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Business Information Zimbabwe (‘BIZ’)
CONSOLIDATED INDEX of business-relevant COURT JUDGMENTS reported in BIZ shown alphabetically by subject
1994-2016
The periodical Business Information Zimbabwe explains aspects of business and commercial law in Zimbabwe
and summarizes court judgments on disputes involving businesses, individuals and state authorities.
Historical note
This periodical journal was launched in 1994 as the Business Guide.
In 2004 it was re-named the Business Information Service.
In 2006 it was re-branded BIZ and subsequently issued in the form of quarterly Journals supplemented by twice-monthly
Bulletins.
Cases are indexed alphabetically by subject – e.g. ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS, BANK, CONTRACT.
Please note that a single Court case may be identified by a number of different key words – e.g. KM
Insurance versus Marumahoko, HH 678/2014 appears under PRE-TRIAL CONFERENCE – ‘duties of a
judge’ as well as LEGAL PRACTITIONER – ‘ethical conduct expected’ and DEBT – ‘debtor disputes
amount of debt’. For subscribers’ ease of reference, such cases are listed in this Index under each of the
different topics, or are cross-referenced.
In this INDEX – HB refers to the Bulawayo High Court HH to the Harare High Court SC to the Supreme Court Bulletin refers to our fortnightly BIZ Bulletins that supplement the quarterly BIZ journals ZLR refers to the twice-yearly Zimbabwe Law Reports published by the Legal Resources Foundation
- for example, 1985 (1) ZLR 358 (SC) means the first volume in 1985, page 353, Supreme Court
The numbers on the right-hand side of each page below (e.g. 22.1.3) refer to the Volume, Issue and Page where the judgment is reported in BIZ
– for example, in regard to the first case, below, Telecel versus POTRAZ,
22.1.3 means Volume 22, Issue Number 1, Page 3 of our Business Information Zimbabwe journal.
TOPIC - sub-heading Parties in dispute Court case number/year BIZ reference
ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS - 5 elements of administratively just actions by officers Telecel v POTRAZ : HH 446/2015 22.1.3 - authority must act reasonably
N&B Ventures v Minister of Home Affairs : HB 138/2004 11.7.1 Makromed v Medicine Control Authority of Zimbabwe : HB 36/2011 17.3.5 See also LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION – law only protects legitimate expectation Marufu v Minister of Transport : HB 127/2009 17.1.2
- attempt to legitimize actions of unlawful body Zvobgo v City of Harare : HH 80/2005 11.11.5
- changes in administrative policies/decisions by public authorities - legitimate expectation policy change will not be retrospective
‘Import’ v Commissioner of Taxes : Fiscal Appeal Court 24.1.02 (no notation) 8.11.4 - reversing decision cannot abolish rights previously given
Destiny Ventures v Rushinga Rural District Council : HH 7/98 4.3.10 - disclosure of information
Laue v City of Harare : HH 153/2000 6.8.3 - exhaust remedies in other legislation before invoking Administrative Justice Act
Mhanyami Fishing Co-op v Parks & Wildlife : HH 92/2011 17.4.5 - limited circumstances where courts will intervene ANZ v Media & Information Commission : HH 29/2007 15.1.6
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- must be lawful B-Sky v Minister of Energy : HH 104/2009 16.4.15
KDB Holdings v Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe : SC 25/2011 18.3.3 Bubye Minerals v Minister of Mines : SC 32011 18.3.4 - Harare Council acted unlawfully in disconnecting water without recourse to the courts
Mushoriwa v City of Harare : HH 195/2014 20.3.4 - Securities & Exchange Commission acted unlawfully by interfering with liquidation
Gwatidzo NO v First Transfer Secretaries : HH 165/2014 20.3.5 - Zimra acted unlawfully in garnishing company bank accounts
Packers International (Pvt) Ltd v ZIMRA : HH 328/2014 20.3.2 - transparency
Affretair v MK Airlines : SC 107/1996 3.7.7 AGENT - accountability
O’Shea v Chiunda : SC 52/1999 5.5.8 - estate agency different from usual agent-principal relationship Katsande v Rumani Real Estate : HH 96/2009 15.4.15 - for company to be formed : personal rights
Watson v Gilson Enterprises : HH 149/1997 3.10.11
AGREEMENT OF SALE – see SALE AGREEMENT APPEAL - important court rules Austerlands P/L v Trade & Inv Bank : SC 92/2005 12.6.8 - judgment suspended by appeal, except in maintenance cases and labour disputes
Chematron Products v Tenda Transport : HH 343/2013 20.3.8 - when to appeal Dombodzvuku v Sithole : HH 174/2004 12.1.3 ARBITRATION AWARD - ‘conflict with public policy’
Beazley (N.O.) v (1) Kabell (2) Hippo Valley Estates : SC 22/2003 10.1.7 - errors in both law and logic Chanakira v Mapfumo : HH 155/2010 17.1.11 See also CONTRACT – suspensive condition cannot void a contract See also DEBT – cannot refuse to accept a lawful acknowledgement of debt - not necessary to comply with award before approaching court to set award aside Pioneer Transport v Delta Corporation : HH 18/2012 18.3.6 - objection to
Musonza P/L v Std Fire & General Ins Co : HH 85/2002 8.11.6 - reneging on agreement
Ropa v Reosmart Investments : SC 38/2006 13.4.2 - violated 'sanctity of contract'
Origen Corporation v Delta : 2005 (no notation) 12.2.6 Delta v Origen Corporation : SC 86/2006 14.2.10 AREA DEVELOPMENT PLANS
Kencor Holdings v Mt Pleasant Ratepayers Association : SC 142/1998 4.10.10 & 8.2.15 ASSETS : DISPUTE OVER OWNERSHIP – see OWNERSHIP ATTACHED PROPERTY : PROCEEDS OF SALE OF
Barclays Bank v SEDCO : SC 68/2000 7.11.7 BAIL - in foreign currency offences
Attorney-General v Fundira : SC 33/2004 11.5.10 BANK - duty of care regarding stolen cheque
Biddulphs Removals v Standard Chartered Bank : HH 116/1996 3.3.4 - liable for cashing stolen cheque
ZBC v Pyramid Motors : 1985 (1) ZLR 358 (SC) 3.2.12
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relative liabilities of bank and customer when ATM card is lost Zimbeva v Kingdom Bank : HH 531/2014 21.3.2
BANK LICENCE APPLICATION
Prime Bank v Registrar of Banks : HH 211/2000 7.3.1 BANK LOAN - security
Mkombachoto v Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe : HH 10/2002 8.3.14 - terms and conditions
Cawood v Standard Chartered Bank : SC 25/1996 2.7.1 BRIBERY Chauya v The State : SC 127/1996 3.1.13 Thubalabo Nyoni v The State : HB 22/2002 9.5.12 BUSINESS INTERESTS OF POLITICAL LEADERS Moyse & Others v Mujuru : SC 153/1998 5.4.6 CELL-PHONE USE WHILE DRIVING - using a hand-held cell-phone while driving is a criminal offence State v Babbage : HB 157/2012 19.3.8 CHARGES FOR LEGAL WORK CARRIED OUT BY CLERK UNDER SUPERVISION
Machiels v Coghlan Welsh & Guest : SC 176/98 5.3.8 CHEQUE - forged
Sino Zimbabwe Cement v Zimbank : HB 132/2006 13.4.3. - fraud
J.T. Watson P/L v Minister of Finance, POSB & Barclays : HH 32/95 1.11.1 Music Room v ANZ Grindlays Bank : HH 98/95 3.4.4
- personal liability for signing company cheque – see LIABILITY - theft of cheque – see BANK CIVIL WRONG - compensation Tapvice Enterprises v Sino Zimbabwe Cotton Holdings : HH 156/2013 22.2.8 CLAIM - against employer for medical expenses
Industrial Steel & Pipe v Wilson : SC 130/98 4.11.12 - against sureties
PG Merchandising v Sahanga & Makobere : HH 75/99 5.5.7 CLASS ACTION : APPOINTMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE
Petho v Minister of Home Affairs : HH 221/02 8.3.1 COMMERCIAL PREMISES - whether particular premises are deemed business/commercial is a matter of fact and degree Kingdom Calls v Sunseeker : HH 301/2012 19.1.3 COMMISSION - estate agents
Mataure v Sibindi : HH 20/2001 7.4.5 - estate agent’s commission on sale of rural land to Government
Keystone Real Estate v Alverstoke Enterprises : HH 115/99 5.9.14 - on repayment of bond arrears
CABS v Shariwa : HH 106/2001 7.9.12 COMMUNITY SERVICE AS PUNISHMENT - when appropriate State v Babbage : HB 157/2012 19.3.8 See also JUDICIAL PUNISHMENT
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COMPANY DIRECTOR - alter ego doctrine is used by the courts to ignore company directors’ limited liability
Sheriff and Raviro & Dube v Taruvinga & Another : HH 628/2014 21.1.7 - appointment of managing director – see MANAGING DIRECTOR’S APPOINTMENT - authority
Walenn Holdings v Integrated Contracting : 1998 ZLR 333 (H) 5.6.11 - authority - limitations on authority of managing director
State v Pazvakavambwa : 1998 (2) ZLR 123 (S) 4.8.5 & 5.7.13 - authority - shareholders' approval required to dispose of 51%+ of assets Ngatibataneyi P/L v Vengenayi : SC 13/2007 14.1.4
Sachikonye v Capital Alliance : HH 5/2008 14.2.7 - disagreement among directors about winding-up of company – see Winding up - limited liability is not absolute
Govere v Ordeco (Pvt) Ltd : SC 25/2014 20.1.2 - non-disclosure of director’s gains
Cohen v Directors of Rand Collieries : 1906 (no notation) 2.3.11 - powers
City Centre Hotel v Nyamanhindi : HH 34/99 5.3.15 - reckless handling of company business results in directors’ personal liability
Toakona Trading v van Rooyen : HH 684/2014 21.1.5 - removal from office
Country Petroleum v Chikukwa : HH 64/98 4.7.13 - resignation
Proctor Enterprises v Chimariro : HH 253/99 6.1.7 - right to sue Madzivire v Zvarivadza : SC 10/2006 13.4.1 See also CORPOPRATE VEIL and LIABILITY COMPANY HOUSE : REPOSSESSION BY EMPLOYER Carswell Meats v Mutasa : SC 57/99 5.5.15 COMPANY LAW - cardinal principle - a company is a separate entity distinct from its members
- exceptions to the principle Deputy Sheriff v Trinpac Investments : HH 121/2011 18.1.5 See also CORPORATE VEIL - when the ‘corporate veil’ may be lifted
COMPANY NAME : RESTRICTION OF USE – see also ‘PASSING OFF’ Car Guard v Mallard Auto : HH 123/97 3.10.1 COMPANY REPRESENTATION IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS Kama Development v City of Harare : HH 167/2001 7.10.01 Zimbabwe Banking Corporation v Pindi Electrical : HH 146/98 4.11.11 COMPENSATION - for ‘breach of contract’ and ‘civil wrong’ are different Tapvice Enterprises v Sino Zimbabwe Cotton Holdings : HH 156/2013 22.2.8 - for damage to borrowed property
Warren-Codrington v Forsyth Trust : SC 144/2000 7.2.10 - for improvements on land
Reza v Nyangani : SC 35/01 7.5.14 See also DAMAGES and LIABILITY COMPETITION - restrictive practice
Harare Sports Club v United Bottlers : HH 38/00 6.3.15 See also ‘PASSING OFF’ and TRADE MARK COMPROMISE AGREEMENT - binding nature
Eric Davis v Muwenga & 86 Others : HH 109/1999 5.9.3 - compromise of judgment debt – see DEBT COMPUTER CRIME
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- password cracked - spoliation order not appropriate remedy Mutsinya v Dande Holdings : HH 78/2008 14.3.4
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
State v Pazvakavambwa : 1998 (2) ZLR 123 (S) 4.8.5 & 5.7.13 Dobrock Hlds v Turner & Sons : HH 128/2006 BIZ Bulletin May 2007(2)
CONTEMPT OF COURT - what party must show when seeking arrest for contempt of court
Mukambirwa v Gospel of God Church International : SC 8/2014 20.2.3 CONTRACT - allegation of defective workmanship : non-payment
Madzima v SAB Properties : SC 265/96 3.5.10 - arbitration appropriate where contract is not a consumer contract
ZESA v Bikita Minerals : HH 98/2001 7.9.6 - arising from acceptance of tender
Forestry Commission v Hutton Hauliers : SC 19/2000 6.5.5 - breach of contract - anticipatory breach of contract Blumo Trading v Nelmah Milling : HH 39/2011 18.4.2 - compensation Tapvice Enterprises v Sino Zimbabwe Coitton Holdings : HH 156/2013 22.2.8
- defaulter tries to involve third party, alleging tacit contract Astra Steel v PM Manufacturing : HH 393/2012 19.4.6
- paying only 90% breaches contract Mbayiwa v Chitakunye : SC 20/2009 15.3.7
- ‘RBZ induced BancABC to breach contract with its client and RBZ must repay bank’ Trojan Nickel Mine v RBZ : HH 169/2013 19.3.4
- when entitled to cancel ZETDC v Tecpal Creative : HH 34/2011 19.2.6 - binding nature
Muchabaiwa v Grab Enterprises : SC 230/96 3.5.12 - calculation of damages – see DAMAGES - can be voided at the instance of the aggrieved party if entered into under duress
Mlambo v Mupfiga : HH 65/2014 20.2.4 - cancellation by court
Executive Hotel v Bennet (N.O.) : SC 77/2006 BIZ Bulletin January 2008(1) - cancellation for late delivery of calendars ZETDC v Tecpal Creative : HH 34/2011 19.2.6 - cancellation for late payment of instalment : Act requires 30 days
Preston v Charuma Blasting & Earthmoving : SC 135/99 6.2.8 - cannot cancel for 'mistake' ZESA v Smith : SC 9/2005 12.2.3 - cardinal principle - a company is a separate entity distinct from its members
- exceptions to the principle - the alter ego doctrine is used by the courts to ignore company directors’ limited liability
Sheriff and Raviro & Dube v Taruvinga & Another : HH 628/2014 21.1.7 - caveat prescriptor rule (‘let the signer beware’)
Gumbi v Majoni : HH 654/2014 21.1.2 - claiming impossibility of fulfilment Mutangadura v Timber Bldng Supplies : HH 146/2009 16.2.5 - deed of sale invalidated if not signed in reasonable time
Rusike v Kasirorwe : SC 41/96 3.9.13 - detailed invitation to tender can lead to breach of contract
Telecon Italia v PTC & Another : HH 149/2000 8.6.5 - disclaimer clause in contract too broad - unfair Mudukuti v FCM Motors : HH 14/2007 14.3.9
Masundire v OK Zimbabwe : HH 94/2012 18.2.6 See also LIABILITY – exemption for loss or damages - error in contract : when court may rectify Bitumat v Paramount Motors : HH 129/2012 19.2.7 - failure to control employee cancels contract
Mobil Oil v Mashoko : SC 86/2005 12.3.8
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- freedom of contract NCA v ZITF : HB 35/2002 9.5.6
- frustration of contract Ncube v Mpofu : HB 69/2006 14.3.11 - identification of partners
Borgonovo & Critchlow v Screenspeed : SC 75/99 5.9.6 Hydery Milling v Grain Marketing Board : SC 43/2000 6.8.12
- implied power of MD to enter into contracts Chikumbu v Bryden Services : HH 93/2009 15.4.3 - letter awarding contract forms part of agreement
Cleaning & Environmental Services v City of Harare : HH 50/2001 7.11.10 - negative contract : agreement not to sell item to third party without giving grantee first refusal
Prize Commercial Holdings v Goldberg : HH 446/2012 19.1.3 - not affected by considerations of equity
Pentony v Pymor Investments : SC 168/1998 5.2.8 - obligations not altered by administrative arrangements
Cargo Marketing v Dynamic Air Freight : SC 170/97 4.1.11 - oral contract Bristow v Hooper & Barton : HH 105/1996 3.4.8
Evans v Snapper : SC 55/2004 11.5.13 - oral contract
- breach of oral contract – see ‘breach’ above - value of oral contract
Kwarate Ranch v Middleburg Steel & Alloys : SC 2/2001 8.5.5 See also SALE AGREEMENT – verbal
- paying only 90% breaches contract Mbayiwa v Chitakunye : SC 20/2009 15.3.7
- penalty clause usurious Micro Plan Financial Services v Chesets Trading : HH 513/2015 21.4.2
- pledging assets to settle debt a tricky area Ceprat Farming v Brightland Farming : HH 213/2010 16.4.8
See also DEBT – pledging assets to settle debt - reformation by court : principles Bitumat v Paramount Motors : HH 129/2012 19.2.7 - right of first refusal to purchase property contained in a lease constitutes a contract Prize Commercial Holdings v Goldberg : HH 446/2012 19.1.3 - rights accrued before termination continue to exist HEM Granite v Keeley Granite : SC 18/2009 15.3.9 - sanctity of contract
Muranda v Tadzaniso & Others : HB 64/98 5.1.12 See also ARBITRATION AWARD – violated ‘sanctity of contract’
- scheme of arrangement with creditors is a form of contract PG Industries v Jones Holdings : HH 336/2015 21.4.4
- suspensive condition cannot void a contract Chanakira v Mapfumo : HH 155/2010 17.1.11 See also ARBITRATION AWARD – errors in both law and logic See also SALE AGREEMENT – inclusion of suspensive condition - suretyship and meaning of guarantee Blair Holdings v Walenn Construction : SC 122/95 2.8.13 See also SURETYSHIP - tacit contract
WFD Network v Jaggers Wholesalers : HH 88/2001 7.9.2 C.M. Mutomba t/a Mutomba Supermarket v R&C Inv : SC 85/2002 10.9.4
Astra Steel v PM Manufacturing : HH 393/2012 19.4.6 - termination of contract must be immediate
Waste Management Services P/L v City of Harare : SC 126/2002 10.11.3 - time limit on termination of agreement
Guardian Security v ZBC : SC 95/2001 8.1.9 - unenforceable due to illegality Mega Pak v Global Technologies : HH 84/2008 14.3.2 - unenforceable pactum commissorium
Upper Class Ent v Oceaner t/a Enigma & Mbalekwa SC 88/2002 10.9.8 Kufandirori v Chipuriro : HH 12/2004 10.9.11
- variation in terms of contract Promaven Properties v Fish Centre : HH 176/97 4.3.5 Skilled Engineering Contractors v Thomcast : HH 22/98 4.5.13
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Minister of Home Affairs v Trimu Agencies & Distributors : 2000 ZLR 191(S) 8.4.8 - variation in terms of contract – some important principles
Munyani v Liminary Investments : HH 38/2010 16.2.12 - voiding a contract
- can be voided at the instance of the aggrieved party if entered into under duress
Mlambo v Mupfiga : HH 65/2014 20.2.4
- cannot be voided by suspensive condition (see above ‘- suspensive condition’…)
See also TENDERS CORPORATE VEIL - when the ‘corporate veil’ between a company and its constituent members may be lifted Deputy Sheriff v Trinpac Investments : HH 121/2011 18.1.5 See also COMPANY LAW
- cardinal principle - a company is a separate entity distinct from its members - exceptions to the principle
Deputy Sheriff v Trinpac Investments : HH 121/2011 18.1.5 See also COMPANY DIRECTORS and LIABILITY CORRUPTION – by public official Samokomva v The State : HH 8/2005 11.5.3 COSTS – see LEGAL COSTS COURT ORDERS - disobeying court order risks imprisonment John Strong (Pvt) Ltd v Wachenuka : HH 44/2010 16.2.9 - ex parte court order (granted after hearing one side only)
Beverley Building Society v Rgwafa : SC 7/2005 11.7.3 See also DEFAULT JUDGMENT and URGENT APPLICATION FOR COURT ORDER
COURT POWERS - grounds to disallow further action Omar v Blue Gum Transport : HB 44/2005 15.2.10 Gwizi v Ndebele : HB 68/2008 16.2.4 COURT RULES - important to follow Young Go Cho v Stalin Mau Mau : HH 74/2004 11.5.1 - meaning of ‘immediately’
See MEANING OF LEGAL TERMS - ‘immediately’ same as ‘forthwith’ - non-compliance – condonation by Court Metro v Old Mutual Properties : SC 31/2008 15.1.2
See also LEGAL PRACTITIONER – duty to check with Court COURTS - exist to settle specific disputes, not to address academic points Mpukuta v Motor Insurance Pool : HB 25/2012 18.3.5 - inappropriate behaviour towards courts Global Electrical v Nexbak Inv : SC 76/2006 14.2.2
Fuyana v Moyo SC 54/2006 14.2.2 Telecel v POTRAZ : HH 446/2015 22.1.3 in re Stand Five Four Nought (Pvt) Ltd : HH 767/2015 22.2.3 CULPABLE HOMICIDE - electrified fencing
State v Mlambo : 1994 (2) ZLR 410 (S) 6.9.9 - inattentive driving results in criminal conviction State v Thompson : HH 259/2010 17.2.8 - shooting at poachers State v Burdett : 1996 (2) ZLR 658 (S) 6.9.10 See also KILLING IN SELF-DEFENCE CURRENCY - Zimbabwe currency : value in USD in re Estate Matimura : HH 12/2010 16.4.5
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See also FOREIGN CURRENCY CUSTOMS & EXCISE - country of origin of imported goods
Potgieter v Director of Customs & Excise : HH 91/2000 6.6.7 - detention of imported goods pending payment of duty
Director of Customs & Excise v ABSA Bank : SC 108/98 8.1.8 - duty-free importation of vehicles
Mazarura v Director of Customs & Excise : SC 98/2002 9.7.15 Goba v ZIMRA : HH 159/2015 21.4.5
- fraud by official : claim for losses Phillips Central Cellars v Customs & Excise : HH 58/2000 6.12.11
- officials : impartiality of Silver Trucks v Director of Customs & Excise : 1999 (2) ZLR 88 (H) 7.12.3
- rummage sale invalid RHB Import & Export v Director of Customs & Excise : HH 166/97 4.2.14
- sale of goods under custom rebate Moyo v Jani : 1985 (1) ZLR 112 (HC) 3.2.10
- surcharges for late payment of duty Pyramid Products v Director of Customs & Excise : SC 188/1998 5.2.6
- undeclared goods can only be seized in certain circumstances Mudima v Zimra : HH 83/2008 14.3.3 DAMAGES - assessment – effect of inflation
Komichi v Guest & Tanner : HH 104/2005 12.3.14 - assessment of amount Nissan Zimbabwe v Hopitt : SC 85/1997 3.7.5 - assessment of claims : road accidents
Nhemachena v Cargo Carriers : SC 118/96 3.2.15 - breach of trust
Jolly v Shannon : HB 3/1998 4.12.8 - breach of contract of sale
Collective Self Finance Scheme v Asharia : SC 22/2000 6.8.7 - cancellation of agreement of sale
ZimbRe v Musarurwa : HH 141/2001 7.10.8 - claims arising from international air carriage must be made in terms of Warsaw Convention
Christal Motor Spares v South African Airways 20.4.4 - faulty construction
Madondo v Survival Tyres : HH 34/2001 7.6.12 - increased before judgment
Coltart v Minister of Home Affairs : HH 67/2006 13.1.9 - land acquisition
Gilnat Investments v ZESA : SC 20/2000 6.7.6 - negligence Delta Beverages v Rutsito : SC 42/2013 22.1.2 - reversed by Supreme Court Econet Wireless v Sanagura : SC 52/2013 22.2.5 - sufficiency of evidence in claims for damages
GDC Hauliers v Chirundu Valley Motel : SC 170/1998 5.1.8 - sufficiency of evidence requires 4 proofs Border Timbers v Zimra : HH 13/2009 15.3.11 - unlawful seizure of vehicle
Zimbabwe Assemblies of God v Chidziva : HH 37/2001 7.7.8 See also COMPENSATION and LIABILITY DEBT - acceleration clause implied in payment of debt by installments
Bonanza Fashions v ZDB : SC 9/2001 7.5.12 - attempt to recover debt by applying for winding-up order
Apotex v Surgimed : HH 208/2000 7.3.9 - cannot refuse to accept a lawful acknowledgement of debt Chankira v Mapfumo : HH 155/2010 17.1.11 See also ARBITRATION AWARD – errors in both law and logic - cession of rights to debt Syfrets v Jardine & Friend : HH 57/1999 5.8.9
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- claim for payment rejected because of supplier’s inaccurate records Mobil Oil v A Matambo : HH 118/99 5.9.10
- compromise of judgment debt Glenwood Timbers v ZDB : HH 4/2001 7.7.4
- debtor disputes amount of debt KM Insurance v Marumahoko : HH 678/2014 21.1.4 - debtor disputes amount of debt, claims she signed loan agreement under duress
Gumbi v Majoni : HH 654/2014 21.1.2 - debtor proposes payment plan, then defaults Daya v Svanna Tobacco : HH 242/2012 19.2.3 - dispute about receiving goods – see PROOF OF ORDER AND DELIVERY - doubtful debts and bad debts
BT (Pvt) Ltd v ZIMRA : HH 129/2015 21.3.5 - imprisonment for debt
Chinamora v Angwa Furnishers : SC 228/96 2.12.11 - lien (retaining property pending payment of debt) – see LIEN - liquid document: creditor can seek provisional judgment Interfin Banking v Veanarcy (Pvt) Ltd : HH 388/2013 22.3.2 - pledging assets to settle debt Ceprat Farming v Brightland Farming : HH 213/2010 16.4.8
See also CONTRACT – pledging assets a tricky area - settling debts by a scheme of arrangement with creditors
PG Industries v Jones Holdings : HH 336/2015 21.4.4 See also SALE IN EXECUTION See also article Dealing with Bad Debtors in Volume 10, Issue 5, pages 1-10 DECEASED ESTATE - risky to dispose of deceased estate before executor appointed Muchini v Adams : HH 208/11 18.1.3 See also EXECUTOR – appointment when deceased dies without a will See also PROPERTY
- advisability of using services of a legal practitioner - sale when deceased dies without a will
See also WILL – when person dies without leaving a will - who has locus standi to protect estate Estate Utaumire & Others v Kadzunge : HB 113/2006 14.3.14 DECIDED CASES – see LEGAL AUTHORITIES DEFAULT JUDGEMENT : IMPLICATIONS
Deweras Farm v Zimbank : SC 49/1998 4.6.13 DEFECTIVE GOODS - refund of cost
Peacock v MIE Truck Sales : HH 146/1997 3.10.6 - return
Tyre Treads v C & F Investments : HH 68/1999 5.5.6 See also SALE : LIABILITY FOR DEFECTS DEFIANCE OF LEGAL AUTHORITY : CONSEQUENCES OF
Scheelite King Mining v Mahachi : HH 31/1998 4.5.9 DEMURRAGE CHARGES AT BEIRA Portdoor Freight v GMB : SC 45/2001 7.11.9 DEPOSIT FINES (‘SPOT FINES’) - principles governing use State v Babbage : HB 157/2012 19.3.8 DIRECTOR – see COMPANY DIRECTOR DISCLAIMER – see CONTRACT – disclaimer clause DIVIDENDS : DECLARATION
‘R’ v Commissioner of Taxes : Fiscal Appeal Court 1/97 3.12.3
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DOMICILE - right of domicile in Zimbabwe can be lost by citizens Sheasby v Chief Immigration Officer : HB 77/2009 16.4.2 DUPLUM PRINCIPLE
Nedbank Ltd v Morsehead Securities : 1978 (3) SA 633 1.12.8 CBZ v MC Builders; Zimbank v Ferns Engineering; Zimbank v Maroodza; CBZ v Machirori (consolidated cases): HH 140/1996 2.12.1 Georgias & Another v Standard Chartered Finance : HH 59/1998 5.1.6 Mara Farms v Udc : SC 51/2000 6.8.9 Micro Plan Financial Services v Chesets Trading : HH 513/2015 21.4.2
See also INTEREST ELECTRICITY : ILLEGAL TAPPING OF Georgiadis v Min of Local Government & Kariba Town Council : SC 51/1996 2.8.10 ESTATE AGENT - has duty of care to purchaser Masiya v Sadomba : HH 28/2012 19.1.4 EVICTION - despite option to purchase
Akhtar v Minister of Public Construction : SC 173/1997 4.1.15 - farm settlers
Kapena Farm v Minister of Lands : HH 209/2002 8.3.12 - landowner’s right
Trustees of Methodist Church v Solani : HH 22/2000 6.12. 9 - lease : eviction
Jackson v Unity Insurance : SC 58/1999 5.5.12 - Rent Board certificate necessary before for eviction from residential premises
Fletcher v Three EdmundsP/L : SC 25/1998 4.9.9 - statutory tenant : limited grounds for eviction John Sisk Zimbabwe v Altem Enterprises : HH 83/2011 17.4.4 - tenant from commercial premises
Delco v Old Mutual Properties : SC 169/1997 3.10.9 - tenant from commercial premises : acceptable grounds for eviction Wellcroft Investments v Modern Carpets : HH 38/2011 17.4.3 - trustees of welfare home seek to evict disabled residents Leonard Cheshire Homes v Chiite : HH 267/2010 17.4.2 - wrongful
Delco v Old Mutual Properties : SC 104/1998 4.11.7 See also CONTRACT – breach of contract See also LEASE AGREEMENT EVIDENCE - by legal practitioner – oral evidence unacceptable BGM Traffic Control v Transport Ministry : HH 12/2009 15.3.2 - concealing facts from the court
Graspeak Inv (T/A Faffy’s Bar) v Delta Operations : HH 223/2001 8.6.14 - credibility of witness Zvizhinji v Std Chartered Bank : HB 32/2002 9.5.24 - evidence in civil action : entry and search of premises
Cooper v Leslie & Others : (1) ZLR 14 (H) 7.8.10 - expert witnesses
The State v Motsi : HH 185/2015 21.4.3 - sufficiency of evidence in claims for damages
GDC Hauliers v Chirundu Valley Motel : SC 170/98 5.1.8 - truthfulness on part of litigants
Chikadaya v Chikadaya : 2001 (1) ZLR 343 (H) 7.9.14 EXCHANGE CONTROL – see FOREIGN CURRENCY PAYMENTS EXECUTOR
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- appointment when deceased dies without a will Muchini v Adams : HH 208/11 18.1.3 See also DECEASED ESTATE
- risky to dispose of deceased estate before executor appointed FIRST REFUSAL – see RIGHT OF FIRST REFUSAL FOREIGN CITIZENSHIP : RENUNCIATION OF
Carr v Registrar-General : SC 136/2000 7.2.4 FOREIGN CURRENCY
Hattingh v Van Kleek : SC 138/97 4.1.9 International Who’s Who v Bernstein Clothing : HH 45/98 4.9.5 Lowveld Leather v International Finance Corp : SC 114/2002 10.5.11
- bail in foreign currency offences Attorney-General v Fundira : SC 33/2004 11.5.10
- claimant seeks to amend claim from zimdollars to foreign currency in use Stuart v National Railways of Zimbabwe : HB 7/2014 20.2.5
- date of converting forex Zimbabwe Development Bank v Scott (N.O.) : HH 25/2008 14.2.5 - illegal provision for external payment
Bligh-Wall v Bonaventure Zim : 1998 (2) ZLR 264 (2) 8.1.11 - parallel market rate Avacalos v Riley : HH 75/2007 14.2.3 - re-paying loan in foreign currency : 'impossibility'
Watergate v CBZ : SC 78/2005 12.3.5 - Reserve Bank appropriated currency from accounts without authority China Shougang International v Standard Chartered : HH 310/2011 18.2.4
Zimra v RBZ : HH 127/2011 17.3.7 - Reserve Bank appropriation of currency from bank accounts
- RBZ seeks to evade liability MBCA Bank v RBZ and Portland Holdings : HH 482/2015 22.3.2 - ‘Standard Bank transferred money to RBZ at its own risk and must repay its client’
Standard Chartered v China Shougang International : SC 49/2013 19.3.2 - ‘RBZ induced BancABC to breach contract with its client and RBZ must repay bank’
Trojan Nickel Mine v RBZ : HH 169/2013 19.3.4 - Reserve Bank unlawfully ‘sweeps’ bank accounts of Zimra Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe v ZIMRA : SC 44/2013 20.3.6 - survival excuses illegal purchase of forex
State v Telecel : HH 55/2006 12.6.11 See also CURRENCY FOREIGN JUDGMENTS – see JUDGEMENTS – of foreign courts FORFEITURE OF GOODS TO THE STATE - forfeiture of fuel sold without licence State v Zendera : HH 157/2004 11.5.11 - forfeiture of vehicle used in offence: considerations State v Chikandiwa : HH 57/2013 22.3.5 State v Nongerai : HB 43/2013 22.3.6 See also SMUGGLING FORTHWITH – see MEANING OF LEGAL TERMS FRANCHISE AGREEMENT - cancellation
Dairibord v Lighton Trading : HB 105/2003 10.2.4 - can cancel if in contract
Dairibord v Lighton Trading : SC 97/2005 12.4.5 ‘FRIVOLOUS and/or VEXATIOUS’ LEGAL ACTION - application for dismissal Gwizi v Ndebele : HB 68/2008 16.2.4
See also COURT POWERS – grounds to disallow further action - risks attracting punitive costs
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Zimbabwe Online v Telco : HH 206/2012 19.2.2 FUGITIVE FROM JUSTICE : APPEAL CANNOT BE HEARD State v Sylow : SC 7/2004 10.11.11 FURTHER PARTICULARS PROCEDURE : ABUSE - unnecessary/unduly lengthy requests before trial cloud real issue between parties Zimbabwe Online v Telecontract : HH 206/2012 19.2.2 GARNISHEE ORDER - garnishee order would close down company
Packers International (Pvt) Ltd v ZIMRA : HH 328/2014 20.3.2 HARARE COMMISSION ILLEGAL - see ADMIN DECISIONS - attempt to legitimize actions of unlawful body HIRE PURCHASE - control over purchase price
Standard Chartered Finance v Edwards : HH 35/2001 8.4.6 - dishonest attempt to renege on agreement
Pyramid Products v Stanbic Finance : HH 178/97 4.2.6 - finance charges
Hofrho & Hoffman v UDC : SC 62/2001 7.8.1 - fraudulent agreement
Fincor Finance v E & L Walling & Paving : SC 187/97 4.1.6 - overpayment of instalments
Taikoo Farm v udc : HH 190/2000 7.5.10 - ownership of property sold
Fidelity Bank v (1) Scotfin and (2) Build-a-Lot : SC 32/96 3.9.5 - prescription of claims
Udc v Dorba Transport : HH 19/2001 7.6.10 ILLEGAL RATES INCREASE BY COUNCIL Samudzimu & Others v City of Harare : HH 234/99 6.3.7
IMMEDIATELY – see MEANING OF LEGAL TERMS IN DUPLUM RULE - see DUPLUM PRINCIPLE INDEMNITY – see LIABILITY INDIGENISATION - income derived from indigenisation is taxable in the hands of beneficiaries Barclays Bank v Zimra : SC 31/2006 18.2.2 See also TAXES - employee share option schemes For comment, see COURTS – exist to settle specific disputes
In introduction to Mpukuta v Motor Insurance Pool : HB 25/2012 18.3.5 INSOLVENCY - application for liquidation order
Croc-Ostrich Breeders v Best of Zimbabwe : HH 239/99 6.2.5 - attempt to recover debt by applying for winding-up order
Apotex v Surgimed : HH 208/2000 7.3.9 - commercial insolvency
Mukwa Milling v Stanbic Bank : SC 55/97 3.7.10 - company is commercially insolvent when it cannot pay creditors and continue trading
Boka Investments v Thirdline Trading & Others : HH 104/2013 19.4.4 - creditor - bank confuses its roles Madondo (N.O.) v Zimbank : HH 4/2008 14.2.6 - court’s discretion about liquidation
Owen Maswela v Kuganda Farm PL : HH 184/2003 10.7.10 - debtor fails to prevent sequestration
NMB Bank v Selemani : HH 176/2004 12.2.13 - disagreement among directors about winding-up Sultan & Fryfern Enterprises : HH 25/2000 6.12.15 - grounds for winding up a company must be just and equitable
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Peta v Buwu : HH 29/2013 19.4.5 RBZ v Royal Bank : HH 639/2014 21.2.6
- interference with liquidation unlawful Gwatidzo NO v First Transfer Secretaries : HH 165/2014 20.3.5
- liquidation is completely different from judicial management ZFC Ltd v KM Financial Solutions : HH 47/2015 21.2.2
- liquidator’s powers Bete v Heathview Trading : HH 89/99 5.8.7
- purchase of immovable properties by insolvent CABS v Kadanhi : SC 31/99 5.5.13
- purchase of land from insolvent estate invalid Moyo v Fraser NO and Coghlan & Welsh : HB 7/2000 6.4.12
- SEC unlawfully interferes with liquidation Gwatidzo NO v First Transfer Secretaries : HH 165/2014 20.3.5
- winding-up : confirmation of provisional order Merchant Bank v Affretair : HH 57/2001 7.5.3
- winding-up or judicial management Shagelok Chemicals v IFC, ZDB & Provisional Liquidator : SC 124/2002 10.3.7
See also article on Legislation on Insolvency in LRIS, Volume 26, Number 4 INSURANCE - broker liable for losses in export venture
Colcom & Olivine Industries v Zim Insurance Brokers : SC159/1998 4.10.14 - claim must be notified ‘as soon as possible’
Radar Holdings v Eagle Insurance : HH 85/98 4.6.4 - drivers' responsibilities in emergencies Commercial Union Insurance v Chingwaru : SC 50/2004 14.1.2
CGU Insurance v Kirby : HH 180/2003 14.1.3 - exclusion clause
Brightside Enterprises v Zimnat Insurance : HH 14/98 4.7. 14 - fraudulent claim
Allegrucci v The State : HB 37/2002 9.5.7 - guarantee on payment of goods
Blue Ribbon Foods v Orion Insurance : HH 160/2000 6.10.10 - insurance company fails in bid to reject claim on flimsy grounds
Cellphone World v Comm Union Ins : HB 42/2202 9.7.7 - insurance contract : right to avoid liability
Radar Holdings v Eagle Insurance : SC 96/1999 5.11.14 - public liability
Zimnat Insurance v Nyakambiri Farm : SC 216/97 3.12.14 - temporary ‘cover note’ creates binding vehicle insurance
Guardian Security v Global Insurance Co : HH 434/2014 21.2.3 INTERDICT - requirements for a provisional interdict
Nyika Investments v Zimasco : HH 53/2001 7.8.4 - to prevent dissipation of assets
Bozimo Trade & Dev Company v First Merchant Bank : HH 12/2000 6.3.5 - urgent application – see URGENT APPLICATION FOR COURT ORDER INTEREST - limits on rate of interest
Micro Plan Financial Services v Chesets Trading : HH 513/2015 21.4.2 - limits on rate of interest; finance charges
Standard Chartered Finance v Marongwe Transport : HH 164/98 5.1.9 - on debt
Brightside Enterprises v Zimnat Insurance : HH 150/98 4.10.6 - on good tenancy deposit
Lens Agencies v Knight, Frank & Rutley : HH 4/1996 3.3.7 - on interest
Barclays Bank v Arrow Zip Fasteners : HH 245/99 6.2.4 - on liquidated claim
PTC v Xan Zhong : HH 112/97 5.8.15 & 7.1.16 - on overdue accounts
Linton v Corser : 1952 (3) SA 685 (A) 1.5.15
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Cit-Chem v Ceres Farm : HH 114/2001 7.9.1 - on refunded deposit
Hubert Davies v Educational Business Suppliers : SC 133/97 3.10.14 - on taxes – see TAXES – interest – 'no ceiling' below See also DUPLUM PRINCIPLE JOINT VENTURE : REPAYMENT OF INVESTMENT ON WITHDRAWAL Corby Farms v Mhembwe Safaris : HH 108/2001 7.9.9 JUDGMENTS - explanation of decisions Kazingizi v Dzinoruma : HH 106/2006 13.1.13 - factors in sentencing
State v Moyo : HB 114/2006 13.1.6 State v Chera : HB 84/2008 16.2.2
- of foreign courts : inappropriate to review a judgment of a foreign court Venetian Blinds (Malawi) v Apex Holdings (Zimbabwe) : HH 87/2010 17.2.4 - of foreign courts : six general requirements for recognition and enforceability Tiiso Holdings (Germany) v Zisco : HH 95/2010 17.2.6 - percentages v figures Masiwa v Masiwa : SC 74/2006 13.4.3 - summary judgment – appropriate where one party merely seeks to delay start of trial
Superbake Bakeries v Rumtowers Security : SC 74/2014 21.2.4 JUDICIAL MANAGEMENT - see also INSOLVENCY - appropriate where company not viable due to mismanagement;
(not an experiment to extricate company from financial difficulties) Ellingbarn Trading v Assistant Master & POSB : HB 82/2013 19.4.2
- company seeks judicial management to avoid repaying debt in re Stand Five Four Nought (Pvt) Ltd 22.2.3 - court can stop legal action against company under judicial management
ZFC Ltd v KM Financial Solutions : HH 47/2015 21.2.2 - judicial manager can’t change a company’s owners, only the managers Elgate Investments v Master of the High Court : HH 57/2011 17.4.7 - proof of inability to pay debts
Mannatt v De Kock : SC 143/99 6.7.5 - restriction on sale of assets by provisional judicial manager
Feigenbaum v Germanis NO : HB 18/1998 4.12.3 - winding-up or judicial management – see Insolvency JUDICIAL OFFICER - alleged bias : principles courts use in assessing allegation of bias
State v Nhiri : HH 619/2015 21.4.7 JUDICIAL PUNISHMENT - factors in sentencing State v Chera : HB 84/2008 16.2.2 State v Moyo : HB 114/2006 13.1.6 State v Makumbe : HH 39/2013 22.3.7 - provisional sentence
Gumbi v Majoni : HH 654/2014 21.1.2 See also JUDGMENTS See also COMMUNITY SERVICE – when appropriate KILLING IN SELF-DEFENCE State v Van Wyk : 1967 (1) SA 488 6.9.5 State v Banana : 1994 (2) ZLR 271 (S) 6.9.3 See also CULPABLE HOMICIDE LAND - acquisition
Minister of Lands v A L Millar & Sons : Admin Court 410/2000 7.10.10 Minister of Lands v Fick : LA 370-99 6.4.4
- acquisition : damages
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Gilnat Investments v ZESA : SC 20/2000 6.7.6 - change of use – failure to follow procedures Bruce v Econet & City of Harare : HH 52/2009 15.3.4 - co-existence on rural land
Igudu Farm v Commissioner of Police : HH 143/2001 8.2.1 - eviction – see EVICTION – farm settlers - maintenance of law and order
Commissioner of Police v CFU : 2000 (1) ZLR 503 (H) 7.7.10 - proof of ownership of land
Machiva v Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe : HH 41/2000 7.3.8 - sale of land : planning authority
X-Trend-A-Home v Hoselaw Investments : SC 112/2000 7.1.4 - unlawful interference in private business
Ruvinga v Van Der Riet Safaris : SC 160/98 4.10.6 LEASE AGREEMENT - cancellation when tenant breaches rental terms Bravo (Pvt) Ltd v Wordhouse Multimedia : HH 246/2013 22.3.4 - deduction from rent to cover cost of repairs – see REPAIRS - landlord and tenant
Mungadze v Murambiwa : SC 95/1997 3.8.4 - lease to buy : house purchase
Jangara v Nyakutamba : HH 200/98 5.2.12 Hundah v Murauro : SC 208/97 4.1.13
- meaning of ‘new lease by relocation’ Washmate Motors v City of Harare : HH 32/2013 19. 4.7
- non-payment of lease rentals Scotfin v Rixi-Taxi : HH 74/2001 7.5.16
- principles applicable to renting commercial premises Parkside Holdings v Londoner Sports Bar : HH 66/2005 15.1.11 - prospective tenant cannot legally be required to pay a fee to get priority treatment 20.4.3
Goodliving Real Estate v Lin : SC 61/2013 - retaining equipment when lease ends Gute v Jumbe : HH 31/2009 15:3:6 - right of first refusal to purchase property contained in a lease constitutes a contract Prize Commercial Holdings v Goldberg : HH 446/2012 19.1.3 - role of Rent Board in ejectment of tenant Kudinga v Dhliwayo : HH 22/2008 15.1.14 - role of Rent Board in determining fair rent Rosati & Sons v P&C Panel-Beaters : HH 102/2008 15.2.4 - sale of motor vehicle under a lease agreement
Kanohanga v Evans : HH 140/2000 7.2.8 - tacit lease agreement
Meerbrook Mine v Rensburg Investments : HH 18/2000 7.1.11 - tenant loses claim for improvements on land
Reza v Nyangani : HH 72/2000 6.12.13 - tenant’s investment in leased property
City of Gweru v Bangure : HB 49/1997 4.6.12 - tenant’s rights in event of breach
TM v Chadcombe Properties : HH 30/2010 16.2.7 - termination before lease expires
Wei Wei Properties v S&T Export & Import : HH 336/2013 20.4.2 - termination by effluxion of time Washmate Motors v City of Harare : HH 32/2013 19. 4.7 - termination : commercial premises
Air Zimbabwe v Springbok Travel : HH 194/2001 8.3.9 - termination when tenant pays rent late Maplanka v B N Ncube Holdings : HB 63/2010 16.4.13 - termination when tenant stops paying rent during dispute Negowac Services v 3D Holdings : HH 144/2009 15.4.13 - waiver of cancellation of lease agreement
NSSA v Lunga : HB 38/1997 4.3.3 - whether particular premises are deemed business/commercial is a matter of fact and degree Kingdom Calls v Sunseeker : HH 301/2012 19.1.3
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LEGAL AUTHORITIES/DECIDED CASES - always check other side’s quoted authorities
Kawondera v Mandebvu : SC 12/2006 13.1.8 LEGAL COSTS - awarded on a legal practitioner and client scale : principles to be considered Zimbabwe Online v Telco : HH 206/2012 19.2.2 LEGAL PRACTITIONER - company suffers because legal practitioner does not comply with Supreme Court Rules KM Auctions v Samuel : SC 15/2012 19.1.2 See also COURT RULES – non-compliance - duty at pre-trial conference ZETDC v Ruvinga : SC 20/2013 22.3.4 - duty to act only on client’s specific instructions Khuzwayo v Assistant Master : HB 8/2007 15.2.9 - duty to check with Court Registrar whether judgment yet given Metro v Old Mutual Properties : SC 31/2008 15.1.2
Mutizhe v Ganda : SC 17/2009 18.1.2 See also COURT RULES – non-compliance – condonation by Court
See also LITIGANTS’ RESPONSIBILITIES - to brief legal practitioner - to be diligent and vigilant in following up with legal practitioner
- duty to client and court Central Afr. Bldg Constr. v Construction Resources : HH 122/2010 17.2.2
See also SHAREHOLDERS – meeting manipulated by legal practitioner - duty to stop client from lying to the court Moyo v Hassbro Properties : HB 73/2010 16.4.7 - ethical conduct expected from legal practitioners
Deputy Sheriff, Harare v Maketshemu : HH 491/2013 20.4.5 KM Insurance v Marumahoko : HH 678/2014 21.1.4
- oral evidence by legal practitioner unacceptable BGM Traffic Control v Transport Ministry : HH 12/2009 15.3.2 - ‘shabby performance in court’ Blumo Trading v Nelmah Milling : HH 39/2011 18.3.2 - should shortcomings penalize client? Nyamangunda v Mashonaland Turf Club : HH 125/2013 22.3.3 See also COURT RULES – non-compliance – condonation LEGAL COSTS See also PUNITIVE COSTS LEGITIMATE EXPECTATION - arises from express promise by public authority or existence of a regular practice Makromed v Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe : HB 36/2011 17.3.5 See also ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS – authority must act reasonably LETTER OF CREDIT - CONDITIONS Brimpton v Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe : HH 160/2001 7.10.4 LEVIES - illegal levy : Local Authorities
Pyramid Products v Ruwa Local Board : HH 217/2000 7.3.4 - tourism levy
ZTA v Chibanguza Car Repairs : SC 49/2000 6.10.8 - training levy
Higher Education v Border Timbers : HH 131/1999 5.9.12 LIABILITY - defective instructions on product use
Mutangadura v Windmill : HH 135/2000 6.7.10 - employee’s actions
Rose v Fawcett Security : HH 124/1998 4.11.8 Gwatiringa v Jaravaza & Guard-Alert : HH 103/2001 7.9.10 - employer’s
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Khosa v Cargo Carriers : HH 90/2006 13.1.10 - exemption for loss or damage
Jiawu Manufacturers v Mitchell Cotts Freight : HH 104/2003 10.7.15 Masundire v OK Zimbabwe : HH 94/2012 18.2.6
See also CONTRACT – disclaimer clause in contract too broad - failure to disclose defects : see SALE : LIABILITY FOR DEFECTS - goods damaged in transit
Zimpapers v Cargo Marketing : HH 73/1999 5.5.4 Modzone Enterprises v Transtech Freight : HH 65/2007 15.1.8 Jambga v Ethiopian Airlines : HH 481/2014 21.3.7 - goods left at owner’s risk
Tubb v Mwamuka : SC 116/1996 3.9.10 W&M Enterprises v Colbro Masvingo : HB 47/1999 5.12.5
- limited liability of shareholder for corruption in company Mawere v Minister of Justice : HH 1/2005 12.4.7
- limited liability for goods destroyed in transit Modzone v Transtech : HH 65/2007 15.1.8
- personal liability when signing a company cheque
Clan Transport v Pemhenayi : 1999 (1) ZLR 520 (H) 6.11.4 Thomas Meikle Stores v Muvirimi : HH 99/2006 12.2.1 - reckless handling of company business
Powertech Industries v Mayberry : 1996 (2) SA 742 (W) 3.9.15 - reckless handling of company business results in directors’ personal liability Toakona Trading v van Rooyen : HH 684/2014 21.1.5 - relative responsibilities of bank and customer when ATM card is lost Zimbeva v Kingdom Bank : HH 531/2014 21.3.2 - release of surety from liability
Grain Marketing Board v Diamond Insurance : HH 4/1998 4.3.8 - road accident Harris v Diamond Insurance : HH 203/2000 7.4.14 - straying animals
Bwanya v Matanda : 2000 (1) ZLR 546 (H) 7.12.13 - veld fire
Donaldson v Tucker : HH 3/1998 4.8.14 - vicarious
Fawcett Security v Omar Enterprises : SC 217/1991 1.7.3 StanChart Finance v Georgias : 1998 (2) ZLR 547 (H) 5.7.7
- wilful misconduct by employees Jambga v Ethiopian Airlines : HH 481/2014 21.3.7 See also COMPENSATION and DAMAGES and SALE : LIABILITY FOR DEFECTS LIEN (right to retain property pending payment of debt) - applies only to goods on which work has been done Nexbak Inv. v Global Electrical : SC 4/2009 15.4.2 - ceases to operate once property is surrendered
Deputy Sheriff v Sherwood Motors : 1998 (2) ZLR 373 (H) 5.7.11 - claimed over immovable property
Blair Holdings v Walenn Construction : SC 122/1995 2.8.13 - improper interference by court official Deven Engineering v Chiyangwa : HH 1/2007 14.3.7 - on imported goods pending payment of duty
Director of Customs & Excise v Absa Bank : 1998 (2) ZLR 71 (S) 5.7.13 - principle of retaining property pending payment of debt
Sanyati Motor Spares v Masanga : SC 26/2001 7.4.10 See also DEBT
LIQUID DOCUMENT - provisional sentence is a remedy for a creditor with a liquid document Interfin Banking v Veanarcy (Pvt) Ltd : HH 388/2013 22.3.2 LIQUIDATION – see INSOLVENCY LITIGANTS’ RESPONSIBILITIES - to be diligent and vigilant in following up with legal practitioner Mutizhe v Ganda : SC 17/2009 18.1.2
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See also LEGAL PRACTITIONER - duty to check with Court Registrar LOAN - loan : recovery of business
Chidyausiku v SEDCO : SC 70/2001 7.11.5 - loan : security : immovable property
Oceaner v Upper Class Enterprises : HH 138/2001 8.3.16
LOSS OF COMPANY PRODUCTS : EMPLOYEE SUED Rothmans of Pall Mall v Chitswanda : HH 82/2002 7.9.13 MANAGING DIRECTOR - appointment
Pertsilis v Calcterra : HH 19/1999 7.1.14 - implied power to enter into contracts See CONTRACT – implied power of MD to enter into contracts MEANING OF LEGAL TERMS - ‘immediately’ means the same as ‘forthwith’ Sithole v Khumalo : HB 138/2006 15.2.16 MINING FEES DECLARED ULTRA VIRES Natural Stone Export Company v Director of National Parks : HH 129/1997 4.3.12 MOTOR VEHICLE INSURANCE - obtainable at port of entry Mpukuta v Motor Insurance Pool : HB 25/2012 18.3.5 NEGLECT OF DUTY BY PUBLIC SERVANT Binza v Town Clerk, City of Harare : HH 45/1997 3.6.9 NSSA CONTRIBUTIONS : NON-PAYMENT NSSA v Kleen Bright Services : HH 146/2001 7.10.2 ONUS OF PROOF IN A CIVIL CLAIM Nyahondo v Hokonya : 1998 JOL 1916 5.1.11 OVERCHARGING BY PTC PTC v Ndlovu : HB 18/1997 4.8.15 OWNERSHIP - benefit and risk pass to the buyer when sale agreed
AMI Zimbabwe v Casalee Holdings : SC 91/1997 3.8.1 - dispute over assets
U-Freight Euromar P/L v Emmanuel Mutebuka : HH 5/2003 9.3.10 - important principle of property law Alspite Investments v Westerhof : HH 99/2009 17.2.3 See also PROPERTY – owner shall not be deprived of his property without consent - proof of ownership of land
Machiva v Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe : HH 41/2000 7.3.8 - proof of ownership of motor vehicle
African Distillers v Matabeleland Tractor Services : SC 205/1997 4.1.8 - proof of purchase of used car
Stanbic Finance v Chivhungwa : HB 19/1999 6.5.7 - receipt does not prove ownership
Rusinga v Marangwanda : SC 159/1997 4.5.6 - right of possession and right of ownership
Bango v Mkhwananzi : SC 203/1997 3.12.11 PARTNERSHIP - consortium : legal requirements
P & M Spares v GT Earthmovers & Plant Hire : SC 141/1997 3.12.8 - essentials of partnership
Pfani v Mapfidza : HH 166/2001 7.10.7 Metallon Corporation v Stanmarker Mining SC 82/2006 14.1.7
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- tacit universal partnership of couple living as husband and wife Nyamwanza v Masiiwa : HH 95/2000 6.6.4 Masiiwa v Nyamwanza : SC 23/2001 7.6.4
‘PASSING OFF’ F W Woolworth & Co v Sunray Stores : HH 25/1998 4.4.5 A1 Taxis v Point to Point Rosewise Taxis : HH 214/1999 5.12.6 Cairns Foods v Zimbabwe Gelatine : HH 18/2001 7.5.8 Zimbabwe Gelatine v Cairns Foods : SC 130/2002 11.3.3 Zapchem Detergent Mfg v Polaris Zimbabwe : HH 67/2003 10.1/2.1 Polaris Zimbabwe v Zapchem Detergent Mfg : SC 68/2004 11.11.4 Unilever v Vimco : HH 175/2004 11.3.1 See also Company name : dispute over use and Competition and Trade mark PERMIT - renewal procedure Makromed v Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe : HB36/2011 17.3.5 See also ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS – authority must act reasonably POLICE - arrested person’s right to dignity
Chituku v Minister of Home Affairs : HH 6/2004 10.11.12 - corruption
Chauya v The State : SC 127/1996 3.1.13 Kutya & Mawere v The State : SC 157/1996 3.1.14 Chiviru v The State : HH 40/2004 10.9.1
- deposit fines (‘spot fines’) - principles governing use State v Babbage : HB 157/2012 19.3.8 See also BIZ Bulletin November 2012(1), pages 2/3 and November 2012(2), p.1 - no authority to detain suspects beyond prescribed period of time Dube v ZRP, Nkayi : HB 125/2010 17.3.2 - public right to police protection
Chavunduka v Commissioner of Police : SC 20/2000 6.8.13 Masunda v Minister of State : HB 75/2006 13.1.17
- responsibility to maintain law Mukwereza v Minister of Home Affairs : SC 27/2004 11.5.14
POWER OF ATTORNEY – English Solicitors Tawanda v Ndebele : HB 27/2006 BIZ Bulletin March 2007(2) PRE-EMPTION - involves a negative contract not to sell to a third party without giving grantee the first refusal Prize Commercial Holdings v Goldberg : HH 446/2012 19.1.3 PRE-TRIAL CONFERENCE - duties of a judge
KM Insurance v Marumahoko : HH 678/2014 21.1.4 - duties of legal practitioner and client ZETDC v Ruvinga : SC 20/2013 22.3.4 PRIVATE CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS IN ZIMBABWE – historical origins - private party must show individual injury
Telecel Zimbabwe (Pvt) Ltd v the Attorney-General : SC 1/2014 20.2.6 PROMISSORY NOTES : FRAUDULENT ISSUE Rapid Discount House v Cold Storage Commission : HH 230/2000 7.9.4 PROOF OF ORDERS AND DELIVERY New Peak Manufacturing v Delta Zim : SC 43/2001 7.5.13 PROPERTY - buyer is not entitled to nominate conveyancer
Scapelox Trading v Mashangwa Family Trust : HH 91/2014 20.2.2 - immovable property sold twice
Rowona v Mashura : HH 244/2000 8.2.6
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Guga v Moyo & Mtungwazi: SC 130/2000 7.3.2 - owner shall not be deprived of his property without consent Alspite Investments v Westerhof : HH 99/2009 17.2.3 See also OWNERSHIP – important principle of property law - pricing immovable property
Mchechesi v Field & Others : SC 116/1999 6.1.6 - repossession of property requires legal sanction
Mudziniko v Madyara : HH 9/1998 4.9.7 - sale
- advisability of using services of a legal practitioner Muchini v Adams : HH 208/2011 18.1.3
- agent’s duty to comply with owner’s instructions Kahari v Avondale Estate & Invest Co : HH 219/2001 8.3.10
- of jointly-owned property invalid Gonyora v Zenith Distributors & Others : HH 44/2004 10.11.7
- seizure of property by Messenger of Court Tendere v Harare City Council : SC 66/2003 10.11.4
PROVISIONAL SENTENCE - remedy for a creditor with a liquid document Interfin Banking v Vanearcy (Pvt) Ltd : HH 388/2013 22.3.2 PROXY VOTES - be careful who you give proxies to Central African Building Construction v Construction Resources : HH 122/2010 17.2.2 See also SHAREHOLDERS – meeting manipulated by legal practitioner PUBLIC AUCTION - fair market price– see also PROPERTY – pricing immovable property
Benma Enterprises v Scotfin : SC 49/1999 5.6.16 - seller bound by sale agreement
Gwafa v SEDCO : SC 136/1999 6.2.12 PUNITIVE COSTS - imposed for an application without merit, an exercise in futility, an absolute waste of time Daya v Savanna Tobacco : HH 242/2012 19.2.3 - imposed for vexatious, reckless or frivolous legal action Zimbabwe Online v Telco : HH 206/2012 19.2.2 See also FRIVOLOUS and/or VEXATIOUS LEGAL ACTION See also LEGAL COSTS RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS OF BUYER AND SELLER Enpa v Taurai : HH 5/1998 4.3.1 REGULATIONS - a Minister’s powers to regulate are not unlimited Trust Insurance Brokers v Minister of Finance : SC 6/2008 18.1.4 - a Minister’s powers to regulate are not unlimited : must conform to Parliament’s wishes Transport Operators Association v Minister of Transport : HH 455/2012 19.3.6 RENT BOARD’S ROLE IN REGARD TO COMMERCIAL PREMISES - whether particular premises are deemed business/commercial is a matter of fact and degree Kingdom Calls v Sunseeker : HH 301/2012 19.1.3 See also LEASE AGREEMENT – role of Rent Board REPAIRS : DEDUCTION FROM RENT TO COVER COST
Choruma v Wayout International Holdings : HH 21/2001 7.4.6 RESPONSIBILITIES OF A DEALER IN SECOND-HAND VEHICLES
Taunton Enterprises v Marais : HH 135/1996 3.2.1 RETURNING RESIDENT’S REBATE OF CUSTOMS DUTY ON IMPORTED GOODS Goba v ZIMRA : HH 159/2015 21.4.5 RIGHT OF FIRST REFUSAL TO PURCHASE SOMETHING (‘pre-emption’)
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- cannot withdraw Nerger Properties v R Chitrin & Co : SC 47/2006 13.4.1 - difference between an option to buy and right of pre-emption
Sawyer v Chioza & Mujikiwa : HH 33/1999 5.3.5 - may constitute a contract if contained in a precisely-written lease agreement Prize Commercial Holdings v Goldberg : HH 446/2012 19.1.3 - tenant’s right of first refusal to buy exists only if in lease
Central African Process Exports v Gollan : HH 240/2000 7.6.14 RIGHT TO REPAYMENT - wronged party has right to repayment of excess amounts levied Gold Driven Investments v Matipano NO : HH 266/2012 19.2.2 RULE OF LAW : SUBVERTED BY SELECTIVE PROSECUTION State v Humbarume : HH 148/2001 8.1.1 SALE AGREEMENT - agreement not concluded and so earlier communications not binding
Davis Granite v Trust Merchant Bank : SC 70/2000 6.10.11 - cancellation Ndlovu v Muranda : 1999 (2) ZLR 341 (S) 7.12.10 - cancellation attempt by directors-cum-shareholders unsuccessful Chevron Investments v Chihuri : SC 36/2006 15.2.11 - cancellation of agreement 13 years later fails Agro-Chem v Gomo and City of Harare : HH 71/2009 15.4.10 - clause inserted after signing renders null and void
Mukwaira v Chaitezvi : HH 90/1999 5.12.12 - elements
Clover Leaf Motors v Arrow Zip Fasteners : SC 137/2000 7.2.11 - estate agent releases money to bogus seller on basis of copy title deed, before transfer Masiya v Sadomba : HH 28/2012 19.1.4 - illegal provision for external payment
Bligh-Wall v Bonaventure Zim : 1998 (2) ZLR 264 (2) 8.1.11 - inclusion of suspensive condition Runatsa v Rumani (Pvt) Ltd : SC 54/2009 16.2.14 - misrepresentation repudiates agreement
Cohen v Kelly : SC 188/1997 3.12.12 Avagadros P/L v Access to Capital : SC 167/1998 5.2.9
- proof of ability to pay Lincoln Investments v Sarbah : SC 106/2000 6.11.10 - right to sue
Kapenya v Mpofu : SC 27/2000 6.10.14 - significance of signatories
Morris & Others v Lavin : HH 2/1998 4.2.12 - verbal Mhute v Chifamba : SC 89/1999 6.10.11
Bligh-Wall v Bonaventure Zimbabwe : 1998 (2) ZLR 264 (S) 8.1.11 See also CONTRACT – oral contract
- wrongful profit from invalid agreement Hundah v Murauro : SC 208/1997 4.1.13
SALE : LIABILITY FOR DEFECTS - disclosure of defects
Elston v Dicker : SC 212/1995 3.10.3 - liability for defects
Deve v Nyatanga : HH 15/1996 3.6.6 - ‘voetstoets’ sale
Kuchi Electrical Suppliers v Van de Ruit : HH 99/1996 3.4.14 See also LIABILITY SALE IN EXECUTION - cancellation
Munyoro v Founders Building Society : HH 549/1999 5.5.10 Kaseke v Munyoro : SC 9/2000 6.3.13 Chikwaira v The Sheriff : HH 357/2013 21.3.3
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- equities favour good faith buyer, not tardy owner Kanoyangwa v Messenger of Court : SC 68/2006 15.2.6 - grounds for setting aside
Twin Wire Agencies v CABS : SC 46/2005 12.2.12 - sheriff’s obligations
Chizikani v CABS : SC 50/1998 4.12.11 - sheriff’s obligations in regard to adequate advertising Chikwaira v The Sheriff : HH 357/2013 21.3.3 - stay in execution on basis of counter-claim
Scotfin v Inkuni Products : HH 137/1999 5.8.13 See also DEBT SALES TAX - evasion
Deputy Sheriff Harare v Mahleza : HH 168/1997 4.2.5 - incorrect official advice
‘A.H.’ v Commissioner of Taxes : ref FJ 23 7.1.5 - on architectural services
Plan Construction v Comm of Taxes : Fiscal Appeal Court 10-1-02 8.2.8 - on goods and services
‘N.I.’ v Commissioner of Taxes : Fiscal Appeals Court FJ 24 6.12.4 - on imported vehicles
‘A Take’ v Commissioner of Taxes : Fiscal Appeal Court 10/2001 8.3.6 T&A’ Transport v Comm of Taxes : Fiscal Appeal Court 12-11-01 8.4.1
- on services Commissioner of Taxes v Edgars Stores : SC 2/2000 6.1.3 ‘SL Ltd’ v Commissioner of Taxes : Fiscal Appeals Court 11/2001 8.3.3
- on services from South Africa ‘SKN’ v Comm of Taxes : FJ 22 7.3.12
- on transport out of country G R & Storage v Commissioner of Taxes : FAC 21.1.02 8.10.1
See also TAXES SCHEME OF ARRANGEMENT WITH CREDITORS - three-fourths of creditors can approve scheme
PG Industries v Jones Holdings : HH 336/2015 21.4.4 SECURITY FOR MORTGAGE BOND : SUBSTITUTION OF Chawatama v United Merchant Bank : HH 111/2001 7.9.7 SHAREHOLDERS MEETING - manipulated by legal practitioner Central African Building Construction v Construction Resources : HH 122/2010 17.2.2 See also LEGAL PRACTITIONER – duty to client and court See also PROXY VOTES – be careful who you give proxies to SHAREHOLDERS DISPUTE Pertsilis v Calcterra : HH 16257/1998 5.4.9 Africa First v ACM Investments : HH 95/2008 15.2.2 SHIPPING DISPUTES - English law applies Colour Fast Textiles v P&O Ned Lloyd : HH 70/2005 12.1.4 SMUGGLING - forfeiture of hired vessel
Ndaza v ZIMRA : HH 79/2004 10.11.8 - forfeited goods/vehicle : Customs ordered to return
Frenken v Controller of Customs : HH 27/2005 11.11.2 - proof required
Preston Transport v Customs & Excise : HH 130/1997 4.9.12 See also FORFEITURE OF GOODS TO THE STATE SPOLIATION ORDER - what applicant must prove to court
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Shiriyekutanga Bus v Total Zimbabwe : HH 64/2008 15.1.4 Karori (Pvt) Ltd v Mujaji : HH 23/2007 15.1.4 See also COMPUTER CRIME STATUTORY INTERPRETATION - sometimes the discretionary ‘may’ means the obligatory ‘should’ Information Media Investments v Information Minister & POTRAZ : HH 207/2016 22.4.2 STOLEN MOTOR VEHICLE - purchase of stolen vehicle
Mashave v Standard Bank of South Africa : SC 6/1998 4.6.6 - sale of stolen vehicle
Patsika v Jemuce : HH 257/1999 6.2.16 SUMMARY JUDGMENT - summary judgment - appropriate where one party merely seeks to delay start of trial
Superbake Bakeries v Rumtowers Security : SC 74/2014 21.2.4 SURETYSHIP - extent of guarantor’s obligations
PTC v Lamb : HH 19/2002 8.4.4 - ex-director tries to claim his liability expired when he resigned KHM Societe Anonyme v G-Mobile : HH 785/2015 22.2.2 See also CONTRACT - suretyship See also LIABILITY – release from surety TAXES (including VAT) - advance tax rulings : stringent requirements
Delta v ZIMRA : HH 621/2015 21.4.6 - ambiguity in tax law must be interpreted to favour the taxpayer
Delta v ZIMRA : HH 129/2015 21.3.4 - asessed on cash sales
‘R & Co’ v Commissioner of Taxes : FAC 20.2.02 8.10.7 - ‘bonus shares’ are exempt from withholding tax
Delta v ZIMRA : HH 621/2015 21.4.6 - correction of errors in computation
‘P’ v Commissioner of Taxes : ref FJ-505 (2000) 6.7.9 - deductions : difference between bad and doubtful debts
BT (Pvt) Ltd v ZIMRA : HH 129/2015 21.3.5 - dividends used to purchase additional shares are not exempt from withholding tax
Delta v ZIMRA : HH 621/2015 21.4.6 - employee share option schemes Barclays Bank v Zimra : SC 31/2006 18.2.2 See also INDIGENISATION - income derived from indigenisation is taxable in the hands of beneficiaries - employees’ tax : automatic penalty for late submission
‘Sildyna’ v Commissioner of Taxes : Fiscal Appeal Court 15-11-01 8.7.3 - evasion : penalties : onus of proof
‘Mark’ v Commissioner of Taxes : J-511 7.4.3 - garnishee order : Zimra must first issue assessment
Barclays Bank v Zimra : HH 162/2004 11.11.1 See also ADMIN DECISIONS
- interest on tax debts – no ceiling Bindura Nickel v Zimra : HH 30/2008 14.2.8
- on non-residents’ fees Sunfresh Enterprises v ZIMRA : HB 78/2004 10.11.1
- on prizes Stander v Commissioner of Inland Revenue : 59 SATC 212 1 July 97 4.3.7
- overpaid tax - claim for refund
Hondo Sales v Commissioner of Taxes : HH 77/2000 6.5.4 - recovery of excess payment
Matabeleland Turf Club v Comm of Taxes, HH 220/2000 7.4.12 - representative taxpayers
Hunting Industries v Barclays & Others : HH 57/2005 12.2.15
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- special initial allowance ‘S’ v Commissioner of Taxes : SC 151/1997 3.10.15
- when next year’s income is taxable Standard Chartered Bank v Zimra : SC 42/2009 15.4.7 & 16.1.2 See also SALES TAX TENANTS – see LEASE AGREEMENT TENDERS - acceptance of tender results in binding contract
PTC v Support Construction : 1998 (2) ZRR 221 (S) 5.7.5 - detailed invitation to tender can lead to breach of contract
Telecon Italia v PTC & Another : HH 149/2000 8.6.5 - government tenders must be approved by Government Tender Board
Power-Tech Engineering v CAA & Power Construction : HH 27/2001 7.6.6 - procedure
Systems Technology v Government Tender Board : HH 2/1999 6.3.11 Deutsche Aeroconsult v Government Tender Board : HH 76/2001 7.7.5
- risky to assume officials have followed procedures when tendering for contracts PMA Real Estate v ARDA : HH 236/2011 19.2.4 See also CONTRACT THREATS OF LEGAL ACTION : UNLAWFUL Dube & Motoring Consultants v Law Society of Zimbabwe : SC 122/1999 6.2.14 TRADE MARK - competing applications to register a trade mark
Philip Morris Products Inc v Marlboro Shirt Co : SC 127/2001 8.10.13 - does not monopolize ideas
First Mutual v Intermarket : HH 104/2005 12.3.12 See also COMPANY NAME : DISPUTE OVER USE and COMPETITION and ‘PASSING OFF’ TRESPASS
Thomson v Schietekat : 1893 10 SC 46 1.3.1 - shooting at trespassers
State v Chikukutu : 1996 (1) ZLR 702 (S) 6.9.11 State v Smart : 1971 RLR 256 (A) 6.9.7
- what the law says about unauthorized persons found on your premises State v Garawenako : HH 242/2010 17.1.8 TRIAL - must be held within reasonable period
State v Watson : SC 17/2006 12.6.10 TRUST - law is interested in sustaining the Trust, not the trustees Leonard Cheshire Homes v Chiite : HH 267/2010 17.4.2 See also EVICTION – trustees seek to evict disabled residents - not a legal entity
Gold Trust v Zim Miners Federation : HH 24/2006 12.6.7 - use of money held in trust
De Villiers v James : 1996 (2) ZLR 597 (S) 5.6.9 UNJUST ENRICHMENT Faber Enthoven v Receiver of Revenue : 1992 (4) SA 202 (A) 1.12.9 Govender v Standard Bank of SA : 1984 (4) SA 392 1.12.9 Industrial Equity v Walker : HH 30/1996 3.4.16 Madori v Chiwoni : HH 151/2000 7.3.7 C & S Karigambe v C Jogi & Others SC 111/2002 10.5.16 - wronged party has right to repayment of excess amounts levied Gold Driven Investments v Matipano NO : HH 266/2012 19.2.2 URGENT APPLICATION FOR COURT ORDER
ZESA Staff Pension Fund v Mushambadzi : SC 57/2002 9.9.1 Document Support Centre v Mapuvire : HH 117/2006 13.1.15
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- cannot 'go over head' of High Court Total Marketing v Pollylamp Inv : SC 34/2007 14.1.6
VAT – refer to TAXES WARRANTY : REDRESS UNDER Endurite v Welter Computers (‘Weltec’) : HH 96/2002 9.3.6 WHISTLEBLOWING - reward Chapfika v Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe : HH 77/2007 14.3.6 WILL - of deceased person – risks of writing one’s own will Mujuru v Master of High Court : HH 112/2008 15.2.8 - when person dies without leaving a will Muchini v Adams : HH 208/11 18.1.3 WINDING-UP – see INSOLVENCY
Consolidated Index of business-relevant court cases reported in Business Information Zimbabwe 1994-2016 Updated by Howard Dean March 2017, Harare, Zimbabwe