business information systems in your careerin your careeris.cba.edu.kw/240/handouts/ch01.pdf ·...

1Chapter

Business Business Business Business Information Systems Information Systems

in Your Careerin Your CareerInformation Systems Information Systems

in Your Careerin Your Careerin Your Careerin Your Careerin Your Careerin Your Career

1.1 © 2007 by Prentice Hall

Essentials of Business Information SystemsEssentials of Business Information SystemsChapter 1 Business Information Systems in Your CareerChapter 1 Business Information Systems in Your Career

STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES

H i f ti t t f i• How are information systems transforming business and what is their relationship to globalization?g

• Why are information systems so essential for running and managing a business today?

• What exactly is an information system? How does• What exactly is an information system? How does it work? What are its people, organization, and technology components?



STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES (Continued)

• How will a four-step method for business problem solving help you solve information system-

l t d bl ?related problems?

• How will information systems affect business• How will information systems affect business careers and what information systems skills and knowledge are essential?



NBA Teams Make a Slam Dunk with Information Technology

• Problem: Escalating• Problem: Escalating salaries and travel costs, difficulty of increasing revenue by improving employee performance.

• Solutions: High• Solutions: High resolution, organized video allows teams to

i dreview games and scout new players more efficiently.


y



• Synergy Sports Technology’s tools help collect, organize, and distribute video of NBA games.

• Demonstrates IT’s role in reducing cost, organizing data, and increasing efficiency.

• Illustrates the emerging digital firm landscape where businesses can use tools to analyze critical datadata.



The Role of Information Systems in Business Today

How Information Systems Are Transforming BusinessHow Information Systems Are Transforming Business

• In 2007, more wireless phone accounts were opened than telephone land lines installed

How Information Systems Are Transforming Business How Information Systems Are Transforming Business

opened than telephone land lines installed• More than 95 million people receive their news

online; 55 million Americans read blogs • Internet advertising continues to grow at more than

15 percent per year• New laws require businesses to store more data for• New laws require businesses to store more data for

longer periods• Changes in business result in changes in jobs and


careers



Globalization Challenges and Opportunities:Globalization Challenges and Opportunities:Globalization Challenges and Opportunities: Globalization Challenges and Opportunities: A Flattened WorldA Flattened World

• Internet and global communications has greatly d d i d lt l d t freduced economic and cultural advantages of

developed countries• Drastic reduction of costs of operating and transacting on• Drastic reduction of costs of operating and transacting on

global scale

• Competition for jobs, markets, resources, ideas

• Dependence on imports and exports

• Requires new understandings of skills, markets, t iti


opportunities


Business Drivers of Information SystemsBusiness Drivers of Information Systems


• Businesses invest in IT to achieve six important business objectives

us ess e s o o at o Syste sus ess e s o o at o Syste s

important business objectives1. Operational excellence

2 New products services and business models2. New products, services, and business models

3. Customer and supplier intimacy

4. Improved decision making

5. Competitive advantage


6. Survival


Operational Excellence:Operational Excellence:


Operational Excellence:Operational Excellence:

• Improved efficiency results in higher profits

I f ti t d t h l i h l• Information systems and technologies help improve efficiency and productivity

E g Wal Mart:– E.g. Wal-Mart:

• Power of combining information systems and best business practices to achieve operational efficiency—

$and $348 billion in sales in 2007

• Most efficient store in world as result of digital links between suppliers and stores


pp


New products, services, and business models:New products, services, and business models:


• Information systems and technologies enable firms to create new products services and business

p , ,p , ,

to create new products, services, and business models

• Business model: How a company produces, p y p ,delivers, and sells its products and services

• E.g. Music industry

• Drastic changes in business models in recent years

• Apple: Successful innovations – iPod iTunes etc


Apple: Successful innovations iPod, iTunes, etc.


New products, services, and business models:New products, services, and business models:


p , ,p , ,

With its stunning multitouchWith its stunning multitouchdisplay, full Internet browsing, digital camera, and portablemusic player, Apple’s iPhone set a new standard for mobile phones. Other Apple productsphones. Other Apple products have transformed the music and entertainment industries.



Customer and supplier intimacy:Customer and supplier intimacy:


• Customers who are served well become repeat customers who purchase more

pp ypp y

p• Mandarin Oriental hotel

• Uses IT to foster an intimate relationship with its customers, keeping track of preferences, etc.

• Close relationships with suppliers result in lower costscosts• JCPenney

• IT to enhance relationship with supplier in Hong Kong


• IT to enhance relationship with supplier in Hong Kong


Improved decision making:Improved decision making:


• A company’s bottom line can be hurt by managers being swamped with data that is not

p gp g

timely or helpful, forcing them to use guesswork

R l ti d t i bilit f t• Real-time data improves ability of managers to make decisions

• Verizon: Web based digital dashboard to• Verizon: Web-based digital dashboard to update managers with real-time data on customer complaints, network performance,


and line outages



Information Builders’ digital dashboard deliversdashboard delivers comprehensive and accurate information for decision making. The graphical overview of key performanceperformance indicators helps managers quickly spot areas that


need attention.


Competitive advantage:Competitive advantage:


• Often results from achieving previous business objectives

p gp g

• Advantages over competitors:

• Charging less for superior products betterCharging less for superior products, better performance, and better response to suppliers and customers

• Toyota: Uses TPS (Toyota Production System) to achieve high levels of efficiency and quality




In a Toyota factoryIn a Toyota factory, the assembly line produces a superior product in less time,product in less time, using less inventory, and having fewer defects than the competition. Toyota uses information systems to monitor inventory levels and manage production scheduling.



Survival:Survival:


• Businesses may need to invest in information systems out of necessity; simply the cost of doingsystems out of necessity; simply the cost of doing business• Keeping up with competitors

• Citibank’s introduction of ATMs• Federal and state regulations and reporting

requirementsrequirements• Toxic Substances Control Act and the

Sarbanes-Oxley Act



Perspectives on Information Systems and Information Technology

What Is an Information System?What Is an Information System?

• Information technology: The hardware and software a business uses to achieve objectives

What Is an Information System? What Is an Information System?

j

• Information system: Interrelated components that manage information to:• Support decision making and control

• Help with analysis, visualization, and product creation

• Data: Streams of raw facts• Information: Data shaped into meaningful, useful form



It Isn’t Simply Technology: The Role of People and Organizations

Data and InformationData and InformationData and InformationData and Information

Raw data from a supermarket checkout counter can be processed and organized to produce meaningful information, such as the total unit sales


Figure 1-1

Raw data from a supermarket checkout counter can be processed and organized to produce meaningful information, such as the total unit sales of dish detergent or the total sales revenue from dish detergent for a specific store or sales territory.


Perspectives on Information Systems and Information Technology

What Is an Information System?What Is an Information System?

• Activities in an information system that produce information:

What Is an Information System? What Is an Information System?

• Input

• Processing

• Output

• Feedback

• Sharp distinction between computer and computer program vs. information system




Functions of an Information SystemFunctions of an Information SystemFunctions of an Information SystemFunctions of an Information System

Figure 1-2An information system contains information about an organization and its surrounding environment. Three basic activities—input, processing, and output—produce the information organizations need. Feedback is output returned to appropriate people or activities in the organization to evaluate and refine the input. Environmental actors, such as customers, suppliers,


competitors, stockholders, and regulatory agencies, interact with the organization and its information systems.



The Role of People and OrganizationsThe Role of People and Organizations

• Information systems literacy• Includes behavioral and technical approach

The Role of People and OrganizationsThe Role of People and Organizations

Includes behavioral and technical approach• Computer literacy

• Focuses mostly on knowledge of ITy g• Management information systems (MIS)

• Focuses on information systems literacy• Issues surrounding development, use, impact of

information systems used by managers and employees




Dimensions of Information SystemsDimensions of Information Systems

• Three dimensions of information t

Dimensions of Information Systems Dimensions of Information Systems

systems• Organizationsg

• People

• Technology




Information Systems Are More Than ComputersInformation Systems Are More Than ComputersInformation Systems Are More Than Computers Information Systems Are More Than Computers

Using information systems effectively requires an understanding of the organization, people, and information technology shaping the


Figure 1-3systems. An information system provides a solution to important business problems or challenges facing the firm.



Dimensions of Information SystemsDimensions of Information Systems

• Organizations• Coordinate work through structured hierarchy


• Coordinate work through structured hierarchy and business processes• Business processes: Related tasks and behaviors for

accomplishing work• E.g. Fulfilling an order• May be informal or include formal rulesy

• Culture embedded in information systems• E.g. UPS’s concern with placing service to customer

first


first



Dimensions of Information SystemsDimensions of Information Systems• People

• Information systems require skilled people to build,


y q p p ,maintain, use them

• Employee attitudes affect ability to use systems productivelyproductively

• Role of managers• Perceive business challengesPerceive business challenges• Set organizational strategy• Allocate human and financial resources


• Creative work: New products, services



Dimensions of Information SystemsDimensions of Information Systems• Technology

• IT Infrastructure: Foundation or platform that


pinformation systems built on• Computer hardware• Computer software• Data management technology• Networking and telecommunications technology• Networking and telecommunications technology

• Internet and Web, extranets, intranets• Voice video communications


Voice, video communications



Interactive Session: TechnologyInteractive Session: TechnologyInteractive Session: TechnologyInteractive Session: TechnologyUPS Competes Globally with Information TechnologyUPS Competes Globally with Information Technology

Using a handheld comp ter called a Deli ercomputer called a Delivery Information Acquisition Device (DIAD), UPS drivers automatically ycapture customers’ signatures along with pickup, delivery, and time card information UPScard information. UPS information systems use these data to track packages while they are


being transported.



Interactive Session: TechnologyInteractive Session: TechnologyInteractive Session: TechnologyInteractive Session: TechnologyUPS Competes Globally with Information TechnologyUPS Competes Globally with Information Technology

• Read the Interactive Session and then discuss the following questions:following questions:• What are the inputs, processing, and outputs of UPS’s

package tracking system?

• What technologies are used?

• How are these technologies related to UPS’s business strategy?strategy?

• What problems do these technologies solve?

• What would happen if these technologies were not


What would happen if these technologies were not available?


Understanding Information Systems: A Business Problem-Solving Approach

The ProblemThe Problem--Solving ApproachSolving Approach• Few business problems are simple or

straightforward

The ProblemThe Problem Solving ApproachSolving Approach

• Most business problems involve a number of major factors that can fall into three main categories:

• Organization

• Technology• Technology

• People




A Model of the ProblemA Model of the Problem--Solving ProcessSolving Process

• Problem solving: 4-step process

A Model of the ProblemA Model of the Problem Solving ProcessSolving Process

1. Problem identification

2. Solution design

3 Ch i3. Choice

4. Implementation


4. Implementation




1. Problem identification includes:• Agreement that problem exists


• Agreement that problem exists

• Definition of problem

C f bl• Causes of problem

• What can be done given resources of firm





• Typical organizational problems• Outdated business processes


• Outdated business processes

• Unsupportive culture and attitudes

P liti l i fi hti• Political in-fighting

• Turbulent business environment, change

C f• Complexity of task

• Inadequate resources





• Typical technology problems• Insufficient or aging hardware


• Insufficient or aging hardware

• Outdated software

I d t d t b it• Inadequate database capacity

• Insufficient telecommunications capacity

f• Incompatibility of old systems with new technology

• Rapid technological change





• Typical people problems• Lack of employee training


• Lack of employee training

• Difficulties of evaluating performance

L l d l t li• Legal and regulatory compliance

• Work environment, ergonomics

• Poor or indecisive management

• Lack of employee support and participation





2. Solution design• Often many possible solutions


• Often many possible solutions

• Consider as many as possible to understand range of solutionsof solutions

3. Choice: Factors include:• Cost• Cost

• Feasibility given resources and skills

Length of time needed to implement solution


• Length of time needed to implement solution




4. Implementation• Building or purchasing solution


Building or purchasing solution• Testing solution, employee training• Change management

M t f t• Measurement of outcomes• Feedback, evaluation of solution

Problem solving is a continuous process not a• Problem solving is a continuous process, not a single event• Sometimes chosen solution doesn’t work or needs


adjustment


Problem Solving Is a Continuous FourProblem Solving Is a Continuous Four--Step ProcessStep Process


Problem Solving Is a Continuous FourProblem Solving Is a Continuous Four Step Process Step Process

During implementation and thereafter, the outcome must be continually measured and the information about how well the solution is working is fed back to the problem solvers In


Figure 1-4

working is fed back to the problem solvers. In this way, the identification of the problem can change over time, solutions can be changed, and new choices made, all based on experience.



The Role of Critical Thinking in Problem SolvingThe Role of Critical Thinking in Problem Solving

• Without critical thinking, easy to jump to conclusions, misjudge a problem and waste


, j g presources

• Critical thinking:

• Sustained suspension of judgment with an awareness of multiple perspectives and lt tialternatives





• Four elements of critical thinking:

1 M i t i i d bt d di j d t


1. Maintaining doubt and suspending judgment

2. Being aware of different perspectives

• Including technology, organization, and people perspectives

3. Testing alternatives and letting experience guide

4. Being aware of organizational and personal limitations




The Connection Between Business Objectives,The Connection Between Business Objectives,The Connection Between Business Objectives, The Connection Between Business Objectives, Problems, and SolutionsProblems, and Solutions

• When firms cannot achieve business objectives these objectives become challenges

• Information systems often present solutions, partially or fully, to these challenges



Interactive Session: PeopleInteractive Session: PeopleH C S k K It C t ?H C S k K It C t ?

Information Systems and Your Career

How Can Saks Know Its Customers?How Can Saks Know Its Customers?• Read the Interactive Session and then discuss the

following questions:• What is the problem affecting the performance of Saks?

• What information does Saks need to solve this problem? What other pieces of data does Saks need in addition to those in itsother pieces of data does Saks need in addition to those in its nine-box grid? Where can Saks acquire this information?

• What role should managers and employees have in designing the solution?

• Design a report that represents the information Saks needs to implement its merchandising strategy.

• How might a better understanding of customer preference


How might a better understanding of customer preference support Saks’ strategy of improving existing facilities?



• Success in today’s job market requires a broad set of skillsof skills

• Job candidates must have problem-solving skills as well as technical skills so that they can carry specific tasks

• The service sector will account for 95 percent of the new jobs that are created or open up by 2012



How Information Systems Will Affect Business CareersHow Information Systems Will Affect Business Careers


• Accounting:

A t t i i l l i f ti t t

o o at o Syste s ect us ess Ca ee so o at o Syste s ect us ess Ca ee s

• Accountants increasingly rely on information systems to summarize transactions, create financial records, organize data, and perform financial analysis

• Skills:

• IT, software used in auditing, accounting functions

• System and network security issues

• Enterprise systems for financial reporting


p y p g




• Finance:

R l ti hi b t i f ti t d fi i l


• Relationship between information systems and financial management and services is so strong that many advise finance majors to co-major in information systems

• Skills:

• IT, software used by financial managers and financial i fiservice firms

• New technologies for financial transactions, trading


• Enterprise systems for financial reporting




o o at o Syste s ect us ess Ca ee so o at o Syste s ect us ess Ca ee sEquities analysts depend heavily on information systems for organizing and analyzing very large amounts of financial data.amounts of financial data.





• Marketing:

N fi ld h d t h l d i h i


• No field has undergone more technology-driven change in the past five years than marketing and advertising

• Skills:Skills:

• Internet, marketing database systems and impact on marketing activities (brand development, promotion,

l )sales)

• Enterprise systems for product management, sales force management customer relationship management


management, customer relationship management




• Operations management in services and manufacturing:


g• Industrial production managers, administrative service

managers, and operations analysts

• Skills:

• Hardware and software platforms for operations managementmanagement

• How enterprise systems for production management, supplier management, sales force management, customer relationship management are used to achieve


customer relationship management are used to achieve efficient operations and meet other goals




• Management: • The job of management has been transformed by


• The job of management has been transformed by information systems

• Skills:Skills: • Hardware and software to improve management,

enhance leadership and coordination, improve hi t f ll t bj tiachievement of overall corporate objectives

• How enterprise systems are used to achieve efficient operations and help make better decisions for improving


firm performance




• Information systems: • Fast changing and dynamic profession because information


• Fast changing and dynamic profession because information technologies are among most important tools for achieving business firms’ key objectives

D ti d ff h t i• Domestic and offshore outsourcing

• Skills:

• Uses of new and emerging hardware and software to• Uses of new and emerging hardware and software to achieve six business objectives

• An ability to take a leadership role in the design and


implementation of new information systems




• Common requirements


• How IT helps achieve six business objectives

• Central role of databases

• Information analysis, impact of environment

• Working with specialists and systems designers

• Ethical, social, legal environment and issues


• Use of IT to meet legal requirements


Business Drivers of Information SystemsBusiness Drivers of Information Systems


• Businesses invest in IT to achieve six important business objectives

us ess e s o o at o Syste sus ess e s o o at o Syste s

important business objectives1. Operational excellence

2 New products services and business models2. New products, services, and business models

3. Customer and supplier intimacy

4. Improved decision making

5. Competitive advantage


6. Survival

What have we learned today?What have we learned today?


business information systems in your careerin your careeris.cba.edu.kw/240/handouts/ch01.pdf ·...

Documents