases 876 Guj. 317Avery v. Bowden – 1855-51 & B 714 75Avtar Singh v. State of Punjab – AIR 1965 SC 666 103

BB. Arvind Kumar v. Government of India – (2007) 5 SCC 745 132B. Bhimayya v. Govt. of A.P. – AIR 1961 SC 1065 103B.C. Seshadri v. B.N. Suryanarayana Rao – (2004) 11 SCC 510 173B.G. Kedia v. G. Purshottamdas & Co. – AIR 1966 SC 543 22B.O.I. Finance Ltd. v. The Custodian – AIR 1997 SC 1952 2BSI Ltd. v. Gift Holdings (P) Ltd. – AIR 2000 SC 926 163BSNL v. BPL Mobile Cellular Ltd. – (2008) 13 SCC 597 78BSNL v. Reliance Communication Ltd. – (2011) 1 SCC 394 90B.T. Trading Co. v. Commr., Sales Tax, M.P. – AIR 1967 SC 1348 111Bacha F. Guzdar v. Commissioner of Income Tax – AIR 1955 SC 74 273Badri Prasad v. State of Madhya Pradesh – AIR 1970 SC 706 9, 20Bai Vijli v. Nansa Nagar – 1885 10 Bom. 152 40Baku Consolidated Oilfields Ltd. (Re:) – (1944) 1 ALL ER 24 256Bal Mukund v. Munna Lal Ramji Lal – AIR 1970 Punj. 516 137Balaraman R. v. Buckingham and Carnatic Company Ltd. – (1969) 1 Comp. L.J. 81 (CLB) 272Baldry v. Marshal – 1925 2 K.B. 260 115Balfour v. Balfour – 1919 2 K.B. 571 17Ballapraguda v. Thummana – 1977-41 Mad. 701 38Balmer Lawrie & Co. Ltd. v. Partha Sarathi Sen Roy – (2013) 8 SCC 345 44Bangalore Development Authority v. Syndicate Bank – (2007) 6 SCC 711 186Bank of India v. Mukesh Kumar Shukla (Dr.) – 1993 I CPJ 41 195Bareilly Development Authority v. Ajay Pal Singh – AIR 1989 SC 1076 21Bartle v. Home Owners Co-op. 309 N.Y. 103, 106 243Bell Houses Ltd. v. City Wall Properties Ltd. (1966) 36 Comp. Cases 779 (CA) 269Bellachi v. Pakeeran – AIR 2009 SC 3293 51Benabo v. Jay (William) and Partners Ltd. – (1942) 12 Com. Cases 92 253Berar Trading Co. Ltd. v. Gajanan Gopal Rao Dixit – (1972) 42 Comp. Cases 48 Bom. 301Berkey v. Third Ave. Ry. Co. 244 N.Y. 84, 95 243Bhagat Ram Batra v. Union of India – AIR 1976 SC 2128 21Bhagwandas Goverdhandas Kedia v. Girdharlal Purshottamdas & Co. – AIR 1966 SC 543 27Bhagwati Developers Ltd. v. Peerless General Finance & Investment Co. – (2013) 4 LW 661 308Bhagwati Prasad Pawan Kumar v. Union of India – AIR 2006 SC 2331 79Bharat & Co. v. Trade Tax Officer – (2005) 6 SCC 796 103, 104Bharat Electronics Ltd. v. American Export Isbrandsen Lines, Inco, Madras – AIR 1979 Mad. 267 58Bharat Petroleum Corpn. Ltd. v. Great Eastern Shipping Co. Ltd. – AIR 2008 SC 357 23Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. v. BPL Mobile Cellular Ltd. – AIR 2009 SC (Supp) 1005 65Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. v. Union of India – AIR 2006 SC 1383, (2006) 3 SCC 1 97, 103Bharat Tractors v. Sri Ram Chandra – 1991 CPJ 152 (NC) 204Bharati Airtel Ltd. v. State of Karnataka [(2007) 7 VST 505 Karn. 103Bhaurao Dagdu Paralkar v. State of Maharashtra – (2005) 7 SCC 605 54Bhubaneshwar Development Authority v. Susanta Kumar Mishra – (2009) 4 SCC 684 212

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Bhutoria Trading Co. Ltd. v. Allahabad Bank Ltd. – AIR 1977 Cal. 363 143Bihar School Examination Board v. Suresh Prasad Sinha – (2009) 8 SCC 483 188Bihar State Electricity Board v. UMI Special Steels Ltd. – (2000) 8 SCC 560 73Bihta Co-op. Development & Cane Marketing Union Ltd. v. Bank of Bihar – AIR 1967 SC 389 154Bijay Krishna Paramount v. Kali Chavan Mandal – AIR 1978 Cal. 153 81Bilakchand Gyanchand Co. v. A. Chinnaswami – (1999) 5 SCC 693 160Birmingham Sound Reproducers Ld. v. Collaro Ld. – (1956) RPC 232 (CA) 350Bismillah v. Janeshwar Prasad – AIR 1990 SC 540 59Bishwanath Prasad Radhey Shyam v. Hindustan Metal Industries – AIR 1982 SC 1444 327, 343, 353Board of Trustees of the Port of Calcutta v. Bengal Corporation Pvt. Ltd. – AIR 1979 Cal. 142 116, 130Bombay Agarwal Co. v. Ramchand Diwanchand – AIR 1953 Nag. 154 329, 330Bombay Dyeing and Mfg. Co. Ltd. v. State of Bombay – AIR 1958 SC 328 35Bombay Housing Board v. Karbhase Nath and Co. – AIR 1975 SC 763 83Braham Dutt Aggarwal v. San Tubes – (2004) 13 SCC 731 184Brahmaputra Tea Co. Ltd. v. Scarth – 1885 11 Cal. 545 64Bratindranath Banerjee, Director, Standard Chartered Bank v. Hiten P. Dalal – 1994 (4) BCR 237 (Bom.) 164Bridgestone India Pvt. Ltd. v. Inderpal Singh – (2016) 2 SCC 75 166Brij Pal Sharma v. Ghaziabad Development Authority – (2005) 7 SCC 106 194Brij Lal v. Jugal Kishore – 1995 (2) Crimes 636 (Bom) 164Birmingham Sound Reproducers Ld. v. Collaro Ld. (1956) RPC 232 (CA) 344Bristol-Myers Co. (Johnson’s) Appln. – (1975) RPC 127 349Bristol Transways Co. v. Fiat Motors Ltd. – 1910 2 K.B. 831 114Britannia Industries Ltd. v. Punjab National Bank – (2013) 10 SCC 642 140Brogden v. Metropolitan Railway Co. – 1877 2 A.C. 666 22Brone v. Morris – 1834 2 Cr. Q.M. 579 143Buddhist Mission Dental College & Hospital v. Bhupesh Khurana – (2009) 4 SCC 484 191Build India Construction System v. Union of India – AIR 2002 SC 2437 78Bullion and Grain Exchange Ltd. v. State of Punjab – AIR 1961 SC 268 69Byford v. S.S. Srivastava – 1993 (II) CPR 83 NC 182Byrne & Co. v. Ven Fienhoven – 1880 5 C.P.D. 344 26

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Cannon K.K.’s Appln. – (1980) RPC 133 339Carew Co. Ltd. v. North Bengal etc. – 6 DLF Cal. 75 62Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. – 1893 1Q. B. 256 23Carona Sahu and Co. Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra – AIR 1966 SC 1153 111Central Bank of India v. Saxons Farms – (1999) 8 SCC 221 160Central Bank, Yeotmal Ltd. v. Vyankatesh – AIR 1949 Nag. 286 25Central National Bank Ltd. v. United Industrial Bank Ltd. – AIR 1954 SC 181 49Chacko v. Mahadevan – AIR 2007 SC 2967 47Champlin v. Hicks – 1911 2 KB 786 85Chandra Shekhar v. Gopi Nath – AIR 1963 All 248 67Chandra Sreenivasa Rao v. Korrpati Raju Rama Mohan Rao – AIR 1952 Mad. 579 37Charan Singh v. Healing Touch Hospital – (2000) 7 SCC 668 180Charanjit Singh Cheda v. Sudhir Mehra – AIR 2001 SC 3721 41Charlesworth v. MacDonald – 1898-23 Bom. 103 64Chief Administrator, PUDA v. Shabnam Virk – AIR 2006 SC 1758 21Chief Engineer, MSEB v. Suresh Raghunath Bhokare – (2005) 10 SCC 465 54Chinnaya v. Ramaya – 1882 4 Mad. 137 29Chowringhee Sales Bureau (P) Ltd. v. CIT West Bengal – AIR 1973 SC 376 109, 132Chunilal Khushaldash Patel v. H.K. Adhyaru AIR 1956 SC 655 317Cipla Ltd. v. Union of India – (2012) 13 SCC 429 345CIT v. Gopal Textiles Ltd. – AIR 1961 SC 426 103, 104CIT v. Mastek Ltd. – (2010) 13 SCC 58 147CITI Bank N.A. v. Standard Chartered Bank – AIR 2003 SC 4630 78Claude-Lila Parulekar (Smt.) v. Sakal Papers (P) Ltd. – (2005) 11 SCC 73 101, 261, 294Clark v. Adie – (1877) 2 AC 315 350Clay v. Yates – 1856 25 L.J. Ex. 237 88Cohen v. Wiklie – 16. C.W.N. 534 64Col. D.I. Macpherson v. M.N. Appanna – AIR 1951(38) SC 184 18Commissioner of Customs & Excise v. Maruti Udyog Ltd. – (2002) 3 SCC 547 102Commissioner of Customs, Kolkata v. Grand Prime Ltd. – (2003) 5 SCC 762 116Commr. of Income Tax, Delhi v. P.M. Rathod & Co. – AIR 1959 SC 1394 127Commr. of Income Tax, Madras v. Mysore Chromite Ltd. – AIR 1955 SC 98 119Commr. Officer, Telecom v. Bihar State Warehousing – 1991 CPJ 42 194Commr. of Sales Tax, Nagpur v. H. Adamji & Co. – AIR 1959 SC 887 119Consolidated Coffee Ltd. v. MSP Exports (P) Ltd. – AIR 1980 SC 1468 97Consumer Unity and Trust Society v. State of Rajasthan – 1991 CPR-241 (NC) 184Contship Container Lines Ltd. v. D.K. Lall – AIR 2010 SC 1704 110Cousins v. International Brick Co. Ltd. – (1931) 2 Ch. 90 295Couturier v. Hastie – 1856 6 H.L.C. 673 58, 60Crane v. Price – 1 Webster PC 393 327Credential Finance Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra – 2000 (3) BOM L.R. 218 150Credential Finance Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra – 1998 (3) Bom. LR 591 164Cundy v. Lindsay – 1878 3 App. Cas. 459 49, 59Curric v. Misa – 1875 L.R. 10 Ex. 162 28

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DD. Nagaratnemba v. K. Ramayya – AIR 1968 SC 253 40D. Vinod Shivappa v. Nanda Belliappa – (2006) 6 SCC 456 160D.C.M. Financial Services Ltd. v. J.N. Sareen – AIR 2008 SC 2255 170Daimler Co. Ltd. v. Continental Tyre & Rubber Co. Ltd. – (1916) 2 AC. 307 253Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Ltd. v. Galaxy Traders & Agencies Ltd. – (2001) 6 SCC 463 159Damodar S. Prabhu v. Sayed Babalal H. – (2010) 5 SCC 663 155, 173Dashrath Rupsingh Rathod v. State of Maharashtra – (2014) 9 SCC 129 166Davis v. Cundasami – 1869 19 Mad. 398 79De Smet (India) Pvt. Ltd. v. B.P. Industrial Corporation Pvt. Ltd. – AIR 1980 All. 253 89, 92Deddappa v. Branch Manager, National Insurance Co. Ltd. – (2008) 2 SCC 595 147Delhi Development Authority v. Grihsthapana Cooperative Group Housing Society Ltd. – 1995 Supp. (1) SCC 751 93Delhi Development Authority v. Joint Action Committee, Allottee of SFS Flats – AIR 2008 SC 1343;(2008) 2 SCC 672 67, 78Delhi Development Authority v. Ravindra Mohan Aggarwal – (1999) 3 SCC 172 22Dept. of Posts v. J.K. Diagnostics – 1993 II CPR 591 SC 211Derry v. Peek – 1889 14 A.C. 337 288Devi Ditta Mal v. The Standard Bank of India (1927) 101 IC 558 265Devidayal Sales Pvt. Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra – AIR 2006 Bom. 307 105Dhampur Sugar Mills v. Commissioner of Trade Tax – (2006) 5 SCC 624 97Dhanrajamal Gobindram v. Shamji Kalidas & Co. – AIR 1961 SC 1285 67, 127Dharam Chand v. Sunil Ranjan – AIR 1981 Cal. 323 91Diggle v. Higge – 1877 2 Ex.D. 422 68Dilip Bapat v. Panchwati Co-op. Hsg. Society – 1991 (1) (PR 27) 182Dilip S. Dahanukar v. Kotak Mahindra Co. Ltd. – (2007) 6 SCC 528 170Dist. Manager, Telephones v. Munilal Brij Mohan – 1993 I CPJ 41 NC 212Dist. Manager, Telephones, Patna v. Lalit Kumar Bajla – 1991 I CPR 45 NC 200Dist. Manager, Telephones, Patna v. Tarun Bharthuar (Dr.) – 1992 I CPJ 47 NC 204, 211District Telecom Engineer, Amravati v. Laxmi – (2004) 10 SCC 109 194Diwan Singh v. Minerva Films Ltd. – 1958 28 Com. Cas. 191 (Punj.) 264, 272Don Ayengia v. State of Assam – (2016) 3 SCC 1 163Dresser Rand S.A. v. Bindal Agro Chem Ltd. – (2006) 1 SCC 751 19Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd. v. New Garage and Motor Co. Ltd. – 1915 A.C. 79 89Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co. Ltd. v. Selfridge & Co. Ltd. – 1915 A.C. 847 30Durgaprasad v. Baldeo – 1880-3 All 221 29Dutton v. Poole – 83 ER 523 29

EEastern Countries Railway Co. v. Hawk – 1855-5 H.L.C. 331 256Eastern Countries Railway Co. v. Hawk – 1865 10 E.R. 928 268Econ Antri Ltd. v. Rom Industries Ltd. – JT 2013 (11) SC 582 165Economic Transport Organisation v. Dharwad Dist. Khadi Gramudyog Sangh – (2000) 5 SCC 78 191Elphick v. Barnes – 1880 5 CPD 321 105Eraser & Co. v. The Bombay Ice Manufacturing Co. – 1904 29 Bom. 107 63Escorts JCB Ltd. v. Commr. of Central Excise – (2003) 1 SCC 281 109Ethiopian Airlines v. Ganesh Narayan Saboo – (2011) 8 SCC 539 179

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Everest Advertising (P) Ltd. v. State, Govt. of NCT of Delhi – (2007) 5 SCC 54 162Executive Engineer, Denkanal Minor Irrigation Division v. N.C. Budharaj – (2001) 2 SCC 721 131

FFaqir Chand Gulati v. Uppal Agencies Pvt. Ltd. – (2008) 10 SCC 345 183Farbewerke Hoechst A.G. v. Unichem Laboratories – AIR 1969 Bom. 255 343, 350Fateh Chand v. Balkishan Dass – AIR 1963 SC 1405 90Fateh Singh v. Sanwal Singh – 1878-1 All. 751 38Fazaladdin Mandal vs Panchanan Das – AIR 1957 Cal. 92 27Federal Bank v. Bion Mishra – 1991 CPJ 16 (NC) 189Felthouse v. Bindlay – 1863 7 LT 835 22Finkelstein v. Billig – (1930) 47 RPC 516 352Floating Services Ltd. v. MV San Fransceco Dipalola – (2004) 52 SCL 762 (Guj.) 222, 223Folks v. King – 1923 1 K.B. 282 121Food Corporation of India v. Laxmi Cattle Feed Industries – AIR 2006 SC 1452 83Food Corporation of India v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd. – AIR 1994 SC 1889 43Food Corporation of India v. Surana Commercial Co. – (2003) 8 SCC 636 28Forbes Forbes Campbell & Co. Ltd. v. Board of Trustees, Port of Bombay – (2015) 1 SCC 228 104Ford Motor Co. (Strosberg's) Patent – (1970) RPC 74 339Foster v. Mackinnon – 1869 L.R. 4. C.P. 704 59Frost v. Knight – 1872 L.R. 7 Ex. 111 75, 129

GG. (Mr. ) a Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court – AIR 1954 SC 557 42G. Sagar Suri v. State of Uttar Pradesh – AIR 2000 SC 754 168Gallagher v. Germany Brewing Co. – (1893) 53 Minn. 214 243Galloway v. Galloway – 1914 30 T.L.R. 531 60Ganga Saran v. Firm Ram Charan Ram Gopal – AIR (39) 1952 SC 9 72Ganga Singh v. Santosh Kumar – AIR 1963 All 201 72Gangadeep Pratisthan Pvt. Ltd. v. Mechano – AIR 2005 SC 1958 50Gangaram v. Devida – 1907 Punj. 61 43Garrison v. Perrin – 1857 2 C.B.N.S. 681 107Gaurinath Mookherji v. Madhumani Pashakar – 1872 9 B.L.R. App. 37 40Gay v. Rooke – 21 AM St. Rep. 434 137Gen. Manager, Southern Railway, Madras v. N. Prabhakaram – 1992 I CPJ 323 NC 194General Manager, Telecom v. M. Krishnan – AIR 2010 SC 90; (2009) 8 SCC 481 188, 211Ghaziabad Development Authority v. Balbir Singh – (2004) 5 SCC 65 187, 194Ghaziabad Development Authority v. Union of India – AIR 2000 SC 2003; (2000) 6 SCC 113 20, 84Gherulal v. Mahadeodas – AIR 1959 SC 781 39, 70Gian Kaur (Smt.) v. State of Punjab – 1996 AIR SCW 1336 50Gillette Industries Ltd. v. Yeshwant Brothers – AIR 1938 Bom. 347 350Girja Prasad Sharma v. Sardarlabh Singh – AIR 1977 Pat. 241 131Glaxo Group Ltd.’s Appln. – (1968) RPC 473 332Goa Plast (P) Ltd. v. Chico Ursula D’Souza – AIR 2004 SC 408 159, 168Godrej Soaps v. Hindustan Lever – (1994) IPLR 60 Cal. 353Gokeda Latcharao v. Vishwanathan Bhimayya – AIR 1956 Andhra 182 45Gopalakrishna Pillai v. K.M. Mani – AIR 1984 SC 216 97, 112

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Grant v. Australian Knitting Mills – (1936) 70 MLJ 513 114, 115Great Offshore Ltd. v. Iranian Offshore Engg. & Construction Co. – (2008) 14 SCC 240 24Green Earth Asphalt & Power (P) Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra – (2008) 8 SCC 278 161Gujarat Bottling Co. Ltd. v. Coca Cola Company – AIR 1995 SC 2372 62, 65Gunmala Sales Private Ltd. v. Anu Mehta – (2015) 1 SCC 103 161Gurcharan Singh v. Allied Motors Ltd. – (2005) 10 SCC 626 165Gurumukh Singh v. Amar Singh – AIR 1991 SCW 814 43

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Hyde v. Wench – 5 Beav 334 18Hyderabad Engineering Industries v. State of Andhra Pradesh – (2011) 4 SCC 705 99Hyderabad (Sind) Electric Supply Co. v. Union of India – AIR 1959 Punj. 199 223

IICDS Ltd. v. Beena Shabeer – (2002) 6 SCC 426 163Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Appln. – (1969) RPC 574 332Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. (Re:) – (1938) 8 Comp. Cases 181 299Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. v. Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trademark – AIR 1978 Cal. 77 327Indersingh v. Parmeshwar Singh – AIR 1957 Pat. 49 47India Thermal Power Ltd. v. State of M. P. – (2000) 3 SCC 379 14Indian Airlines v. Rajeshkumar Upadhyay – 1991 I CPJ 206 204Indian Bank v. Satyam Fibres (India) RA Ltd. – AIR 1996 SC 2592 203Indian Bank Association v. Union of India – (2014) 5 SCC 590 171Indian Financial Association of 7th Day Adventists v. M. A. Unneerikutty – (2006) 6 SCC 351 38Indian Hume Pipe Co. Ltd. v. Vendra Venkanna – AIR 1963 AP 58 350, 352Indian Medical Association v. V.P. Shantha – AIR 1996 SC 550 186, 188Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. v. SPS Engineering Ltd. – AIR 2011 SC 987 83Indo Automobiles v. Jai Durga Enterprises – (2008) 8 SCC 529 160Indochem Electronic v. Addl. Collector of Customs, A.P. – (2006) 3 SCC 721 113Indus Airways Pvt. Ltd. v. Magnum Aviation Pvt. Ltd. – (2014) 12 SCC 539 158Indra Kumar Patodia v. Reliance Industries Ltd. – AIR 2013 SC 426 165INS Malhotra v. A. Kripalani (Dr.) II (2009) CPJ 18 SC 186International Aircraft Trading Co. v. Manufacturers Trust Co. 297 N.Y. 285, 292 243Iridium India Telecom Ltd. v. Motorola Incorporated – (2011) 1 SCC 74 163

JJ.D. Sharma v. Maruti Udyog Ltd. – 1991 CPR 436 192JIK Industries Ltd. v. Amarlal V. Jumani – (2012) 3 SCC 255 173J.J. Merchant (Dr.) v. Shrinath Chaturvedi – AIR 2002 SC 2931 178J.V. Baharuni v. State of Gujarat – (2014) 10 SCC 494 171J.V. Gokal & Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. v. The A.C. Sales Tax Inspection – AIR 1960 SC 595 103Jackson v. Rotex Motor and Cycle Co. – 1910 2 K.B. 116Jacob Mathew v. State of Punjab – (2005) 6 SCC 1 186Jahangir R. Modi v. Shamji Ladha (1866-67) 4 Bom. HCR 185 268Jai Narain Parasrampuria (Dead) v. Pushpa Devi Saraf – (2006) 7 SCC 756 244Jaikishan Dass Mull v. Luchhiminarain Kanoria – AIR 1974 SC 1579 10Janki Vashdeo Bhojwani v. Indusind Bank Ltd. – (2004) 3 SCC 584 163Jayantilal Investment v. Madhuvihar Co-operative Housing Society Ltd. – AIR 2007 SC 1011 10Jhandoo Mal Jagan Nath v. Phulchand Feteh Chand – 1924 Lah. 5 497 75Jindal Steel and Power Ltd. v. Ashoka Alloy Steel Ltd. – (2006) 9 SCC 340 165Jivanlal (Dr.) v. Brij Mohan Mehra – AIR 1973 SC 559 21John Walkovszky v. William Carlton 18 N.Y.2d 414 (1966) 243Johnson’s Patent – (1938) 55 RPC (4) 337Joseph John Peter Sandy v. Veronica Thomas Rajkumar – (2013) 3 SCC 801 51Jugesh Sehgal v. Shamsher Singh Gogi – (2009) 14 SCC 683 156

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KK. Balakrishnan v. K. Kamalam – AIR 2004 SC 1257 47K. Bhaskaran v. Sankaran Vaidhyan Balan – (1999) 7 SCC 510 157, 169K. Narendra v. Riviera Apartments (P) Ltd. – (1999) 5 SCC 77 77K. Prakashan v. P. K. Surendran – (2008) 1 SCC 258 167K. Sagar v. A. Bal Reddy – AIR 2008 SC 2568 207K.C. Skaria v. Govt. of State of Kerala – AIR 2006 SC 811 92K.J.B.L. Rama Reddy v. Annapurna Seeds – (2005) 10 SCC 632 173K.K. Ahuja v. V.K. Vora – (2009) 10 SCC 48 161, 162K.K. Sidarthan v. T.P. Praveena Chandran – (1996) 6 SCC 369 158K.L. Joher & Co. v. Deputy Commercial Tax Officer, Coimbatore – AIR 1965 SC 1082 100K.L. Patel v. Lalbhai Trikumlal Mills Ltd. – AIR 1958 SC 512 67K.M. Ibrahim v. K.P. Mohammad – AIR 2010 SC 276 173K.N. Beena v. Muniyappan – (2001) 8 SCC 458 167K.N. Govindan Kutty Menon v. C.D. Shaji – (2012) 2 SCC 51 173K.R. Indira v. Dr. G. Adinarayana – (2003) 8 SCC 300 157K.S. Mothilal v. K.S. Kasimaris Ceramique (P) Ltd. – (2004) 50 SCL 116 (Mad.) 223K.T. Shivaiah (Dr. ) v. Canara Bank – 1992 I CPJ 253 NC 194Kailash Nath Associates v. Delhi Development Authority (2015) 4 SCC 136 92Kalai Haldar v. Sheikh – 23 W.R. 217 16Kalinga Tubes Ltd. v. Shanti Prasad Jain – (1964) 1 Comp. L.J. 117 294Kalpavaruksha Charitable Trust v. Toshniwal Brothers (Bombay) Pvt. Ltd. – (2000) 1 SCC 512 184Kamla Sugar Mills Ltd. v. Ganga Bishen Bhajan Singh – AIR 1978 Mad. 178 41Kamlesh Kumar v. State of Bihar – (2014) 2 SCC 424 158Kanhaiya Lal Agrawal v. Union of India – AIR 2002 SC 2766 20Karam Chand Ganga Prasad v. Union of India – (1970) 3 SCC 694 169Karnataka Power Transmission Corpn. v. Ashok Iron Works Pvt. Ltd. – (2009) 3 SCC 240 181, 185Karsandas H. Thacker v. The Saran Engineering Co. Ltd. – AIR 1965 SC 1981 86Katta Sujatha (Smt.) v. Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore Ltd. – (2002) 7 SCC 655 161, 162Kaushalya Devi v. National Insulated Cable Co. of India Ltd. – (1977) Tax LR 1928 Del. 319Kaushalya Devi Massand v. Roopkishore Khore – (2011) 4 SCC 593 168Kedar Nath Behari Lal v. Shimbhu Nath Nandu Mal – 1926 (8) Lah. 198 83Kedarnath Bhattacharji v. Gorie Mahomed – 1887 ILR 14 Cal. 64 29, 33, 36Kerala Electrical v. Allied Engineering Co. Ltd. – AIR 1980 Ker. 151 66Kerala State Coop. Marketing Federation v. State Bank of India – (2004) 2 SCC 425 152Keshavlal Lallubhai Patel v. Lalbhai Trikumlal Mills – AIR 1958 SC 512 79Khwaja Muhammad Khan v. Hussaini Begam – 1910-32 All 410 30King’s Nortan Metal Co. v. Edridge Merrett & Co. – 1897 14 T.L.R. 98 59Kishore Kumar v. J.K. Corpn. Ltd. – (2004) 13 SCC 494 173Kishordebihari v. Mangobinda – (1934) 61 Cal. 841 31Kishorilal v. ESI Corpn. – AIR 2007 SC 1819 187Kolla Veera Raghav Rao v. Gorantla Venkateswara Rao – (2011) 2 SCC 703 168Kondoi Tea Co. Ltd. (Re:) – (1886) ILR 13 Cal. 43 222Kongaig Ananth Ram v. Telecom Dist. Engineer, Mahabub Nagar – 1992 I CPJ 247 NC 212Kreditbank Casel v. Schenkers Ltd. – 1927 1 KB 826 265Krell v. Henry – 1903 2 K.B. 740 71

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Krishna Exports v. Raju Das – (2004) 13 SCC 498 161Krishna Janardhan Bhat v. Dattatraya G. Hegde – (2008) 4 SCC 54 163Krishna Murgai v. Superintendence Company of India (P) Ltd. – AIR 1979 Delhi 232 64Krishna Texport and Capital Markets Ltd. v. Ila A. Agrawal – (2015) 8 SCC 28 170Kuju Collieries Ltd. v. Jharkhand Mines Ltd. – AIR 1974 SC 1892 73Kuldeep Singh Kalra v. Roshanlal Pal – 1993 II CPJ 170 NC 193Kumar Exports v. Sharma Carpets – AIR 2009 SC 1518 162, 167Kunwar Chiranjit Singh v. Har Swarup – AIR 1926 PC 1 93Kusum Ingots & Alloys Ltd. v. Pennar Peterson Securities Ltd. – (2000) 2 SCC 745 163Kusum Sharma v. Batra Hospital & Medical Research Centre – (2010) 3 SCC 480 186

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Satyanarayana Construction Co. v. Union of India – (2011) 15 SCC 101 82Saurabh Prakash v. DLF Universal Ltd. – (2007) 1 SCC 228 93Savani Road Lines v. Sundaram Textiles Ltd. – AIR 2001 SC 2630 181Savita Garg v. Director, National Heart Institute – (2004) 8 SCC 56 187Secretary, Consumer Guidance & Research Society of India v. B.P.L. India Ltd. – 1992 (1) CPJ 140 MC 182Secretary, Thirumurugan Co-operative Agricultural Credit Society v. M. Lalitha – AIR 2004 SC 448 189Selsdon Fountain Pen Co. Ltd. v. Miles Martin Pen Co. Ltd. – (1948) 65 RPC 365 352Seth Gokul Dass v. Murli – 1878 3 Cal. 602 60Sethani v. Bhanav – AIR 1993 SC 956 51Shailesh Harilal Shah v. Matushree Textiles Ltd. – AIR 1994 Bom. 20 293Shakun Overseas Ltd. v. National Insurance Co. Ltd. – 1992 I CPJ 144 NC 211Sham Lal Narula v. Commissioner of Income Tax – AIR 1964 SC 1878 88Shamshad Begum (Smt.) v. B. Mohammed – (2008) 13 SCC 77 165Shankar Finance & Investments v. State of Andhra Pradesh – AIR 2009 SC 422 163Shanti Budhiya Vesta Patel v. Nirmala Jayprakash Tiwari – AIR 2010 SC 2132 51Shanti Prasad Devi v. Shankar Mahto – AIR 2005 SC 2905 67Shaw Wallace & Co. Ltd. v. Nepal Food Corpn. – (2011) 15 SCC 56 109Sheffield etc. Society (Re:) – (1989) 22 Q.B.D. 470 222Shepherd v. Kain – 182 5 All 240 113Shin Satellite Public Co. Ltd. v. Jain Studios Ltd. – (2006) 2 SCC 628 44Shining Industries v. Shri Krishna Industries – AIR 1975 All 231 330, 331Shree Hanuman Cotton Mills v. Tata Aircraft Ltd. – AIR 1970 SC 1986 92Shri Ishar Alloy Steels Ltd. v. Jayaswals NECO Ltd. – (2001) 3 SCC 609 147, 156Shri Krishna v. Kurukshethra University, Kurukshetra – AIR 1976 SC 376 54Shrimankar Export (P) Ltd. v. Gajendra B. Vakharia – Criminal Petition No.903 of 1993 160Shrisht Dhavan v. Shaw Bros. – AIR 1992 SC 1555 57Shuppu Ammal v. Subramanyan – 1910 ILR 33 Mad. 238 31Siddheshwar Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana v. CIT, Kolhapur – AIR 2004 SC 4716 14, 16Sikkim Subba Association v. State of Sikkim – AIR 2001 SC 2062 80Simmons v. Swift – 1826-5B & C 857 118Sindhu v. Abraham – 1895 20 Bom. 755 32Sir Mohamed Yusuf v. S. of S. for India – 22 Bom. L.R. 872 20Sitaram v. Harihar – 1910-35 Bom. 169 38Sivakumar v. Natarajan – (2009) 13 SCC 623 159Sivaraman (B) v. Egmore Benefit Society Ltd. – (1992) 75 Comp. Cases 198 (Mad.) 292Sivashakthi Builders, Hyderabad v. A.P. State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission,

Hyderabad – AIR 2009 AP 84 212Skinner & Co. v. Perry – (1894) 11 RPC 406 352Skoda Auto India P. Ltd. v. Shri Pawankumar Mahabir Prashad Bhagaria – 2011 (4) All MRJ 63 210Skypak Couriers Ltd. v. Tata Chemicals Ltd. – (2000) 5 SCC 294 180, 190Smith v. Hughes – 1871 L.R.6 Q.B. 597 59Solvex Oils and Fertilizers v. Bhandari Cross-fields (P) Ltd. – (1978) 48 Comp. Cases 260 225Somnath Sarkar v. Utpal Basu Mallick – AIR 2014 SC 771 169Sonia Bhatia v. State of UP – AIR 1981 SC 1274 28Sonic Surgical v. National Insurance Co. Ltd. – (2010) 1 SCC 135 207South Eastern Coalfields Ltd. v. State of Madhya Pradesh – (2003) 8 SCC 648 131

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Special Machines Karnal v. Punjab National Bank – 1991 I CPJ 78 (NC) 211Spencer v. Harding – (1870) 5 C.P. 561 17, 19Spring Meadows Hospital v. Harjol Ahluwalia – (1998) 4 SCC 39 181Sr. Louie (Dr.) v. Kannolil Pathumma – 1993 I CPJ 30 NC 189Sramajibi Stores v. Union of India – AIR 1982 Del. 76 102Sri Kishan Rathi v. Mondal Brothers and Co. (P) Ltd. AIR 1967 Cal 75 265Sri Thimmaiah v. Shabira – AIR 2008 SC 1275 15Sridhar M.A. v. Metalloy N. Steel Corpn. – (2000) 1 SCC 397 160Standard Chartered Bank Ltd. v. B.N. Raman – AIR 2006 SC 2810 189Standard Chartered Bank v. Directorate of Enforcement – (2005) 4 SCC 530 163, 169State Authority of India Ltd. v. Gupta Brother Steel Tubes Ltd. – 2009 AIR SCW 7191 90State of Andhra Pradesh v. Kone Elevatore (India) Ltd. – (2005) 3 SCC 389 99State of Andhra Pradesh v. National Thermal Power Corporation – (2002) 5 SCC 203 185State of Gujarat (Commissioner of Sales Tax, Ahmedabad) v. Variety Body Builders – AIR 1976 SC 2108 98State of Haryana v. S.L. Arora and Company – AIR 2010 SC 1511 89State of Karnataka v. Vishwabharathi House Building Co-op. Society – (2003) 2 SCC 412 180State of Madras v. C.V. Parekh – (1970) 3 SCC 491 163State of Maharashtra v. Champalal – AIR 1971 SC 908 102State of Maharashtra v. Embee Corporation – (1997) 7 SCC 190 97State of Orissa v. Divisional Manager, LIC – AIR 1996 SC 2519 183State of Orissa v. Larsen & Toubro Ltd. – AIR 2005 Ori. 183 79State of UP v. Allied Constructions – AIR 2004 SC 586 70State of U.P. v. Chandra Gupta & Co. – AIR 1977 All. 28 91State of Uttaranchal v. Khurana Bros. – (2010) 14 SCC 334 99State Trading Corporation of India v. C.T.O. – 1963 (2) Comp. L.J. 234 221, 222Strikland v. Turner – 1852 7 Ex. 208 58Subhas Chandra Das Mushib v. Ganga Prosad Das Mushib – AIR 1967 SC 878 51Subodh S. Salaskar v. Jayprakash M. Shah – (2008) 13 SCC 689 165Sudhir Kumar Bhalla v. Jagdish Chand – (2008) 7 SCC 137 159, 168Sudhir Kumar Seal v. Asstt. Registrar of Companies, West Bengal – (1979) 49 Comp. Cas. 462 (Cal.) 291Suganthi Suresh Kumar v. Jagdeeshan – AIR 2002 SC 681 169Suman Sethi v. Ajay K. Churiwal – (2000) 2 SCC 380 161Sumatidevi M. Dhanwatay v. Union of India – (2004) 6 SCC 113 179Sumpter v. Hedges – 1898 1 Q.B. 672 88Sundaram Finance Ltd. v. The State of Kerala – AIR 1966 SC 1178 100Sunil Bharti Mittal v. Central Bureau of Investigation – (2015) 4 SCC 609 163Sunil Dev v. Delhi & District Cricket Association – (1994) 80 Comp. Cases 174 Del. 293, 303Sunrise Associates v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi – (2006) 5 SCC 603 12Surinder Kumar v. Escorts Ltd. – 1993 I CPJ 444 NC 183Sushil Devi v. Raj Sudha – 1991 CPJ 620 (Del.) 189Swastik Gases (P) Ltd. v. Indian Oil Corpn. Ltd. – (2013) 9 SCC 32 66Synco Industries v. State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur – AIR 2002 SC 568 212Synco Textiles Pvt. Ltd. v. Economic Transport Organisation – 1991 I CPJ 40 NC 211Synco Textiles Pvt. Ltd. v. Greaves Cotton & Co. Ltd. – 1991 (1) CPR 615 (NC) 182Syndicate Press of University of Cambridge v. Kasturi Lal & Sons (2006) 32 PTC 487 (Del) 360

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TT. Nagappa v. Y.R. Muralidhar – (2008) 5 SCC 633 167T. Vasanthakumar v. Vijayakumari – (2015) 8 SCC 378 167TDM Infrastructure (P) Ltd. v. UE Development India (P) Ltd. – (2008) 14 SCC 271 222T.N. Sethuraman v. Goa, Daman & Diu Indl. Dev. Corpn. – 1992 CPT 71 (NC) 182T.R. Pratt (Bombay) Ltd. v. E.D. Sassoon & Co. Ltd. AIR 1936 Bom. 62 265TRG Industries Pvt. Ltd. v. CHZK Dormash Services – AIR 2005 Del 139 107Tarsem Singh v. Sukhminder Singh – (1998) 3 SCC 471 58Tata Cellular v. Union of India – AIR 1996 SC 11 19Tata Consultancy Services v. State of Andhra Pradesh – (2005) 1 SCC 308 103Tata Industries Ltd. v. Grasim Industries Ltd. – AIR 2008 SC 2970 80Taylor v. Laird – 25 L.J. Ex. 329 17Temescal Metallurgical Corporation's Appln. – (1964) RPC (1) 339Thawardas Pherumal v. Union of India – AIR 1955 SC 468 89Thiriveedhi Channaiah v. Gudipudi Venkata Subba Rao – AIR 2007 SC 2439 72Thiru R. Gandhi v. Union of India – (2004) 52 SCL 79 (Mad.) 218Thiruvalluvar Transport Corporation v. Consumer Protection Council – AIR 1995 SC 1384 188Thomas v. Thomas – 1842-2QB 85 28Thomson Brandt v. Controller of Patents and Designs – AIR 1989 Del. 249 330Timblo Innaos Ltd., Margao v. Forge Anibal Matos Sequeira – AIR 1977 SC 734 83Topline Shoes Ltd. v. Corporation Bank – AIR 2002 SC 2487 200Trai Foods Ltd. v. National Insurance Co. – (2004) 13 SCC 656 212Trans Mediterranean Airways v. Universal Exports – (2011) 10 SCC 316 178, 180Transport Corporation of India Ltd. v. Veljan Hydrair Ltd. – (2007) 3 SCC 142 188, 212Travancore Rubber & Tea Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Trivandrum – (2000) 3 SCC 715 98Trimex International FZE Ltd. v. Vedanta Aluminium Ltd. – (2010) 3 SCC 1 24Trojan & Co. v. Rm.N.N. Nagappa Chettiar – AIR 1953 SC 235 83, 89Tubes Ld. v. Perfecta Seamless Steel Tube Co. Ld. – (1903) 20 RPC 77 334Tweddle v. Atkinson – 1861-1 B & C 393 30

UU.P. Avas Evam Vikas Parishad v. Om Prakash Sharma – (2013) 5 SCC 182 18U.P. Cooperative Cane Unions Federations v. West U.P. Sugar Mills Association – (2004) 5 SCC 430 101U.P. Rajkiya Nirman Nigam Ltd. v. Indure Pvt. Ltd. – AIR 1956 SC 1873 21U.T. Chandigarh Administration v. Amarjeet Singh (2009) 4 SCC 660 188Ultra Tech Cement Ltd. v. Rakesh Kumar Singh – (2015) 13 SCC 102 166Underwood v. B.C. Brick and Cement Syndicate – 1912-1 K.B. 343 118Union Bank of India v. Sales Tax Officer, Enforcement Branch Greater Bombay – 1979 49 Comp. Cas. 615 143Union Bank of India v. Seppo Rally Oy – (1999) 8 SCC 357 195Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India – AIR 1992 SC 248 40, 44, 79Union of India v. Aman Dahiya – 1993 I CPJ 13 NC 194Union of India v. B.S. Sidhu (Dr.) – 1992 I CPJ 208 NC 211Union of India v. C. Damani – AIR 1980 SC 1149 70Union of India v. Chaman Lal Loona & Co. – AIR 1957 SC 652 13, 36Union of India v. Jolly Steel Industries P. Ltd. – AIR 1980 SC 1346 83Union of India v. K. Rao – AIR 1976 SC 626 129Union of India v. Ladulal – AIR 1963 SC 168 199

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Union of India v. Priyankan Sharan – AIR 2009 SC (Supp.) 972 91Union of India v. S.S.H. Syndicate – AIR 1976 SC 879 11Union of India v. Sarkaria & Jaswant Singh – AIR 1977 SC 1537 99Union of India v. Satya Bhama Thakur (Dr.) (Mrs.) – 1991 I CPJ 31 NC 194Uniplas India Ltd. v. State (Govt. of NCT of Delhi) – (2001) 6 SCC 8 157, 159United Credit Ltd., Calcutta v. Agro Sales India – (2001) 10 SCC 763 160United Horse-Shoe & Nail Co. Ltd. v. John Stewart & Co. – (1888) 5 RPC 260 (HL) 351United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Harchand Rai Chandan Lal – AIR 2004 SC 4794 15United India Ins. Co. Ltd. v. Mohanlal & Sons – 1992 I CPR 364 NC 204Unity Company P. Ltd. v. Diamond Sugar Mills – (1970) 2 Comp. L.J. 64 Cal. 319Upton Rural District Council v. Powell – 1942-1 All ER-220 17Usha Beltron Ltd. v. State of Punjab – (2005) 7 SCC 58 117

VV. Raja Kumari v. P. Subbarama Naidu – (2004) 8 SCC 774 160V.B. Mohammed Ibrahim v. Alfred Schafranek – AIR 1960 Mys. 173 331V.M. Aggarwal v. Byford Leasing Ltd. – 1992 CPJ 29 (Del.) 182V.R. Sudhakara Rao v. T.V. Kameswari – (2007) 6 SCC 650 67Varkey Souriar v. Keraleeya Banking Co. Ltd. AIR 1957 Ker. 97 263, 265Vasantha Viswanathan v. V.K. Elayalwar – AIR 2001 SC 3367 89, 117Veera Exports v. T. Kalavathy – AIR 2002 SC 38 157Victoria Laundry Ltd. v. Newman Industries Ltd. – 1949 2 K.B. 528 85Videocon Properties Ltd. v. Bhalchandra Laboratories – AIR 2004 SC 1787 93Vijay v. Laxman – JT 2013 (2) SC 562; (2013) 3 SCC 86 159Vijay D. Salvi v. State of Maharashtra – (2007) 5 SCC 741 170Vijayan v. Sadanandan K. – (2009) 6 SCC 652 170Villayati Ram Mittal (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Union of India – AIR 2011 SC 301 19Vimal Chand Grover v. Bank of India – AIR 2000 SC 2181 188Vimlesh Kumari Kulsherestha v. Sambhajirao – AIR 2009 SC 806 67Vinay Devanna Nayak v. Ryot Seva Sahakari Bank Ltd. – AIR 2008 SC 716 173Vinita S. Rao v. Essen Corporate Services Pvt. Ltd. – (2015) 1 SCC 527 164Vinod Tanna v. Zaheer Siddiqui – (2002) 7 SCC 541 168Vodafone Essar Cellular Ltd. v. Asstt. CIT – (2010) Tax LR 618 (Ker) 103

WWamanlal v. Scindia Steam Navigation Co. – AIR 1944 Bom. 131 256Ward v. Hobbs – 1878 4 App. Cas 13 115West Bengal Electricity Board v. Peter Engineering Co. Ltd. – AIR 2000 SC 682 19Westosen v. Olathe State Bank – 1925-78 Colo 217 82White v. South Derbyshire District Council (2013) P.T.S.R. 536 90 269Wiffen v. Roberts – 1795 1 ESP. 262 144Windsurfing International Inc. v. Tabur Marine (Great Britain) Ltd. (1985) RPC 59 (CA) 343

YYogendra Pratap Singh v. Savitri Pandey – AIR 2012 SC 2508; on reference (2014) 10 SCC 713 165Yogesh Mehta v. Custodian Appointed under the Special Court – (2007) 2 SCC 624 92Young Achievers v. IMS Learning Resources (P) Ltd. – (2013) 10 SCC 535 78

TABLE OF CASES

AA. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar (Dr.) v. Life Insurance Corp. of India – AIR 1963 SC 1185 249, 268, 270A. Sathyanarayana v. C. Nagaraj – 2000 (4) All MR (Journal) 15 Kar (HC) 160A.B.C. Luminarit Pvt. Ltd. v. A.P. Agencies – AIR 1989 SC 1239 66A.C. Ananthaswamy v. Boraiah – (2004) 8 SCC 588 54A.C. Narayanan v. State of Maharashtra – AIR 2014 SC 630 164A.K. Singhania v. Gujarat State Fertilizer Co. Ltd. – (2013) 16 SCC 630 161A.K. Srinivasa Naidu v. Jayarama Reddiar – AIR 1977 Mad. 56 131A.P. State Electricity Board v. A.P. State Electricity Consumer Association – 1992 CPJ 148 (NC) 204AT Brij Paul Singh & Bros. v. State of Gujarat – AIR 1984 SC 1703 83A.V. Murthy v. B.S. Nagabasavanna – AIR 2002 SC 985 167Afsar MM Tacki v. Dharamsey Tricamdas – AIR 1947 BOM 98 72Afser Shaikh v. Soleman Bibi – AIR 1976 SC 163 52Agarwal Dyeing Industries v. Rajasthan Financial Corporation – 1991 (2) CPJ 341 (Raj.) 211Agricultural Market Committee v. Shalimar Chemical Works Ltd. – AIR 1997 SC 2502 117Air India v. Suganda Ravi Mashelkar – 1993 I CPJ 63 NC 204Alice v. Clark – 1905 27 ALL. 266 40Allied Motors v. Sanderson Agencies – AIR 1992 Del. 324 89Alsop’s Patent – (1907) 24 RPC 733 327Alva Aluminium Ltd. v. Gabriel India Ltd. – (2011) 1 SCC 167 49Amiraju v. Seshama – 1918-41 Mad. 38 49Anand Behari Lal v. Dinshaw & Co. – AIR 1942 Oudh 417 265Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation v. Pampa Hotels Ltd. – AIR 2010 SC 1806 10Angile Insulations v. Davy Ashmore India Ltd. – AIR 1995 SC 1766 66Aneeta Hada v. Godfather Travels & Tours Pvt. Ltd. – (2012) 5 SCC 661 163Anil Gupta v. Star India Pvt. Ltd. – (2014) 10 SCC 373 162Anil Hada v. Indian Acrylic Ltd. – (2000) 1 SCC 1 162Anil Kumar Goel v. Kishan Chand Kaura – AIR 2008 SC 899 160Anil Kumar Haritwal v. Alka Gupta – (2004) 4 SCC 366 173Anil Kumar Sawhney v. Gulshan Rai – (1993) 4 SCC 424 156Anil Kumar Srivastava v. State of Uttar Pradesh – AIR 2004 SC 4299 19Anita Malhotra v. Apparel Export Promotion Council – (2012) 1 SCC 520 162Anup Sarmah v. Bhola Nath Sharma – JT 2012 (11) SC 79 101Aparna A. Shah v. Sheth Developers Pvt. Ltd. – (2013) 8 SCC 71 156, 158Archana M. Kamat v. Canara Bank – AIR 2003 SC 1694 195Arvind Mills Ltd. v. Associated Railways – AIR 2004 SC 5147 200Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co. Ltd. v. Riche – 1875 LR 7 HL 653 256, 261, 267Ashok Tanwar v. State of H.P. – AIR 2005 SC 614 205Ashok Yeshwant Badave v. Surendra Madhavrao Nighojakar – AIR 2001 SC 1315 156Association of Leasing & Financial Service Companies v. Union of India – (2011) 2 SCC 352 98Atamal Ramoomal v. Deepchand Kessarmal – AIR 139 Sind 33 39Attorney General v. Great Eastern Railway Co. (1880) 5 AC 473 269Attorney General of Australia v. Adelaide S.S Co. – 1913 A.C. 724 63Attwood v. Lamont – 1928 3 K.B. 571 64

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Atul Mathur v. Atul Kalra – (1989) 4 SCC 514 164Atul Products Ltd. v. Dipak Kumar Jayantilal Shah (1997) 88 Comp. Cases 876 Guj. 317Avery v. Bowden – 1855-51 & B 714 75Avtar Singh v. State of Punjab – AIR 1965 SC 666 103

BB. Arvind Kumar v. Government of India – (2007) 5 SCC 745 132B. Bhimayya v. Govt. of A.P. – AIR 1961 SC 1065 103B.C. Seshadri v. B.N. Suryanarayana Rao – (2004) 11 SCC 510 173B.G. Kedia v. G. Purshottamdas & Co. – AIR 1966 SC 543 22B.O.I. Finance Ltd. v. The Custodian – AIR 1997 SC 1952 2BSI Ltd. v. Gift Holdings (P) Ltd. – AIR 2000 SC 926 163BSNL v. BPL Mobile Cellular Ltd. – (2008) 13 SCC 597 78BSNL v. Reliance Communication Ltd. – (2011) 1 SCC 394 90B.T. Trading Co. v. Commr., Sales Tax, M.P. – AIR 1967 SC 1348 111Bacha F. Guzdar v. Commissioner of Income Tax – AIR 1955 SC 74 273Badri Prasad v. State of Madhya Pradesh – AIR 1970 SC 706 9, 20Bai Vijli v. Nansa Nagar – 1885 10 Bom. 152 40Baku Consolidated Oilfields Ltd. (Re:) – (1944) 1 ALL ER 24 256Bal Mukund v. Munna Lal Ramji Lal – AIR 1970 Punj. 516 137Balaraman R. v. Buckingham and Carnatic Company Ltd. – (1969) 1 Comp. L.J. 81 (CLB) 272Baldry v. Marshal – 1925 2 K.B. 260 115Balfour v. Balfour – 1919 2 K.B. 571 17Ballapraguda v. Thummana – 1977-41 Mad. 701 38Balmer Lawrie & Co. Ltd. v. Partha Sarathi Sen Roy – (2013) 8 SCC 345 44Bangalore Development Authority v. Syndicate Bank – (2007) 6 SCC 711 186Bank of India v. Mukesh Kumar Shukla (Dr.) – 1993 I CPJ 41 195Bareilly Development Authority v. Ajay Pal Singh – AIR 1989 SC 1076 21Bartle v. Home Owners Co-op. 309 N.Y. 103, 106 243Bell Houses Ltd. v. City Wall Properties Ltd. (1966) 36 Comp. Cases 779 (CA) 269Bellachi v. Pakeeran – AIR 2009 SC 3293 51Benabo v. Jay (William) and Partners Ltd. – (1942) 12 Com. Cases 92 253Berar Trading Co. Ltd. v. Gajanan Gopal Rao Dixit – (1972) 42 Comp. Cases 48 Bom. 301Berkey v. Third Ave. Ry. Co. 244 N.Y. 84, 95 243Bhagat Ram Batra v. Union of India – AIR 1976 SC 2128 21Bhagwandas Goverdhandas Kedia v. Girdharlal Purshottamdas & Co. – AIR 1966 SC 543 27Bhagwati Developers Ltd. v. Peerless General Finance & Investment Co. – (2013) 4 LW 661 308Bhagwati Prasad Pawan Kumar v. Union of India – AIR 2006 SC 2331 79Bharat & Co. v. Trade Tax Officer – (2005) 6 SCC 796 103, 104Bharat Electronics Ltd. v. American Export Isbrandsen Lines, Inco, Madras – AIR 1979 Mad. 267 58Bharat Petroleum Corpn. Ltd. v. Great Eastern Shipping Co. Ltd. – AIR 2008 SC 357 23Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. v. BPL Mobile Cellular Ltd. – AIR 2009 SC (Supp) 1005 65Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. v. Union of India – AIR 2006 SC 1383, (2006) 3 SCC 1 97, 103Bharat Tractors v. Sri Ram Chandra – 1991 CPJ 152 (NC) 204Bharati Airtel Ltd. v. State of Karnataka [(2007) 7 VST 505 Karn. 103Bhaurao Dagdu Paralkar v. State of Maharashtra – (2005) 7 SCC 605 54Bhubaneshwar Development Authority v. Susanta Kumar Mishra – (2009) 4 SCC 684 212

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Bhutoria Trading Co. Ltd. v. Allahabad Bank Ltd. – AIR 1977 Cal. 363 143Bihar School Examination Board v. Suresh Prasad Sinha – (2009) 8 SCC 483 188Bihar State Electricity Board v. UMI Special Steels Ltd. – (2000) 8 SCC 560 73Bihta Co-op. Development & Cane Marketing Union Ltd. v. Bank of Bihar – AIR 1967 SC 389 154Bijay Krishna Paramount v. Kali Chavan Mandal – AIR 1978 Cal. 153 81Bilakchand Gyanchand Co. v. A. Chinnaswami – (1999) 5 SCC 693 160Birmingham Sound Reproducers Ld. v. Collaro Ld. – (1956) RPC 232 (CA) 350Bismillah v. Janeshwar Prasad – AIR 1990 SC 540 59Bishwanath Prasad Radhey Shyam v. Hindustan Metal Industries – AIR 1982 SC 1444 327, 343, 353Board of Trustees of the Port of Calcutta v. Bengal Corporation Pvt. Ltd. – AIR 1979 Cal. 142 116, 130Bombay Agarwal Co. v. Ramchand Diwanchand – AIR 1953 Nag. 154 329, 330Bombay Dyeing and Mfg. Co. Ltd. v. State of Bombay – AIR 1958 SC 328 35Bombay Housing Board v. Karbhase Nath and Co. – AIR 1975 SC 763 83Braham Dutt Aggarwal v. San Tubes – (2004) 13 SCC 731 184Brahmaputra Tea Co. Ltd. v. Scarth – 1885 11 Cal. 545 64Bratindranath Banerjee, Director, Standard Chartered Bank v. Hiten P. Dalal – 1994 (4) BCR 237 (Bom.) 164Bridgestone India Pvt. Ltd. v. Inderpal Singh – (2016) 2 SCC 75 166Brij Pal Sharma v. Ghaziabad Development Authority – (2005) 7 SCC 106 194Brij Lal v. Jugal Kishore – 1995 (2) Crimes 636 (Bom) 164Birmingham Sound Reproducers Ld. v. Collaro Ld. (1956) RPC 232 (CA) 344Bristol-Myers Co. (Johnson’s) Appln. – (1975) RPC 127 349Bristol Transways Co. v. Fiat Motors Ltd. – 1910 2 K.B. 831 114Britannia Industries Ltd. v. Punjab National Bank – (2013) 10 SCC 642 140Brogden v. Metropolitan Railway Co. – 1877 2 A.C. 666 22Brone v. Morris – 1834 2 Cr. Q.M. 579 143Buddhist Mission Dental College & Hospital v. Bhupesh Khurana – (2009) 4 SCC 484 191Build India Construction System v. Union of India – AIR 2002 SC 2437 78Bullion and Grain Exchange Ltd. v. State of Punjab – AIR 1961 SC 268 69Byford v. S.S. Srivastava – 1993 (II) CPR 83 NC 182Byrne & Co. v. Ven Fienhoven – 1880 5 C.P.D. 344 26

CC. Seetharamaiah v. Atmuri Dhananjaya Rao & Co. – AIR 2002 AP 381 120C. Van der Lely N.V. v. Bamfords Ltd. – (1963) RPC 61 (HL) 350C. Van der Lely N.V. v. Ruston’s Engineering – (1985) RPC 461 333C. Venkatachalam v. Ajitkumar C. Shah – (2011) 9 SCC 707 180, 189C.C. Alavi Haji v. Palapetty Muhammed – (2007) 6 SCC 555 160CCE v. Fiat India (P) Ltd. – (2012) 9 SCC 332 28CCI Chambers Co-op. Housing Society Ltd. v. D.C. Bank Ltd. – AIR 2004 SC 184 211CDS Financial Services (Mauritius) Limited v. BPL Communications Ltd. – (2004) 121 Comp. Cas. 374 244C.K. Kannan v. Sri Srinivasa Cotton Corporation – (2004) 119 Comp. Cas. 661 (AP) 170C.N. Anantharam v. Fiat India Ltd. – (2011) 1 SCC 460 115C.V. Enterprises v. Braithwaite & Co. Ltd. – AIR 1984 Cal. 306 11C.V. Jasani v. M. Parashram – AIR 1954 SC 236 18C.Y. Mehta v. Century Spg. and Mfg. Co. Ltd. – AIR 1962 SC 1314 91Canara Bank v. Standard Chartered Bank – AIR 2002 SC 132 40Canbank Financial Services Ltd. v. Custodian – (2004) 8 SCC 355 97

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Cannon K.K.’s Appln. – (1980) RPC 133 339Carew Co. Ltd. v. North Bengal etc. – 6 DLF Cal. 75 62Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. – 1893 1Q. B. 256 23Carona Sahu and Co. Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra – AIR 1966 SC 1153 111Central Bank of India v. Saxons Farms – (1999) 8 SCC 221 160Central Bank, Yeotmal Ltd. v. Vyankatesh – AIR 1949 Nag. 286 25Central National Bank Ltd. v. United Industrial Bank Ltd. – AIR 1954 SC 181 49Chacko v. Mahadevan – AIR 2007 SC 2967 47Champlin v. Hicks – 1911 2 KB 786 85Chandra Shekhar v. Gopi Nath – AIR 1963 All 248 67Chandra Sreenivasa Rao v. Korrpati Raju Rama Mohan Rao – AIR 1952 Mad. 579 37Charan Singh v. Healing Touch Hospital – (2000) 7 SCC 668 180Charanjit Singh Cheda v. Sudhir Mehra – AIR 2001 SC 3721 41Charlesworth v. MacDonald – 1898-23 Bom. 103 64Chief Administrator, PUDA v. Shabnam Virk – AIR 2006 SC 1758 21Chief Engineer, MSEB v. Suresh Raghunath Bhokare – (2005) 10 SCC 465 54Chinnaya v. Ramaya – 1882 4 Mad. 137 29Chowringhee Sales Bureau (P) Ltd. v. CIT West Bengal – AIR 1973 SC 376 109, 132Chunilal Khushaldash Patel v. H.K. Adhyaru AIR 1956 SC 655 317Cipla Ltd. v. Union of India – (2012) 13 SCC 429 345CIT v. Gopal Textiles Ltd. – AIR 1961 SC 426 103, 104CIT v. Mastek Ltd. – (2010) 13 SCC 58 147CITI Bank N.A. v. Standard Chartered Bank – AIR 2003 SC 4630 78Claude-Lila Parulekar (Smt.) v. Sakal Papers (P) Ltd. – (2005) 11 SCC 73 101, 261, 294Clark v. Adie – (1877) 2 AC 315 350Clay v. Yates – 1856 25 L.J. Ex. 237 88Cohen v. Wiklie – 16. C.W.N. 534 64Col. D.I. Macpherson v. M.N. Appanna – AIR 1951(38) SC 184 18Commissioner of Customs & Excise v. Maruti Udyog Ltd. – (2002) 3 SCC 547 102Commissioner of Customs, Kolkata v. Grand Prime Ltd. – (2003) 5 SCC 762 116Commr. of Income Tax, Delhi v. P.M. Rathod & Co. – AIR 1959 SC 1394 127Commr. of Income Tax, Madras v. Mysore Chromite Ltd. – AIR 1955 SC 98 119Commr. Officer, Telecom v. Bihar State Warehousing – 1991 CPJ 42 194Commr. of Sales Tax, Nagpur v. H. Adamji & Co. – AIR 1959 SC 887 119Consolidated Coffee Ltd. v. MSP Exports (P) Ltd. – AIR 1980 SC 1468 97Consumer Unity and Trust Society v. State of Rajasthan – 1991 CPR-241 (NC) 184Contship Container Lines Ltd. v. D.K. Lall – AIR 2010 SC 1704 110Cousins v. International Brick Co. Ltd. – (1931) 2 Ch. 90 295Couturier v. Hastie – 1856 6 H.L.C. 673 58, 60Crane v. Price – 1 Webster PC 393 327Credential Finance Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra – 2000 (3) BOM L.R. 218 150Credential Finance Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra – 1998 (3) Bom. LR 591 164Cundy v. Lindsay – 1878 3 App. Cas. 459 49, 59Curric v. Misa – 1875 L.R. 10 Ex. 162 28

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EEastern Countries Railway Co. v. Hawk – 1855-5 H.L.C. 331 256Eastern Countries Railway Co. v. Hawk – 1865 10 E.R. 928 268Econ Antri Ltd. v. Rom Industries Ltd. – JT 2013 (11) SC 582 165Economic Transport Organisation v. Dharwad Dist. Khadi Gramudyog Sangh – (2000) 5 SCC 78 191Elphick v. Barnes – 1880 5 CPD 321 105Eraser & Co. v. The Bombay Ice Manufacturing Co. – 1904 29 Bom. 107 63Escorts JCB Ltd. v. Commr. of Central Excise – (2003) 1 SCC 281 109Ethiopian Airlines v. Ganesh Narayan Saboo – (2011) 8 SCC 539 179

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GG. (Mr. ) a Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court – AIR 1954 SC 557 42G. Sagar Suri v. State of Uttar Pradesh – AIR 2000 SC 754 168Gallagher v. Germany Brewing Co. – (1893) 53 Minn. 214 243Galloway v. Galloway – 1914 30 T.L.R. 531 60Ganga Saran v. Firm Ram Charan Ram Gopal – AIR (39) 1952 SC 9 72Ganga Singh v. Santosh Kumar – AIR 1963 All 201 72Gangadeep Pratisthan Pvt. Ltd. v. Mechano – AIR 2005 SC 1958 50Gangaram v. Devida – 1907 Punj. 61 43Garrison v. Perrin – 1857 2 C.B.N.S. 681 107Gaurinath Mookherji v. Madhumani Pashakar – 1872 9 B.L.R. App. 37 40Gay v. Rooke – 21 AM St. Rep. 434 137Gen. Manager, Southern Railway, Madras v. N. Prabhakaram – 1992 I CPJ 323 NC 194General Manager, Telecom v. M. Krishnan – AIR 2010 SC 90; (2009) 8 SCC 481 188, 211Ghaziabad Development Authority v. Balbir Singh – (2004) 5 SCC 65 187, 194Ghaziabad Development Authority v. Union of India – AIR 2000 SC 2003; (2000) 6 SCC 113 20, 84Gherulal v. Mahadeodas – AIR 1959 SC 781 39, 70Gian Kaur (Smt.) v. State of Punjab – 1996 AIR SCW 1336 50Gillette Industries Ltd. v. Yeshwant Brothers – AIR 1938 Bom. 347 350Girja Prasad Sharma v. Sardarlabh Singh – AIR 1977 Pat. 241 131Glaxo Group Ltd.’s Appln. – (1968) RPC 473 332Goa Plast (P) Ltd. v. Chico Ursula D’Souza – AIR 2004 SC 408 159, 168Godrej Soaps v. Hindustan Lever – (1994) IPLR 60 Cal. 353Gokeda Latcharao v. Vishwanathan Bhimayya – AIR 1956 Andhra 182 45Gopalakrishna Pillai v. K.M. Mani – AIR 1984 SC 216 97, 112

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Grant v. Australian Knitting Mills – (1936) 70 MLJ 513 114, 115Great Offshore Ltd. v. Iranian Offshore Engg. & Construction Co. – (2008) 14 SCC 240 24Green Earth Asphalt & Power (P) Ltd. v. State of Maharashtra – (2008) 8 SCC 278 161Gujarat Bottling Co. Ltd. v. Coca Cola Company – AIR 1995 SC 2372 62, 65Gunmala Sales Private Ltd. v. Anu Mehta – (2015) 1 SCC 103 161Gurcharan Singh v. Allied Motors Ltd. – (2005) 10 SCC 626 165Gurumukh Singh v. Amar Singh – AIR 1991 SCW 814 43

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Hyde v. Wench – 5 Beav 334 18Hyderabad Engineering Industries v. State of Andhra Pradesh – (2011) 4 SCC 705 99Hyderabad (Sind) Electric Supply Co. v. Union of India – AIR 1959 Punj. 199 223

IICDS Ltd. v. Beena Shabeer – (2002) 6 SCC 426 163Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Appln. – (1969) RPC 574 332Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. (Re:) – (1938) 8 Comp. Cases 181 299Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. v. Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trademark – AIR 1978 Cal. 77 327Indersingh v. Parmeshwar Singh – AIR 1957 Pat. 49 47India Thermal Power Ltd. v. State of M. P. – (2000) 3 SCC 379 14Indian Airlines v. Rajeshkumar Upadhyay – 1991 I CPJ 206 204Indian Bank v. Satyam Fibres (India) RA Ltd. – AIR 1996 SC 2592 203Indian Bank Association v. Union of India – (2014) 5 SCC 590 171Indian Financial Association of 7th Day Adventists v. M. A. Unneerikutty – (2006) 6 SCC 351 38Indian Hume Pipe Co. Ltd. v. Vendra Venkanna – AIR 1963 AP 58 350, 352Indian Medical Association v. V.P. Shantha – AIR 1996 SC 550 186, 188Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. v. SPS Engineering Ltd. – AIR 2011 SC 987 83Indo Automobiles v. Jai Durga Enterprises – (2008) 8 SCC 529 160Indochem Electronic v. Addl. Collector of Customs, A.P. – (2006) 3 SCC 721 113Indus Airways Pvt. Ltd. v. Magnum Aviation Pvt. Ltd. – (2014) 12 SCC 539 158Indra Kumar Patodia v. Reliance Industries Ltd. – AIR 2013 SC 426 165INS Malhotra v. A. Kripalani (Dr.) II (2009) CPJ 18 SC 186International Aircraft Trading Co. v. Manufacturers Trust Co. 297 N.Y. 285, 292 243Iridium India Telecom Ltd. v. Motorola Incorporated – (2011) 1 SCC 74 163

JJ.D. Sharma v. Maruti Udyog Ltd. – 1991 CPR 436 192JIK Industries Ltd. v. Amarlal V. Jumani – (2012) 3 SCC 255 173J.J. Merchant (Dr.) v. Shrinath Chaturvedi – AIR 2002 SC 2931 178J.V. Baharuni v. State of Gujarat – (2014) 10 SCC 494 171J.V. Gokal & Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. v. The A.C. Sales Tax Inspection – AIR 1960 SC 595 103Jackson v. Rotex Motor and Cycle Co. – 1910 2 K.B. 116Jacob Mathew v. State of Punjab – (2005) 6 SCC 1 186Jahangir R. Modi v. Shamji Ladha (1866-67) 4 Bom. HCR 185 268Jai Narain Parasrampuria (Dead) v. Pushpa Devi Saraf – (2006) 7 SCC 756 244Jaikishan Dass Mull v. Luchhiminarain Kanoria – AIR 1974 SC 1579 10Janki Vashdeo Bhojwani v. Indusind Bank Ltd. – (2004) 3 SCC 584 163Jayantilal Investment v. Madhuvihar Co-operative Housing Society Ltd. – AIR 2007 SC 1011 10Jhandoo Mal Jagan Nath v. Phulchand Feteh Chand – 1924 Lah. 5 497 75Jindal Steel and Power Ltd. v. Ashoka Alloy Steel Ltd. – (2006) 9 SCC 340 165Jivanlal (Dr.) v. Brij Mohan Mehra – AIR 1973 SC 559 21John Walkovszky v. William Carlton 18 N.Y.2d 414 (1966) 243Johnson’s Patent – (1938) 55 RPC (4) 337Joseph John Peter Sandy v. Veronica Thomas Rajkumar – (2013) 3 SCC 801 51Jugesh Sehgal v. Shamsher Singh Gogi – (2009) 14 SCC 683 156

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KK. Balakrishnan v. K. Kamalam – AIR 2004 SC 1257 47K. Bhaskaran v. Sankaran Vaidhyan Balan – (1999) 7 SCC 510 157, 169K. Narendra v. Riviera Apartments (P) Ltd. – (1999) 5 SCC 77 77K. Prakashan v. P. K. Surendran – (2008) 1 SCC 258 167K. Sagar v. A. Bal Reddy – AIR 2008 SC 2568 207K.C. Skaria v. Govt. of State of Kerala – AIR 2006 SC 811 92K.J.B.L. Rama Reddy v. Annapurna Seeds – (2005) 10 SCC 632 173K.K. Ahuja v. V.K. Vora – (2009) 10 SCC 48 161, 162K.K. Sidarthan v. T.P. Praveena Chandran – (1996) 6 SCC 369 158K.L. Joher & Co. v. Deputy Commercial Tax Officer, Coimbatore – AIR 1965 SC 1082 100K.L. Patel v. Lalbhai Trikumlal Mills Ltd. – AIR 1958 SC 512 67K.M. Ibrahim v. K.P. Mohammad – AIR 2010 SC 276 173K.N. Beena v. Muniyappan – (2001) 8 SCC 458 167K.N. Govindan Kutty Menon v. C.D. Shaji – (2012) 2 SCC 51 173K.R. Indira v. Dr. G. Adinarayana – (2003) 8 SCC 300 157K.S. Mothilal v. K.S. Kasimaris Ceramique (P) Ltd. – (2004) 50 SCL 116 (Mad.) 223K.T. Shivaiah (Dr. ) v. Canara Bank – 1992 I CPJ 253 NC 194Kailash Nath Associates v. Delhi Development Authority (2015) 4 SCC 136 92Kalai Haldar v. Sheikh – 23 W.R. 217 16Kalinga Tubes Ltd. v. Shanti Prasad Jain – (1964) 1 Comp. L.J. 117 294Kalpavaruksha Charitable Trust v. Toshniwal Brothers (Bombay) Pvt. Ltd. – (2000) 1 SCC 512 184Kamla Sugar Mills Ltd. v. Ganga Bishen Bhajan Singh – AIR 1978 Mad. 178 41Kamlesh Kumar v. State of Bihar – (2014) 2 SCC 424 158Kanhaiya Lal Agrawal v. Union of India – AIR 2002 SC 2766 20Karam Chand Ganga Prasad v. Union of India – (1970) 3 SCC 694 169Karnataka Power Transmission Corpn. v. Ashok Iron Works Pvt. Ltd. – (2009) 3 SCC 240 181, 185Karsandas H. Thacker v. The Saran Engineering Co. Ltd. – AIR 1965 SC 1981 86Katta Sujatha (Smt.) v. Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore Ltd. – (2002) 7 SCC 655 161, 162Kaushalya Devi v. National Insulated Cable Co. of India Ltd. – (1977) Tax LR 1928 Del. 319Kaushalya Devi Massand v. Roopkishore Khore – (2011) 4 SCC 593 168Kedar Nath Behari Lal v. Shimbhu Nath Nandu Mal – 1926 (8) Lah. 198 83Kedarnath Bhattacharji v. Gorie Mahomed – 1887 ILR 14 Cal. 64 29, 33, 36Kerala Electrical v. Allied Engineering Co. Ltd. – AIR 1980 Ker. 151 66Kerala State Coop. Marketing Federation v. State Bank of India – (2004) 2 SCC 425 152Keshavlal Lallubhai Patel v. Lalbhai Trikumlal Mills – AIR 1958 SC 512 79Khwaja Muhammad Khan v. Hussaini Begam – 1910-32 All 410 30King’s Nortan Metal Co. v. Edridge Merrett & Co. – 1897 14 T.L.R. 98 59Kishore Kumar v. J.K. Corpn. Ltd. – (2004) 13 SCC 494 173Kishordebihari v. Mangobinda – (1934) 61 Cal. 841 31Kishorilal v. ESI Corpn. – AIR 2007 SC 1819 187Kolla Veera Raghav Rao v. Gorantla Venkateswara Rao – (2011) 2 SCC 703 168Kondoi Tea Co. Ltd. (Re:) – (1886) ILR 13 Cal. 43 222Kongaig Ananth Ram v. Telecom Dist. Engineer, Mahabub Nagar – 1992 I CPJ 247 NC 212Kreditbank Casel v. Schenkers Ltd. – 1927 1 KB 826 265Krell v. Henry – 1903 2 K.B. 740 71

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Krishna Exports v. Raju Das – (2004) 13 SCC 498 161Krishna Janardhan Bhat v. Dattatraya G. Hegde – (2008) 4 SCC 54 163Krishna Murgai v. Superintendence Company of India (P) Ltd. – AIR 1979 Delhi 232 64Krishna Texport and Capital Markets Ltd. v. Ila A. Agrawal – (2015) 8 SCC 28 170Kuju Collieries Ltd. v. Jharkhand Mines Ltd. – AIR 1974 SC 1892 73Kuldeep Singh Kalra v. Roshanlal Pal – 1993 II CPJ 170 NC 193Kumar Exports v. Sharma Carpets – AIR 2009 SC 1518 162, 167Kunwar Chiranjit Singh v. Har Swarup – AIR 1926 PC 1 93Kusum Ingots & Alloys Ltd. v. Pennar Peterson Securities Ltd. – (2000) 2 SCC 745 163Kusum Sharma v. Batra Hospital & Medical Research Centre – (2010) 3 SCC 480 186

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MM. Arul Jothi v. Lajja Bal – AIR 2000 SC 1122 8M. Golodetz v. Serajuddin – 63 C.W.N. 128 67M. Krishnan v. Vijay Singh – AIR 2001 SC 3014 168M. Sham Singh v. State of Mysore – AIR 1972 SC 2440 91

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M.C. Chacko v. The State Bank of Travancore – AIR 1970 SC 504 30M.M.T.C. Ltd. v. Medchl Chemicals and Pharma (P) Ltd. – AIR 2002 SC 182 159, 164M.N. Gangappa v. A.N. Setty & Co. – AIR 1972 SC 696 87M.R.F. Ltd. v. Manohar Parrikar (2010) 11 SCC 374 265, 266M.S. Madhusoodhanan v. Kerala Kaumudi Pvt. Ltd. – AIR 2004 SC 909; (2004) 9 SCC 204 67, 101M.S. Narayana Menon alias Mani v. State of Kerala – (2006) 6 SCC 39 167M.S.P. Exports (P) Ltd. v. The Coffee Board – AIR 1980 SC 1468-1490 132MSR Leathers v. S. Palaniappan – (2013) 10 SCC 568; (2013) 1 SCC 177 158, 159Ma Ywest v. Chin Mutual Life Ins. Co. Ltd. – 9110-622 66Mackillican v. Campaigns des Messageries Maritimes de France – 1880 6 C.W.N. 227 22Madan & Co. v. Wazir Jaivir Chand – AIR 1989 SC 630 253Madan Kumar Singh v. Distt. Magistrate, Sultanpur – (2009) 9 SCC 79 182Madhub Chander v. Rajcoomar – 14 Beng. L.R. 76 43Madhya Pradesh State Legal Services Authority v. Prateek Jain – (2014) 10 SCC 690 174Madras Native Permanent Fund Ltd. (1931) 1 Comp. Cases 256 (Mad.) (Re:) 269Madras Railway Co. v. Gobindas Ram – 1889 21 Mad. 172 86Mahadevan Sunil Kumar v. Bhadran – (1992) 74 Comp. Cases 805 Ker 160Maharaja Exports v. Apparels Export Promotion Council – (1986) 60 Comp. Cases 353 (Del.) 293Mahony v. East Holyford Mining Co. (1875) LR 7 HL 869 263Makkala Narsimlu v. Gunalal Raghunandan Rao – AIR 1977 A.P. 374 91Malay Kumar Ganguly v. Sukumar Mukherjee (Dr.) – (2009) 9 SCC 221 212Malwa Cotton and Spinning Mills Ltd. v. Virsa Singh Sidhu – (2008) 17 SCC 147 161Mandvi Co-operative Bank Ltd. v. Nimesh B. Thakore – AIR 2010 SC 1402 171Mannalal Khetan v. Kedar Nath Khetan AIR 1977 SC 536 316Manohar Koyal v. Thakur Das Naker – 1888 15 Cal. 313 78Mappooyan v. Premavathy Illango – Lanscet 1954 (2) (88) 184Marimuthu Gounder v. Ramaswamy Gounder – AIR 1979 Mad. 189 83, 92Marine Container Services South Pvt. Ltd. v. Go Garments – (1998) 3 SCC 247 179Markandrai Kalyanrai Mehta v. Virendrarai Chandraprasad Desai – 1917-19 Bom. L.R. 837 78Martin F. D’Souza v. Mohd. Ishfaq (2009) 3 SCC 1 186Maruti Udyog Ltd. v. M.S. Hameed Panaji – 1992 (I) CPR 272 183Maruti Udyog Ltd. v. Narender – (1999) 1 SCC 113 167Marwar Tent Factory v. Union of India – AIR 1990 SC 1753 120Mary v. State of Kerala – (2014) 14 SCC 272 76Maula But v. Union of India – AIR 1970 SC 1955 92Maya Devi v. Lalta Prasad (2015) 5 SCC 588 90McDermott International Inc. v. Burn Standard Co. Ltd. – (2006) 11 SCC 181 13, 41, 84McFeely’s Appln. – (1912) 29 RPC 386 336Medchl Chemicals & Pharma Pvt. Ltd. v. Biological E. Ltd. – AIR 2000 SC 1869 168Milind Shripad Chandurkar v. Kalim M. Khan – (2011) 4 SCC 275 164Mir Sarwarjan v. Fakhruddin Mahomed – 1912 39 Cal. 232 45Modi Cements Ltd. v. Kuchil Kumar Nandi – (1998) 3 SCC 249 158Modi Entertainment Network v. WSG Cricket Pte Ltd. – AIR 2003 SC 1177 65Mody v. Gregson – 1868 L.R. 4 Ec. 49 114Mohamed Sultan v. Naina Mohamed – 1973 A Mad. 233 92Mohan Lal Chandumall v. Punjab Co. Ltd. – (1962) 32 Comp. Cases 937 (Punj.) 296

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Union of India v. Priyankan Sharan – AIR 2009 SC (Supp.) 972 91Union of India v. S.S.H. Syndicate – AIR 1976 SC 879 11Union of India v. Sarkaria & Jaswant Singh – AIR 1977 SC 1537 99Union of India v. Satya Bhama Thakur (Dr.) (Mrs.) – 1991 I CPJ 31 NC 194Uniplas India Ltd. v. State (Govt. of NCT of Delhi) – (2001) 6 SCC 8 157, 159United Credit Ltd., Calcutta v. Agro Sales India – (2001) 10 SCC 763 160United Horse-Shoe & Nail Co. Ltd. v. John Stewart & Co. – (1888) 5 RPC 260 (HL) 351United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Harchand Rai Chandan Lal – AIR 2004 SC 4794 15United India Ins. Co. Ltd. v. Mohanlal & Sons – 1992 I CPR 364 NC 204Unity Company P. Ltd. v. Diamond Sugar Mills – (1970) 2 Comp. L.J. 64 Cal. 319Upton Rural District Council v. Powell – 1942-1 All ER-220 17Usha Beltron Ltd. v. State of Punjab – (2005) 7 SCC 58 117

VV. Raja Kumari v. P. Subbarama Naidu – (2004) 8 SCC 774 160V.B. Mohammed Ibrahim v. Alfred Schafranek – AIR 1960 Mys. 173 331V.M. Aggarwal v. Byford Leasing Ltd. – 1992 CPJ 29 (Del.) 182V.R. Sudhakara Rao v. T.V. Kameswari – (2007) 6 SCC 650 67Varkey Souriar v. Keraleeya Banking Co. Ltd. AIR 1957 Ker. 97 263, 265Vasantha Viswanathan v. V.K. Elayalwar – AIR 2001 SC 3367 89, 117Veera Exports v. T. Kalavathy – AIR 2002 SC 38 157Victoria Laundry Ltd. v. Newman Industries Ltd. – 1949 2 K.B. 528 85Videocon Properties Ltd. v. Bhalchandra Laboratories – AIR 2004 SC 1787 93Vijay v. Laxman – JT 2013 (2) SC 562; (2013) 3 SCC 86 159Vijay D. Salvi v. State of Maharashtra – (2007) 5 SCC 741 170Vijayan v. Sadanandan K. – (2009) 6 SCC 652 170Villayati Ram Mittal (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Union of India – AIR 2011 SC 301 19Vimal Chand Grover v. Bank of India – AIR 2000 SC 2181 188Vimlesh Kumari Kulsherestha v. Sambhajirao – AIR 2009 SC 806 67Vinay Devanna Nayak v. Ryot Seva Sahakari Bank Ltd. – AIR 2008 SC 716 173Vinita S. Rao v. Essen Corporate Services Pvt. Ltd. – (2015) 1 SCC 527 164Vinod Tanna v. Zaheer Siddiqui – (2002) 7 SCC 541 168Vodafone Essar Cellular Ltd. v. Asstt. CIT – (2010) Tax LR 618 (Ker) 103

WWamanlal v. Scindia Steam Navigation Co. – AIR 1944 Bom. 131 256Ward v. Hobbs – 1878 4 App. Cas 13 115West Bengal Electricity Board v. Peter Engineering Co. Ltd. – AIR 2000 SC 682 19Westosen v. Olathe State Bank – 1925-78 Colo 217 82White v. South Derbyshire District Council (2013) P.T.S.R. 536 90 269Wiffen v. Roberts – 1795 1 ESP. 262 144Windsurfing International Inc. v. Tabur Marine (Great Britain) Ltd. (1985) RPC 59 (CA) 343

YYogendra Pratap Singh v. Savitri Pandey – AIR 2012 SC 2508; on reference (2014) 10 SCC 713 165Yogesh Mehta v. Custodian Appointed under the Special Court – (2007) 2 SCC 624 92Young Achievers v. IMS Learning Resources (P) Ltd. – (2013) 10 SCC 535 78

1

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS LAW?‘Law’ in simple term means ‘rules’. It is a very wide term and includes different sets of rules

regulating external human actions and conduct of individuals in their dealings with other individualsand with the Government.

With the growth of society and welfare State, civilisation has demanded a reformed set of rulestime and again. Law has, therefore, been often subject to changes to meet the practical needs of societyand at the same time, attempting to achieve some sort of security and uniformity in its application. Insimple words, the term ‘law’ denotes ‘rules of conduct enforced by the State’.

Legally, a set of rules alone is not sufficient unless:(i) it is enforced by the State;

(ii) the State to enforce law is a Sovereign State;(iii) it receives due recognition;(iv) it attempts to achieve some sort of security and uniformity in its application.Rules which have above characteristics are called ‘law’. Law includes all the rules and principles

which regulate our relations with other individuals and with the State.

DEFINITION OF LAWAustin has defined law in the following words: “A law is a rule of conduct imposed and enforced

by the Sovereign”.Salmand defined law as “the body of principles recognised and applied by the State in the

administration of justice”.Holland defined law as “rule of external human actions enforced by Sovereign Political

Authority”.Woodrow Wilson defined law as: “that portion of the established habit and thought of mankind

which has gained distinct and formal recognition in the shape of uniform rules backed by the authorityand power of the Government”.

According to Anson: “The object of law is order, and the result of order is that men are enabled tolook ahead with some sort of security as to the future. Although human actions cannot be reduced tothe uniformities of nature, men have now endeavoured to reproduce by law something approaching tothis uniformity”.

Law when enacted has to observe the following principles:(i) it should as far as possible be in conformity with custom and usage of the people, i.e., it

should not offend local customs and usages of the society;(ii) it should move with the society, i.e., it should be vulnerable to changes. It should not be a

static or rigid piece of legislation. Law, therefore, is not static. It changes with times,customs and needs of the society.

The primary object of law is to regulate human relations with other individuals and with the State.As a social being, man comes in contact with people in different capacities; with landlord as a tenant,

Business Law2

with a trader as a customer, with Government as a tax payer and so on and so forth. In all theseassociations he is expected to observe a code of conduct or a set of rules. This set of rules embodied in‘Law’ and enforced by State, make human associations possible and conducive to the welfare of theState and its people.

SOURCES OF INDIAN LAWThe following are the sources of Indian Law:1. English Law: The English Law is the principal source of Indian Law. English law originates

from the following sources:(i) Maritime Usages or Law of Merchant: During the 14th and 15th centuries, maritime law

based on customs and usages came to be recognised as the primary basis of EnglishMercantile Law.

(ii) English Common Law: English Common Law was based on justice, equity and goodconscience which was developed on the customs, usages and traditions prevalent fromcenturies. Common Law was found to be inadequate as it was unwritten and its principleswere applied whenever subsequent disputes of similar nature arose.

(iii) Roman Law: Where customs and usages did not exist, Roman Law was applied.(iv) Rules of Equity: Where common law was harsh and oppressive, Judges applied rules of

justice in their decisions which became precedents. Rules of Equity were the codification ofthese rules of justice in the form of precedents. Rules of Equity and Common Law wereapplied simultaneously.

(v) Statutes of British Parliament: British Parliament enacted laws which were enforced by theCourts. British Statutes override the rules of Common Law and rules of equity.

(vi) English Judicial Decisions: Judicial decisions or British Common Law or precedents form avery important source of law today. Decisions in future cases with similar facts are based onalready decided cases.

In [B.O.I. Finance Ltd. v. The Custodian AIR 1997 SC 1952], Supreme Court has observed thatthe decision of the Courts in England, based on common law principles have been applied andfollowed by the Courts in India.

2. Indian Statutes: The Central and State Legislatures enact laws in India, which are applied bythe Courts in India.

Prior to 1872, English Courts used to apply personal law of the parties to the suit. In 1872, theIndian Contract Act was passed which is one of the oldest enactments in India. The Indian ContractAct is based on English Common Law Rules.

3. Judicial Decisions: Interpretation of Statutes by Judges and their application depending on thefacts of each case, meting out justice to the aggrieved parties has today formed a very important sourceof law. Where Indian Statutes, customs or usages are silent, Courts apply law based on Englishjudgements which came to be recognised as an important basis of law in our country. Application ofjudicial decisions in previous cases to subsequent similar cases forms a very important source of lawtoday.

4. Customs and Usages: Customs and usages in practice for a long time, in the absence of anystatutory rules or which are not opposed to any statutory rules, are binding on the parties to thecontract. Customs and usages should be ancient, reasonable and constant. Customs when accepted bythe Court and incorporated in a judicial decision become a legal custom.

Introduction 3

WHAT IS BUSINESS LAW?The terms ‘business’, ‘commercial’ and ‘mercantile’ are synonymous. Day-to-day transactions

between individuals, or between individuals on the one hand and Government or local bodies on theother, involving one or the other form of obligation is a ‘business’ transaction.

The growth of business made it imperative for the Parliament and State Legislatures to introducenew pieces of legislation and amend the existing legislations to regulate various business transactions.As huge amount of labour and capital are involved, it is obvious that in a socialistic form of State likeIndia, wealth should be adequately distributed to bridge the gap between the haves and have-nots. Toachieve this object, law regulates the various transactions of the business community. Although it isnot possible for a layman to learn every branch of law yet he must acquaint himself with the generalprinciples of law of the country for, ignorance of law is no excuse.

Business Law is a branch of General Law. It relates to industry, trade and commerce. It includeslaw inter alia relating to contracts, sale of goods, partnerships, negotiable instruments, companies, co-operative societies etc. Consumers are a special constituent of any business. The consumers’movement has gained significant importance of late. Consumers Protection Act not only recognisesthe importance of safeguarding the right and interest of the consumers but also puts every business onalert and answerable to the consumer, the ultimate master.

Business Law is not altogether distinct and separate from other branches of law. In its application,recourse is often taken to other pieces of legislation. Laws as such are all interrelated. It is only amatter of convenience and application that legislation is classified into Business/Mercantile Law,Labour Law, Company Law, Intellectual Property Law, etc.