business-engineeringdspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/237137/1/biznes-injineringi_2015_n2.pdfbiznes-injineringi,...

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

saqarTvelos sainJinro akademia

Georgian Technical UniversityGeorgian Academy of Engineering

b izn e s - i nJ i n eri ng i

Business-Engineering

yovelkvartaluri referirebadi da recenzi rebadi samecniero Jurnali

REVIEWABLE QUARTERLY MAGAZINE

2

2015

biznes-inJineringi, #2. 2015

biznes -inJineringiBusiness-Engineering

yovelkvartaluri referirebadi da recenzirebadi samecniero Jurnali

uak (UDC) 338.22+62 b-666

# 2 2015 weli

a. siWinava (mTavari redaqtori)S. veSapiZe (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile)a. quTaTelaZe (eleqtronuli versiis teqnikuri redaqtori) T. lominaZe (eleqtronuli versiis redaqtoris moadgile)

saredaqcio kolegia: g. abaSiZe (baTumi), n. abesaZe, g. abduSeliSvili, g. abramiSvili, r. arvelaZe, e. bara Ta Svili, T.

bacikaZe, b. boqoliSvili, z. gasitaSvili, i. gabisonia, j. gaxo kiZe, b. geCbaia (baTumi), l. gvasalia, a. gluSecki (ruseTi), iv.

gorgiZe, i. gujabiZe, u. de mi rai (TurqeTi), c. duruli (gori), m. efimCenko (ruseTi), r. vin Teri (Sveicaria), o. zumburiZe, d.

TavxeliZe, l. im naiSvili, k. isaeva (yazaxeTi), p. ioni (germania), r. Sengelia, ir. vou Ter Ten haafi (niderlandi), i. kakubava, z.

kovziriZe, i. kveselava, l. kli miaSvili, p. koRuaSvili, e. lobanova (ru se Ti), S. lominaSvili (quTaisi), z. lomsaZe, i. lomiZe,

g. malaSxia, v. minasiani (ruseTi), r. oTinaSvili, m. pisaniuki (moldova), g. saluqvaZe, d. sexniaSvili, r. sturua, J. suleima-

novi (yazaxeTi), g. tye Se la Svili, a. frangiSvili, l. qarCava, r. quTaTelaZe, g. RavTaZe (quTaisi), l. RoReliani, m. Ciqava, n.

CixlaZe, d. Co maxiZe, b. cxadaZe, g. ZiZiguri, n. xundaZe, j. janaSia, d. jafariZe, g. jolia.

EDITOR : A. Sichinava DEPUTY OF CHIEF EDITOR: Sh. VeshapidzeTECHNICAL EDITOR: A. Kutateladze DEPUTY EDITOR: T. LominadzeEDITOR STAFF: N. Abesadze, G. Abashidze (Batumi), G. Abdushelishvili , G. Abramishvili, R. Shengelia, R. Arveladze, E. Baratashvili, T. Batsikadze, B. Boqolishvili, M. Chikava, N. Chikhladze, D. Chomakhidze, U. Demirai (Turkey), C. Duruli (Gori), G. Dzidziguri, M. Efimchenko (Russia), A. Frangishvili, I. Gabisonia, J. Gakhokidze, Z. Gasi ta sh vili, L. Gvasalia, G. Gavtadze (Kutaisi), B. Gechbaia (Batumi), A. Glushetsky (Russia), L. Gogeliani, I. Gorgidze, I. Gujabidze, L. Imnaishvili, K. Isaeva (Kazakhistan), J. Janashia, D. Ja paridze, P. John (Germany), G. Jolia, I. Kakubava, L. Kli mi a shvili, P. Koguashvili, N.Khundadze, I. Kve se lava, Z. Kovziridze E. Lobanova (Russia), I. Lomidze, Sh. Lominashvili (Kutaisi), Z. Lomsadze, G. Malashkhia, V. Minasian (Russia), O. Mraz (Czech Republic), R. Otinashvili, M. Pisaniuk (Moldova), L. Qarchava, R. Qutateladze, G. Saluqvadze, R. Sturua, J. Suleimanov (Kazakhistan), D. Tavkhelidze, G. Tke she la shvi li, B. Tskhadadze, R. Winter (Sweden), Ir. Wouter Ten Haap (Netherlands), O. Zumburidze.

pasuxismgebeli redaqtori: dali sexniaSvili

garekanis dizainis avtori: dali sexniaSviliteqnikuri redaqtori: Tea maisuraZe

redaqciis azri SesaZloa ar emTxveodes avtorisas. statiaSi moyvanili faqtebisa da mona cemebis sizusteze pasuxismgebelia avtori

misamarTi:saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

kostavas 77, korp. VI, sarT. VI, oT. 615b.

tel.: 595 71 91 77; 599 51 80 84; 555 36 61 01; 595 22 11 25; 032 2 365391.www.Business-Engineering. bpengi.com el-fosta: [email protected]

ISSN 1512-0538

Editorial office address: Georgian Technical UniversityTbilisi, Kostava str. 77. 615 b.Tel.: 595 71 91 77; 599 51 80 84; 555 36 61 01; 595 22 11 25; 032 2 365391;www. Business-Engineering. bpengi.com E-mail: [email protected]

ISSN 1512-0538

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s a r C e v i

biznes-inJineringis Teoriuli aspeqtebi

luara gvajaia, giorgi naWyebiainovaciuri poeqtis arsi da Sefasebis kriteriumebi ...............................................................................7

marina baRaTuriainflaciuri procesebis Tavisebureba da misi daZlevis gzebi saqarTveloSi .....................................11

medea WeliZemsoflios pirveli monetebi ....................................................................................................................13

irina mamalaZe, Tamar abuaSvilikompaniis eqspres-analizi da misi Rirebulebis marTva ........................................................................21

Георгий Каландадзе, Ричардс Гойчевс Современные конфликты и парадигмы международных отношений .......................................................25

aleqsandre ediberiZe, magda baqaniZesaerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobaTa regulirebis globaluri sistema .....................................29

demna kvaracxeliarefinansirebis sesxebi da gacvliTi kursi .............................................................................................32

Teona baqaniZe, nato gegenavainovaciebis mniSvneloba regionis ganviTarebisTvis ............................................................................36

kaxaber cimintiamikroekonomikuri usafrTxoeba: mizani, struqtura maxasiaTeblebi ..................................................39

xsovna

gaxsenebaRvawlmosili mecnieri da sazogado moRvawe leo Ciqavas xsovna ..........................................................43

valeri qiriadidad pativcemulo batono leo! ............................................................................................................45

ekonomikisa da biznesis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi

Teona baqaniZe, nato gegenavaorganizaciis marTvis saxeebi ..................................................................................................................46

ekaterine SilakaZe inovaciuri menejmenti da Sesabamisi sakadro politika, rogorc mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi faqtorebi ................................................................49

marina diasamiZebiznesis axali warmonaqmnebi saqarTvelos pirobebSi ..........................................................................54

merab miqelaSvili eleqtronuli biznesis arsi da misi sagadasaxado dabegvris zogierTi Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqti ..........................................................................................57


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ciala lomaia, eka darCiaSviliorganizaciul-mmarTvelobiTi inovaciebi biznesSi ..............................................................................62

guguli yuraSvilimcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi ....................................................66

Марина ЛещенкоОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ НОВОЙ МОДЕЛИ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ..........................................................................................................70

biznes-inJineringi energetikaSi

salome lomiZesaqarTvelos energo geopolitikuri momavali......................................................................................73

nanuli samsonia, ia maxaraZeqveynis teritoriaze axali hesebisoptimaluri gaadgilebis Sesaxeb .............................................................................................................77

biznes-inJineringi sabanko saqmeSi

giorgi caava, lia kuraxCiSvili„fulis“ da „finansebis“ kategoriebis urTierTkavSiris sadiskusio problemebi ..........................80

irina yaSuaSvili komerciul bankebTan klientTa urTierTobis Taviseburebebi ............................................................85

giorgi xanTaZekomerciuli bankebis sesxebis gacemis valdebulebebisa da akreditivebis gaxsnis Taviseburebebi .............................................................................................................................89

biznes-inJineringi socialur mecnierebebSi

xaTuna ToduasaqarTveloSi sazogadoebis saSualo fenis Camoyalibebis sakiTxisaTvis ...........................................96

koka kutubiZekultura rogorc socialuri movlena...................................................................................................99

biznes-inJineringi turizmSi

evgeni baraTaSvili, xaTuna kurtaniZeregionuli turizmis infrastruqturis sakiTxisaTvis ...................................................................... 108

biznes-inJineringi ganaTlebaSi

TinaTin RolaZesainkubacio/saaqseleracio sistemebi saqarTvelosa da ungreTSi ..................................................... 112

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TinaTin RolaZesamewarmeo ganaTlebis ganviTareba qarTul umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi, saerTaSoriso warmatebuli magaliTebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT ............................................. 115

biznes-inJineringi transportSi

oTar jijavaZe, Teimuraz CoxaraZesawvavis temperaturis cvlilebis gavlena dizelis Zravidan gamonabolqv gazebSi arsebuli mavne komponentebis Semcvelobaze .................................................. 119

biznes-inJineringi qimiaSi

leri gvasalia, T. mamaguliSvili, v. maWaraSvilicianmJavas saamqros stabiluri muSaobis uzrunvelyofa reqtifikaciis stadiazecianmJavas polimerizaciis aRmofxvris gziT ...................................................................................... 122

l. gvasalia, T. mamaguliSvili, v. maWaraSvilicianmJavas saamqros stabiluri muSaobisaTvis saWiro pirobebis Seqmna da platinis danakargebis Semcireba sinTezis stadiaze .................................................................................................................. 125

biznes-inJineringi arqiteqturaSi

zurab kiknaZe, Tamar tabataZefraqtaluri arqiteqtura – qvecnobieri Tu logikuri ..................................................................... 127

zurab kiknaZe, T. CigogiZe, g. xosruaSvilimwvane mSeneblobis fotorealisturi vizualizaciis sakiTxebi ........................................................ 131

biznes-inJineringi kvebis mrewvelobaSi

mzia wulukiZe, daviT gamezardaSvilikvebis klasikuri Teoria ........................................................................................................................ 134

mzia wulukiZe, daviT gamezardaSvilisasursaTo produqciis usafrTxoeba da misi uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebi ....................................... 138

biznes-inJineringi informaciul teqnologiebSi

Юрий ВдовиченкоСОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ДЕТЕРМИНАНТЫ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ....................................................................... 142

daviT gorgiZe, sulxan xuciSvili, nana xaraZeaqtiuri sistemebis Teoriis principebi da stimulirebis bazuri modelebi .................................... 146


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axali wignebi:

aleqsandre siWinavarecenzia: nikoloz CixlaZis monografiaze „Sromis gaazrebis marTlmadidebluri da ekonomikuri sakiTxebi” ................................................................................... 152

Валерий КириаО проблемах природопльзования ............................................................................................................ 154

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biznes-inJineringis

Teoriuli aspeqtebi

inovaciuri proeqtis arsi da Sefasebis kriteriumebi

luara gvajaia, profesorigiorgi naWyebia, magistranti

reziume

statiaSi ganxilulia inovaciuri proeqtebis arsi sam aspeqtSi: 1- rogorc miznobrivi marT-vis forma, romelic emsaxureba mecnierebisa da teqnikis priopitetul mimarTulebebSi konkre-tuli miznebis miRwevas, 2 - rogorc inovaciebis ganxorcielebis procesi, romelic warmoadgens samecniero, teqnologiuri, sawarmoo, organi-zaciuli RonisZiebebis erTobliobas, rasac mivyevarT inovaciebamde da 3 - rogorc kom-pleqti organizaciul-dagegmviTi da saangari-So-safinanso dokumentaciisa, rac aucilebe-lia proeqtis miznebis realizaciisaTvis.

naSromSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba ino-vaciuri proeqtis sasicocxlo ciklis, wina-sainvesticio da sainvesticio fazebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis ganxilvas, rogoricaa, winasain-vesticio gamokvlevebi da proeqtis dagegmva, dokumentaciis SemuSaveba da momzadeba sar-ealizaciod, proeqtis realizacia da dasrule-ba. gaanalizebulia inovaciuri proeqtebis Se-fasebis ZiriTadi kriteriumebi, rogoricaa, social-ekonomikuri da samecniero-teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi, erovnuli usafrTxoebis uz-runvelyofa da sxva.

sakvanZo sityvebi: inovacia, proeqti, miznebi, amocanebi, „miznebis xe”, sasicocxlo cikli, fa-zebi, teqnikur-ekonomikuri dasabuTeba,riskebi, dagegmva, realizacia, eqspertiza, Sefasebis kriteriumebi, proeqtis danaxarjebi, mogeba,

monitoringi.

Summary

The article considers the essence of innovative projects in three aspects: 1) as a form of purposeful management that helps to reach particular goals in priority fields of sci-ence and technology; 2) as the process of realization of innovations; it is set of scientific, technological, industrial and organizational activities that bring us to innovations and 3) as the set of organizational and financial-accounting documents that are necessary for reaching the aims of pro-ject.

The work considers the basic components of life cy-cle, pre-investment and investment stages of innovative project, such as pre-investment studies, project planning, documentation development, preparing for realization, project realization and finalization. The basic criterions of estimation of innovative projects are analyzed, such as social-economic and scientific-technical properties, guar-antee of national security, etc.

Keywords: innovation, project, aims, tasks, “tree of goals”, life cycle, stages, technical-economical justifica-tion, risks, planning, realization, expertise, criterions of estimation, project expenses, profit, monitoring

* * * * * *

nebismieri samecniero-sakvlevi da saproeq-to-sakonstruqtoro saxis saqmianoba tradici-ulad dakavSirebulia proeqtis Sesrule-basTan. bolo periodSi proeqtis cneba farTod gavrcelda moRvaweobis sxvadasxva sferoebzec, rogoricaa, xelovneba, janmrTelobis dargi, ganaTlebis sistema da sxva.

inovaciuri proeqtis cneba ganixileba sam aspeqtSi: rogorc inovaciuri saqmianobis mizno-brivi marTvis forma, inovaciebis ganxorciel-ebis procesi da miznis misaRwevad SemuSavebuli dokumentebis kompleqti.

rogorc miznobrivi marTvis forma, inovaci-uri proeqti warmoadgens resursebiT, vadebiT, SemsruleblebiT urTierTganpirobebul da ur-TierTdakavSirebul RonisZiebaTa rTul siste-mas, romelic emsaxureba mecnierebisa da teqni-kis ganviTarebis prioritetul mimarTulebebSi konkretuli miznebis miRwevas.


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inovaciebis ganxorcieleba, rogorc proce-si, aris erToblioba gansazRvruli Tanmimdev-robiT Sesasrulebeli samecniero, teqnologi-uri, sawarmoo, organizaciuli, finansuri da komerciuli RonisZiebebisa, romlebsac mivy-evarT inovaciebamde.

amasTanave inovaciuri proeqti aris kom-pleqti teqnikuri, organizaciul-dagegmviTi da saangariSo- safinanso dokumentaciisa, romel-ic aucilebelia proeqtis miznebis realizacii-saTvis.

samive aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT inovaciuri proeqtis ganmarteba SeiZleba Camoyalibdes Sem-degnairad:

inovaciuri proeqti - es aris miznebisa da maTi miRwevis programebis urTierTdakav-Sirebuli sistema, romlebic warmoadgenen samecniero-kvleviT, sacdel-sakonstruqtoro, sawarmoo-teqnikur, finansur, komerciul da sxva, Sesabamisad organizebul RonisZiebebs (resursebis, vadebis, Semsruleblebis mixed-viT dakavSirebuls), romlebic gaformebulia saproeqto dokumentaciis kompleqtad da ra-mac unda uzrunvelyos samecniero-teqnikuri amocanis gadawyveta, inovaciis miReba.

inovaciuri proeqtis ZiriTadi elementebia:• miznebisa da amocanebis formulire-

ba, romelmac unda asaxos proeqtis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba;

• inovaciuri problemebis gadawyvetisada dasmuli amocanebis realizaciis saproeqto RonisZiebebis kompleqsi;

• saproeqto RonisZiebebis Sesrulebisorganizacia, anu maTi dakavSireba resursebTan da SemsruleblebTan proeqtis miznis misaRw-evad gansazRvrul periodSi;

• proeqtis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi , rom-lebic axasiaTeben proeqtis efeqtianobas, ino-vaciurobas.

proeqtis mniSvnelobis done gansazRvravs in-ovaciuri procesebis mimdinareobis sirTules, xangrZlivobas, SemsrulebelTa Semadgenlobas, masStabs, xasiaTs.

gadasawyveti amocanebis masStaburobis TvalsazrisiT arsebobs inovaciuri proeqtebis Semdegi saxeebi:

• monoproeqtebi-rogorcwesi,srulde-ba erTi organizaciis an misi qvedanayofis mier. gamoirCeva inovaciuri miznis erTmniSvnelovnad dayenebiT (konkretuli produqtis, teqnologi-is Seqmna). xorcieldeba droisa da finansebis mkacr CarCoebSi, proeqts hyavs koordinatori an xelmZRvaneli;

• multiproeqtebi - warmodgenilia kom-pleqsuri programebis saxiT, romelic aerTi-anebs aTeulobiT monoproeqtebs, mimarTuls rTuli inovaciuri miznis miRwevisaken, rogor-

icaa, samecniero-teqnikuri kompleqsis Seqmna, msxvili teqnologiuri problemebis gadawy-veta, samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsis erTi an ramdenime sawarmos konversiis ganxorcieleba. aseTi proeqtebis ganxorcieleba saWiroebs sa-koordinacio qvedanayofebs;

• megaproeqtebi - mravalmiznobrivi kom-pleqsuri programebia, romelic aerTianebs ramdenime multiproeqts da asobiT monopro-eqtebs, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuls erTi „miz-nobrivi xiT”. proeqti saWiroebs centrali-zebul dafinansebasTan erTad sakoordinacio centridan dafinansebas. megaproeqtebis safuZv-elze SeiZleba miRweuli iqnes iseTi inovaciuri miznebi, rogoricaa, dargis teqnikuri gadaiara-Reba, samamulo produqtebis da teqnologiebis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba, ekologiuri problemebis gadawyveta da sxva. megaproeqteb-is formireba da realizacia moiTxovs rigi dargebis, regionebis, msxvili korporaciebis, qveynebis jgufebis ZalTa gaerTianebas.

Sesasrulebel samuSaoTa moculobebisa da xangrZlivobis mixedviT proeqtebi SeiZleba iyos moklevadiani (1-2 weli), saSualovadiani (5wlamde) da grZelvadiani (5 wlis zeviT). pro-eqtis stadiebisa da etapebis Sedgeniloba gan-isazRvreba misi dargobrivi da funqcionaluri kuTvnilebis mixedviT.

inovaciuri proeqti ZiriTadSi Sedgeba Sem-degi ganyofilebebisagan:

• problemis(ideis)Sinaarsidaaqtualo-ba;

• „miznebis xis” proeqti, romelic aigebamarketinguli kvlevebisa da problemis struq-turirebis safuZvelze;

• „miznebis xis” sarealizacio RonisZie-baTa sistema;

• proeqtiskompleqsuridasabuTeba;• proeqtisrealizaciisuzrunvelyofa;• proeqtissaeqspertodaskvna;• proeqtisrealizaciis meqanizmida mo-

tivaciis sistema.samuSaos sirTulisa da moculobisagan da-

moukideblad nebismieri proeqtis sasicocxlo cikli gaivlis sxvadasxva mdgomareobas, romel-sac uwodeben fazebs. es fazebia: winasainvesti-cio da sainvesticio.

winasainvesticio faza moicavs or ZiriTad mimarTulebas: 1- winasainvesticio gamokvlevebi da proeqtis dagegmva; me- 2 - dokumentaciis SemuSaveba da momzadeba sarealizaciod.

pirveli mimarTuleba iTvaliswinebs iseT samuSaoebs, rogoricaa: prognozebis Seswavla, pirveladi Canafiqris ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis analizi, proeqtis koncef-ciis SemuSaveba, investiciebis winasaproeqto dasabuTeba, ganTavsebis adgilis SerCeva da Se-

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Tanxmeba, ekologiuri dasabuTeba, eqspertiza;meore mimarTuleba moicavs samuSaoebs: sap-

roeqto-saZiebo samuSaoTa gegmis SemuSaveba, teqnikur-ekonomikuri dasabuTebis (ted) Sedge-na; ted-is SeTanxmeba, eqspertiza da damtkiceba; davalebis gacema proeqtirebaze, saboloo gad-awyvetilebis miReba investirebaze.

proeqtis sainvesticio faza iTvaliswinebs samuSaoebis ganxorcielebas sami mimarTulebiT: 1- kontraqtebis gaformeba, me-2 - proeqtis re-alizacia da me-3 - proeqtis dasruleba.

pirveli mimarTuleba iTvaliswinebs kont-raqtebis gaformebas, danadgarebis miwodebaze da samSeneblo samuSaoebze xelSekrulebebs, gegmebis SemuSavebas; meore mimarTulebis sa-muSaoebSi Sedis: proeqtis realizaciis gegmis SemuSaveba, grafikebis Sedgena, dagegmili sa-muSaoebis Sesruleba, monitoringisa da kon-trolis ganxorcieleba, gegmis proeqtis kore-qtireba, Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis anazRaureba. mesame mimarTulebis samuSaoebi iTvaliswinebs gamSveb-samontaJo samuSaoebis ganxorcielebas, obieqtis gaSvebas eqsploataciaSi, resursebis demobilizacias, Sedegebis analizs, eqsploata-cias da proeqtis dasruleba-daxurvas.

proeqtis Seqmna da realizacia moicavs Sem-deg etapebs:

1-sainvesticio Canafiqris (ideis) formireba;2-sainvesticio SesaZleblobaTa gamokvleva;3-proeqtis teqnikur-ekonomikuri dasabuTe-

ba (ted);4-sakontraqto dokumentaciis momzadeba;5-saproeqto dokumentaciis momzadeba;6-samSeneblo-samontaJo samuSaoebi;7-obieqtis eqsploatacia;8-ekonomikuri maCveneblebis monitoringi.pirveli etapis - sainvesticio Canafiqris (id-

eis) formirebis qveS igulisxmeba moqmedebaTa Cafiqrebuli gegma. aucilebelia ganisazRvros investiciebis subieqtebi da obieqtebi, maTi formebi da wyaroebi. investiciis subieqtebs warmoadgenen komerciuli da sxva sameurneo organizaciebi, investiciebis uSualod gamomy-eneblebi, investiciebis obieqtebs ki miekuTvne-ba mSenebare, rekonstruirebas an gafarToebas daqvemdebarebuli sawarmoebi, Senobebi, aRWur-viloba (ZiriTadi fondebi), gankuTvnili axali produqtis an momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis.

sainvesticio proeqtSi gamoiyeneba inves-ticiebis Semdegi formebi:

• fuladisaSualebebidamaTieqvivalen-tebi (miznobrivi Senatanebi, sabrunavi saSuale-bebi, fasiani qaRaldebi - aqciebi, obligaciebi, kreditebi, garantiebi da sxva);

• miwa;• Senobebi, nagebobebi, manqana-danadgare-

bi, sacdel-gamzomi saSualebebi da sxva;

• sakuTrebisufleba,romelicSefasebu-lia fuladi eqvivalentiT.

meore etapi - sainvesticio SesaZleblobaTa gamokvleva _ iTvaliswinebs:

• produqciaze(momsaxurebaze)moTxovniswinaswar Seswavlas eqsport-importis gaTval-iswinebiT;

• produqciis (momsaxurebis) sabazo, mim-dinare da saprognozo fasebis donis Sefasebas;

• winadadebismomzadebasproeqtisreali-zaciis organizaciis, samarTlebrivi formisa da monawileTa Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb;

• saWiro investiciis moculobis dakomerciuli efeqtianobis winaswar Sefasebas;

• sainvesticio SesaZleblobaTa dasab-uTebis Sdegebis damtkicebas;

• konkretuli dokumentaciis momzadebassaproeqto-sakvlev samuSaoebze.

sainvesticio SesaZleblobaTa gamokvlevis mizania potenciuri investorisaTvis sainvesti-cio winadadebaTa momzadeba. Tu ki investorze moTxovnileba ar arsebobs da yvela samuSao warmoebs sakuTari saSualebebiT, maSin miiReba gadawyvetileba proeqtis teqnikur-ekonomikuri dasabuTebis samuSaoTa dafinansebaze.

mesame etapze - teqnikur-ekonomikuri dasab-uTeba - mimdinareobs Semdegi samuSaoebi:

• srulmasStabiani marketinguli kvlev-ebi;

• produqciisgamoSvebisgegmisSedgena;• dawyebiTi-sanebarTvo dokumentaciis

momzadeba;• teqnikurigadawyvetebisSemuSaveba;• arqiteqturul-dagegmviTi da samSeneb-

lo gadawyvetilebebis miReba;• garemosdacviTiRonisZiebebi;• sawarmos marTvis sistemis, Sromis or-

ganizaciis aRweriloba;• safinanso dokumentaciis formireba;

warmoebis danaxarjebis Sefaseba, kapitaluri danaxarjebis, mosalodneli xarjebisa da Se-mosavlebis gaangariSeba;

• proeqtisganxorcielebasTandakavSire-buli riskebis Sefaseba;

• proeqtisganxorcielebisvadebisdageg-mva;

• proeqtis komerciuli efeqtianobis Se-faseba;

• proeqtis realizaciis Sewyvetispirobebis formireba.

samewarmeo firmis inovaciuri saqmianobis riskis Sesamcireblad aucilebelia pirvel rigSi moxdes gansaxorcielebeli inovaciuri proeqtis dawvrilebiTi Sefaseba. inovaciuri proeqti SesaZloa erTi sawarmosaTvis iyos efeqtiani, meoresaTvis ki - araefeqtiani sx-vadasxva obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezebidan


10

gamomdinare, rogoricaa, sawarmos teritoriu-li ganTavseba, personalis kompetenciis done inovaciuri prooeqtis ZiriTadi mimarTulebeb-is mixedviT, ZiriTadi fondebis mdgomareoba da sxva. yvela es faqtori gavlenas axdens inovaci-uri proeqtis rezultatianobaze, amitom maTi gaTvaliswineba saWiro xdeba proeqtis SerCevis stadiaze. vinaidan ToToeul sawarmoSi arse-boben inovaciuri proeqtebis efeqtianobaze moqmedi gansxvavebuli faqtorebi, ar arsebobs proeqtis Sefasebis universaluri sistema. mig-vaCnia, rom inovaciuri proeqtebis realizaci-isas prioritetulad unda iqnes miCneuli da saxelmwifos mier mxardaWerili is proeqtebi, romlebic orientirebulia saboloo social-ur-ekonomikur Sedegebze.

inovaciuri proeqtebis Sefasebis ZiriTad kriteriumebs miekuTvneba: 1- socialur-ekono-mikuri maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa, socialuri sakiTxebis gaumjobeseba: qveynis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi problemebis gadawyvetaSi wv-lilis Setana; ekonomikuri efeqtianobis am-aRleba; SromiTi, materialuri da finansuri resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis amaRleba; sabazro parametrebi - produqciis konkurentu-narianoba Sida da gare bazrebze; 2 - erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa - qveynis Tav-dacvisunarianobis amaRlebasa da ekologiur usafrTxoebaSi wvlilis Setana; 3 - samecniero-teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi: msoflio donesTan Sesabamisoba, qveynis mecnierebisa da mrewvelo-bis maRali miRwevebis uzrunvelyofaSi, sxva-dasxva samecniero-teqnikuri mimarTulebebis, samecniero-teqnikuri potencialis ganviTare-baSi Setanili wvlili da sxva. 4 - ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi: proeqtis danaxarjebi, mosal-odneli mogeba.

inovaciuri proeqtis sruli Sefaseba moi-cavs yvela zemoT CamoTvlili kriteriumis da proeqtis realizaciis ZiriTadi elementebis analizs. eqspertebi axdenen inovaciuri proeq-tis srul Sefasebas TiToeuli poziciis mixed-viT da Rebuloben gadawyvetilebas gasaanali-zebeli proeqtis efeqtianobaze.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. a. abralava, l.gvajaia, r. quTaTelaZe. sainovacio menejmenti. 2015 w.

2. e. baraTaSvili, v. daTaSvili, g. nakaiZe, r. quTaTelaZe. inovaciebis menejmenti. 2008 w.

3. В.Г. Медынский. Инновационный менеджмент. Москва. 2008 г.

4. Основы инновационного менеджмента. Под редакцией П.Н. Завлина. Москва. 2000 г.

11

inflaciuri procesebis Tavisebureba da

misi daZlevis gzebi saqarTveloSi marina baRaTuria, profesori

reziumeimflaciis tempis mkveTri amaRleba, misi

xSiri cvlilebebi, uaryofiTad aisaxeba produqciis realuri gamoSvebis moculobaze, rac gamowveulia Zveli, Camoyalibebuli ekono-mikuri urTierTobebis rRveviTa da mTeli rigi axali tipis socialur-ekonomikuri danaxar-jebis warmoSobiT. amitom inflaciis tempis Semcireba, konkretuli ekonomikuri viTarebis Sesabamisad, optimalur doneze warmoadgens qveynis ekonomikis aRmavlobis erT-erT Ziri-Tad pirobas. Cveni qveynis ekonomikuri aRor-ZinebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eni-Weba, inflaciis tempis cvlilebis regulirebas.

sakvanZo sityvebi: ekonomikuri aRorZineba, inflaciis tempi, monetaruli politika

Economic development, The sharp increase,

Monetary Policy

Summary

The sharp increase in inflation rate, its frequent chang-es, impacts negatively on the production capacity of the real issue. It is caused by dissolution of old established economic relations and a number of new type of socio-economic originally expenses. Therefore a reduction in the rate of inflation, accordingly the specific economic circum-stances, on the optimal levels performes one of the basic condition for Country `s economic development. The spe-cial emphasis is given for changes in regulation of the rate of inflation for our country`s economic revival.

* * * * * * *

inflacia sabazro ekonomikis Semadgenebli nawilia. msoflioSi ar moiZebneba arc erTi qveyana, romelic peiodulad ar ejaxebodes in-flaciur procesebs. is ekologiuri safrTxis msgavsad kataklizmebiT da katastrofebiT emuqreba ara marto calkeuli qveynebis safi-nanso - ekonomikur da socialur -politikur organizmebs, aramed mTel msoflios. aqedan gamomdinare mis winaaRmdeg brZola mimdinare-obs rogorc calkeul qveynebSi, ise msoflio masStabiT.

fasebis saerTo donis zrdis Sefaseba xde-ba ramdenime indeqsis saSualebiT, romelTagan ZiriTadia samomxmareblo (sacalo) fasebis ind-eqsi da mwarmoebelTa (sabiTumo) fasebis indeq-

si. inflaciis tempis gazomva srulad SesaZle-belia erovnuli ekonomikis farglebSi eep-s de-flatoris zrdis tempis meSveobiT da agreTve mosaxleobis yoveldRiuri moxmarebis doneze samomxmareblo fasebis saSualo donis zrdis tempiT. inflaciis idealuri sazomi iqneboda yvela saqonlis fasis dinamikis Tvidan Tvemde Seswavla, rac praqtikulad SeuZlebelia da did danaxarjebTan aris dakavSirebuli. amitom in-flaciis gasazomad akvirdebian im garkveuli jgufebis sasaqonlo fasebs, romlebic yvelaze farTo moxmarebis saqonels warmoadgens. am TvalsazrisiT erT- erTi yvelaze gavrcelebu-li da farTod gamoyenebuli indeqsia samomx-mareblo fasebis indeqsi, romelic konkretuli qveynisTvis gansazRvruli standartis mixedviT asaxavs Sinameurneobis mier standartuli moc-ulobiTa da sixSiriT moxmarebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis kalaTis Rirebulebis zrdas fulad gamoxatulebaSi sabazo periodTan Se-darebiT. am indeqsis mravali dadebiTi Tvisebis miuxedavad man SeiZleba inflaciis grZelvadi-ani komponentis damaxinjebuli suraTi aCvenos.

inflaciis donis prognozireba sakmaod rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani problemaa. in-flaciis prognozirebis erT- erTi mTavari amocanaa dadgindes droiTi kavSiri inflaciasa da mis faqtorebs Soris, riTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba inflaciuri procesebis marTva. mo-qmed faqtorebsa da inflacias Soris arsebobs Sualedi, anu , myisierad ar iwyeba inflacia.jerjerobiT ar aris SemuSavebuli inflaciis prognozirebis iseTi meTodologia da meTo-dika, romelic misaRebi iqneba nebismieri qvey-nisTvis. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom TiToeul qveyanas gaaCnia sakuTari ekonomikis ganviTare-bis Taviseburebani. erTi romelime qveynisTvis misaRebi meTodika SeiZleba ar aRmoCndes gamo-sadegi sxvisTvis. monetaruli politikis swo-rad gasatareblad sfi-Tan erTad aucilebelia sabazo inflaciis indeqsis gansazRvra, romel-ic asaxavs qveyanaSi realuri moTxovna-miwodeb-iT ganpirobebuli fasebis cvlilebis dinamikas, romelic fasebis droebiTi faqtorebis zegav-leniT gamowveuli ryevebiT ar aris deformire-buli.

saqarTveloSi iseve, rogorc mravali sxva gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveyanaSi, arain-flaciuri xasiaTis fasebis meryeoba xSiria, am-itom sabazo fasebis indeqss SeuZlia inflaciis grZelvadiani dinamika ufro zustad asaxos.


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monetaruli politikis efeqtiani ganxorciel-ebisaTvis aucilebelia sabazo inflaciis indeq-sisa da inflaciis sxva indeqsebis erTobliobaSi ganxilva. Tu sabazo inflacia uCvenebs fasebis zrdis tendencias, saWiro iqneba monetaruli politikis gamkacreba. aseT dros samomxmare-blo fasebis inflacia calkeuli komponentebis fasebis meryeobis gamo, SeiZleba uCvenebdes fasebis stabilurobas, zrdas an klebasac ki.

Tu samomxmareblo fasebis inflacia miu-TiTebs fasebis zrdis tendenciaze, xolo sabazo inflaciis indeqsi fasebis stabilurobas uCven-ebs, maSin Sesaswavlia samomxmareblo fasebis inflaciis zrdis mizezi. Tu is gamowveulia calkeuli komponentebis fasebis iseTi droe-biTi an erTjeradi cvlilebiT, romelic ar axdens gavlenas inflaciur molodinsa an war-moebis faqtorTa gaZvirebaze, maSin samomxmare-blo fasebis inflaciis Sesamcireblad mone-taruli xelisuflebis Careva ar aris saWiro. Tu calkeuli komponentis fasebis zrda droe-biTi, magram maRalia, maSin aman SeiZleba gamoi-wvios droebiT fulze moTxovnis zrda.Tu es moTxovna dakmayofilda, maSin droebiTi faseb-is zrda SenarCundeba da adgili eqneba infla-cias.Tu samomxmareblo fasebis inflaciis zrda gamowveulia iseTi saqonlis fasebis Tundac droebiT cvlilebiT, romelic iwvevs inflaci-uri molodinis zrdas an aZvirebs warmoebul produqcias, maSin monetaruli politika ufro unda gamkacrdes, raTa am movlenam ar warmoSvas inflaciuri procesebi. inflaciis Semcirebis erT-erTi gzaa monetaruli politikis gamW-virvaloba da erovnuli bankis myari pozicia zomieri inflaciis SesanarCuneblad.

imisda mixedviT, rogoria inflaciiss sim-Zlavre da masStabebi, rogoria erovnuli valu-tis gaufasurebis xarisxi da tempebi, qveynis in-flaciuri daavadebis done, gamoiyeneba infla-ciasTan brZolis da misi daZlevis sxvada sxva meTodebi: restavracia, deflacia, devalvacia (aSkara da faruli), revalvacia, nulifikacia. yoveli meTodis gatareba moiTxovs dakvirve-bul, auCqarebel da profesiul midgomas.

msoflio praqtikaSi antiinflaciuri poli-tikis gatarebis mravali xerxi da saSualebaa, romlebmac praqtikaSi Zalian efeqtiani gamoy-eneba hpoves. amitom saqarTvelosTvis bevrad ufro momgebiani da dadebiTi efeqtris momtni iqneba Tu fiskaluri (sabiujeto sagadasaxado) da fulad -sakredito (monetaruli) poli-tikis instrumentebi gamoyenebuli iqneba ara calsaxad, aramed erTmaneTTan SerwymiTa da mwidro kavSirSi.

ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTvelos erovnu-li bankis mier gatarebuli fulad-sakredito politika unda Sefasdes, rogorc zomierad

mkacri.erovnuli bankis mier gatarebulma mec-nierulad argumentirebulma fulad-sakredito politikam SesaZlebeli gaxada sabanko sistemis ufro maRal doneze asvla. Seiqmna axali pro-grama, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda, erTis mxriv, komerciul bankebze monitorin-gis ganxorcieleba, xolo, meores mxriv, saer-TaSoriso gamocdilebis da praqtikis gaTval-iswinebiT, sabanko sistemis restruqturizacia. mizanSewonilia inflaciis kritikuli donis gansazRvra da dadgena (mag. saqarTvelosTvis is ar unda aRematebodes 7-8 %-s weliwadSi), rom-lis gadaWarbebasac ukve Tan unda axldes anti-inflaciuri politikis gamkacreba.

msoflio gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sakadro politikas, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom finansur samsaxurebSi sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobaze unda iniSnebod-nen profesionalebi, ganaTlebuli finansiste-bi, xelmZRvanel postebze unda iyvnen sxvadasx-va Taobis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic iqnebian mocemuli dargis kargi specialistebi, didi gamocdilebis da saTanado organizatoruli Tvisebis mqone principuli adamianebi. namdvi-li finansisti farTo gagebiT ar unda xelmZ-Rvanelobdes kerZo interesebiT, is unda moq-medebdes fulis mimoqcevis, safinanso, sakred-ito urTierTobebis ganmsazRvreli kanonebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, romlebSic Rrmad unda iyos Caxeduli da unda esmodes, rom maTi dar-Rveva umZimes Sedegs moutans sawarmos, dargs, xalxs, mTel qveyanas.


1. asaTiani r, saiT midis saqarTvelo? , socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis konceptu-aluri analizi gamomcemloba „siaxle” Tb. 2014

2. xurcilava n. , „inflaciis danaxarjebi da daZlevis meTodebi”, gamomcemloba „univer-sali”, Tbilisi 2010 w.

3. http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/price/CPI%20Press%20Release_05%202015_Geo.pdf

13

msoflios pirveli monetebi

medea WeliZe, profesori

reziume

iseve rogorc nebismieri antikuri qveynis, Zveli saberZneTis fuladi sistemac emyareboda wonis erTeulebs, romlebic erTdroulad as-rulebdnen rogorc wonis, ise saaRricxvo er-Teulis funqciebs. aseTebs warmoadgendnen ta-lanti, mina, draqma, oboli, lepta, halki.

Zveli romis pirvel fuls warmoadgenda praqtikulad daumuSavebeli, xolo Semdeg ki gamosaxulebebiani brinjaos zodebi. romSi mon-etebis gamoSveba daiwyes Zv. w. 312 wlisTvis. esenia brinjaos asi da misi warmoebulebi. mog-vianebiT daiwyo vercxlis denarebis gamoSveba. samoneto sistemaSi arsebiTi cvlilebebi ganx-orcielda oqtaviane avgustusis (Zv. w. 27 w. - ax. w. 14 w.) dros, rodesac iwyeba oqros aureusis sistematuri moWra.

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ebraeli xalxisTvis Sekeli warmoadgenda mxolod mezobeli sax-elmwifoebis monetebis dasaxelebas, aseve saaR-ricxvo fulad erTeuls. Zvel iudeaSi sakuTari monetis - „pruti”-s (an „peruti”) moWra daiwyo daaxloebiT Zv. w. 140 wels.

bizantiis samoneto sistema dasawyisSi agr-Zelebda gviani romis imperiis tradiciebs, Tum-ca anastasiusis reformebis Semdeg (491-518 ww.) specifikuri xasiaTi SeiZina - gabatonda oqrosa da brinjaos (zogjer movercxlili) monetebi vercxlis monetebis umniSvnelo gamoyenebis pirobebSi. miuxedavad mravali specifikuri niSnebisa, ZiriTad savaWro monetebs warmoad-gendnen jer kidev romis imperiaSi gamoCenili oqros solidi da vercxlis miliarisiumi.

numizmatikuri TvalsazrisiT germanuli tomebis adrefeodaluri saxelmwifoebis mon-etebi antikuri monetebis memkvidreebi arian. pirveli monetebi, rogorc wesi, aris teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalian arasrulyofili, uxeSi SecdomebiT Sesrulebuli ZvelberZnuli, Zvel-romauli da bizantiuri monetebis aslebi. Ziri-Tadi „barbarosuli” monetebia oqros Silingi da vercxlis denari (demie, denaro, dinero, di-neiro).

arabeTis xalifatis samoneto sistemac qronologiurad ganekuTvneba Sua saukuneebs. es samoneto sistema Camoyalibda ori Tavidan mezobeli, Semdeg ki dapyrobili imperiebis - bizantiis da sasanidebis imperiebis fuladi sistemebis bazaze. bizantiis imperiaSi ZiriTad monetas warmoadgenda oqros solidi, xolo me-oreSi - vercxlis draqma.

sakvanZo sityvebi: antikuri monetebi, tal-anti, draqma, denari, Sekeli, Silingi.

Summary

World’s First Coins

As any other ancient country, currency system of the ancient Greece was based on the units of mass having functions of both, units of mass and calculation. Such units were Talent, Mina, Drachma, Obol, Lepta, Hulk.

First currency of ancient Rome was practically raw bronze bars, lately followed the ones with engravings. In Rome, issuance of coins started in around 312 BC. Those coins were bronze As and its derivatives. It was then when silver Denarius was introduced in Rome. The coinage was changed during the reign of Octavian Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD) when golden Aureus was minted.

During the years, Shekel was coin and currency unit of foreign countries’ for Jewish people. Ancient Judea started production of its own currency – “Prutah” in around 140 BC.

Byzantine currency system was primarily following the late Roman Empire traditions. However, after the reforms of Anastasius (491-518) it obtained a specific feature – pre-dominance of golden and bronze (sometimes silver cov-ered) coins compared to the limited use of silver coins. De-spite many specific features, main trade coins were golden Solidus and silver Miliarense.

From numismatic perspective, coins of early feudal states of German tribes are descendants of ancient coins. First coins are normally technically imperfect copies of ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine coins produced with rough mistakes. Main “Barbarous” coins are golden Shil-ling and silver Denarius (Denaro, Dinero, Dinheiro).

Currency system of Arab Caliphate is chronologically part of middle ages. This currency system was developed based on currency systems of primarily neighboring, then conquered Empires of Byzantium and Sassanid. Main coin in Byzantine Empire was golden Solidus, while in Sassanid Empire it was silver Drachma.

Keywords: Ancient coin, Talent, Shilling, Denarius, Shekel, Drachma


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fulis niSnebis srulfasovani kvleviT na-Teli efineba Cveni sazogadoebis Soreuli Tu axlo warsulis iseT mniSvnelovan detalebs, romlebzec cnobebi sxva wyaroebSi ar mogve-poveba. swored es ganapirobebs im gansakuTre-bul interess, rasac fulis niSnebis, da maT Soris monetebis mimarT iCenen msoflios sxva-dasxva qveynebis mecnierebi.

Zalian Zvel droSi adamians daebada metad konstruqciuli azri – erTi saqonli gaecvala meoreze. Tavdapirvelad nivTebs yovelgvari principis gareSe cvlidnen, magram droTa ganma-vlobaSi SeniSnes, rom zogierTi saqoneli ufro likviduria, vidre sxv.

droTa ganmavlobaSi gairkva, rom yvelaze likviduri qoneba oqro da vercxlia, xolo Zve-li welTaRricxvis XIII saukunisTvis adamianebi im daskvnamde mividnen, rom gacvliTi operaciebis sawarmoeblad ufro komfortuli iqneboda, Tu es oqrosa da vercxlis naWrebi erTi da igive wonis, da SeZlebisdagvarad, zomis da formis iqneboda. ase, Zveli welTaRricxvis XIII saukune-Si gaCnda oqrosa da vercxlis nakeTobebi, rom-lebic formiTa da zomiT muxudos marcvlebs waagavda. mogvianebiT adamianma aiRo oqros mux-udos marcvali, dado samWedloze, romelzec winaswar gamosaxa raRac naxati da uro daartya, ris Sedegadac oqros naWerze gamoisaxa igive naxati. swored ase gaCnda msoflioSi yvelaze Zveli moneta, romelic TariRdeba daaxloebiT Zv. w. 687-654 wlebiT da moiWra lidiis samefo-Si, romelic mdebareobda dRevandeli TurqeTis dasavleT nawilSi. im droSi lidiis mmarTveli iyo mefe higesi da amitomac am monetas daerqva higesis stateri.

vinaidan, oqroTi da vercxliT pirveli savaWro operaciebi xorcieldeboda maTi awon-viT, pirveli fuladi erTeulebi (talanti da stateri) saxels iReben awonvis procesTan dakavSirebiT.

talanti iyo saaRricxvo-fuladi erTeuli da wonis erTeuli, romelsac sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva qveynebSi da savaWro operaciebSi gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnda. aleqsandre makedonelis momdevno periodSi ZvelberZnuli fuladi talanti daaxloebiT 25,9 kilograms utoldeboda. stateri ki Zveleburi monetaa, romelic gamoiyeneboda, ZiriTadad, Zvel sa-berZneTSi da lidiaSi Zv. w. VII saukunidan ax. w. I saukunis Sua periodamde. sxvadasxva drosa da adgilas is gansxvavebuli raodenobis oqros Seicavda. magaliTad, higesis stateri Seicavda daaxloebiT 14 gr eleqtrums. yvelaze cnobili lidiuri stateri (Zv. w. VI saukune) warmoad-genda brtyel firfitas, romlis erT mxares gamosaxuli iyo lomis Tavi (lidiis simbolo), xolo meore mxares gaugebari CaRrmavebebi

hqonda (savaraudod dartymebisagan). Zv. w. VI saukunis bolosTvis adamianebma

iswavles eleqtrumis dayofa vercxlad da oqrod. swored am dros gaCnda pirveli monete-bi maRali sinjis oqrosgan – darikebi, romleb-sac Wridnen sparseTis mefe darios I mefobis (mefobda Zv. w. 522-486 ww.) dros. Tumca arse-bobs azri, rom maRali sinjis oqrosgan pirveli moneta moiWra jer kidev lidiis mefis krezis dros (mefobda Zv. w. 560-546 ww.), magram Cvenamde mxolod darikebma moaRwies. dariks Wridnen 980 sinjis oqrosgan da iwonida 8,4 grams. darikis aversze gamosaxuli iyo mefe mSvildosnis sax-iT, xolo reversze Canda dartymis kvali.

oqros da vercxlis monetebma TandaTa-nobiT savaWro mimoqcevidan gamodevnes maTi winamorbedebi, romlebzec gamosaxulebebi ar iyo.

antikuri monetebi. Zveli saberZneTi. iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva antikuri qveynis, Zveli saberZneTis fuladi sistemac emyareboda wonis erTeulebs, romlebic erTdroulad asrulebd-nen rogorc wonis, ise saaRricxvo erTeulis funqciebs. Zveli saberZneTisTvis, upirveles yovlisa, aseTebs warmoadgendnen talanti, mina, draqma, oboli, lepta, halki, romlebic eqvem-debarebodnen Semdeg sabaziso Sefardebebs, Tumca gaaCndaT mravali adgilobrivi gadaxre-bi: 1 talanti = 60 mina = 3000 stateri = 6000 draqma; 1 stateri = 2 draqma (didraqma) = 12 oboli = 96 halki. monetebis saxiT iWreboda mx-olod staterebi, draqmebi, obolebi, halkebi, maTi wiladebi (magaliTad, heqta=1/6 stateri) da maTi jeradebi (magaliTad, tetradraqma - 4 draqma). talanti da mina warmoadgendnen saaR-ricxvo cnebebs.

talanti (Zv. berZ. τάλαντον, laTinurad tal-entu - „wona”, „tvirTi”) warmoadgenda Zveli saberZneTis umaRles woniT erTeuls da nasesxebi iyo babilonidan. babilonis tal-anti, romelic erTi versiiT, Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda kameCis (xaris) wonas, iyofoda 60 minad, xolo mina, Tavis mxriv - 60 Sekelad. semituri xalxebis mier babilonidan tal-anti aRebul iqna rogorc woniTi erTeuli da gavrceleba hpova xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi. rogorc wonis da saaRricxvo erTeuli, ta-lanti naxsenebi aqvs homeross. iseve rogorc babilonis talanti, is iyofoda 60 minad, ma-gram mina ukve Sedgeboda 100 nawilisgan - draqmebisgan, xolo draqma - 6 obolisgan. am-rigad, 1 talanti utoldeboda 60 minas, 6000 draqmas, 36 000 obols.

sityva mina (Zv. berZ. μνᾶ, laTinurad mina, mna) warmodgeba asiriul-babilonuri sity-visgan „mana” - daTvla. draqma (Zv. berZ. δραχμή, laTinurad drachma) - ZvelberZnuli

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sityvisgan „peSvi” an „xeliT datacebuli”. saxelwodeba miekuTvneba im periods, rode-sac fuladi gacvlis saSualebas warmoad-genda liTonis 4-waxnagiani wkirebi - obole-bi, romelTa 6 cali, muWaSi moqceuli, qmnida draqmas. brokhauzis da efronis enciklo-pediur leqsikonSi sityva „draqmis” war-moSobis sxva versiaa mocemuli: asiriuli sityvidan „dagar-mana”, rac aRniSnavs „minas mesamocedi”, vinaidan Tavdapirvelad draqma SesaZloa Seicavda minas ara 1/100-s, aramed 1/60-s.

aucilebelia vaxsenoT Zveli saberZneTis kidev 3 sabaziso fuladi erTeuli: stateri, halki da lepta. stateri (Zv. berZ. στατήρ – „sasworis xarixa”, „saswori”) - rogorc wesi, aRniSnavda upirveles yovlisa draqmis or-mag (zogjer sammag) wonas, anu utoldeboda 1/50 minas an 2 draqmas. halkis saxelwodeba (Zv. berZ. Χαλκός) momdinareobs ZvelberZnuli sityvisgan, rac „spilenZs” niSnavs an qalaqis saxelwodebidan - halcis, romelic aqtiurad iyo CarTuli spilenZiT vaWrobaSi. lepta (Zv. berZ. Λεπτόν – „kangaclili”, anu patara, wvri-li) - Tavdapirvelad warmoadgenda wonis yvelaze mcire erTeuls, romelic SemdgomSi gaxda yvelaze wvrili spilenZis moneta. aT-enSi 1 oboli utoldeboda 8 halks, xolo 1 halki - 7 leptas. daaxloebiT ax. w. I sauku-neSi halki ukve utoldeboda 2 leptas.

Zveli saberZneTis fuladi sistemis damaxasi-aTebeli niSani iyo erTiani samoneto erTeulis (erTiani sistemis) ararseboba (monetebis dadge-nili odenoba, romelic unda moiWras konkretu-li liTonis garkveuli odenobidan) da mravali standartis arseboba, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen monetaSi Zvirfasi liTonis SemcvelobiT da/an sabaziso samoneto liTonad oqros an vercxlis gamoyenebiT. aleqsandre zo-grafi gamoyofs aranakleb 15 aseT standarts. yovel politikurad avtonomiur erTeuls ufleba hqonda moeWra sakuTari moneta da ami-saTvis iyenebda sakuTar normebs (Zveli saber-ZneTis da misi koloniebis fulis gamoSvebis centrebis saerTo raodenoba aRemateboda 2000-s), Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia mxolod yvelaze gavrcelebul samoneto erTeulze saubari. aTenis aRzevebis droidan aseTs warmoadgenda atikuri samoneto erTeuli, romelic aTenSi solonis kanonmdeblobiT damkvidrda daaxloe-biT Zv. w. VI saukunis dasawyisSi da gandevna eginuri samoneto erTeuli. jer kidev arqaul epoqaSi atikuri norma gavrcelda CrdiloeT saberZneTSi, afrikis CrdiloeT sanapiroze da siciliaSi. Zv. w. IV saukuneSi filipe II-m igi Sem-oiRo makedoniis imperiaSi oqros monetebisT-vis, xolo aleqsandre makedonelma - vercxlis

monetebisTvis. Sedegad monetebis Wedvis saqme-Si atikuri norma gabatonda xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT nawilSi.

Zveli romi da romis respublika. Zveli romis pirvel fuls warmoadgendnen praqti-kulad daumuSavebeli brinjaos zodebi (Aes rude), Semdeg ki gamosaxulebebiani brinjaos zodebi (Aes signatum). zogjer pirveli romau-li monetebis warmoSobas ukavSireben mefe-reformatoris servius tuliusis (Zv. w. 578-535 ww.) saxels, magram wignis „romis monete-bi” avtoris herold metinglis azriT, romSi monetebis gamoSveba daiwyes Zv. w. 289 wlamde mcire xniT adre, rodesac SemoRebul iqna monetariumebis instituti (Cinovnikebi mon-etebis moWris saqmeSi), ufro zustad ki Zv. w. 312 wlisTvis. es monetebi, romelTa saerTo saxelwodebaa „mZime brinjao” (laT. Aes Grave), iyo brinjaos asi (laT. ass, aseve laTinuri-dan aes - spilenZi, brinjao, an laTinuridan assula - erTeuli, mTliani), aseve misi war-moebulebi: semisi (1/2 asi), triensi (1/3 asi), kvadransi (1/4), seqstansi (1/6), uncia (1/12) da sxva. Tavdapirvelad asi iwonida 1 libras (Ass libralis), magram Semdeg misi wona mudmivad mcirdeboda: Zv. w. 289 wels - 1/2 libramde, Zv. w. 268 wels - 1/6-mde, Zv. w. 217 wels - 1/12-mde, xolo Zv. w. 89 wels - 1/24 libramde.

Zv. w. 268 wels spilenZis (brinjaos) mon-etebis paralelurad romma daiwyo vercxlis denarebis gamoSveba, romelic 4 skrupulas (4,55 gr) iwonida. gamomdinare im dros dadgenili Se-fardebidan spilenZisa da vercxlis fasebs So-ris (120:1), 1 denari gauTanabres 10 ass.

Zv. w. 217 wels erTdroulad asis masis 1/12 libramde SemcirebasTan erTad, romma moaxdina denaris devalvacia 3 skrupulamde. Sedegad misi Rirebuleba gautolda 16 ass da es Se-fardeba SenarCunda avgustusis reformebamde. odnav mogvianebiT (Zv. w. 209 wels) mimoqcevaSi pirvelad, magram mxolod xanmokle droiT, ga-moSvebul iqna oqros monetebi woniT 6, 3, 2 da 1 skrupuli.

romis respublikaSi ukanaskneli fulis reforma gatarda Zv. w. 89 wels plavius papiri-usis kanonis Tanaxmad. asis wonis SemcirebiT 1/24 libramde, magram vercxlis monetebis wonis SenarCunebiT da aseve denaris Sefardebis Sena-rCunebiT asis mimarT (1/16), romma faqtiurad spilenZis monetebi gadaaqcia sakredito fu-lad.

romis imperia. samoneto sistemaSi arsebiTi cvlilebebi ganxorcielda oqtaviane avgustu-sis (Zv. w. 27 w. - ax. w. 14 w.) dros, rodesac iwye-ba oqros aureusis sistematuri moWra. igi gau-tolda 25 denars. amave periodSi ganxorcielda spilenZis nominalebis sistemis gadaxedva: ses-


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terciumi (4 asi) da dupondiumi (2 asi) iWreba aurihalkisgan, xolo asi da kvadransi - brinja-osgan. amgvarad, romis samoneto sistemam miiRo Semdegi saxe: 1 aureusi = 25 denari = 100 ses-terciumi = 400 asi = 1600 kvadransi.

imperator neronis droidan, ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis gamo daiwyo mone-tebis gafuWeba - aureusis da denaris wona da sinji farulad Semcirebas iwyebs. aman Searyia mosaxleobis ndoba fuladi sistemis mimarT. imperatorma karakalam scada mdgomareobis ga-mosworeba da mimoqcevaSi gauSva vercxlis an-toniciani, romelic gacvlisas Seadgenda 2 de-nars, magram am nabijsac mxolod moklevadiani efeqti hqonda: III saukunis bolosaTvis vercx-lis monetebi praqtikulad spilenZisgan iWre-boda, zogjer mxolod zedapiri ifareboda ver-cxliT. oqros monetebic msgavs mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.

mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba mxolod impera-torma konstantine I didma SeZlo, romelmac daiwyo maRalsinjiani oqros solidis gamoSveba woniT 4,55 grami (1/72 funti), SemoiRo axali standarti vercxlis monetebisTvis da vercx-lis monetebis Rirebuleba miaba funti oqros Rirebulebas: vercxlis miliarisiumi Rirda 1/1000 funti oqro, xolo siliqva - 1/1728 fun-ti oqro. dasavleT romis imperiis dacemis Sem-deg es sistema memkvidreobiT ergo bizantiis imperias.

berZnuli koloniebi, elinuri saxelmwifoebi da romis provinciebi. romis da misi provincieb-is fuladi sistemebis unifikaciis procesi mim-dinareobda romis dampyrobluri omebis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. romaelebic da TviTon provinciebic akoreqtirebdnen sakuTari mon-etebis wonas romis standartebTan miaxloebis mizniT. xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi romi didi sifrTxiliT ekideboda dapyrobil teri-toriebze Tavisi samoneto standartebis dan-ergvas. is monetebic ki, romlebic iWreboda romSi, magram gankuTvnili iyo provinciebSi mi-moqcevisTvis, iWreboda adgilobrivi garegnu-li ieriT da adgilobrivi samoneto erTeuliT.

mTavar amocanas warmoadgenda mdgradi Tana-fardobis SenarCuneba ZiriTad provinciul mon-etebs, romlebic rogorc wesi warmoadgendnen stateris an draqmis jerads an wilads, da romis ZiriTad monetas - denars Soris. es uka-naskneli Tavdapirvelad draqmaze ramdenadme ufro mZime iyo, Semdeg ki ufro msubuqi (ufro zustad, erTi saxeobis draqmebze ufro mZime da sxva draqmebze ufro msubuqi), magram rogorc wesi, mas uTanabrdeboda garkveuli SeniSvnebiT, rac gamomdinareobda Zvelbernuli samoneto Wedurobis mravalgvari standartebidan. ase, magaliTad, ufro mZime tetradraqma (4 draqma),

romelic iWreboda siriis antioqiaSi, utold-eboda 4 denaiums; SedarebiT msubuqi mcireaziu-li tetradraqmebi da finikiuri distaterebi - 3 denars; Tavisi arsiT bilonuri ptolemeosebis tetradraqma (aleqsandrineri) – 1 denars.

ax. w. II saukuneSi sityvebi „denari” da „draqma” Tavisi arsiT sinonimebad iqcnen, war-moadgendnen erT fulad erTeuls, romelsac dasavleTSi ewodeboda denari, xolo aRmosav-leTSi - draqma.

sesterciumi da ufro dabali Rirsebis mon-etebi gankuTvnili iyo, pirvel rigSi, metropo-liaSi mimoqcevisTvis, provinciebSi isini iS-viaTad da SemTxveviT Tu moxvdebodnen. wvri-li gacvliTi monetebiT maTi Sida bazrebis momarageba adgilobrivi samoneto dawesebule-bebis saqmes warmoadgenda.

israeli da iudea. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ebraeli xalxisTvis sikli (Sekeli) warmoad-genda mxolod mezobeli saxelmwifoebis mon-etebis dasaxelebas, aseve saaRricxvo fulad erTeuls, romelic gamoiyeneboda, magaliTad, mniSvnelovani sataZro (wminda) gadasaxadis ga-mosaTvlelad. iudeaSi ax. w. I saukunis dasaw-yisisTvis Camoyalibebuli zomebisa da wonis sistema, romelsac zogjer Talmudurs uwode-ben, momdinareobda Semdegi ZiriTadi Tanafar-dobebidan: 1 talanti = 60 mina = 1500 wminda (bibliuri, mZime, ormagi) sikli (Sekeli) = 3000 ubralo (msubuqi, naxevari) sikli (Sekeli). yve-la CamoTvlili erTeuli warmoadgenda mxolod saaRricxvo cnebebs.

SesaZloa, pirvel sakuTar monetebs war-moadgens Zv. w. IV saukuneSi dawyebuli (am dros iudea imyofeboda sparseTis imperiis Zalau-flebis qveS) draqmebis da obolebis mibaZvebis gamoSveba RazaSi, aSdodSi, aSkelonSi, tireSi da sidonSi. maTi damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebure-baa - arameuli warwera iexudi, anu iudea. Tumca SeuZlebelia erTmniSvnelovani daskvnis gakeT-eba imis Taobaze, es monetebi iyo centraluri xelisuflebis mier damzadebuli monetebi mis kontrols daqvemdebarebuli provinciebisT-vis (rac sakmaod gavrcelebul praqtikas war-moadgenda antikur epoqaSi), Tu adgilobrivma xelisuflebam miiRo sakuTari samoneto rega-lia.

eWvgareSea, rom Zvel iudeaSi monetebis da-moukidebeli moWra daiwyo simonis gamefebidan cota xanSi, romelic hasmanuri dinastiis pir-veli warmomadgeneli iyo (Zv. w. II saukunis Sua xanebi).

sakuTari monetis moWra, romelsac daer-qva „pruti” (an „peruti”), daiwyo daaxloebiT Zv. w. 140 wels da mcire SesvenebebiT iWreboda ax. w. 95-96 wlebamde (ufro zusti daTariRe-ba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan am tipis monetebze,

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mcire gamonaklisebis garda, gamoSvebis weli ar aRiniSneboda). spilenZis prutebs, romelTa wona Tavdapirvelad efuZneboda ZvelberZnul standartebs (uTanabrdeboda hakls), xolo Sem-deg uaxlovdeboda Zvel romaul standartebs, uSvebdnen praqtikulad hasmanuri dinastiis yvela mefeebi, irodiadebis dinastiis warmo-madgenlebi, romis prefeqtebi da prokuratore-bi.

Tumca yvelaze Rirebuls ebraelebisTvis warmoadgenda siklebi (Sekelebi): saaRricxvo msubuqi sikli didraqmis (finikiuri stateris standartis) eqvivalenturi iyo, xolo mZime sikli - tetradraqmis (finikiuri distateris). iudeis fulad sistemaSi maTi adgili aixs-neba adgilobrivi wminda gadasaxadis gadaxdis reglamentiT, romelic ebraelebis egvipidan gamosvlis droidan ierusalimis taZris saWi-roebisTvis amoiReboda mTeli zrdasruli mosaxleobidan. amiT aixsneba pirveli damouk-idebeli gamoSvebis sakuTari iudeuri vercxlis siklebis (Sekelebis) mniSvneloba 66-71 wlebis pirveli iudeuri ajanyebis dros. meore da uka-naskneli gamoSveba ganxorcielda bar-kohbis ajanyebis dros (ax. w. 132-135 ww.).

bizantiis imperia. bizantiis samoneto siste-ma dasawyisSi agrZelebda gviani romis imperiis tradiciebs, Tumca anastasiusis reformebis Semdeg (491-518 ww.) specifikuri xasiaTi SeiZina. erT-erTi mTavari Tavisebureba iyo oqrosa da brinjaos (zogjer movercxlili) monetebis gaba-toneba vercxlis monetebis umniSvnelo gamoyen-ebis pirobebSi. miuxedavad mravali specifikuri niSnebisa, bizantiaSi ZiriTad savaWro monetebs warmoadgendnen jer kidev romis imperiaSi gamoCenili oqros solidi da vercxlis mil-iarisiumi. solidma SeinarCuna standartuli monetis mniSvneloba TiTqmis konstantinepo-lis dacemamde, Tumca imperiis arsebobis bolo aswleulSi oqro, rogorc samoneto liToni, TiTqmis aRar gamoiyeneboda. miliarisiumis mniSvneloba Semoifargleba IX-XI saukuneebiT.

barbarosuli saxelmwifoebi. miuxedavad im-isa, rom germanuli tomebis adrefeodaluri saxelmwifoebis istoria istoriul literatu-raSi miekuTvneba Suasaukuneebs, numizmatikuri TvalsazrisiT maTi monetebi antikuri moneteb-is memkvidreebi arian. pirvel monetebs im sax-elmwifoebisa, romlebic warmoiqmnen da gaqrnen xalxebis didi gadasaxlebis (IV-VII saukuneebi) Sedegad, an xalxebisa, romlebmac uSualod ar ganicades berZnuli an berZnul-romauli kul-turis gavlena, numizmatikur literaturaSi ewodebaT „barbarosuli mimbaZveloba”. es, ro-gorc wesi, aris teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalian arasrulyofili, uxeSi SecdomebiT Sesrulebu-li ZvelberZnuli, Zvelromauli da bizantiuri

monetebis aslebi. ZiriTadi „barbarosuli” mone-tebia oqros Silingi da vercxlis denari (demie, denaro, dinero, dineiro). oqros Silingi - so-lidis germanuli saxelwodebaa, romelic gaxda Silingis winamorbedi, xolo vercxlis denari - es aris vercxlis siliqvis adgilobrivi sax-elwodeba, romlis Rirebuleba gamoixateboda saaRricxvo denarebSi. orive iWreboda mirov-ingebis droidan (481-751 ww.), magram gaaCndaT mxolod lokaluri, adgilobrivi mniSvneloba.

arabeTis xalifati. iseve rogorc evropis barbarosuli saxelmwifoebis, arabeTis xali-fatis samoneto sistemac qronologiurad gane-kuTvneba Sua saukuneebs, Tumca arabuli mon-etebis ZiriTadi tipebi axlosaa antikurebTan. es samoneto sistema Camoyalibda ori Tavidan mezobeli, Semdeg ki dapyrobili imperiebis - bizantiis da sasanidebis imperiebis fuladi sistemebis bazaze. bizantiis imperiaSi ZiriTad monetas warmoadgenda oqros solidi, xolo me-oreSi - vercxlis draqma, romelic daaxloebiT Seesabameboda ZvelberZnul draqmas da gviani periodis respublikur denars. am orma, woniT TiTqmis Tanabarma (4 gramze odnav meti), magram sxvadasxva liTonisgan damzadebulma monetam arabebTan lokaluri saxelwodebebi SeiZina (so-lidi gaxda denari, oqros denari, xolo draqma - dirhemi) da warmoadgenda xalifatis sakuTari monetebis winamorbedebs (sakuTari dirhemis moWra daiwyes 692-696 wlebs Soris, xolo de-naris - 696 wels). denari da dirhemi naxsenebia yuranSi, rac gaxda damatebiTi faqtori musul-manur samyaroSi am monetebis farTod gavrcel-ebisaTvis. evropaSi XI-XIII saukuneebSi denaris mibaZviT iWreboda espanuri da portugaliuri maravedebi da aseve espanuri doblebi.


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antikuri monetebi. saaRricxvo fuladi erTeulebi

ZvelberZnuli monetebi• talanti;• mina;• stateridamisiwiladebi:heqta;• draqma da misi warmoebulebi: tetrad-

raqma; didraqma;• oboli da misi warmoebulebi: pentobo-

li; tetraoboli; trioboli; dioboli; trihemi-oboli.

• halki da misi warmoebulebi: dihalki;hemihalki;

• leptadamisiwarmoebulebi:dileptoni;trileptoni.

sparsuli monetebi• dariki(oqrosstateri);• siglosi(sikli,vercxlisstateri).

Zveli romis fulis adreuli formebi• Aes rude;• Aes signatum;• Aes grave.

romis respublikis monetebi:

• libra-saaRricxvofuladierTeuli• viqtoriati(draqma)damisiwarmoebule-

bi: ormagi viqtoriati (kvadrigati, didraqma); naxevarviqtoriati (1/2);

• denaridamisiwarmoebulebi:qvinariumi(1/2); sesterciumi (1/4);

• asidamisiwarmoebulebi:dekusiumi(10);kvinkusiumi (5); kvadrusiumi (4); tripondiumi (3); dupondiumi (2); deunqsi (11/12); deqstansi (10/12); dodransi (9/12); besi (8/12); septunqsi (7/12); semisi (6/12); kvinkunqsi (5/12); triensi (4/12); kvadransi (3/12); seqstansi (2/12);

• uncia da misi warmoebulebi: sesuncia (1½); semuncia (1/2); kvartuncia (1/4).

romis imperiis da bizantiis monetebi• antoniniani;• argentiusi;• siliqva;• miliarisiumi;• aureusi;• solidi (nomizma, bezanti) da misi war-

moebulebi: semisisiumi (semisiumi) (1/2); tremi-sisiumi (tremisiumi, triensi) (1/3);

• folisiumi;• maiorini;

• numia;• centenionaliumi.

berZnuli koloniebis, elinisturi monarqieb-is da romis provinciebis monetebi

• tetradraqma: aleqsandrineri (aleqsan-driuli tetradraqma); kistofori (kistoforu-li tetradraqma);

• asariumi(asarioni);• litra da misi warmoebulebi: hemili-

troni (1/2); tetrasi (1/3); heksasi (1/6); onkia (1/12); sindikis monetebi.

iudeis da israelis monetebi• kikari;• mane;• peresi,faresi(naxevarmina);• sikli (Sekeli) da misi warmoebulebi:

necefi (5/6); pimi (4/6=2/3); beka (3/6=1/2);• hera;• sela;• zazi(zuzi);• maaxi(hera);• isari;• pruta.

sxva monetebi• biateki;• kolxurimonetebi;• kelturimonetebi.

stateri. lidia. Zv. w. VI s.

.

dariki. sparseTi. aqemeniduri xana. daaxloebiT Zv. w. 375-332 ww. 8.36 gr.

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oboli. metaponta. daaaxloebiT

Zv. w. 425-350 ww.

denari. iunona monetas gamosaxulebiT. daaxloebiT Zv. w. 46 w.

kistofori (kistoforuli tetradraqma). mcire azia. Zv. w. II-I saukuneebi.

aureusi. romis imperia. oqro. 64-65 ww. 7.3 gr. 18 mm.

asi. neronis periodi. 54-68 ww.

tetradraqma. ptolemeos I. Zv. w. 310-305 ww. 15.7 gr.

pruti. iudea. Zv. w. I s. - ax. w. I s.

sikli (Sekeli). pirveli iudeuri ajanyeba. 66-71 ww.

miliarisiumi. vercxli. 320 w. 5.42 gr.

dirhemi. vercxli. arabeTis xalifati. sama-nidebi. IX saukunis dasasruli.


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daskvna

ama Tu im qveynis politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli istoriis sakiTxebis Sefasebi-sTvis sakmaod didi mniSvneloba aqvs Zveleburi monetebis mecnierul Seswavlas. erTi SexedviT am civ, zogjer uxeSad damuSavebul liTonis naWrebs, mTel rig mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi garkveulobis Setana SeuZlia. es Tu is liTonis moneta werilobiT wyaroebTan erTad, gardasul droTa didmniSvnelovani dokumentia. magram rogorc wyaros, mas garkveuli Tavisebureba da, SeiZleba iTqvas, upiratesobac axasiaTebs. fulis gamoSvebis ufleba, rogorc wesi, sax-elmwifos kompetenciaa, amdenad, moneta saxelm-wifoebrivi mniSvnelobis mqone sabuTia. aqedan gamomdinare fuli, marTalia, Zunw formebSi, magram obieqturad asaxavs ama Tu im istoriul movlenas, ramdenadac is dazRveulia avtoris subieqturi Sexedulebebisa da tendenciisagan.

pirveli fuladi niSnebis, zogadad sakred-ito sistemis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Taviseburebis kvleva ekonomikuri mecnier-ebis yuradRebis centrSia. aRniSnul sakiTxebs eZRvneba mravali mecnieruli naSromi, sadac metnaklebi sizustiTaa gaSuqebuli mocemuli sferos calkeuli aspeqtebi. faqtia, rom fu-ladi sistema erT-erT urTules da saintere-so sferos warmoadgens, romelic ganviTarebis TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba.


1. mosiaSvili v., WeliZe m. numizmatika da bonistika. Tb,. gamomcemloba `dani~, 2015.

2. http://piastri21.ru/novosti/samyie-drevnie-monetyi-v-mire

3.https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B

4. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%BC%D0%BE%D0D%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B

21

kompaniis eqspres-analizi da misi Rirebulebis marTva

irine mamalaZe, profesoriTamar abuaSvili, profesori

reziume

kompaniis normalurad funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia misi finansebis gonivruli marTva, kapitalis struqturis Seswavla, sakuTar da nasesxeb saxsrebs Soris optimaluri Tanafar-dobis gansazRvra da a.S. am bolo xans kompaniis menejments sul ufro xSirad ainteresebs bi-znesis efeqtianobis kompleqsuri marTvis me-Todebi. es sakiTxi Zalian mWidro kavSirSia kom-paniis finansuri angariSgebis safuZvelze ganx-orcielebul iseT SefasebasTan, rom igi moma-valSic monawileobdes kompaniis regularul analizSi.

kompaniis Rirebulebis eqspres-analizisaT-vis ori meTodi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT: gor-donis modeli da wminda aqtivebis analizi. aseTi Sefaseba srulyofilad ar SeiZleba CavT-valoT, ris gamoc advili SesaZlebelia, rom cota xanSi ara kompaniis mflobelebma, aramed ukve misma menejmentma dasvas ufro srulyofi-li meTodebis gamoyenebis sakiTxi.

kompaniis Rirebulebaze moqmedebs menejmen-tis erT-erTi strategiuli gadawyvetileba - ka-pitalis struqturis SerCeva. dadgenilia, rom ganviTarebad bazarze kapitalis struqturaze moqmedi yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtorebia kom-paniis aqtivebis struqtura, kompaniis sidide

da misi kapitalis Semosavlianoba.

sakvanZo sityvebi: kompaniis Rirebuleba, kapi-talis struqtura, eqspres-analizi, kapitalis struqturis determinantebi.

Summary

For normal functioning of the company’s prudent management of finances, studying capital’s structure and determining the optimal ratio of borrowings are neces-sary. Recently, the company is increasingly interested in the management methods of complex business efficiency. This issue is very closely linked to the company’s financial statements on the basis of an assessment that it will partici-pate in the regular analysis.

Two methods can be used to express the value of the company for analysis: Gordon model and the analysis of net assets. Such grades are not considered to be perfect, and it is possible that very soon not the owners of the company but its management has been to raise the issue of the use of more sophisticated methods.

The selection of the capital structure operates on one of the strategic decision, it’s the cost of the company. It is estimated that emerging market equity structure of the most important factors in the company’s asset structure, com-pany size and profitability of its capital.

kompaniis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia misi finansebis gonivruli marTva, kapitalis struqturis Seswavla, sakuTari da nasesxebi saxsrebis optimaluri Tanafardobis dadgena da a. S. am sakiTxebis Seswavla SesaZle-belia kompaniis saqmianobis finansuri analizis meSveobiT, romelic finansuri menejmentis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi elementia.

kompaniebis menejments bolo dros sul ufro xSirad ainteresebs biznesisis efeqtiano-bis kompleqsurad marTvis meTodebi. es sakiTxi Zalian mWidreo kavSirSia kompaniis finansuri angariSgebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebul mis iseT SefasebasTan, rom es Sefaseba SemdgomSi kompaniis saqmianobis Cveulebriv regularul analizSi iyos CarTuli. vfiqrobT, es ara marto SesaZlebelia, aramed sruliad bunebrivicaa. marTlac, Tu gavixsenebT safondo bazris fun-damentur analizs, igi swored sagareo angariS-gebis gamoyenebas eyrdnoba. amdenad, buRal-truli balansi, Tu igi finansuri angariSgebis saerTaSoriso standartebis moTxovnaTa Sesa-bamisadaa momzadebuli, praqtakulad gamosayen-ebeli sistemuri modelia.

amasTan, rogorc cnobilia, ,,finansuri analizi, romelic mxolod buRaltruli an-gariSebis monacemebs emyareba, eqspres-analizis Tvisebebs iZens, e.i. iseTi analizis Tvisebebs, romelic tardeba sawarmos farglebs gareT misi dainteresebuli kontragentebis, mesakuTreebis an saxelmwifo organoebis mier. aseTi analizis Sedegad mopovebuli informacia SezRudulia. amave dros finansuri angariSgebis gare momx-mareblebs eZlevaT saSualeba obieqturad Sea-fason sawarmos finansuri mdgomareoba”. [1]

biznesis Rirebulebis eqspres-SefasebisTvis ori meTodi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT:

1. Semosavlianobaze dafuZnebuli midgome-bidan _ gordonis modeli da

2. aqtivebze dafuZnebuli midgomebidan _ wminda aqtivebis analizi.

gordonis modeli zogadi saxiT ase gamoiyu-reba:

kompaniis Rirebuleba = mogeba / (d-g) sadac d diskontirebis ganakveTia kompani-


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isTvis, g - biznesis zrdis tempi.es modeli ramdenadme gamartivebulia moma-

vali gayidvebis nulovani zrdidan gamomdin-are, radgan am tempebis gansaRvra amocanas ar-Tulebs. gamarTiveba safrTxes ar Seicavs, rad-gan aq gamoyenebuli sxva meTodebic miaxloebi-Tia. ase rom gvrCeba ufro martivi amoxsna.

kompaniis Rirebuleba = mogeba / d

anu diskontirebis koeficientis gaTval-iswinebiT:

kompaniis Rirebuleba = mogeba / WACC

aq WACC kapitalis saSualo Sewonili Rire-bulebaa, romelsac angariSoben formuliT:

WACC = Rmesak X Kmesak. + Rnas. X Knas.

sadac Rmesak. aqcioneruli kapitalis is Se-mosavlianobaa, romelsac mesakuTreebi iTxoven; K – misi xvedriTi wili kompaniis dafinanseb-is wyaroebSi, Rnas. – nasesxebi saxsrebis Rire-buleba da Knas. – maTi wili dafinansebis mTlian moculobaSi.

Tu am meTodis sxva detalebs ar gamovedevne-biT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ucvleli aqcioner-uli kapitalisTvis, e.i. Tu biznesis mflobeli am momentSi damatebiT saxsrebs ar abandebs, SesaZlebelia kompaniis mTliani Rirebulebidan aqciebis Rirebulebaze gadasvla. mas gavian-gariSebT formuliT:

Rirebuleba = ROE / WACCsadac ROE aqcioneruli kapitalis rentabe-

lobaa. [2]biznesis Rirebulebis am Sefasebis cvlileb-

is dinamikas ori ZiriTadi finansuri maCvenebe-li daaregulirebs:

1. aqcioneruli kapitalis rentabeloba, ROE da

2. finansuri berketi (nasesxebi da saku-Tari kapitalebis Tanafardoba).

rac Seexeba biznesis Sefasebas, Semosav-lianobaze dafuZnebuli meTodiT SegviZlia daveyrdnoT sul ori, kargad nacnobi finan-suri maCveneblis analizs. maTgan wminda aqtive-bi standartuli balansis safuZvelze SegviZlia viangariSoT.

am modelis mTavari upiratesoba isaa, rom igi praqtikulad maSinve SegviZlia davnergoT kompaniaSi da misi moqmedeba kompaniis Semdgom muSaobaze gavavrceloT. modelisiTvis sawyisi monacemebia Cveulebrivi kvartaluri angariS-gebis informacia. mis safuZvelze vangariSobT ramodenime ZiriTad finansur maCvenebels:

• ROE -s;

• finansur berkets;• kompaniis wminda aqtivebs.SerCeuli maCveneblebis safuZvelze kompa-

niis Rirebuleba ori meTodiT ganisazRvreba: Sedegobrivi maCvenebeli SegviZlia SevirCioT, rogorc maT Soris saSualo; SeiZleba arc gada-videT erT kriteriumze da orive maCvenebliT visargebloT.

biznesis marTvis winaSe dasayenebeli moTxovnebi ase SegviZlia CamovayaliboT:

kompaniis Rirebulebis zrda likvidobisa da kapitalis struqturis sasurvel doneze Senar-CunebiT.

axali amaSi araferia, radgan es Rirebulebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli Cveulebrivi mar-Tvaa. da mainc, im rTuli meTodidan, romelic menejerebis fsiqologiursa da meTodur mzady-ofnas moiTxvs da romelzec yvela kompanias ar miuwvdeba xeli, Cven ubralo interpretaciebze gadavdivarT, romlebic araviTar seriozul da-naxarjebs ar moiTxovs. amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs imitom, rom menejmentze da mesauTris mizne-bze axali Sexedulebis danergvis dros TiTqmis nulamde mcirdeba winaaRmdegoba; meorec, aseTi gadawyvetiT kompaniis xelmZRvaneloba im swor finansur enas swavlobs, romelzec mflobel-ebs unda esaubros igi. gasakviri ar iqneba, rom raRac mcire drois Semdeg ukve kompaniis me-sakuTreebi ki ara, menejmenti daayenebs ufro daxvewili meTidikebis gamoyenebis sakiTxs da mzad iqneba Tavis Tavze aiRos maTi danergvis xarjebi da sirTuleebi.

cxadia, kompaniis mimdinare saqmianobis ana-lizSi RirebulebiT midgomis danergvis aseTi eqspres-meTodi SeuZlebelia srulyofilad CavTvaloT. miT umetes, rogorc praqtika aCven-ebs, es gadawyveta mTel rig SemTxvevebSi marT-vis ganviTarebis adreul etapzea xolme yvelaze efeqtiani. es is kompaniebia, romlebsac Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi aqvT:

1. yofili saxelmwifo struqturebi, rom-lebic kerZo xelSi gadavidnen;

2. winaT damoukidebeli kompaniebi, rom-lebic dRes holdingebis Svilobili sawarmoebi gaxdnen da

3. is kompaniebi, romelTa sakontrolo pa-ketic saxelmwifos ekuTvnis.

rogorc vxedavT, es is kompaniebia, rom-lebSic erTmaneTisgan mkveTradaa gamijnuli mflobeli da mmarTveli, Rirebulebis marTvis kultura ki ar arsebobs da misi danergva did Zalisxmevas saWiroebs.

kompaniis Rirebulebaze did gavlenas axdens misi menejmentis erT-erTi sakvanZo strate-giuli gadawyvetileba – kompaniis kapitalis struqturis SerCeva. im faqtorebisa da mo-tivebis gamovlena, romlebic kompaniebis kapi-

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talis struqturis SerCevas ganapirobeben, sami sakiTxis mogvarebas uwyobs xels:

1. am struqturis marTvis instrumentebis povnas;

2. araswori finansuri berketis SerCevis mizeziT kompaniebis kapitalizaciis “defici-tis” dadgenas da

3. nasesxebi saxsrebis im kritikuli donis gansazRvras, romelic kompaniebis Rirebulebis maqsimizebas iwvevs.

ganviTarebadi bazrebis korporaciuli fi-nansebis kvlevebiT gamovlenilia, rom kapital-is struqturaze moqmedi yvelaze mniSvnelo-vani faqtorebia ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis tradiciuli iseTi determinantebi, rogorebi-caa:

• kompaniis aqtivebis struqtura;• kapitalis zoma;• kompaniis kapitalis Semosavlianoba.aRmoCnda, rom kapitalis struqturis de-

terminantebSi qveynebs Soris gansxvavebebi ar arsebobs. Tumca gansxvavebulia am qveynebSi ka-pitalis struqturis formirebis motivebi. kv-levebSi aqcenti gakeTebuli iyo statikuri kom-promisuli Teoriisa da dafinansebis wesis Te-oriis SedarebiT analizze. Caatares kapitalis struqturis dinamikuri kompromisuli koncef-ciis sapilote aprobaciac, romelmac gamoavli-na am modelis mniSvneloba kompaniis valisa da sakuTari kapitalis Tanafardobis optimalobis dadgenaSi. miRebulma Sedegebma SesaZlebeli gaxada Semdegi hipoTezebis Camoyalibeba. [3]

1. ganviTarebul bazrebze kompaniebis ka-pitalis struqturis formireba SesaZlebelia aRvweroT dinamikuri kompromisuli koncefci-iT.

dinamikuri mideli statikuri kompromisuli Teoriis erT-erTi “gafarToebaa”. standarTul faqtorebTan erTad (aqtivebis rentabeloba, firmis sidide, aqtivebis struqtura, zrdis SesaZleblobebi da sxva) igi moicavs kidev erT komponents – Segueba – adaptirebis xarjebs, romlebic xels uSlian optimalur donemde fi-nansuri berketis myisier miyvanas. ekonomikur mecnierebaSi cnobilia iseTi kvlevebi, romleb-Sic gaanalizebulia rogorc Seguebis xarjebi, ise kapitalis optimaluri struqturis de-terminantebi. maTSi gamoyenebulia linder-tis modeli, romelic kapitalis struqturis SeswavlisTvisaa modificirebuli:

Lt – Lt-1 = a0 + b(TLt – Lt-1) + a1Z + ETAsadac L finansuri berketis maCvenebelia,

TL - optimaluri finansuri berketi, Z - mimdin-are da warsuli investiciebisa da Semosavlebis veqtori. [4]

am modelis sirTulea miznobrivi finansuri berketis TL–is gansazRvris aucilebloba.

mecnierTa erTi nawili [5] amisTvis saSualo istoriul mniSvnelobas iyenebs, sxvebi, magal-iTad, espaneli mecnierebi arelano bondis ekonometrikul meTods, romelic iZleva koefi-cientebis Sefasebis SesaZleblobas laguri da-mokidebuli cvladis mqone panelur regresieb-Si. [6] es ukanaskneli mogvianebiT ramodenime naSromSi gamoiyenes. maTSi adaptaciis siswrafe da miznobrivi berketi faqtorTa nakrebze da-mokidebul cvladad gvevlineboda araerT kv-levaSi (bulgareTi, CexeTi, poloneTi, rumineTi da estoneTi) gamovlinda optimalur finansur berketze formis maxasiaTeblebis gavlena ama Tu im qveynis viTarebazea damokidebuli, magram rentabelobisa da kompaniebis askis maCveneblebi yvelgan uaryofiT damokidebulebas amJRavne-ben. garda amisa, aqtivebis struqtura, romel-ic mTlian aqtivebSi fiqsirebuli danaxarjebis xvedriT wils asaxavs, ufro dadebiTi damok-idebulebis tendencias atarebs, rac Seesabameba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Catarebuli kvlevebis Se-degebs. es iZleva kapitalis miznobrivi struq-turis determinantebTan dakavSirebuli Semdegi hipoTezis formulirebis SesaZleblobas.

2. savalo “datvirTvis” miznobrivi done kompaniebis iseT specifikur maxasiaTeblebzea damokidebuli, rogoricaa sagadasaxado sarge-beli (rogorc valiT dafinansebis mozidvas-Tan dakavSirebuli, ise danarCenic), kompaniis mosalodneli zrda misi aqtivebis sidide da struqtura da kapitalis Semosavlianoba.

adaptirebis xarjebis arsebobis gamo kom-paniebs ar SeuZliaT myisierad miiyvanon Ta-vianTi finansuri berketi miznobriv donemde. amasTan, adaptirebis xarjebis sidide qveynebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia da maTSi moqmed in-stituciursa da makroekonomikur faqtorebzea damokidebuli.

adaptirebis siswrafe iseT cvladad Seg-viZlia warmovidginoT, romelic endogenu-radaa damokidebuli firmis maxasiaTeblebze, oRond misi determinantebis SemadgenlobaSia instituciuri da makroekonomikuri cvladebi. aSS-isa da evropis qveynebis SedarebiTi analizis Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom adaptirebis siswrafeze dadebiTad moqmedebs finansebis erovnuli baz-ris ganviTareba, sakanonmdeblo sistemis efeq-tianoba da aqcionerTa dacva, ekonomikuri zrda da inflacia. aqciebis fasis da safondo bazarze saprocento ganakveTebis doneebi xels uSlian finansuri berketis miyvanas optimalur donemde, radganac Cndeba mocemul momentSi dafinansebis SedarebiT ufro iafi wyaroebis gamoyenebis sargebeli. [7]

zemoT moyvanili logikis Sesabamisad marTl-zomieri iqneba Semdegi ori hipoTeza.

3. kapitalis ganviTarebad bazrebze fun-


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qcionirebad kompaniebs adaptaciis nulovani danaxarjebi aqvT.

4. adaptaciis xarjebi damokidebulia kreditebis xelmisawvdomobaze, ekonomikur zrdaze, inflaciaze, qveyanaSi safondo bazris ganviTarebaze.

2008-2009 wlebis krizisi SeuZlebelia ar asaxuliyo menejmentis mier kapitalis struq-turis Sesaxeb miRebul gadawyvetilebebze, rasac gavlena unda moexdina rogorc gare in-stituciur da makroekonomikur maCveneblebze, ise, firmis Sida maCveneblebzec (zrdis SesaZle-blobebi, aqtivebis rentabeloba). aqedan mexuTe hipoTeza:

krizisulma periodma udidesi mniSvneloba iqonia firmebis mier finansur gadawyvetile-baTa miRebaze.


1. a. CeCelaSvili. finansuri mdgomareobis da mdgradobis gaumjobesebis gzebi ludisa da ualkoholo sasmelebis warmoebaSi. disert., Tsu, 2013.

2. А. Сенов. Финансовый анализ предприятия в контекте управления стоимостью бизнеса.-1fin.ru/?id=154

3. И.В. Ивашковская, М.С. Кокорева. Является ли политика финансирования инструментом создания стоимости компании. Под редакцией Е. Г. Ясина. XII Международная научная конференция по проблемам развития экономики и общества. В четырех книгах. Книга 4. М.: Издательский дом НИУ ВШЭ, 2012. С. 49-56.

4. Fama E.F., French K.R. Testing Trade-Off and Pecking Order Predictions about Dividends and Debt // Re-view of Financial Studies. 2002. Vol. 15. Iss. 1. P. 1–33.

5. Jalilvand A., Harris R. Corporate Behavior in Adjusting to Capital Structure and Dividend Targets: An Econometric Study // Journal of Finance. 1984. 39. P. 127–144.

6. Miguel A., Pindado J. Determinants of the Capital Structure: New Evidence from Spanish Data // Journal of Corporate Finance. 2001. 7. P. 77–99.

7. Wanzenried G. Capital Structure Dynamics in the UK and Continental Europe //European Journal of Finance. 2006. 12. P. 693–716.

8. Ивашковская И.В., Макаров П.В. Действуют ли клас- сические концепции выбора структуры капитала на развивающихся рынках? Эмпирический анализ компаний Восточной и Центральной Европы // Кор- поративные финансы. 2010.3 (15). С. 47–62.

9. Dudley E. Testing Models of Dynamic Trade-off Theory. Working paper series.2007.

10. Fischer E., Heinkel R., Zechner J. Dynamic Capi-tal Structure Choice: Theory and Tests // The Journal of

Finance. 1989. 44. 19–40.11. Ivashkovskaya I., Solntseva M. Capital Structure

Choice in BRIC: Do Russian, Brazilian and Chinese Firms Follow Pecking Order or Trade-Off Logic of Financing? Global Business and Technology Association. Business Strategies and Technological Innovation for Sustainable development: Creating Global Prosperity for Humanity. Eleventh International Conference Readings Book. P. 572–579.

12. Nivorozhkin E. Capital Structures in Emerging Stock Markets: The Case of Hungary// The Developing Economies. 2002. XL. P. 166–187.

13. Nivorozhkin E. Firms’ Financing Choices in EU Accession Countries // Emerging Markets Review. 2005. 6(2). P. 138–169.

14. Shyam-Sunder L., Myers S. Testing Static Trade-off Against Pecking Order Models of Capital Structure // Journal of Financial Economics. 1999. 51. P. 219–244.

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Современные конфликты и парадигмы международных отношенийГеоргий Каландадзе, Академический Доктор социальных наук

Ричардс Гойчевс, студент

რეზიუმე

თემაში სრულადაა აღწერილი საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობების სისტემები. მათი საარსებო წყარო, გამორჩეული თვისებები, უპირატესობები, ნაკლოვანებები და მათ მიერ გამოწვეულ შედეგები. საუბარია დღევანდელი კონფლიქტების არსზე, პრიზმაში განხილულია არსებული მოდელი საერთაშორისო სისტემაში.

განხილულია უთანასწორობის გაძლიერების პრინციპი მათ შორის ჰეგემონი სახელმწიფოების ,,ვასალები“, გათიშულობა, მსოფლმხედველობა, პრინციპები და ა.შ. ყველაზე დიდი პრობლემა წინა და თანამედროვე საერთაშორისო მართვის სისტემების ფესვებშია, რაც წარმოადგენს სტატიის ძირითად არსს.

SUMMARY

Contemporary conflicts and the paradigm of inter-national relations

The theme contains a complete description of all sys-tems of international relations, their livelihoods, distinctive features, advantages, disadvantages and the resulting con-sequences. Reveal the essence of many of today’s conflicts, viewed through the prism of the current model of the in-ternational system. The causes of inequality strengthening between the different States hegemony and ‘’vassals’’, disunity in order, worldview, principles etc, the biggest problem lies at the root of modern and previous interna-tional management systems, which will be the mainstay of this article.

* * * * * * *

Во все времена человечество ведёт опустошительные войны, не задумываясь о последствиях, человеколюбии и в принципе о морали. Печально осознавать, что алчность преобладала над человеческим благоразумием (и преобладает до сих пор). Но суть не в этом. Нужно постичь метафизическую причину данного феномена и это далеко не пороки человеческой сущности, хотя и без них не обошлось также.

Задавшись вопросом о корректности системы, можно осознать феноменологию проблем каждой из моделей международных отношений. Чем же ознаменовывается процесс изначальных недостатков?

Каждое государство в какой-то степени обладает чувством возвышенности собственной нации, грубоговоря национализмом, в девственной форме, порой перерастающий в шовинизм. Этот факт, отвергать нельзя, противоречить этому может лишь сильный лидер (чаще всего в авторитарном или тоталитарномрежиах), который берёт власть в свои руки и ставивший благо общества, ниже своих собственных ценностей или амбиций. Тем не менее, национализм,играет огромнейшее значение, в становлении той или иной международной системы. Можно также заметить закономерность: построение системы - демаркация границ произошла, разделив одну народность по разные стороны, либо наоборот объединив разные в одно государство - беспорядки, ознаменованные чувством национального достоинства (языковая принадлежность, религия, цвет кожи и иное). Последняя стадия, полномасштабная война, редко когда её предотвращали в корне, в основном, происходило чуть ли не совсем обратное.

Перейдём к конкретным примерам для общего понимания проблематики. Ялтино-потсдамская система международных отношений была основана в результате Ялтинской и Потсдамской конференций 1945 года. Основателями являлись три государства СССР, США и Великобритания, во главе со Сталиным, Рузвельтом и Черчиллем. Февральская Ялтинская конференция являлась предтечей будущих беспорядков в Европе, так как разбиралось на данном собрании лишь один вопрос: как поделить Европу между тремя странами? Кое-как разобрались: Польша отошла под власть СССР (там уже были советские войска, и их никто не решился вытеснять), варварский раздел Германии на ГДР и ФРГ, отнятие у немцев, также, современного Каллининграда и Эльзас-Лотарингии, но этого было мало и они разделили даже сам Берлин на две зоны советскую - с одной


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стороны, и совместную (американскую, британскую и французскую) - с другой. Судя по, так называемому, соглашению о процентах 1944 года Сталина и Черчилля, Болгария, Венгрия, Румыния переходила под юрисдикцию Советского Союза, Греция под Великобританию, а Югославия 50 на 50. И ради чего всё это планировалось? Ради геостратегических выгод: Западные страны ходатайствовали за то,что бы коммунизм не распространялся далее, чем на Восток Европы.СССР же вели ´´политическую´´ экспансию в центральную и южную стороны. Декларация об освобождённой Европе звучит будто издевательство после вышеперечисленных разделов наций.

На Дальнем Востоке тоже разыгрывались интересы СССР и США, однако СССР вернулись территории потерянные после русско-японской войны Курильские острова и Южный Сахалин, за Монголией признавался статус независимого государства. Недальновидная политика ``средневековья`` вскоре дала о себе знать, когда жадный Советский Союз в конце1980-ых годах трещал по швам, а в итоге и вовсе распался в 1991 году. На основе данной конференции была также доработана идея о преемнике Лиги Нации, которым стал ООН, с несправедливым постоянством лишь пяти членов: Великобритания, СССР - Российская Федерация, США, Франция и КНР.

ООН стала символом и формальным гарантом послевоенного мироустройства, авторитетной и иногда даже достаточно эффективной организацией в разрешении межгосударственных проблем. При этом страны-победители и впредь предпочитали решать действительно серьёзные вопросы своих взаимоотношений путём двусторонних переговоров, а не в рамках ООН. На Потсдамской конференции уже наблюдается обострение обстановки - обозначились многие противоречия между союзниками, приведшие вскоре к холодной войне. Именно на данной конференции было окончательно принято решение о разделе Кореи, а Польша получила обратно свои территории, даже с лихвой. Уже тогда достаточно отчетливо проявилось усиление позиции двух держав — СССР и США, к которым все больше переходит решающая роль в определении параметров послевоенного мира. То есть, еще в ходе войны зарождаются предпосылки формирования основ будущего биполярного мира. В полной мере, эта тенденция проявилась уже на Ялтинской и Потсдамской конференциях, когда главную роль в решении ключевых проблем, связанных с формированием новой модели международных отношений играли две, теперь уже сверхдержавы СССР и США. Биполярный расклад сил быстро привел к началу противостояния между капиталистическим и социалистическим лагерями. Обратимся за помощью к современной системе международных отношений, поневоле превратившейся в монополярную- после распада СССР и соответственно после, косвенного, окончания Холодной войны, однако холодной она

являлась лишь на словах, стоит только вспомнить:1.Корею 1950-1953 годах,2. Вьетнам 1957-1975 годах,3. Афганистан с 1978 года по сей день.В новой истории, градус напряжённости нисколько

не снизился, а конфликты остаются такими же горячими, как и прежде, лишь ареал распространения горячих точек увеличился.

Современная система международных отношений с 1991 г. по настоящее время характеризуется господством США в мировой системе. Однако, среди экспертов в международных отношениях ведутся дискуссии о закате так называемой Американской империи, о крахе международной экономической системы, основанной на американском долларе и о подъеме держав БРИКС. Исследователи, в основном, согласны считать Ялтинско-Потсдамскую систему, завершившейся в 1991 году, с распадом СССР и прекращением биполярного противостояния, однако, нет единства в определении наименования системы международных отношений на нынешнем этапе. Определённая их часть придерживаются названия PostCold-Warera.

С 1991 по 2001 годы существовала так называемая Беловежская эпоха. Которая примечательна становлением посткоммунистических стран в независимые государства, их демократизация и либерализация, а также распад Югославии и дальнейшие кровопролитные столкновения на Балканском полуострове. Многие считают окончанием Холодной войны 11 сентября 2001 года, что не лишено смысла; с разворачиванием контртеррористической истерии, была создана целая система по обезвреживанию, предотвращению террористических актов. Американские законы к ЦРУ и контртеррористическом отделу, настолько либеральны, что закон им непочём, итог: тотальная слежка, прослушка и иные недемократические бесчинства. Хотя сами же и ратуют за свободу прав человека и другие либеральные ценности. К данной современной модели также нужно приплюсовать Ямайскую систему, долларового превосходства. Прорезюмировав состояние современной системы международных отношений, можно отметить, что модель является синтезом Ялтино-потсдамской(создание наднациональных органов), совместно с Ямайской системой денежных отношений, основанной на долларе и лишения статуса золота, лидирующей роли, как основной валютной единицы, плюс контртеррористическая эпоха - создают некую однобокую капиталистическую систему, наживающейся на неоколониальных условиях, посредством экономического вассалитета. Отрицать вассалитет просто нельзя, так как такие наднациональные организации как МВФ и ВТО, в виде экономической помощи разбрасываются кредитами - нуждающиеся страны принимают их и это выглядит поначалу как помощь, однако является ли кредит

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таковым, когда в долгосрочной перспективе (и то если повезёт, может и в краткосрочной) государство обязано вернуть в разы больше, чем сама брала в кредит? Ведь если страна берёт в долг, значит, у неё нету денег на ``жизнедеятельность``, а откуда ей взять деньги на погашение долга? Именно такая ситуация развернулась сейчас в современной Греции, где новая правящая левоцентристская партия СИРИЗА, ратует за устранение норм МВФ: увеличении налогов, сокращение рабочих мест, стрижки инвестиции и.т.д. Государство становиться, разумеется, экономически зависимым, а если называть всё своими именами - вассалом. После такого расклада, вспомнив пороки детища Ялтино-потсдамской системы и последующих слияний международных отношений, не удивителен тот факт, что в современном мире горячие точки вспыхивают почти на каждом континенте. Современная эпоха характеризуется большим количеством военных конфликтов во всем мире. Впервые с окончания Второй мировой войны вспыхнули вооружённые конфликты в Европе — на Балканах и Северном Кавказе. Резко обострилась борьба за энергетические ресурсы. Многие говорят о новом мировом порядке, термин применяется в политике для обозначения разнообразных явлений в настоящем и прогнозов на будущее мирового устройства.

Согласно современной трактовке, Новый мировой порядок — концепция мирового устройства, являющая собой отображение неоколониализма Запада и его сателлитов. Отличительной чертой новой системы является неопределённость второго мирового гегемона, отчасти, на эту должностьпретендуют ряд государств: Индия, Германия, Британия, Бразилия, Иран и иные, однако реальной силой для исполнения данной роли обладают лишь, Россия и КНР. Тем не менее, все эти три державы являющиеся лидерами или планирующие ими стать являются постоянными членами Совета Безопасности ООН, что не приводит ни к чему хорошему. Эти страны взаимно уничтожают друг друга своим правом вето: при поддержке РФ той или иной резолюции, США будет против;при поддержке США – Россия. Редко, когда все 5 государств, согласовано, одобряли то или иное решение. Потому согласие на разрешение того или иного конфликта не достигается посредством данного международного органа, то есть уже мировое сообщество зашло в тупик. Расширять СБ ООН, как предлагают многие государства, наподобие Ирана, идея далеко неплохая, но если вдуматься, приведёт к ещё большей разобщённости, в виду большего количества членов. В 1945 году был подписан Устав ООН и создан Международный суд ООН в Гааге, являющиеся на данный момент столпами современной ´´мировой стабильности´´.Строки из декларации трёх держав с Тегеранской конференции, гласят следующее:``Мы полностью признаем высокую ответственность, лежащую на нас и на всех Объединённых Нациях, за осуществление такого мира,

который получит одобрение подавляющей массы народов земного шара и который устранит бедствия и ужасы войны на многие поколения.`` Однако пока что этого не наблюдается.

Рассмотрим примеры разбирательства Международного суда, например: Косово. Суд решил, что общее международное право не содержит запрета деклараций независимости, хотя при голосовании 74 государства воздержались вовсе от ответа, 6 было против включая США, и 77 ́ ´за´´. В последствии, США изменили своё мнение. Вердикт был вынесен, не смотря на резолюцию по Югославии 1999 года, ратующая за территориальную целостность государства, с Косово в её составе. Сербия никогда не соглашалась на отделение Косово, с таким же успехом можно признать тогда и Абхазию с Осетией, и аннексию Крыма. Также, дело о израильском разделительном барьере, было принято достойное решение запретить его строительства, однако израильское правительства мало того что не обращает внимания на постановление суда, так ещё нарушает резолюцию ООН, которая утвердила, что ´´зелёная линия´´ является непересекаемой демаркационной линией, однако израильтяне делают совсем обратное. На 20 % протяжённости границы стена углубляется в территорию, которую палестинцы считают своей, ´´отгораживает´´ к израильской стороне более 10 % площади Западного Берега реки Иордан. Международное сообщество ничего не предпринимает, против данной вопиющей как исторической, так и юридической несправедливости. После окончания Второй мировой войны все без задних мыслей, восторженно встретили идею о создании наднационального органа - Организации Объединённых Наций, все 50 стран участников Сан-Францисской конференции приняли Устав ООН. Однако в данном уставе, на данный момент, устаревшие реалии, хотя и на тот момент они не для всех являлись приемлемыми. Например, всем известный крымский кризис, разогревшийся после аннексии Крыма Россией, не противоречит Уставу ООН: ``В силу принципа равноправия и самоопределения народов, закреплённого в Уставе ООН, все народы имеют право свободно определять без вмешательства извне свой политический статус и осуществлять свое экономическое, социальное и культурное развитие, и каждое государство обязано уважать это право в соответствии с положениями Устава``. Так что либо не стоит разводить антироссийскую пропаганду, либо стоит вносить поправки в устав. К тому же, нельзя осквернять того или иного лидера в тех или иных деяниях или начинаниях, в связи с тем, что они являются лишь орудием той системы, которая существует.

Все предыдущие системы также не отличались безупречностью, что Венская, что Вестфальская и иные. Создавшаяся монополярнаясовременная система не удовлетворяет потребностям нашего времени - тормозит развитие мирового сообщества, экономики,


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научно-технического прогресса. Исходя из реалий сегодняшнего дня, нельзя иметь одного лидера, как нас учат финансовые отношения для роста качества и товарооборота должна существовать конкуренция. Также и в политике многополярная система будет катализаторомразвития международных отношений. Например, президент США Ричард Никсон ратовал за более либеральную модель международных отношений, наподобие Ришельевского, баланса сил, в Средних веках. Однако его чаяния не увенчались успехом, ему хотели объявить импичмент по делу о прослушке - ´´Уотергейт´´, однако, он сам ушёл в отставку. Возможно при удовлетворении его желания, Холодная война сама по себе ликвидировалась, а числоконфликтов не превысила бы уже существующую цифру. Тем не менее, СССР и КНР, не горели желанием о сотрудничестве с американцами по созданию многополярного мира. Однако современная ситуация на международной арене сложилась такая, что можно лавировать в разные стороны: главное избрать истинный путь. Многополярная система, особенно при обладании многими странами ядерного оружия, является самым оптимальным вариантом. Далеко не основополагающим инструментом сдерживания, является ядерное оружие, как излагает Генри Киссинджер, в своём труде ´´Ядерное оружие и внешняя политика´´, наоборот ядерное оружие является лишь сдерживающим фактором для маленьких государств, которые боятся мощи тех стран-обладательниц, такой поражающей мощи, а

крупным странам вовсе развязывают руки. От тогото и наличие столь многих не справедливых и главное кровопролитных войн. Потому баланс сил необходим, главное, чтоб он снова не перерос в гонку вооружений, однако при многополярности не стоит бояться данного феномена, так как гегемонов будет не два государства, а как минимум три.

Для создания многополярного мира придётся либо упразднить, а лучше реструктуризировать систему ООН, в первую очередь полностью упразднить постоянство членов, так как право вето является камнем преткновения всех глобальных решений, беспрекословное выполнение всеми странами постановлений Международного суда (а для этого требуется независимая коллегия, делегация, а главное не коррумпированная), укрепление недоллоровой мировой валюты, для усиления того или иного государства претендующего на ведущую роль, в многополярной системе международных отношений. А для этого требуется лишь время, терпение и здравый смысл. Ведь разве есть смысл в убийствах ради корысти?

Как говорил некий французский мыслитель: ``Война – это некая акция, благодаря которой люди, которые не знают друг друга, друг друга убивают ради славы и выгоды людей, которые знают друг друга и друг друга не убивают.`` Нужно лишь взглянуть в прошлое, вспомнить все ошибки и не повторять их больше, и двигаться вперёд ради общей цели.

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saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobaTa regulirebis

globaluri sistemaaleqsandre ediberiZe, profesori

magda baqaniZe, doqtoranti

reziume

statiaSi ganxilulia saerTaSoriso ekono-mikur urTierTobaTa regulirebis globaluri sisitema, daxasiaTebulia globaluri ekonomi-kuri problemebi da saerTaSoriso organiza-ciebis adgili maT mogvarebaSi.

globalizaciis procesma yvelasTvis dadeb-iTi Sedegi rom gamoiRos, aucilebelia ar-sebobdes saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTier-TobaTa regulirebis globaluri sisitema. es sistemebi unda muSaobdnen iseT sakiTxebze, sadac globaluri koleqtiuri moqmedeba saWi-rocaa da zogjer aucilebelic. saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri sistemis institucionalizaciis moTxovnilebis gaZliereba aCqarebs axali in-stitutebis Seqmnas da iwvevs Zvelis moderni-zebas, axali instituciuri garemos Seqmnas globaluri ekonomikis uklebliv yvela aqtor-isTvis, romelSic didi mniSvneloba unda mieni-Wos globaluri da, gansakuTrebiT, finansuri bazris ZiriTadi monawileebis kontrolisa da zedamxedvelobis funqcias.

institucionalizaciis gavleniT globaluri ekonomika moaxdens mis subieqtebs Soris ekono-mikur urTierTobaTa erTobliobis axali xasi-aTis Camoyalibebas.

sakvanZo sityvebi : globalizacia; institu-cionalizacia; saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi; saerTaSoriso vaWroba; gaero; saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri organizaciebi, politikuri usa-frTxoeba.

Summary

The article - “Global system of regulating international economic relations “ studies the global system of regulat-ing international economic relations, characterizes global economic problems and the role of the international organi-zations in their resolution.

In order to bring the positive results for everyone in the process of globalization, it is necessary to have the glob-al system of regulating international economic relations. These systems should be working on the issues where global collective action is useful and sometimes necessary. Strengthening demand for the institutionalization of the international economic system accelerates the creation of new institutions and causes the modernization of the old ones; also encourages the creation of new institutional en-vironment for every actor of the global economy, where a

big significance should be given to global and, in particu-lar, to the main participants of the financial market in the aspects of control and supervision.

Through the influence of the institutionalization the global economy will make a new kind of institutionaliza-tion of the economic relations among its entities.

* * * * * *

msoflio ekonomika sul ufro erTian sameur-neo organizmad yalibdeba, rac warmoSobs axal pirobebSi misi axleburad regulirebis sak-iTxs. dRes ukve SegviZlia ganvixiloT msoflio meurneobis da saerTaSoriso ekonomikur ur-TierTobaTa regulirebis globalur sistema, romelSic aSkarad moCans regulirebisa da mar-Tvis saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri institutebis rolis amaRleba da saqmianobis mimarTulebebis zrda.

sameurneo cxovrebis globalizaciis piro-bebSi zeerovnuli ekonomikuri regulirebis aucilebloba gansxvavebul doneebze da sxva-dasxva sferoebSi warmoiqmneba. dRes sakmarisze metia iseTi problemebi, romlebic ukve iTxoven msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare sameurneo pro-cesebisa da urTierTobebis sistematur da gaazrebul regulirebas, momavalSi ki kidev ufro gardauvali gaxdeba saerTaSoriso Tanam-Sromloba qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri urTier-Tobebis regulirebisa da marTvis sferoSi.

marTlac, praqtikam daadastura, rom an-tikrizisuli regulirebis erovnuli sistema globalizaciis epoqaSi araefeqtiani xdeba. sxva qveynebTan SeuTanxmeblad sakuTari probleme-bis mogvarebis mcdelobebi bevrjer uSedegod dasrulda damxolod gazarda arsebuli ar-astabiluroba. amitom TandaTanobiT momwifda samTavrobo zomebis koordinirebisa da saxelm-wifoTaSoris ekonomikur urTierTobaTa erTo-blivad regulirebis sakiTxi.

meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi gax-Sirda calkeuli bazrebis stabilizacii-is mcdelobebi da gaformda saerTaSoriso sasaqonlo SeTanxmebebi buferuli maragebis Se-qmnis Sesaxeb. Zalian didi mniSvneloba hqonda navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizaci-is (OPEC) Camoyalibebas axali saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis programis farglebSi. nedleulis msoflio bazrebze fasebis ryevas es, cxadia, mTlianad ver aCerebs, magram amgvari organizaciebi da SeTanxmebebi sagrZnob rols


30

TamaSoben saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTieTo-baTa gamwvavebuli problemebis SerbilebaSi. ar-sebobs imis mravali magaliTi, rom msoflioSi daiwyo globalur doneze regulirebis da gad-awyvetilebaTa miRebis meqanizmebis mosinjva, maT Soris - saerTaSoriso ekomikuri organi-zaciebis meSveobiT. amdenad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ukve moqmedeben saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis globaluri regulirebis ele-mentebi. es regulireba or doneze mimdinareobs - globalurze da regionulze. swored global-ur doneze Cndebian saerTaSoriso organiza-ciebi, romlebic saerTaSoriso ekonomikur ur-TierTobaTa calkeul sferoebs aregulireben. isini an formaluria (oficialuria - magali-aTad, msoflio banki), an araformaluri (arao-ficialuri - magaliTad, didi rvianis jgufi). globalizaciis procesma yvelasTvis dadebiTi Sedegi rom gamoiRos, amisTvis aucilebelia ar-sebobdes saerTaSoriso sajaro institutebi.

es institutebi unda muSaobdnen iseT sakiTx-ebze, sadac globaluri koleqtiuri moqmedeba saWirocaa da zogjer aucilebelic. am 30-40 wlis manZilze Seicvala damokidebuleba koleq-tiuri moqmedebis mimarT. adamianebi mixvdnen, rom es aucilebelia nebismier etapze. cxadi gaxda isic, rom koleqtiuri moqmedeba auci-lebelia rogorc adgilobriv da erovnul, ise globalur doneze. globalizacia imas niSnavs, rom sul ufro meti dro eTmoba globaluri gavlenis mqone sakiTxebs. swored am sakiTx-ebze samuSaod Seiqmna saerTaSoriso organiza-ciebi. gaeros daekisra globalur politikur usafrTxoebaze zrunva, saerTaSoriso ekono-mikur organizaciebs ki, upirveles yovlisa, saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, globaluri ekonomikuri stabilurobis SenarCuneba. maTgan gansxvavebiT, gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTareb-is konferencia (UNCTAD) iseTi universaluri da globaluri forumia, romlis moRvaweoba eZRvneba ganviTarebis problematikas da mas-Tan dakavSirebul vaWrobis, finansebis, inves-ticiebis, teqnologiebis gadacemis da sxva sakiTxebis ganxilvas da maT mimarT rekomenda-ciebis SemuSavebas. am forumis movaleobaa wa-myvani roli iTamaSos saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi konsensusis miRwevaSi. es pirvel rigSi exeba ganviTarebadi da gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebs, romlebsac xsenebulma konfer-enciam daxmareba unda gauwios vaWrobis axal pirobebTan Seguebisa da saerTaSoriso vaWro-bis sistemaSi integrirebisas. am organizaciis Suamavlobis gareSe SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda mo-laparakebebis gamarTva da mravalmxrivi samarT-lebrivi aqtebis damtkiceba vaWrobis sferoSi, agreTve, amave sferoSi erovnuli mTavrobebisa da regionuli ekonomikuri dajgufebebis poli-

tikis Sejereba.saerTaSoriso ekonomikur or-ganizaciebis funqcionirebaSi araerTi prob-lema iCens Tavs. maT Soris ZiriTadia opera-tiulobis, demokratiulobisa da efeqtianobis deficiti, SesaZleblobaTa tolobis problema, qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri organ-izaciebis kompetenciebis gadakveTis problema da sxva. Tumca, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas im-saxurebs saerTaSoriso ekonomikururTierTo-baTa marTvadobis problema. msoflio ekono-mikis marTvis efeqtianobis sakiTxi dRes ukve mwvave problemadaa gadaqceuli.

momavalSi misi mogvareba sxvadasxva variantiT iqneba pirveli,msoflio ekonomikuri sistemis marTvadobis amaRlebas kidev erTi arsebiTi resursi aqvs. umniSvnelovanesi da saWirboro-to gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros calkeuli qveynebi zogierTi saerTaSoriso struqturis farglebSi SeiZleba iyenebdnen „gansxvavebul siCqareTa” meTods, romelic kargadaa aprobi-rebuli evropuli integraciis praqtikaSi: is qveynebi, romlebic garkveul gadawyvetilebebs uWeren mxars, am gadawyvetilebebs Seasruleben mocemul sakiTxze sxva qveynebis mosazrebebis miuxedavad. rac Seexeba sxva qveynebs, maT ufle-ba miecemaT programas SeuerTdnen misi reali-zaciis ufro gviandel etapze. amis magaliTi araerTi yofila istoriaSi, Tundac evropis savaluto kavSiri.

meore, marTvadobis amaRlebis problema SeiZleba gadawydes gansxvavebuli „geometriis” mqone paraleluri struqturebis SeqmniT. es ni-Snavs raime erTi gaerTianebis an saerTaSoriso struqturis SenarCunebis pirobebSi iseTi axa-li gaerTianebis an struqturis Camoyalibebas, romelic ufro efeqtianad wyvets erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobis problemas. aseTi paraleluri struqturebidan erT-erTi ufro sicocxlisu-nariani gamodgeba da funqcionirebasac swored is gaagrZelebs. amgvari ram dasavleT evropaSi moxda, roca drois erTsa da imave monakveTSi or sxvadasxva dajgufebas uxdeboda funqcion-ireba. maTgan ufro sicocxlisunariani evrokav-Siri gamodga, Tavisufali vaWrobis asociaciam ki TandaTan Sewyvita arseboba.

sazogadod, araformaluri gaerTianebebi da saerTaSoriso forumebi Tanamedroveobis aqtu-aluri problemebis Sesaxeb erTmaneTis gaT-viTcnobierebisa da msoflio procesebis mar-Tvadobis amaRlebis saintereso damatebiTi in-strumenti xdeba. amis tipuri magaliTiadavosis saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri forumi, sadac ara marto ganixilaven msoflio ekonomikis prob-lemebs, aramed erTobliv midgomebsac poulo-ben ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli mravali problemis mosagvareblad.

mesame, saerTaSoriso sistemis marTvadobis

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amaRlebis problema SeiZleba movagvaroT wamy-vani saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri organizacieb-is marTvis meqanizmebis Sida reorganizaciis gziT. yvela safuZveli arsebobs vivaraudoT, rom gadaudebel gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis au-cileblobis zewoliT saxelmwifoebi iZule-buli gaxdebian garkveul daTmobebze wavidnen da kompetenciebis didi nawilisaerTaSoriso organizaciebs gadaabaron msoflio ekonomikis marTvadobis amaRlebis mizniT. calkeul sax-elmwifoebs ar hyofniT im globalur proble-mebTan gamklavebis Zala, romlebic maTi iuris-diqciis sazRvrebs scildeba. umarTavi msoflio ekonomikuri procesebis uaryofiTi SedegebiT gamowveuli zarali gadaaWarbebs am struq-turebSi qveynebis damoukidebeli statusis SenarCunebis sargebels. amasTan dakavSirebiT SegviZlia viwinas- warmetyveloT saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri organizaciebis ganviTareba ekono-mikis erToblivad regulirebis saqmeSi yvelaze ufro dawinaurebuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis - evrokavSiris modeliT. es niSnavs erovnuli suverenuli kompetenciebis mkacrad dozire-buli nawilis gadacemas saerTaSoriso ekonomi-kuri organizaciebisTvis aseve mkacrad daTqmul SemTxvevebSi ise, rom mkafiod iyos miniSnebuli am kompetenciebis gamoyenebis limitebi.

am zogadi SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, uax-loes periodSi yvela ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri organizacia reformebs saWiroebs.

es evrokavSirsac exeba. mas Semdeg, rac am gaerTianebis wevrebis raodenoba TiTqmis gaor-magda, kidev ufro garTuldeba manamde cno-bili problemebis mogvareba. aq reformebis gatareba mWidrod iqneba dakavSirebuli evro-pis konstituciis miRebasTan, reformebis das-rulebis Semdeg ki evrokavSiri kidev ufro gan-imtkicebs poziciebs. gaeros funqciebidan erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia ekonomikur da social-ur, kulturis, ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis dacvis sferoebSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlo-bis xelSewyoba. ekonomikur, socialur da sxva Sesabamis saqmianobas koordinacias uwevs ekono-mikur da socialur sakiTxTa sabWo. swored misi funqciaa aRniSnul sferoebSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis gzebis Zieba. es sabWoekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis ganxilvisa da rekomendaciebis SemuSavebis cen-traluri forumia. igi wamyvan rols TamaSobs saqmianobis prioritetul mimarTulebaTa gan-sazRvraSi da ganviTarebis mizniT warmarTuli saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis xelSewyobaSi. ekonomikur da socialur sakiTxTa sabWo op-eratiuli organo araa. igi koordinacias uw-evs mis kontrolqveS myof sxva komisiebsa da komitetebs.

gaeros biujetis ZiriTadi wyaroa misi wevre-

bis Senatanebi. 2000 wlidan dadgenilia, rom in-dividualuri Senatanis odenoba ar unda aRe-matebodes biujetis 22%-s. damoukidebeli biu-jetebi aqvT gaeros bavSvTa fonds, gaeros gan-viTarebis programas da ltolvilTa saqmeebis

umaRlesi komisris sammarTvelos. maTi resursebis ZiriTadi moculoba nebayoflobi-Ti Senatanebia. gaero TviTonac moiTxovs ko-losaluri raodenobis saqonelsa da momsaxure-bas. igi yovelwliurad 3-4 mlrd dolaris Ri-rebulebis Sesyidvebs axorcielebs. amaze misi biujetis 60 % ixarjeba. am mxriv misi yvelaze aqtiuri partniorebi arian ara marto didi ekonomikuri potencialis mqone qveynebi, aramed iseTebic, romelTa mTavrobebi da mewarmeebi TavianTi aqtiurobiT xels uwyoben sakuTar bi-zness am bazris aTvisebaSi. ekonomikur sferoSi gaeros saqmianoba, rogorc wesi, Semoifargleba msoflios mimdinare ekonomikuri problemebis gansja-ganxilviT. misi generaluri asambleisa da sxva organoebis gadawyvetilebebs sarekomen-dacio xasiaTi aqvT.


1. Герчикова И.Н. Международные экономические организации. М.: Консалтбанкир,

2001. с. 16., Международные валютно-кредитные и финансовые отношения / под ред. Л. Н.

Красавиной. М.: Финансы и статистика, 2006. с. 410.

2. Актуальные проблемы глобального управления: Группа восьми и международные

многосторонние институты. М.: Логос, 2007.3. Основные факты об ООН. М.: Весь мир, 2005. с.

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refinansirebis sesxebi da gacvliTi kursi

demna kvaracxelia, profesori

reziume

dolarTan TanafardobaSi laris gacv-liTi kursis gaufasurebam gamoiwvia saqarT-velos mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauareseba. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen is moqalaqeebi, rom-lebsac sasesxo valdebulebebi gaaCniaT dola-rebSi, Semosavlebi ki larebSi.

aranakleb problemas warmoadgens laris gacvliTi kursis calsaxad arakanonzomieri da araprognozirebadi cvlileba, gacvliTi kur-sis dacema-amaRlebis xSiri monacvleba, rac me-warmeebsa da investorebs damatebiT siZneleebs uqmnis kontraqtebis gaformebis procesSi, rac xels uSlis warmoebis ganviTarebas.

aRniSnul garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, sa-zogadoebis gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs is, Tu ram ganapiroba laris aseTi mkveTri gaufas-ureba. saxeldeba sxvadasxva obieqturi (gareSe SokebiT ganpirobebuli) da subieqturi miz-ezebi (m. S. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba refinansirebis sesxebis moculobis zrdas). Se-sabamisad, mimdinare wlis dasawyisidan, xelisu-flebisa da akademiuri wreebis warmomadgen-lebs, eqspertebsa da Jurnalistebs, agreTve sazogadoebis calkeuli wevrebs Soris, presis, televiziisa da socialuri forumebis saSuale-biT ar wydeba polemika - refinansirebis sesx-ebis moculobis zrdasa da dolarTan Tanafar-dobaSi laris gacvliTi kursis dacemas Soris SesaZlo kavSiris Sesaxeb.

statiaSi ganxorcielebuli analizis safuZv-elze, dasabuTebulia rom refinansirebis sesx-ebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia gacvliTi kursebis marTva, ufro metic SesaZlebelia gacvliTi kursebiT manipulacia. Tumca, imis Tqma, ax-orcielebs Tu ara gacvliTi kursebiT manipu-laciis politikas saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, xelaRebiT SeuZlebelia. amisTvis aucilebelia meti informacia da erovnuli bankis saqmianobis meti gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofa.

sakvanZo sityvebi: erovnuli banki, refinan-sirebis sesxebi, gacvliTi kursi, valutis ga-ufasureba da a. S.

Summary

Refinancing Loans and Exchange Rate

Demna Kvaratskhelia, professor

Lari to US dollar exchange rate fall caused worsening of socioeconomic situation of Georgian population. Citi-zens with the debts in US dollars and incomes in lari found themselves in the heaviest situation.

Apparently irregular and unpredictable change of lari exchange rate, frequent alteration of exchange rate growths and falls is significant problem as well, causing additional difficulties to the entrepreneurs and investors, in contract-ing, thus preventing production development.

Regarding the above circumstances, the causes of such drastic fall of lari exchange rate is of particular interest for the public. Various objective (conditioned by external shocks) and subjective reasons (among them, particular at-tention is paid to increase of refinancing loans’ quantities). Hence, from the beginning of this year, the representatives of government, academic circles, experts and journalists, as well as certain representatives of public debate through press, TV and social forums permanently discuss the issue of possible correlation between growth of refinancing loans and lari to dollar exchange rate fall.

On the basis of analysis provided in the article, we argue that exchange rate could be regulated by means of refinancing loans, moreover, this allows exchange rates’ manipulation. Though, one could not say unambiguously, whether National Bank of Georgia implements the policy of exchange rates manipulation. More information and more transparency of National Bank’s activities is required for this.

Keywords: National Bank, refinancing loans, exchange rate, currency devaluation etc.

* * * * * *saqarTveloSi erovnuli valutis gacvliTi

kursis gaufasureba daiwyo 2014 wlis noembris Tvis Sua periodidan. 2015 wlis ivnisis Tvis dasawyisamde ganvlil periodSi laris nomi-naluri gacvliTi kursi dolarTan mimarTebaSi gaufasurda daaxloebiT 30%, ramac gamoiwvia mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomare-obis arsebiTi gauareseba. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen is moqalaqeebi, rom-lebsac sasesxo valdebulebebi gaaCniaT dola-rebSi, Semosavlebi ki - larebSi.

laris kursis mkveTrma dacemam agreTve gamoiwvia importis Semcireba da importuli produqciis gaZvireba, rac erTi SexedviT sas-

33

urveli movlenaa samamulo warmoebis waxal-isebis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca aseTi sasurveli Sedegis miRweva, Sesabamisi ekonomikuri poli-tikis gatarebisa da adeqvaturi instituciuri cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi, mosalodnelia Sedar-ebiT grZelvadiani periodisaTvis. aseTi pesi-misturi daskvnis gakeTebis safuZvels gvaZlevs is faqti, rom samamulo warmoeba, adeqvaturi samarTlebriv-instituciur garemos ararsebo-bis gamo (upirveles yovlisa, vgulisxmob an-timonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis, konkurenci-uli urTierTobebis gaRrmavebisa da bazrebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis kuTxiT arsebul prob-lemebs), jer-jerobiT mzad ar aris importis SemcirebiT gamoTavisuflebuli niSis dasakave-blad. amitom, laris kursis dacema, mokleva-dian periodSi, didi albaTobiT gamowvevs ara mxolod importuli produqciis, aramed sama-mulo nawarmis gaZvirebasac, rac mTlianobaSi gamoiwvevs mosaxleobis cxovrebis pirobebis arsebiT gauaresebas.

aranakleb problemas warmoadgens laris gacvliTi kursis calsaxad arakanonzomieri da araprognozirebadi cvlileba, gacvliTi kur-sis dacema-amaRlebis xSiri monacvleba, rac me-warmeebsa da investorebs damatebiT siZneleebs uqmnis kontraqtebis gaformebis procesSi, rac xels uSlis warmoebis ganviTarebas.

aRniSnul garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, sa-zogadoebis gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs is, Tu ram ganapiroba laris aseTi mkveTri gaufas-ureba. saxeldeba sxvadasxva obieqturi (gareSe SokebiT ganpirobebuli) da subieqturi miz-ezebi (m. S. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba refinansirebis sesxebis moculobis zrdas). Se-sabamisad, mimdinare wlis dasawyisidan, xelisu-flebisa da akademiuri wreebis warmomadgen-lebs, eqspertebsa da Jurnalistebs, agreTve sazogadoebis calkeuli wevrebs Soris, presis, televiziisa da socialuri forumebis saSuale-biT ar wydeba polemika - refinansirebis sesx-ebis moculobis zrdasa da dolarTan Tanafar-dobaSi laris gacvliTi kursis dacemas Soris SesaZlo kavSiris Sesaxeb.

saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis saitze mi-TiTebulia, rom erTkviriani refinansirebis sesxebis saSualebiT “xorcieldeba sabanko seq-torisTvis moklevadiani likvidobis saWiroebi-samebr miwodeba. refinansirebis instrumentis mizania bankTaSoris bazarze moklevadiani sap-rocento ganakveTis marTva” [1]. amasTan, “mon-etaruli politikis ganakveTi (refinansirebis ganakveTi) erovnuli bankis fulad-sakredito politikis mTavari instrumentia da is erTgvar orientirs warmoadgens sabazro ganakveTebi-saTvis” [2]. “monetaruli politikis saprocen-to ganakveTis cvlileba erTobliv moTxovnaze

sxvadasxva arxebiT zemoqmedebs. saqarTveloSi saprocento ganakveTebis gadacema ekonomikaze xdeba Semdegi arxebiT: sakredito arxi, gacvli-Ti kursis arxi, saprocento ganakveTis arxi, da molodinis arxi” [3].

gacvliT kursis formirebasTan mimarTebaSi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa „gacvliTi kursis arxi“.

“saprocento ganakveTis cvlileba gavlenas axdens fasebis doneze valutis kursis cvli-lebis gziT. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, saprocento ganakveTis zrda iwvevs laris fuladi bazris instrumentebze moTxovnis zrdas da amyarebs erovnul valutas” [4].

amrigad, Tavad erovnuli banki aRiarebs im ucilobel WeSmaritebas, rom refinasirebis sesxebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba moklevadiani saprocento ganakveTis marTva. saprocento ga-nakveTis cvlileba ki iwvevs gacvliTi kursis cvlilebas, anu refinansirebis sesxebis meSveo-biT SesaZlebelia gacvliTi kursis marTva.

nawilobriv analogiuri daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva arCil imnaiSvilisa da Tamar baiaSvilis maRalakademiur doneze Sesrulebu-li statia: “refinansirebis sesxebi — likvido-bis marTvis instrumenti” [5]. statiaSi aRniS-nulia, rom:

1. “refinansirebis sesxebis efeqturi in-strumenti, ekonomikis zrdasTan erTad, gacv-liTi kursis grZelvadian stabilurobasac uw-yobs xels” [5. gv.: 5];

2. “refinansirebis instrumentis gamarTuli funqcionireba aucilebelia dabali saprocen-to ganakveTebis arsebobisaTvis, gacvliTi kur-sis grZelvadiani stabilurobisaTvis (xazgasma Cemia), safinanso seqtoris ganviTarebisa da stabiluri grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdisaT-vis” [5. gv.: 6];

aRniSnuli punqtebi adasturebs imas, rom refinansirebis instrumentis gamarTuli fun-qcionireba aucilebelia gacvliTi kursis gr-Zelvadiani stabilurobisaTvis, anu refinan-sirebis instrumentis gaumarTavi funqcion-irebis SemTxvevaSi dairRveva gacvliTi kursis grZelvadiani stabiluroba. amrigad, statiaSi aRniSnulia, rom refinansirebis instrumentis meSveobiT grZelvadian periodSi mainc, Sesa-Zlebelia gacvliTi kursis marTva.

amasTan, statiaSi samwuxarod ganxiluli ar aris Tu rogor aisaxeba refinansirebis instru-mentis funqcionireba gacvliTi kursis mokle-vadian cvlilebaze. Tumca maT Soris moklevadi-ani mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris arsebobas adas-turebs erovnuli banki, roca is gacvliT kurss aRiarebs refinansirebis sesxebis meSveobiT ko-reqtirebuli saprocento ganakveTis ekonomi-kaze gadacemis arxad (monetaruli da savaluto


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politikis mizania erToblivi moTxovnis regu-lireba da ZiriTadad moklevadian periodzea gaTvlili).

statiaSi aRniSnulia, rom “refinansirebis sesxebi es aris bankebisTvis moklevadiani likvi-dobis marTvis instrumenti (anu banki sesxu-lobs mis sakuTar fuls, romelic likvidur aqtivebSi qonda dabandebuli) da SeuZlebelia misi gamoyeneba savaluto spekulaciebisTvis. Tu davakvirdebiT refinansirebis sesxebis moc-ulobis cvlilebasa da gacvliTi kursis dinami-kas, davinaxavT rom refinansirebis sesxebsa da laris gacvliT kurss Soris raime sistematiuri kavSiri ar arsebobs” [5. gv.: 7].

aRniSnuli daskvna, jer erTi, ewinaaRmdegeba erovnuli bankis aRiarebas, romlis Tanaxmadac gacvliTi kursi refinansirebis sesxebis mocu-lobis cvlilebisas ganicdis cvlilebas da igi warmoadgens refinansirebis sesxebis meSveobiT koreqtirebuli saprocento ganakveTis gadace-mis erT-erT arxs.

meores mxriv, im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom refinansirebis sesxebisa da dolaris gacvliTi kursis cvlilebas Soris ar arsebobs momenta-lur-myisieri kavSiri (anu saubaria imaze, rom rig SemTxvevaSi refinansirebis gazrdili sesx-ebis gacemis dRes laris gacvliTi kursi dola-rTan mimarTebaSi ki ar gaufasurda, aramed piriqiT, gamyarda kidevac. analogiurad, rig SemTxvevaSi, refinansirebis sesxebis moculo-bis Semcirebis dRes laris kursi ki ar gamyar-da, aramed piriqiT, gaufasurda), ar SeiZleba imis kategoriuli mtkiceba, rom maT Soris ar iarsebebs aseTi kavSiri SedarebiT grZelvadi-ani periodisaTvis. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom ekonomikaSi mravali movlenis Sedegebi vlinde-ba ara momentalur-myisierad, aramed garkveu-li droiTi Sualedis Semdeg. amasTan, aseTi Sedegebis gardauvloba, rogorc moklevadian, agreTve grZelvadian periodSi, damokidebulia dainteresebuli mxareebis miznebsa da interese-bze da maT Soris arsebul SeTanxmebaze.

imis gasarkvevad, SesaZlebelia Tu ara refi-nansirebis sesxebis gamoyeneba savaluto bazarze spekulaciuri miznebisaTvis, mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT pirobiTi azrobrivi magaliTi.

aRniSnuli magaliTis ganxilvamde ki, sak-iTxis arsSi meti sicxadis Setanis mizniT, winas-war minda avRniSno, rom importuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad, agreTve pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebisa da sxva saxis kapital-dabandebis gansaxorcieleblad saWiro ucxour valutaze moTxovna Seadgens ucxouri valutis bazrebze msoflio wliuri vaWrobis umniSvnelo wils.

ase magaliTad, krugmanis Tanaxmad, 1998 wels ucxouri valutis bazrebze yoveldRiuri vaW-

robis saSualo moculobam Seadgina 1,7 tril-ioni dolari [6. Ggv.: 382]; Tuki weliwadis 365 dRes gamovaklebT arasamuSao dReebis raode-nobas (weliwadSi SabaTi-kvira daaxloebiT 104-105 dRea. mas Tu davumatebT sxva arasamuSao dReebis raodenobas, maqsimum 15-20 dRes, maSin weliwadSi gamova maqsimum 120-125 arasamuSao dRe), maSin miviRebT aranakleb 240 samuSao dRes. am ukanasknelis gamravlebiT 1,7 tril-ion dolarze miviRebT, rom ucxouri valutiT wliuri vaWrobis moculobam 1998 wlisTvis Seadgina aranakleb 408 trilioni dollari da rogorc wesi, mas gaaCnia yovelwliuri zrdis tendencia.

CemTvis xelmisawvdomi monacemebis Tanax-mad, 2005 wlisaTvis msoflio mSp-s moculo-bam, mimdinare fasebSi Seadgina - 44,7 trilioni dolari, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis eqsportis mTlianma moculobam - 12,6 trilioni dolari, xolo pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis (pui) importma – 0,92 trilioni dolari [7. cxr.: 1.2. gv.: 9.]. TavisTavad cxadia, rom maTi moculobe-bi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mSp-sa da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis eqsportis moculobebi, naklebi iqneboda 1998 wlisaTvis.

aRniSnuli monacemebidan gamomdinareobs, rom msoflio mSp-s moculoba (44,7 trilioni dolari 2005 wlisaTvis) ucxouri valutis baz-rebze msoflio wliuri vaWrobis (aranakleb 408 trilioni dolarisa 1998 wlisaTvis, romelic ufro maRali iqneboda 2005 wlisaTvis) daax-loebiT 10%-is farglebSia, xolo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis eqsportis msoflio wliuri moculobisa da pui-is jami Seadgens 13,52 tri-lion dolars (12,6+0,92=13.52). amasTan, msof-lio erTobliv kapitaldabandebaSi pui-is wili 1996 wlisaTvis Seadgenda daaxloebiT 20,4 %-s [8. стр.: 32-33], anu sxva investiciebis, kerZod, portfeluris, sabanko kreditis, sxva kerZo kreditebis, agreTve ganviTarebis mizniT gaT-valiswinebuli oficialuri daxmarebebisa da sxva saxelmwifoebrivi investiciebis erToblivi moculoba aRniSnuli wlisaTvis Seadgenda pui-is moculobaze daaxloebiT 4-jer met Tanxas. aRniSnuli Tanafardobis 2005 wlisTvis ganvrc-obis safuZvelze, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sxva in-vesticiebis erToblivi moculoba am wlisTvis daaxloebiT 3,6 trilioni dolaria da realuri monacemi masze arsebiTad maRali SeuZlebelia iyos imdenad, ramdenadac, bolo wlebSi SeiniS-neba msoflio erTobliv kapitaldabandebaSi pui-is wilis amaRlebis tendencia.

amrigad, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis eqspor-tis msoflio wliuri moculobisa da msoflio erToblivi kapitaldabandebis mTliani mocu-loba (daaxloebiT 17,12 trilioni dolari 2005 wlisaTvis) ucxouri valutiT wliuri vaWrobis

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moculobis (daaxloebiT 408 trilioni dolari 1998 wlisaTvis, romelic 2005 wlisaTvis auci-leblad bevrad meti iqneboda) daaxloebiT 4-5 %-is farglebSia.

ucxouri valutiT wliuri vaWrobis mocu-lobis danarCeni nawili, daaxloebiT 95-96%, rogorc Cans, gamiznulia ekonomikuri agentebis mier riskebisgan Tavis dasacavad da valutiT operaciebisgan mogebis misaRebad, m. S. wminda spekulaciuri operaciebis gansaxorcieleblad.

TavisTavad cxadia, rom is rac axasiaTebs msoflio savaluto bazrebs, m.S. savaluto spekulaciebisgan mogebis miReba, damaxasiaTebe-li iqneba saqarTvelos savaluto bazrisaTvis, miT ufro, rom aRniSnuli bazari praqtikulad monopolizebulia sabanko seqtoris mier, xolo Tavad sabanko seqtori ki oligopolozebulia 2-3 komerciuli bankis mier.

axla ki ganvixiloT zemoT Sepirebuli az-robrivi magaliTi. davuSvaT, romeliRac n qveyanaSi centraluri banki yoveli kviris erT konkretul dRes komerciul bankebze gascems refinasirebis sesxebs, Tanac mzardi tendenci-iT. komerciuli bankebi refinansirebis sesxebis saSualebiT axdenen ama Tu im mizeziT warmo-qmnili likvidurobis deficitis moklevadian Sevsebas (Semosavlebis miRebasa da aucilebel gadaxdebs Soris, ama Tu im mizeziT xSirad warmoiqmneba moklevadiani disbalansi). Tumca komerciulma bankebma SesaZloa aRniSnuli sesx-ebi gamoiyenon fasiani qaRaldebisa da ucxouri valutis SesaZenad, ramac centraluri bankis mxridan wayruebisa, Tu gamiznulad warmarTul-SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa SeiZinos wminda spekulaciuri xasiaTi.

gadavideT uSualod imis ganxilvaze, refi-nansirebis sesxebi Tu rogor SeiZleba iqces savaluto spekulaciebis instrumentad:

1. davuSvaT, rom komerciul bankebs, re-finansirebis sesxebis uaxlesi miwodebis wina dReebSi erovnul valutaSi angariSze Tavisu-fali naSTi ar gaaCniaT, saxsrebis miRebas ki elodebian vTqvaT erTi kviris Semdeg. amasTan, davuSvaT, rom maTTvis cnobili gaxda (ekonomi-kuri procesebis analizisa da prognozirebis, an centraluri bankidan eskluziurad miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze) erovnuli valutis momdevno dReebSi mosalodneli mniSvnelovani gaufasurebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi isini Se-ecdebian refinansirebis sesxebis gazrdili Tanxebis miRebas maTi ucxour valutaSi Sem-dgomi ganTavsebis mizniT. nasesxeb Tanxebs ki dafaraven an refinansirebis sesxebis miwodebis momdevno dReebSi Caricxuli sakuTari saxsre-bis xarjze, an momdevno refinansirebis sesxebis xarjze, Tanac Tu momdevno refinansirebis sax-srebi winaze meti iqneba, maSin maT SeeZlebaT

meti ucxouri valutis SeZenac;2. an piriqiT, davuSvaT, rom komerci-

ul bankebs, refinansirebis sesxebis uaxlesi miwodebis wina dReebSi erovnul valutaSi Tavisufali naSTi gaaCniaT, magram aRniSnuli Tanxa sWirdebaT uaxlesi refinansirebis sesx-ebis miwodebis momdevno dReebSi aucilebeli gadaxdebis gansaxorcieleblad. aseT dros, mom-devno dReebSi erovnuli valutis mosalodneli mniSvnelovani gaufasurebis Sesaxeb informaci-is miRebis SemTxvevaSi, refinansirebis sesxebis meSveobiT saWiro Tanxebis garantirebuli miRe-bis SesaZlebloba, maT saSualebas aZlevs, maT xelT arsebuli saxsrebi dauyovnebliv gamoi-yenon ucxouri valutis SesaZenad, xolo re-finansirebis sesxebis uaxloesi miwodebis Sem-dgom dReebSi gadasaxdeli Tanxebi ki SeuZliaT gaistumron miRebuli refinansirebis sesxebis safuZvelze.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, erovnuli valuta ga-ufasurdeba da saTanadod SerCeul drois mo-mentSi maTi gayidviT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, ro-gorc nasasexebi refinansirebis saxsrebis Sesa-bamisi procentiT gastumreba, agreTve maRali mogebis miRebac. Tu amas centraluri bankis mxridan daemateba ucxouri valutiT inter-evenciac, maSin erovnuli valuta SeasaZloa droebiT arsebiTad gamyardes, rac komerci-ul bankebs Tavidan ubiZgebs ucxouri valutis spekulaciuri SeZenisken.

amrigad, zemoaRniSnuli analizis safuZv-elze, mimaCnia rom refinansirebis sesxebis meS-veobiT SesaZlebelia gacvliTi kursebis marTva, ufro metic SesaZlebelia gacvliTi kursebiT manipulacia. Tumca, imis Tqma, axorcielebs Tu ara gacvliTi kursebiT manipulaciis politikas saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, xelaRebiT Seu-Zlebelia. amisTvis aucilebelia meti informa-cia da erovnuli bankis saqmianobis meti gamW-virvalobis uzrunvelyofa.

gamoyenebuli literatura:1. https://www.nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m=5562. https://www.nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m=555 3. https://www.nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m=5414. https://www.nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m=5645. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki. samecnie-

ro-analitikuri Jurnali: “ekonomika da sabanko saqme”. tomi: 3, N#1, 2015. https://www.nbg.gov.ge/uploads/journal/2015/1.pdf

6. Кругман П. Р., Обстфельд М. Г. Международная экономика, питер, 2004г.

7. CTAD: World Investment Report 2006. FDI from Developing and Transition Ekonomies: Implications for Development. http://unctad.org/en/Docs/wir2006_en.pdf

8. Ливенцев Н. Н., Костюнина Г. М. Международное движение капитала. М., 2004.


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inovaciebis mniSvneloba regionis ganviTarebisTvis

Teona baqaniZe, profesorinato gegenava, profesori

reziume

statiaSi ganxilulia inovaciaTa mniSvneloba

regionebis mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyo-faSi. naCvenebia, rom qveynis regionebis mdgra-di socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis wanamZRvrebis Seqmna SeuZlebelia inovaciuri procesebis aqticizaciisa da maTi efeqtiano-bis amaRlebis gareSe, ramac aqcenti gadaitana inovaciuri programebis marTvis sferoSi fed-eraluridan regionul doneze. Catarebulia regionul doneze inovaciuri saqmianobis efeq-tianobis amaRlebis Tanamedrove midgomebis analizi. gamovlenilia regionuli inovaciuri infrastruqturis elementebis ZiriTadi fun-qciebi.

statiaSi aseve naCvenebia, rom inovaciuri programebisa da calkeuli msxvili proeqtebis realizaciis efeqturoba mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba efeqturi regionuli inovaci-uri infrastruqturebis, rogorc erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis qvesistemis Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobiT.

sakvanZo sityvebi: inovacia; axali teqnolo-giebi; inovaciuri infrastruqtura; globali-zacia; teqnoparki; informaciuli teqnologiebi

Summary

Article includes general approaches on regional level for innovative business. It is shown that the prerequisites of innovative processes and their effectiveness are important for sustainable socio-economic development of regions, which make the focus on the innovative programs manage-ment from federal to the regional level. Here is analyzed the modern approaches of innovative activities on the re-gional level. Here are revealed the main functions of re-gional innovative infrastructure elements.

The article also shows that innovative programs and the effectiveness of individual projects is determined by the ef-fective regional innovation infrastructure, as the possibility of establishing a national innovation subsystem.

* * * * * *

qveynis regionebis mdgradi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis wanamZRvrebis Seqmna amJamad SeuZlebelia inovaciuri pro-

cesebis aqtivizaciisa da maTi efeqtianobis amaRlebis gareSe, ramac ganapiroba inovaci-uri programebis marTvis sferoSi federaluri donidan regionul doneze aqcentis gadanacv-leba. es ganpirobebulia regionis specifikuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblo-biT qveynis subieqtebis inovaciuri potencia-lis Camoyalibebisa da realizaciisaken mima-rTuli sainvesticio politikis prioritetuli mimarTulebebis gansazRvrisas.

inovaciur infrastruqturaSi, rogorc wesi, igulisxmeba inovaciuri saqmianobis im sub-ieqtebis erToblioba, romlebic xels uwyoben inovaciuri procesebis ganxorcielebas, ino-vaciuri produqciis Seqmnisa da realizaciis momsaxurebis gawevis CaTvliT.

aRniSnuli sistemis funqcionirebis efeq-tianoba damokidebulia misi elementebis Se-Tanxmebulobaze, romelTagan umniSvnelovanesi SeiZleba gaxdes teqnologiuri parki (teqnopar-ki). msoflio praqtika gviCvenebs, rom teqnopar-ki SeiZleba warmoadgendes saxelmwifo da re-gionuli inovaciuri politikis realizaciis erT-erT ZiriTad instruments.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, warmoiqmneba im re-gionuli teqnoparkebis struqturebis Seqmnisa da saqmianobis uzrunvelyofis organizaciul-ekonomikuri meqanizmebis SemuSavebis aqtua-luri mecnieruli amocana, romlebic regionuli inovaciuri garemos specifikis gaTvaliswine-biT mimarTulia regionis inovaciuri potencia-lis racionaluri gamoyenebis safuZvelze re-gionis subieq¬tebis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis pirobebis Seqmnaze strategiul gegmaSi Camoya-libebuli miznobrivi maCveneblebis Sesabamisad.

msoflio ekonomikis globalizaciis ZiriTad tendenciebs warmoadgens saqonlisa da momsax-urebebis msoflio bazris gafarToeba da ka-pitalis msoflio bazrebis sul ufro mzardi integracia. globalizacia uzrunvelyofs so-cialur, ekonomikur da sxva subieqtebs Soris urTierTobaTa damyarebis SesaZleblobas msof-lios nebismier qveyanaSi, amasTan, mniSvnelovnad izrdeba am urTierTobaTa mniSvneloba erovnul kanonebsa da normebTan SedarebiT.

globalizaciis erT-erTi niSania transna-cionaluri korporaciebis mniSvnelobis zrda, romelTa wilad modis msoflio samrewvelo warmoebis erT mesamedze meti, sagareo vaWrobis naxevarze meti da axal teqnikasa da teqnolo-giebze patentebis daaxloebiT 80 %.

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XX saukunis dasasrulis umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTeblad iqca misi gadasvla ganviTarebis axal inovaciur fazaze. bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebaze damyarebul industriul ekonomi-kas cvlis codnasa da informaciul teqnolo-giebze damyarebuli ekonomika. miCneulia, rom mecnierebisa da inovaciebis saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTarebis sferos ZiriTad amocanebs gane-kuTvneba: fundamenturi kvlevebis ganviTareba, kvlevebisa da proeqtebis seqtoris Sedegiano-bis amaRleba, globalur ekonomikaSi integra-cia, inovaciuri infrastruqturis ganviTareba.

inovaciuri procesebis efeqturi marTva yve-la doneze iZleva qveynis, misi regionebisa da calkeuli teritoriebis mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobas.

ganviTarebis inovaciuri xazis upiratesi arCevani ganpirobebulia Semdegi faqtorebiT:

– inovaciebi mdgradi socialur-ekonomi-kuri zrdis erT-erT sakvanZo faqtors, arsebu-li Sefasebebis Tanaxmad, ganviTarebul qveyneb-Si 50%-dan 90%-mde warmoadgens. ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapis Taviseburebaa is, rom ino-vacia xdeba mrewvelobis yvela seqtoris ganvi-Tarebis aucilebeli piroba da mamoZravebeli Zala.

– inovaciebi arsebiT gavlenas axdens ro-gorc calkeuli sawar¬moebis konkurentunari-anobaze, aseve regionisa da mTe¬li saxelmwifos ekonomikaze.

inovaciebi iZleva mecnierebatevadi produqciis arsebul msoflio bazrebze gasv-lisa da axali bazrebis Seqmnis SesaZleb¬lobas. axali teqnologiebisa da mecnierebatevadi produqciis wliuri brunva msoflio bazrebze ramdenadme aRemateba brunvas nedleulis baz-rebze, m.S. navTobisa da bunebrivi airis bazre-bze. msoflio bazris am perspeqtiul segmentze gasvla SesaZlebeli xdeba inovaciebiT uzrunve-lyofili diversifikaciis xarjze.

sul raRac 10-15 wlis winaT termin „inova-cias” iyenebdnen mxolod samecniero-teqnikuri progresis problemebze momuSave ekonomistebi. samrewvelo sawarmoebis inJinrebi da mmarTvel-ebi iyenebdnen cnebas „axali teqnika”, an ubral-od „siaxle” an „siaxlis danergva”.

termini ,,inovacia” pirvelad Sumpeterma SemoiRo 1912 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi ,,ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Teoria”. inovaciaSi igi gulisxmobda warmoebis teqnologiis an zo-gierTi sameurneo erTeulis

samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs inovaci-is klasifikacii¬sadmi sxvadasxvagvari midgoma. inovaciaTa klasifikacia niSnavs maT ganawile-bas konkretul jgufebSi gansazRvruli krit-eriumebis mixedviT. amasTan, erTi da igive ino-vacia, klasifikaciis gamoyenebuli kriteriume-

bidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT ram-denime saxes

inovaciebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg klasifi-kaciebad :

1. inovaciebi siaxlis donis mixedviT iyo-fa radikalur da ordinarul inovaciebad.

2. inovaciebi SeiZleba danergil iqnas sasicocxlo ciklis sxvadasxva stadiebze: strategiuli marketingis, samecniero-kvlevi-Ti, warmoebis organizaciul-teqnologiuri momzadebis, uSualo warmoe-bisa da gayidvisSem-dgomi momsaxurebis stadiebze.

3. masStabis mixedviT inovaciebi iyofa msoflio, qveynis, dargis, sawarmos masStabiT axal inovaciebad.

4. gamoyenebis sferos mixedviT gamoyofen firmis SigniT gamoyenebul, firmaSi dazogvi-saTvis gamoyenebul da gayidvisaTvis gamiznul inovaciebad.

5. gamoyenebis sixSiris mixedviT inovacie-bi SeiZleba iyos erTjeradi da ganmeorebadi.

6. siaxlis formebis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos: aRmoCena, gamo¬goneba, patenti; racion-alizatoruli winadadebebi; nou-hau; sasaqonlo niSnebi; savaWro markebi; emblemebi; sxva.

7. danergvis Sedegad miRebuli efeqtis saxeebis mixedviT inovaciebi SeiZleba iyos: samecniero-teqnikuri, socialuri, ekologi-uri, ekonomikuri da integraluri.

8. inovaciebi SeiZleba dainergos inovaci-uri menejmentis sxvadasxva qvesistemebSi: samec-niero, miznobriv, uzrun¬vel¬myof, marTviT, marTvad qvesistemebSi.

inovaciuri procesi warmoadgens erTian Tan-mimdevrul jaWvSi gaerTianebul elementTa er-Tobliobas, romelic warmoqmnis ino¬vaciuri procesebis struqturas. aseT elementebs gane-kuTvneba:

inovaciaTa marketingi; inovaciaTa gamoSve-ba; inovaciaTa realizacia, inovaciaTa gatana, inovaciaTa ekonomikuri efeqtianobis Sefaseba, inovaciaTa difuzia.

mTlianobaSi, progresi inovaciebSi eyrdnoba im elementTa urTierTqmedebis rTul sistemas, romlebic awarmoeben sxvadasxva tipis codnas, marTaven maT nakadebs, anawileben da uzrunvely-ofen maT damatebas. inovaciuri procesis efeq-tianoba mniSvnelvanwilad ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu rogor urTierTqmedeben ZiriTadi moqmedi pirebi erTmaneTTan codnis Seqmnisa da gamoyen-ebis erTiani sistemis elementebis rangSi, aseve gamoyenebuli teqnologiebis Tanadrou¬lobiT.

erovnuli inovaciuri sistema SeiZleba ganx-ilul iqnas viwro gagebiT, anu mecnieruli Ziebis, samecniero codnisa da axali teqnolo-giebis warmoebis procesSi uSualod CarTu-li institu¬tebisa da organizaciebis erTo-


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bliobad. igi SeiZleba gaanalizdes ufro far-Todac, roca ganixileba nebismieri organizacia da struqtura, romelic raime gavlenas axdens inovaciur procesze.

erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis funqcionire-baSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs saxelmwifo, romelic gansazRvravs inovaciuri procesis monawileTa urTierTqmedebis wesebs normati-ul-samarTlebrivi bazis Camoyalibebis gziT. erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis ZiriTadi kom-ponentebia inovaciuri saqmianobis subieqtebi – inovaciuri produqtis Seqmnasa da gatanaSi monawile organizaciebi da fizikuri pirebi, aseve infrastruqturis obieqtebi – organi-zaciebi, romlebic xels uwyoben inovaciuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebas da uzrunvelyofen mtkice kavSiris warmoqmnas mecnierebasa da war-moebas Soris.

cxadia, rom qveynis ekonomikis konkurentu-narianobis amaRleba metwilad ganisazRvreba efeqturi regionuli inovaciuri infra-struq-turebis, rogorc erovnuli inovaciuri sis-temis qvesistemis, Camoyalibebis SesaZleblo-biT. inovaciur infrastruqturaSi, ro¬gorc wesi, gulisxmoben inovaciuri saqmianobis sub-ieqtebs, rom¬le¬bic xels uwyoben inovaci-uri procesebis ganxorcielebas, inova¬ciu¬ri produqciis Seqmnisa da realizaciis momsaxure-bis gawevis CaTvliT.

Cveulebriv, gamoyofen inovaciuri in-frastruqturis Semdeg qvesistemebs:

• finansurs: sxvadasxva tipis fondebs(sabiujeto, venCuruli, sadazRvevo, sainvesti-cio), aseve sxva finansur institutebs, rogori-caa, magaliTad, safondo bazari;

• warmoebriv-teqnologiurs, rogoricaa:teqnoparkebi, inova¬ciur-teqnologiuri cen-trebi, biznes-inkubatorebi, teqno¬logiebis transferis centrebi da sxv.;

• informaciuls:monacemTadacodnisba-zebi; analitikuri, statistikuri, sainforma-cio da sxva centrebi;

• sakadros:samecnierodainovaciurime-nejmentis sferoSi kadrebis mosamzadebeli sa-ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi da a.S.;

• saeqsperto-konsaltingurs: inteleqtu-aluri sakuTrebis, serTifikaciis problemebze momsaxurebis gamwevi organizaciebi.


1. baraTaSvili e., grZeliSvili n., galax-variZe n., nadareiSvili n., regionuli ekonomika, saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2010.

2. veSapiZe S., lekaSvili e., griSikaSvili a., aslamaziSvili n., msoflio ekonomika, Tbilisi, 2008.

3. Rurwkaia k., Rurwkaia T., saerTaSoriso biznesi, leqciebis kursi, 2011.

4. jolia g., saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, Tbilisi, „teqnikuri univer-siteti”, 2008.

5. Бовин А.А., Чередникова Л.Е., Якимович В.А., Управление инновация миворганизации:учебное пособие, Москва, 2006.

6. Фридляков В.Н., Лисин Б.К., Останюк С.Ф., Андрианова Т.Ю. Состояние и тенденции развития отраслевой науки // Инновации. 2001.

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mikroekonomikuri usafrTxoeba: mizani, struqtura maxasiaTeblebi

kaxaber cimintia, profesori

reziume

mikroekonomikuri usafrTxoebis mizani qvey-nis umTavresi interesebidan da strategiuli miznebidan gamomdinareobs da saqarTvelosTvis igi gulisxmobs qveynis mosaxleobisa da war-moebis strategiul resursebze moTxovnilebeb-is dakmayofilebas arsebuli da mosalodneli muqarebis pirobebSiac ki.

saqarTvelos mikroekonomikuri usafrTxoeb-is strategiuli amocanebia: miwis resurseb-is efeqtiani gamoyeneba; pirvelad strategi-ul resursebze (sasmeli wyali, marcvleuli, xorci, eleqtroenergia da a.S.) eqstremalur pirobebSic ki moTxovnilebebis ZiriTadad saku-Tari SesaZleblobebiT daakmayofileba; saqarT-veloSi arsebuli bunebrivi resursebis bazaze miRebuli resursebis warmoebisa da eqsportis gafarToeba; firmebis konkurentul garemoSi efeqtiani funqcionirebisTvis, msxvil, saSu-alo da mcire biznesis Tanafardobis optimi-zaciisTvis xelsayreli pirobebis formireba.

ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos sakmaod pozitiuri parame-trebi gaaCnia iseTi pirveladi strategiuli resursebiT TviTuzrunvelyofaSi, rogori-caa: miwa, sasmeli wyali, eleqtroenergiisTvis hidroresursebi. qveyanaSi mravalferovani sasargeblo wiaRiseuli da mdidari mineralur-resursuli bazaa. amasTanave, warmoebis Sede-gad miRebuli pirveladi strategiuli resurse-biT TviTuzrunvelyofis maCveneblebi mniS-vnelovnad CamorCeba potenciurs.

sakvanZo sityvebi: ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba. mikroekonomikuri usafrTxoeba. strategiuli resursebi. mcire biznesi

Summary

Microeconomic Safety: Goal, Structure, Characteristics

The goal of microeconomic safety derives from a coun-try’s main interests and strategic goals, and for Georgia it implies to satisfy the demands on the country’s population and strategic resources of production even in the conditions of existing and expected threats.

According to the goal of microeconomic safety, the strategic objectives of microeconomic safety of Georgia are: effective utilization of land resources; satisfying the demands on primary strategic resources (drinking water, crops, meat, electricity, etc.) with its own potential even

in extreme conditions; expanding the production and ex-port of the resources received on the natural resources base existing in Georgia; formation of suitable conditions for optimization of correlation of large, medium and small businesses for effective functioning in the competitive en-vironment.

In the viewpoint of economic safety Georgia possesses quite positive parameters for self-provision with primary strategic resources such as: land, drinking water, hydro re-sources for electricity. There are bases of various fossils and rich minerals and resources.

In addition, the indicators of self-provision with pri-mary strategic resources received as the result of produc-tion are quite behind the potential ones. In this direction, first of all, it must be noted the existing level of self-provi-sion with meat, fruit, vegetable oil, crops, electricity.

mikroekonomikuri usafrTxoebis mizani qvey-nis umTavresi interesebidan da strategiuli miznebidan gamomdinareobs da saqarTvelosTvis igi gulisxmobs qveynis mosaxleobisa da war-moebis strategiul resursebze moTxovnilebeb-is dakmayofilebas arsebuli da mosalodneli muqarebis pirobebSiac ki. mikroekonomikuri usafrTxoebis ZiriTad elementebs warmoadgens: • ganviTarebuli bazrebis funqcionirebis

uzrunvelyofa;• konkurenciuli da partnioruli urTier-

Tobebis racionalizacia;• msxvili, saSualo da mcire biznesis Tana-

fardobis optimizacia;• safinanso-samrewvelo jgufebis ganviTare-

ba;• sawarmoebis usafrTxoebis RonisZiebebis

ganxorcieleba;• qseluri firmebis gavrceleba;• resursuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa,

sasursaTo, energetikuli, sanedleulo, informaciuli, komunikaciuri, saSuamav-lo-savaWro usafrTxoebis sistemis damkv-idreba;

• nanoteqnologiebis gavrcelebis kvalobaze nanoekonomikuri usafrTxoebis aqtual-izeba;

• upiratesad araganaxlebadi resursebis gamoyenebidan upiratesad ganaxlebadi resursebis gamoyenebaze gadasvlis uzrun-velyofa.

mikroekonomikuri usafrTxoebis miznidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mikroekonomikuri usafrTxoebis strategiuli amocanebia:


40

• miwis resursebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba;• pirvelad strategiul resursebze (sasmeli

wyali, marcvleuli, xorci, eleqtroen-ergia da a.S.) eqstremalur pirobebSic ki moTxovnilebebis ZiriTadad sakuTari Sesa-ZleblobebiT daakmayofileba;

• saqarTveloSi arsebuli bunebrivi resursebis bazaze miRebuli resursebis warmoebisa da eqsportis gafarToeba;

• firmebis konkurentul garemoSi efeqtiani funqcionirebisTvis, msxvil, saSualo da mcire biznesis Tanafardobis optimizaci-isTvis.

xelsayreli pirobebis formireba. saqarTvelos resursebis daxasiaTebamde miz-

anSewonilad migvaCnia aRvniSnoT, rom resursu-li uzrunvelyofis mimarTulebiT gansxvavebul midgomebs vawydebiT. maT Soris gansakuTrebu-lad aRsaniSnavia gaTvlebi, romelTa mixedvi-Tac saqarTvelo bunebrivi resursebis Tvalsaz-risiT erT-erT mdidar qveyanad warmogvidgeba. kerZod, mimdinare ofSorul fasebSi (damatebu-li Rirebulebis gareSe) saqarTvelos bunebrivi resursebis fasis indeqsi 1,232 trilion aSS dolars Seesabameba, anu 280000 aSS dolars erT sul mosaxleze da 17,7 mln aSS dolars 1 kv.km-ze. e. i. saqarTvelo erT-erT umdidres qveynad gamodis evraziaSi (yazaxeTisa da TrqmeneTis Semdeg) bunebrivi resursebis ganawilebis Tval-sazrisiT, xolo zedapiruli energoresursebis mxriv – praqtikulad yvelaze mdidari saxelm-wifoa msoflioSi [2].

pirveladi strategiuli resursebiT uzrun-velyofis maCveneblebi. miwis resursebi.

miwa erT-erT umniSvnelovanes erovnul simdidres warmoadgens. igi gansakuTrebul rols soflis meurneobaSi asrulebs, radganac sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis miRweuli done mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli sabazo pirobe-bze. kerZod, sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis moculobasa da xarisxze. am maCveneblebiT uz-runvelyofis gansazRvruli pirobebi saSuale-bas iZleva SemdgomSi warmoebis zrda ganxor-cieldes rogorc eqstensiuri, ise intensiuri gziT. amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom indus-triulad ganviTarebul qveynebSi ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelmyof faqtorTa Soris miwas naklebi roli eniWeba. Tumca misi roli da mniSvneloba arsebiTia evoluciuri ekonomikis qveynebisTvis.

saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis farTobi, mas Semdeg rac 2002 wels miRebul iqna saqarT-velos kanoni ,,wylis Sesaxeb”, romliTac teri-toriuli wylebis farTobi 679,0 aTasi ha_Ti ganisazRvra, 6949,4 aTas ha-s Seadgens. mTeli teritoriis 12,4 % (948,9 aTasi ha) kerZo sa-

kuTrebaSia, xolo 87,6 % (6679,5 aTasi ha) – sax-elmwifo sakuTrebaSi. Aaqedan 37 %-iT (2822,3 aTasi ha) sasoflo-sameurneo profilis organi-zaciebi sargebloben, xolo 50,6 %-iT (3857,2 aTasi ha) arasasoflo-sameurneo daniSnuleb-is. mTliani farTobis 39,7 %-s (3025,8 aTasi ha) sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebi Seadgens, xolo arasasoflo-sameurne miwebi _ 60,3 %-s (4602,6 aTasi ha). sasoflo-sameurneo savar-gulebis struqtura Semdegi rigiTobiT xasiaT-deba saZovrebi - 1796,6 aTasi ha (59,4 %), saxnavi – 801,8 aTasi ha (26,5 %), mravalwliani nargaoba – 263, 8 aTasi ha (8,7%), saTibi – 143,8 aTasi ha (4,8 %), sacxovrebeli da sameurneo Senobebi da ezoebi – 19,8 aTasi ha (0,6 %) [3. gv.11].

rogorc Cans sasoflo-sameurneo savar-gulebis struqturaSi Warbobs araintensiuri gamoyenebis savargulebi. mosalodnelia, rom miwis bazris Semdgomi ganviTarebis kvalobaze, aRniSnuli struqtura gaumjobesdeba, intensi-uri gamoyenebis savargulebis wilis zrdis mima-rTulebiT.

saqarTvelo mciremiwiani qveyanaa, razec naTlad miuTiTebs erT sulze sasoflo-sameur-neo savargulebiT uzrunvelyofis maCveneble-bi. kerZod, 2004 wlis monacemebiT, erT sul mosaxleze sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis moculoba 0,7 ha-s Seadgens, mxolod soflis mcxovrebze gadaangariSebiT ki – 1,5 ha-s. sax-navis ganawileba Sesabamisad – 0,18 ha-sa da 0,4 ha-s. mravalwliani nargaobis mixedviT - 0,06 da 0,13 ha-s, saTibis mixedviT – 0,03 da 0,07 ha-s, saZovrebi ki Semdegnairadaa ganawilebuli erT sul mosaxleze 0,42 ha, xolo soflad mcxovre-bze gadaangariSebiT – 0,87 ha-s. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebisT-vis miwaTuzrunvelyofis msgavsi maCveneblebi pozitiur raodenobriv parametrad iTvle-ba intensiuri sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis formirebisaTvis.

saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi dawyebulma reformam mniSvnelovani cvlile-bebi moaxdina miwis sakuTrebis struqturaSi. calkeuli SinameurneobebisTvis igi gaxda mi-waTuzrunvelyofis gaumjobesebis wyaro. P2003-2012 wlebSi Sinameurneobebis mier gamoyeneb-uli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebiT gamoy-enebuli miwis farTobi qalaqad gaizarda 17 %-iT, xolo soflad – 6%-iT. socialisturi sistemis monosaxelmwifoebrivi sakuTrebidan, TandaTanobiT xorcieldeba sakuTrebis mraval-ferovnebaze gadasvla. 2004 wlisTvis kerZo sa-kuTrebaSi iyo sasoflo-sameurneo savarguleb-is 25,4 %, maT Soris, saxnavis – 54,7 %, mraval-wliani nargaobis – 68,4 %, saTibebis – 30,6 % da saZovrebis – 4,7 %. 2004-2012 ww. gagrZelda sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis privatizebis

41

procesi, amasTan, sruliad marTebulad, aqcenti gakeTda msxvil investorebze. Tumca, amJamadac sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis mniSvnelo-vani nawili, kvlavac saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia da maTi umetesoba ar aris CarTuli sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi.

amgvarad, saqarTvelos miwis resursebis, konkretulad ki sasoflo-sameurneo savar-gulebis, analizisas ikveTeba Semdegi tenden-ciebi: qveynis problema ara mciremiwianoba, ara-med sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis araefeq-tian gamoyenebaSia. daumuSavebeli da Sesa-bamisad gamouyenebelia sasoflo-sameurneo sa-vargulebis nawili, dabalia mosavlianoba. rac miuTiTebs am mimarTulebiT arsebul rogorc eqstensiur, iseve intensiur rezervebze. Cveni azriT, sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis efeq-tiani gamoyenebis zrdisaTvis mizanSewonilia privatizebis daCqareba da miwebis damuSavebis stimulireba. migvaCnia, rom daumuSavebel miwe-bze sanqciebis daweseba ver iqneba mosaxleobis umravlesobisgan mxardaWerili, xSir SemTxveva-Si ki SeiZleba kontrefeqturic iyos.

wylis resursebi. saqarTveloSi 26060 mdin-are moedineba, romelTa saerTo sigrZe 60 aTas km-mdea. e.i. qveyana mdidaria wylis resursebiT. amasTan, wylis resursebi mTels teritoriaze araTanabradaa ganawilebuli da umetesi nawili dasavleT saqarTveloSia Tavmoyrili. Q

qveynis mtknari miwisqveSa wylebis bunebri-vi maragi daaxloebiT 18000 mln kb. m-s Seadgens da saqarTvelo am resursis mixedviT erT-erTi umdidresi qveyanaa. miwisqveSa mtknari wylebis 95 % -s sasmeli wylebi Seadgens da isinic mdi-nareebis msgavsad araTanabradaa ganawilebuli. kerZod, 63,4% modis dasavleT saqarTveloze, 24,1 %- aRmosavleT saqarTveloze, xolo 12,5 % - samxreT saqarTveloze [4].

amgvarad, saqarTveloSi bunebrivadaa Camoya-libebuli wylis resursebiT uzrunvelyofis maRali done. amasTan, arsebobs rigi probleme-bisa wylis resursebis efeqtian gamoyenebasTan da dacvasTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi problemaa zedapiruli wyleb-is dabinZureba, rac garemoSi narCenebis ukon-trolo gadayrasTan erTad, dakavSirebulia Tanamedrove gamwmendi nagebobebis simciriT.

arsebuli monacemebiT, amJamad arsebul wy-lis gamwmend arcerT nagebobas ar SeuZlia uz-runvelyos Camdinare wylebis gawmenda saproeq-to xarisxis Sesabamisad. pirveladi meqanikuri wmenda xorcieldeba mxolod Tbilisi-rusTavis regionul nagebobaze, xolo wylis biologiuri gawmenda ar xdeba arcerT qalaqSi [4].

rac Seexeba iseTi resursebis warmoebisa da TviTuzrunvelyofis maCveneblebs, rogoricaa xorbali da xorci, bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi

umniSvnelo gaumjobesebiT xasiaTdeboda xorb-lis warmoebisa da TviTuzrunvelyofis dinamika. cxadia, rom aRniSnul strategiuli produqtiT srul TviTuzrunvelyofaze aqcentireba arar-ealuri da kontrefeqturi iqneba. amasTan, arse-bobs rezervebi (mosavlianobis zrda, gamouyen-ebeli potenciuri saTesi farTobebi) xorblis warmoebis Semdgomi zrdisaTvis.

xorcis warmoebisa da TviTuzrunvelyofis maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnadaa gauaresebuli. kerZod, 2003 wels TviTuzrunvelyofis done arsebuli 73 %-dan 2012 wlisaTvis Semcir-da 36%-mde. amasTan, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda yvela saxis xorcis (garda frinvelis xorcisa) warmoeba. warsulis gamocdilebidan da qveya-naSi arsebuli pirobebidan gamomdinare saqarT-veloSi arsebobs rezervebi arniSnuli resursis warmoebis zrdisa da Sesabamisad, TviTuzrunve-lyofis donis mniSvnelovani amaRlebisaTvis.

arsebuli monacemebi miuTiTeben, rom saqarT-velos energoresursebis H(hidro, helio, eolio da biomasis) kuTxiT mniSvnelovani potenciali gaaCnia. eqspertuli gaTvlebiT, potenciuri hidroresursebi 135 mlrd kvt.sT-s, mzis ener-gia - 108 mgvt. simZlavris ekvivalents, qaris en-ergiteqnikuri potenciali – 4,5 mlrd kvt.sT-s, biomasis gadamuSavebiT mirebuli simZlavre ki – 510 mgvt-s. Seadgens weliwadSi. romelTa aTvisebac mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebs qvey-nis ekonomikur mdgomareobas da Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos ekonomikis Semdgomi ganviTare-bis erT-erT prioritetad energetikis sferos Semdgomi ganviTareba unda daisaxos. gansa-kuTrebiT arsebiTia hidro resursebis poten-ciali, romlis gonivrul da efeqtian gamoyene-baze mniSvnelovnad iqneba damokidebuli qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis pirobebi.

arsebuli monacemebiT [5], qveyanaSi mraval-ferovani sasargeblo wiaRiseuli da mdidari mineralur-resursuli bazaa, rac erT-erTi mniSvnelovani determinantia mikroekonomikuri usafrTxoebis misaRebi parametrebis miRwevi-saTvis.

rac Seexeba xe-tyis resursebs, oficial-uri monacemebiT, tyis fondis mier dakavebuli 3005,2 aTasi heqtridan, tyiT dafaruli farTo-bi 2772,45 aTas heqtars (40%) Seadgens. saqarT-veloSi merqnis saerTo maragi 451,7 mln kuburi metria, rac msoflio merqnis maragis 0,13 %. amasTan, tyis fondis tyeebis 97% didi daqaneb-is ferdobebzea ganTavsebuli [6]. aseve cno-bilia, rom saqarTvelos navTobis potenciuri resursebi 2 mlrd. tonadaa Sefasebuli, Tumca wliuri mopoveba 100 aTas t-s ar aRemateba [1. gv. 627). bunebrivi gazis prognozuli resursi ki 180 mlrd metr kubiT ganisazRvreba, rac Se-exeba manganums, misi maragi WiaTuris sabadoSi


42

200 mln t-ze metia.msxvili saSualo da mcire biznesis Tanafar-

doba. mikroekonomikuri usafrTxoebis daxasi-aTebisaTvis mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia msxvil, saSualo da mcire bizness Soris optimaluri Tanafardobis arseboba.

cnobilia, rom mcire biznesi saSualo fenis Camoyalibebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobas warmoadgens, romlis ganviTarebac ar-sebiT rols asrulebs qveynis ekonomikur gan-viTarebaSi, dasaqmebasa da mosaxleobisTvis Rirseuli cxovrebis pirobebis formirebaSi. mcire biznesis mniSvnelovani adgili da roli ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikaSi ganpirobe-bulia ara marto ekonomikuri faqtorebiT, aramed socialuriTac. mcire firmis formire-ba-ganviTareba, upirveles yovlisa damokide-bulia individis aqtiur da TviTSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaze. saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom mcire biznesi saqmianobis unikaluri sferoa, ramdena-dac individis SesaZlebloba eZleva srulad ga-moavlinos Tavisi niWi, unari da saerTod yvela is Tviseba, rac mewarmes axasiaTebs (riskianoba, energiuloba da a.S.). mcire biznesis gansaz-Rvris kriteriumi calkeuli qveynebisTvis gan-sxvavebulia. saqarTveloSi sawarmoebi zomebis mixedviT Semdegnairad iyofa: msxvili, sadac dasaqmebulTa saSualo wliuri raodenoba 100 kacze metia an wliuri brunva aRemateba 1,5 mln lars. saSualo – dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 20-dan 100 kacamde, xolo wliuri brunvis mocu-loba 0,5 mln-dan 1,5 mln laramdea. mcire sawar-moebSi ki dasaqmebulTa wliuri raodenoba ar aRemateba 20-s, xolo saSualo wliuri brunva 0,5 mln lars. arsebuli monacemebiT, msxvil, saSualo da mcire sawarmoebs Soris sasurveli Tanafardoba ar aris miRweuli. amasTan, saana-lizo periodSi, disproporcia kidev ufro gaR-rmavda. kerZod, Tu 2003 wels mTlian gamoSve-baSi msxvili firmebis wili 79,4 %-s Seadgenda, xolo mcire sawarmoebis – 9,3 %-s, 2012 wlisT-vis msxvili firmebis wili 82,3 %-mde gaizarda, xolo mcire sawarmoebisa ki – umniSvnelod. Analogiurad, 49,4 %-dan 57,1 %-mde gaizarda msxvil sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulTa wili, xolo mcire sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulTa 27,3 %-dan 29,1 %-mde [7].

arsebuli monacemebi uCveneben, rom mik-roekonomikuri usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos sakmaod pozitiuri parame-trebi gaaCnia iseTi pirveladi strategiuli resursebiT TviTuzrunvelyofaSi, rogori-caa: miwa, sasmeli wyali, eleqtroenergiisTvis hidroresursebi. qveyanaSi mravalferovani sasargeblo wiaRiseuli da mdidari mineralur-resursuli bazaa.

amasTanave, warmoebis Sedegad miRebuli pi-

rveladi strategiuli resursebiT TviTuzrun-velyofis maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba potenciurs. am kuTxiT, upirveles yovlisa, aR-saniSnavia xorciT, xiliT, mcenareuli zeTiT, marcvleuliT, eleqtro energiiT TviTuzrun-velyofis arsebuli done.

amgvarad, mikroekonomikuri usafrTxoebis misaRebi parametrebis uzrunvelsayofad miz-anSewonilad migvaCnia: • upirvelesi strategiuli sasoflo-sameurneo

resursebiT (xorci, xili, mcenareuli zeTi) moTxovnilebebis, arsebuli rezervebis aTvi-sebis kvalobaze, ZiriTadad sakuTari SesaZ-leblobebiT dakmayofileba;

• sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis damuSave-bisa da nayofierebis stimulireba;

• eleqtroenergiis warmoebisa da eqsportis gafarToeba;

• sasmeli wylis resursebis ufro efeqturi dacva;

• strategiuli resursebis (mineraluri da sas-meli wylebi, manganumi, navTobi, gazi, oqro da a.S.) warmoebisa da SesaZleblobis SemTx-vevaSi, eqsportis gafarToeba;

• aqcentireba iseTi resursebiT uzrunvelyo-faze, rogoricaa: codna, ganaTleba, infor-macia da Sesabamisad, saganmanaTleblo, in-formaciuli da satransporto-komunikaci-uri sistemebis ganviTareba. am mimarTulebiT qveynis regionul centrad Camoyalibebisadmi xelSewyoba;

• araganaxlebadi resursebis nacvlad, upira-tesad ganaxlebadi resursebis gamoyenebaze orientireba;

• msxvil, saSualo da mcire bizness, aseve sa-bazro struqturebs Soris optimaluri Tanafardobis uzrunvelyofisadmi xelSewy-oba.


1. CitiZe n., ,,geopolitika,” Tbilisi, 2011. 2. TvalWreliZe s. ,,15 weliwadSi saqarT-

velo 5-6 miliardi dolaris odenobiT inves-ticiebis mozidvas SeZlebs”. Ggaz. ,,axali ver-sia”, 2003 weli, #92.

3. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli sam-saxuri. statistikuri publikacia. saqarTvelos bunebrivi resursebi da garemos dacva 2013. G

4. h t t p : / / m o e . g o v . g e / i n d e x .php?langid=Geo&seid=42

5. h t t p : / / m o e . g o v . g e / i n d e x .php?langid=GEO&secid=45

6. h t t p : / / m o e . g o v . g e / i n d e x .php?langid=GEO&secid=44

7. www.geostat.ge

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xsovna

Rvawlmosili mecnieri da sazogado moRvawe leo Ciqava

qarTulma ekonomikurma mecnierebam udidesi danaklisi ganicada. gardaicvala TvalsaCino mecnier-ekonomisti, demografi, sazogado moR-vawe, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, pro-fesori, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti, saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidenti, niu-iorkis mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili wevri, mecnierebis damsaxurebuli moRvawe leo Ciqava.

daibada 1928 wels zugdidis raionis sofel kokSi. saSualo skolis warCinebiT damTavre-bis Semdeg aseve warmatebiT daamTavra Tbi-lisis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikis fakulteti da aspirantura politikuri ekonomiis specialobiT. akademikos paata gu-guSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT 1954 wels brwyin-valed daicva sakandidato, xolo 1968 wels sadoqtoro disertaciebi. 40 wlis asakSi mopo-vebuli hqonda profesori samecniero wodeba. sxavdasxva dros muSaobda saqarTvelos po-liteqnikur institutSi ufros-maswavleblad, docentad, profesorad, kaTedris gamged, ucxo enaTa saxelmwifo institutis kaTedris gamged, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis ekonomikis institutis direqtoris moadgiled, demo-grafiisa da sociologiuri kvlevis institutis direqtorad, paata guguSvilis saxelobis uni-versitetis reqtorad, saxelmwifo samsaxuris marTvis, momzadebis, gadamzadebis da kvalifi-kaciis amaRlebis centris ufrosad. saqarTve-los teqnikuri universitetis sawarmoo Zalebis da bunebrivi resursebis Semswavleli centris profesorad.

profesori leo Ciqava aqtiur pedagogiur moRvaweobas warmatebiT uTavsebda nayofier

mecnierul kvleva-Ziebas. iyo 200-ze meti gamo-qveynebuli mecnieruli naSromis avtori. maT Soris calke wignadaa gamoSvebuli 40-mde mono-grafiuli gamokvleva, saxelmZRvanelo, damx-mare saxelmZRvanelo da broSura ekonomikuri Teoriis da demografiis aqtualur probleme-bze. misi mravalmxirvi mecnieruli kvlevis Se-degebi farTodaa asaxuli ara marto qarTul, aramed saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnalebsa da krebulebSi. igi saintereso da mwvave mecnieru-li problemebis Semcveli moxsenebebiT warsdga saerTaSoriso konferenciebze italiaSi, germa-niaSi, CexeTSi, slovakeTSi, rumineTSi, ungreTsa da ruseTSi. misi xemlZRvanelobiT daculia 30-ze meti sakandidato da sadoqtoro disertacia. iyo mravali sadisertacio sabWos Tavmjdomare da wevri. prof. l. Ciqava iyo qarTul enaze gamomavali ekonomikuri profilis TiTqmis yve-la saerTaSoriso Jurnalis, agreTve ucxouri Jurnalebis saredaqcio kolegiebis aqtiuri wevri. misi redaqtorobiT gamoica aTeulobiT naSromi. aseve iyo swavlul eqspertTa sabWo-sTan arsebuli ekonomikis dargobrivi seqciis sakoordinacio sabWos wevri, saqarTvelos mec-nierebaTa erovnuli akademiis sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis biuros Tavmj-domare, mTianeTis Semswavleli da humanitarul mecneirebaTa komisiis wevri, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtoris mrCevelTa sabWos wevri.

profesori leo Ciqava eweoda mravalmxriv sazogadoebriv saqmianobas. iyo sxvadasxva samTavrobo komisiis, samecniero asociaciis da sazogadoebis wevri, arCeuli iyo yovelTa qarTvelTa msoflio kongresiis demografiis da migraciis palatis Tavmjdomared. mTavrobas


44

waredgina misi araerTi moxsenebiTi baraTi Cveni qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTare-bis problemebze.

l. Ciqava Rirseuli mowafe iyo Tavisi mas-wavleblis – akademikosi paata guguSvilis, romelmac safuZveli daudo saqarTveloSi de-mografiul mecnierebas. prof. l. Ciqavam Sem-dgomi ganviTareba misca am mamuliSvilur saqmes – misi iniciativiT da ZalisxmeviT daarsda de-mografiis da sociologiuri kvleviTi insti-tuti, iyo misi direqtori. sicocxlis bolomde uZRveboda misive iniciativiT daarsebul ekono-mikur mecnierebaTa akademias rogorc prezi-denti.

profesori leo Ciqava arCeuli iyo saqarT-velos respublikis pirveli mowvevis uzenaesi sabWos deputatad. misi xelmowera amSvenebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-bis aRdgenis aqts.

profesori leo Ciqava mravali samTavrobo jildos kavaleri iyo. misma naSromebma mraval-gzis daimsaxures prestiJuli saxelobiTi pre-miebi.

wavida Cvengan maRali kulturis, SesaniSnavi erudiciis, gamorCeuli oratoruli ostato-bisa da arastandartuli azrovnebis, mecnieri, pedagogi da sazogado moRvawe. mZimea es dan-aklisi qarTuli sazogadoebriobisaTvis da gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos teqnikuri univer-sitetisaTvis, sadac man gaatara axalgazrdo-bisa da nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis ocdaoTxi weliwadi.

vemSvidobebiT mravalmxriv ganaTlebul, in-teligenturobiT da akademiuri daxvewilobiT gamorCeul, axalgazrdobisaTvis, kolegebisT-vis, megobrebisaTvis, usayvarles adamians.

ufalma naTelSi daumkvidros mas sasufeve-li.

stu-s reqtorati,biznes-inJineringis fakulteti,

sainJinro-ekonomikis departamenti

45

didad pativcemulo batono leo!

valeri qiria, stu-s asoc. profesori

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sain-Jinro-ekonomikis departamentis profesor-maswavleblebi qarTul sazogadoebriobasTan erTad udidesi gulistkiviliT geTxovebian da Tavs xrian Tqvens winaSe. Tqven xo aq, yofili politikuri ekonomiis kaTedraze, ganvleT Tqveni axalgazrdobis da uaRresad nayofieri SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis TiTqmis meoTxedi saukune, rogorc ufrosma maswavlebelma, do-centma, profesorma da kaTedris gamgem.

Tqven, batono leo, Cveni kaTedra Tana-moazreTa angariSgasawev gundad Camoayali-beT. SeqmeniT jansaRi atmosfero nayofieri pedagogiuri, mecnieruli da sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisaTvis. Tqvenma profesionalizmma, Rrma ganswavlulobam, zedmiwevniT daxvewilma taqtma, TiToeuli TanamSromlisadmi individu-alurma midgomam, principulma momTxovnelobam, amasTan erTad humanurobam da adamianebisadmi Tbilma damokidebulebam gansazRvres warmate-bebi da aRiareba rac im wlebSi Cvenma kaTedram moipova. Tqvens mier Catarebuli kaTedris sx-doma Tu saswavlo-meToduri seminari CvenTvis namdvili skola iyo. rodesac ar mogewonebodaT msjeloba romelime problemis gamo an realuri viTarebis Sefaseba, ar iSurebdiT zomier da taqtian kritikas. yovelmxriv gamoirCeodiT zniT, xasiaTiT, niWiT, Sinagani kulturiT. Sem-kobili iyaviT mravalmxrivi TaviseburebebiT, WirSi da lxinSi adamianebisadmi TanadgomiT. ar gCveodaT mimbaZveloba, mikerZoeba, gqondaT gamorCeuli alRo, problemebSi siRrmiseulad wvdomis unari, did dros uTmobdiT litera-turis kiTxvas, pirvel wyaroebze muSaobas, ver eguebodiT ukanonobas, vinmesTvis daumsaxure-blad xotbis Sesxmas an adamianis Rirsebis xe-lyofas. ase WidilSi, ZiebaSi, SeurigeblobaSi, TavdauxrelobaSi gaatareT Tqveni marTlac CitiviT gafrenili oTxmocdaSvidi wlis sico-cxle da miuxedavad asakisa sruliad janmrTeli waiqeciT, gamoeTxoveT am wuTisofels.

mTeli Tqveni am qveynad yofnis Jami ganvleT axalgazrdobis aRzrdaSi, imedis momcem moma-val mecnierTa dakvalianebaSi, irgvliv myofTa naTesavebis da megobrebis siyvarulSi.

gamorCeulad gqondaT SerCeuli idealebi. es, upirvelesad mSoblebi da Tqveni moZRvari, mecnieruli gzis gamkvalavi, WeSmariti mamuliS-vili da eriskaci, akademikosi paata guguSvili iyvnen. magaliTs iRebdiT Zmisagan, mecnierisa da sazogado moRvawisgan ioseb Ciqavasgan, romlis gardacvalebis dRidan daiwyo Tqveni damSvido-beba am wuTisofelTan.

Tqvens kacobas naTel gvirgvinad adga meuR-lis Tamar kvekveskiris saTnoeba da siyvaruli. gqondaT RirsebiT da tkbili urTierTobebiT gamorCeuli ojaxi. qveyanas dautoveT Svilebis aseTive SesaniSnavi ojaxebi, niWieri da Sromis-moyvareobiT gamorCeuli SviliSvilebi, rom-lebic, uTuod, Rirseulad gaagrZeleben sa-magaliTo winaprebis didebul tradiciebs.

am striqonebis avtors sicocxlis bolomde saamayoT gahyveba Tqveni umcrosi megobris sax-eli.

ufalma inebos Tqveni naTelSi yofna. msubuqi iyos miwa romelic Tqvens keTils guls mieaxla.


46

ekonomikisa da biznesis

ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi

organizaciis marTvis saxeebi

Teona baqaniZe, asistent profesorinato gegenava, asistent profesori

reziume

statiaSi warmodgenilia Tanamedrove or-ganizaciisaTvis aqtualuri marTvis ori saxe: strategiuli da korporaciuli marTva.

ganxilulia strategiuli marTva, rogorc samewarmeo saqmianoba. organizaciis SesaZle-blobebi warmoadgens strategiuli marTvis safuZvels, romelic mimarTulia strategiuli miznebis miRwevasaken. mTlianobaSi, strategiu-li problemebiT dakavebuli menejeris mTavar amocanas warmoadgens momgebianobis mudmivi potencialis uzrunvelyofa. amrigad, strate-giuli marTvis mizania gazardos organizaciis potenciali, Tanamedrove unarebis mqone, Car-Tuli, motivirebuli da saqmisadmi erTguli TanamSromlebiT.

statiaSi aseve ganxilulia korporaciuli marTva, rogorc kompaniebis marTvis da kon-trolis struqtura. igi aris korporaciebis funqcionirebis da kotrolis Sida instru-menti, korporaciuli marTva moicavs urTier-Tobebs komaniis menejments, mis sameTvalyureo sabWos, aqcionerebsa da sxva dainteresebul mx-areebs Soris. korporaciuli marTvis ZiriTadi aspeqti dakavSirebulia korporaciebSi gare ka-pitalis Semodinebis uzrunvelyofasTan. kor-poraciuli marTva aseve iTvaliswinebs im gzeb-is gamonaxvas, romlis saSualebiTac SeZlebs daainteresos dakavSirebuli mxareebi, raTa maT ganaxorcielon socialurad efeqtiani inves-ticiebi specifikur adamianur da fizikur ka-pitalSi.

sakvanZo sityvebi: strategiuli marTva, kor-poraciuli marTva, adamianuri kapitali, mene-jeri, saeTaSoriso safinanso korporacia, kor-poraciuli marTvis kodeqsi.

SummaryTypes of organization management

The article presents two types of current management of modern organization: strategic and corporate manage-ment.

Strategic management is considered as an entrepre-neurial activity. The foundation of strategic management represents the capabilities of organization, which is direct-ed towards the strategic goals. Overall, the busy manager, which main objectives are the strategic problems presents profitability of supplying constant potential. Thus, the main goal of strategic management is to increase the or-ganization’s potential with modern skills, engaged, moti-vated and committed employees.

The article also presents corporate management, as the structure of companies management and control. It is the functioning of corporations and the internal control tool. Corporate management includes the management of com-pany relations with the supervisory board, shareholders and other stakeholders. A key aspect of corporate manage-ment relating to the provision of external capital flows to corporations. Corporate management also considers the ways in which the parties will be able to attract to imple-ment a specific investment in human and physical capital.

Keywords: Strategic management, corporate manage-ment, human capital, Manager, International Finance Cor-poration, the Corporate Governance Code.

* * * * * *

marTva adamianis saqmianobis saxea, romelic gamoixateba sxva adamianebis muSaobis koordi-naciaSi dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. amrigad marTvis arsi vlindeba horizontalurad dan-awilebuli Sromis koordinaciaSi Sromis ver-tikaluri danawilebis meSveobiT.

mcire organizaciebSi adamianTa jgufebi, romlebic marTvis process uweven koordina-cias, mkafiod arian erTmaneTisagan gamoyofi-li. mcire organizaciebSi, romlis mflobelTa raodenoba orze mets ar aRemateba, mmarTvelo-biTi funqciebi partniorebs Soris ganawilebu-

47

lia maTi muSaobis grafikis Sesabamisad. amasTan partniorebi asruleben arammarTvlobiT fun-qciebsac, rodesac emsaxurebian momxmareblebs da amasTanave isini erTmaneTs ar Tvlian ufrosebad da arian Tanasworuflebianni. did da rTul organizaciebSic menejerebi xSirad asruleben samuSaos, romelic ar aris dakavS-irebuli marTvasTan. TiTqmis yvela organiza-ciaSi, patara organizaciebis gamoklebiT, mar-Tva moiTxovs imdenad did drosa da energias, rom SeuZlebelia misi arasrulyofilad ganx-orcieleba.

Tanamedrove organizaciisaTvis aqtualuria marTvis ori saxe – strategiuli da korpo-raciuli marTva.

strategiuli marTva, dakavSirebulia or-ganizaciis miznebisa da amocanebis dasaxvas-Tan, garemosTan gansazRvrul urTierTobebTan, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs miaRwios dasaxul miznebs, Seesabamebodes firmis Sinagan SesaZle-blobebsa da saSualebebs.

sameurneo saqmianobis arastabilurobis zr-dasTan erTad izrdeba organizaciis strategi-uli marTvis saWiroeba.

strategiuli marTva — es, upirveles yovli-sa, samewarmeo saqmianobaa. sameurneo saqmiano-bis swrafad cvlad pirobebSi moqmedebaTa me-warmeobrivi saxe SeiZleba SevafasoT, rogorc ara mxolod SesaZlo, aramed organizaciis gan-viTarebis upiratesi gza, romelic mxolod war-matebasa da gadarCenas uzrunvelyofs.

organizaciis SesaZleblobebi warmoadgens strategiuli marTvis safuZvels, romelic mimarTulia strategiuli miznebis miRwevisaken. efeqtiani strategiuli marTvisaTvis menejers ara mxolod mewarmeobrivi niWi unda hqondes, aramed garkveuli SemoqmedebiTi unaric unda gaaCndes. amrigad, mTlianobaSi, strategiu-li problemebiT dakavebuli menejeris mTavar amocanas warmoadgens momgebianobis mudmivi potencialis uzrunvelyofa.

menejeri, romelic strategiul marTvas axorcielebs unda gansazRvros da ganaxor-cielos strategiuli cvlilebebi organiza-ciaSi. aseve man unda Seqmnas organizaciuli struqtura da kultura, romelic xels Seu-wyobs strategiul cvlilebebs. strategiul cvlilebebTan SesabamisobaSi moiyvanos organ-izaciis iseTi situaciuri cvladebi, rogori-caa miznebi, amocanebi, teqnologia, sistemebi da procedurebi. mis kompetenciaSi Sedis aseve SearCios da praqtikulad ,,aRzardos’’ strate-giuli cvlilebebis gatarebis unaris mqone xelmZRvanelebi da Semsruleblebi.

amrigad, strategiuli marTvis mizania gazardos organizaciis potenciali, Taname-drove unarebis mqone, CarTuli, motivire-

buli da saqmisadmi erTguli TanamSromlebiT. strategiul marTvas ori mTavari amocana aqvs:

1. moxdes adamianuri resursebis strate-giisa da korporaciuli strategiis integracia;

2. hqondes saerTo mimarTuleba, rom or-ganizaciis korporaciuli saWiroebebi da or-ganizaciis TanamSromlebis moTxovnebi sruly-ofili da praqtikuli adamianuri resursebis politikisa da programebis SemuSaveba-Sesrule-biT dakmayofildes.

strategiuli marTvis mimarT midgomebi da damokidebuleba ZiriTadad emyareba resurse-bze dafuZnebul xedvas. es aCvenebs, rom swored resursebi, maT Soris adamianuri resursebi, aZlevs organizacias gansakuTrebul niSansa da sxvebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas.

saeTaSoriso safinanso korporacia korpo-raciul marTvas gansazRvravs, rogorc kom-paniebis marTvis da kontrolis struqturebs da procesebs. ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia gvTavazobs korpo-raciuli marTvis Semdeg ganmartebas:

„igi aris korporaciebis funqcionirebis da kotrolis Sida instrumenti, korporaciuli marTva moicavs urTierTobebs kompaniis menej-ments, mis sameTvalyureo sabWos, aqcionerebsa da sxva dainteresebul mxareebs Soris. garda amisa, korporaciuli marTva qmnis im struq-turas, romlis safuZvelzec xdeba kompaniis miznebis dasaxva, am miznebis misaRwevi saSuale-bebisa da kompaniis saqmianobis monitoringis formebis gansazRvra”.

korporaciuli marTva aris struqturebiT da procesebiT gansazRvruli urTierTobebis sistema. korporaciuli marTvis ZiriTadi as-peqti dakavSirebulia korporaciebSi gare ka-pitalis Semodinebis uzrunvelyofasTan. kor-poraciuli marTva aseve iTvaliswinebs im gzeb-is gamonaxvas, romlis saSualebiTac SeZlebs daainteresos dakavSirebuli mxareebi, raTa maT ganaxorcielon socialurad efeqtiani inves-ticiebi specifikur, adamianur da fizikur kap-italSi. kompaniis konkurentunarianoba da misi saboloo warmateba gunduri muSaobis Sedegia – es aris investorebis, TanamSromlebis, kred-itorebisa da momwodeblebis farTo speqtris mier Setanili wvlilis nayofi. korporaciebma unda aRiaron, rom dakavSirebuli mxareebis wv-lili mniSvnelovani resursia konkurentunari-ani da momgebiani kompaniebis Sesaqmnelad.

korporaciuli marTvis sistema oTx ZiriTad Rirebulebas emyareba esenia:

– samarTlianoba – korporaciuli marT-vis sistema unda icavdes aqcionerTa uflebebs da orientirebuli unda iyos TiToeuli aqcion-erisadmi erTnair, Tanaswor midgomas, mcire da ucxoeli aqcionerebis CaTvliT. yvela aqcion-


48

ers unda SeeZlos miiRos saTanado kompensacia sakuTari uflebebis darRvevis sapasuxod.

– pasuxismgebloba – korporaciuli mar-Tvis sistema kanonis Sesabamisad unda aRiareb-des dainteresebuli mxareebis uflebebs da xels uwyobdes mxareebs Soris dovlaTis, sam-uSao adgilebis da finansurad mdgradi da jan-saRi sawarmoebis Seqmnas.

– gamWirvaloba – korporaciuli marT-vis sistema unda uzrunvelyofdes informaciis droul da zust gamJRavnebas kompaniisTvis yve-la arsebiT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, maT Soris, finansuri mdgomareobis, saqmianobis, mflobe-lobis da marTvis struqturis Sesaxeb.

– angariSvaldebuleba – korporaciuli marTvis sistema unda uzrunvelyofdes kompa-niis startegiul xelmZRvanelobas, sabWos mier menejmentis efeqtian monitorings da sabWos angariSvaldebulebas kompaniis aqcionerebis winaSe.

korporaciuli marTvis kodeqsi warmoad-gens prinipebze damyarebul ganacxads kompaniis korporaciuli marTvis Sesaxeb. igi gamiznulia imisaTvis, rom marTvis struqtura gacilebiT gamWirvale gaxdes, daadasturos kompaniis erT-guleba sanimuSo korporaciuli marTvis mimarT da uzrunvelyos:

– pasuxismgeblobis mqone, angariSvalde-buli da Rirebulebebze orientirebuli menej-mentis arseboba;

– efeqtiani sameTvalyureo sabWo da aR-masrulebeli sabWo, romlebic moqmedeben kor-poraciis da misi aqcionerebis saukeTeso inter-esebidan gamomdinare, mcire aqcionerebis CaT-vliT cdiloben aqciebis Rirebulebis mdgrad zrdas;

– informaciis saTanado gamJRavneba da gamWirvaloba, iseve, rogorc riskis marTvisa da Sida kontrolis efeqtiani sistema.

korporaciuli marTvis qveS moiazreben kom-paniis marTvis da kontrolis sistemas, romelic xels uwyobs gamWvirvalobas da angariSvalde-bulebas, aregulirebs urTierTobas aqcioner-ebs, sameTvalyureo sabWos, menejments da sxva dainteresebul mxareebs Soris.

ramdenadac kargi korporaciuli marTva xels uwyobs aqcionerTa da potenciur investorTa Soris ndobis amaRlebas, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom korporaciuli marTva exmareba kompaniebs ufro ukeT warmarTon TavianTi saqmianoba, moizidon damatebiTi kapitali kompaniis gasafarTove-blad da aimaRlon konkurentunarianobis done.

korporaciis kodeqsi SeiZleba moicavdes isev mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs rogoricaa: korporaciis miznebi da amocanebi; urTierToba direqtorTa sabWosa da generalur direqtors Soris; zog-adi samuSao procedurebi; aqcionerTa ufle-

bebi; korporaciuli dividendebis politika; informaciis gamJRavnebasa da gamWirvalobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi; Sida kontrolis fun-qcia riskis marTvis CaTvliT; buRaltruli aR-ricxvis politika da standartebi; urTierToba investorebTan da sxva mxareebTan, romlebsac aqvT korporaciis mimarT interesi.


1. e. baraTaSvili, n. bakaSvili, b. geCbaia, n. faresaSvili, d. mesxiSvili, Tanamedrove biznes strategiebi, Tb.,2011

2. e.baraTaSvili, l.TakalanZe, menejmentis safuZvlebi, Tb.,2010

3. n.lazviaSvili, korporaciuli menejmen-ti, Tb.,2013

4. korporaciuli marTvis saxelmZRvanelo, IFC, Tb.,2010

5. T. kilaZe, n. didiSvili, menejmentis safuZvlebi, Tb.,2009

6. b.biwaZe, korporaciuli menejmentis safuZvlebi, Tb.,2009

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inovaciuri menejmenti da Sesabamisi sakadro politika, rogorc

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi faqtorebi

ekaterine SilakaZe, doqtoranti

reziume

mcire da saSualo sawarmoebSi inovaciuri teqnologiebis danergva dakavSirebulia adami-anur faqtorebTan, kerZod konkretuli Tanam-Sreblebi romlebic ayalibeben sakuTar bizness, radgan Tvlian rom maTi midgoma saTanadod ver Sefasda da saTanado gamoyeneba ver hpova kom-paniis ganviTarebisTvis. zemoTxsenebuli me-tyvelebs kompaniis ganviTarebaSi adamianuri faqtoris did rolze, Tavis mxriv aRniSnuli faqtori moicavs samecniero kulturas da same-wrmeo suls.

mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoTaT-vis damaxasiaTebelia moqnilobis funqcia, rad-gan konkretuli samuSaos moculoba mudmivad cvalebadia da zogjer warmoiqmneba adgilze armyofi muSakis Canacvlebis saWiroeba. mcire koleqtivi SeiZleba Seadaro ojaxs, sadac Ti-ToeulisTvis gansazRvrulia mxolod movaleo-baTa saerTo wre da sadac TiToeuli unda iyos mzad gaakeTos is, rac im momentSi aucilebe-lia. magram koleqtiuri Sromis Sefaseba xdeba individualurad.

Summary

Innovative management and appropriate human re-sources as the main factors of small and medium enter-

prises development

Ekaterine Shilakadze, Doctoral Student

Innovation technology development in small and me-dium business is related to human resources, more precise-ly staff that start running their own business because they think their approaches were not valued enough and was ineffectual for company progress. Mentioned above under-lines huge role of human resources in company develop-ment and it contains science culture and enterprising spirit .

Small and medium businesses are characterized with flexibility because concrete working environment is in con-stant changes and sometimes it takes to switch the staff in his moment of absence. Small collective could be interpret-ed as family where there is specific obligation joint circle and each of the members must be ready to do the things for which they are responsible for in specific moment. How-ever, collective work value is individual.

* * * * * * * *

Tanamedrove epoqaSi gansakuTrebul mniS-vnelobas iZens adamianuri faqtoris roli. nebismieri sawarmos funqcionirebisa da ganvi-Tarebis strategia warmoudgenelia personalis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. imisaTvis, rom uzrun-velyofili iyos mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmos funqcionireba, unda Camoyalibdes Zlieri gundi, romelsac Seswevs misi maRali profesiuli avtoritetis SenarCunebis unari.

nebismieri sawarmos miznebis warmatebuli realizacia uSualod dakavSirebulia SromiTi resursebis, e.w. personalis (momuSaveTa), opti-malur gamoyenebasTan. awarmos personals war-moadgens misi piradi Semadgenloba, romelic dsaqiravebiT muSaobs da gaaCnia xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebi da SromiTi urTierToba dam-saqmebelTan.

arastabilur gare da Sida ekonomikur garemoSi muSaoba, mcire zomis, resursuli, droiTi da finansuri SesaZleblobebis fonze, ganapiroebebs mcire da saSualo samewarmeo organizaciebis viwrospecilizebuli war-moebis ganxorcilebaze orientirebas. es gare-moeba moiTxovs momuSaveTagan codnis maRal dones,rogorc produqciis warmoebaSi, aseve teqnikisa da teqnologiis sferoSi. vinaidan muSakebs xSirad uwevT iseTi funqciebis Ses-ruleba, romelic ar Seesabameba maT profesiul ganaTlebas, xelmZRvanelebi cdiloben SearCion universaluri muSakebi da ara viwro special-istebi. muSakTa eniversalizmi yalibdeba TviT organizaciis SigniTac Tanamdebobebis SeTavs-ebisa da adamianebis samuSaoTa sxva saxeobebze perioduli gadarTvis gziT. es debuleba marTa-lia yvelasTvis - xelmZRvanelobidan dawyebuli muSakebiT damTarebuli.

mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoTa muSaoba mudmivad cvalebadia,rogorc gare aseve Sida pirobebSi, rac ubiZgebs TanamSrom-lebs gaumjobesebis mudmivi Ziebisaken, Sromis procesisadmi SemoqmedebiTi, inovaciuri midgomisken. swored amitom aseT sawarmoebSi didia gamogonebaTa da racionalizatorul winadadebaTa ricxvi. cnobili ingliseli ekon-omistis, mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis proble-mebis specialistis g. benokis monacemebiT, XX saukunis umniSvnelovanesi gamogonebebis nax-evarze meti ekuTvnis damoukidebel gamomgon-


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eblebs da mcire firmebs.gare sabazro koniunqturis cvlilebis

dros, mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmo-Ta arc ise didi resursuli SesaZleblobebiT, saqmianobis araperspeqtiuli mimarTulebebis ufro momgebianze gadasvliT xSir cvlilebas astimulirebs. es garemoeba aiZulebs mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis organizaciaTa xelmZ-Rvanelobas warmoebis orientaciis swrafi Secv-lisa da bazris moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis mizniT, SeinarCunos firmis resursebis yvela saxeobis mobiluroba, maT Soris personalisac.

mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa personalis marTvis midgomebis SemuSavebis ugulvebelyo-fasTana dakavSirebuli mmarTvelobis krizisis erT-erTi mizezi.

organizaciaSi Sida cvlilebis realizebi-sa Tu axali firmis Seqmnisas, xelmZRvanelebi xSirad iviwyeben muSakis fsiqologiis cvlile-bebs da personalis marTvis sistemis Seqmnis au-cileblobas.

ganvixiloT mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoTa personalis marTvis sistemis Ziri-Tadi sakiTxebi.

personalis formireba Seicavs samsaxurSi miRebis, Tanamdebobebze daniSnvisa da daTxovnis procesebs.

mcire firmebisaTvis SesaZlebelia axali mu-Sakebis ayvanis ori ZiriTadi varianti:

-individualuri, nacnobobebis rekomenda-ciebiT;

-masobrivi, gancxadebebiT, Semdgomi SerCe-viT;

ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneba pirveli varianti.

piradi arxebiT momuSaveTa moZebna gana-piroebebs SerCevis specialuri procedurebis zedmetobas, vinaidan samsaxurs sTavazoben im adamians, romelic ukve gamosadegia da romelze-dac ukve raRacaa cnobili. xolo gancxadebebiT SerCeva gulisxmobs ramdenime kandidatisgan yvelaze gamosadegis SerCevas, Sesabamisad, is firmebi, romlebic gamoiyeneben SerCevis maso-briv meTodebis praqtikas did mniSvnelobas ani-Weben kvalifikacias.

mcire firmebi iTvaliswineben pirad Tvise-bebs da ara kvalifikacias. vinaidan:

mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoTa fi-nansuri mdgomareoba ar aZlevs maT special-istTa sakmarisi raodenobis Senaxvis saSuale-bas. mcire koleqtivSi aseve did rols TamaSobs komunikabeluroba, patiosneba, nebismieri sam-uSaos Sesrulebis mzadyofna.

mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis specifika, misi saqmianobis saxeobebis dinamiuri cvlile-biTa da muSaobis pirobebis xSiri cvlilebiT, moiTxovs iseT muSakebs, romelTac ar amzade-

ben profesiuli swavlebis arsebul sistemaSi. umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs sqesi, asaki, ojaxuri mdgomareoba, kultura, garegnoba.

personalis SerCevis kriteriumebs Soris Sei-Zleba SegxvdeT umaRlesi ganaTlebis moTxov-nas, Tumca mis specialobasTan kavSiris gareSe. mravali sawarmo umaRlesi ganaTlebis qonas ganixilavs, rogorc adamianis kulturis, eru-diciis, inteleqtis saerTo donis maCvenebels. umaRlesi ganaTlebis qona mniSvnelovania buRaltrebisTvis, ekonomistebisTvis, iuris-tebisTvis, teqnikuri dargebis specialistebi-sTvis.

saqarTveloSi SeiZleba SegxvdeT samsaxur-Si ayvanis kidev erTi varianti - kontraqtebi, romelic ideba muSakebTan bevr firmaSi. Sro-miTi kodeqsis Sesabamisad, isini aregulireben mxareTa ufleba-movaleobebs da pasuxismge-blobas. kontraqti aris ufro formaluri, vidre iuridiuli Zalis mqone dokumenti.

mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoTaT-vis damaxasiaTebelia moqnilobis funqcia, rad-gan konkretuli samuSaos moculoba mudmivad cvalebadia da zogjer warmoiqmneba adgilze armyofi muSakis Canacvlebis saWiroeba. mcire koleqtivi SeiZleba Seadaro ojaxs, sadac Ti-ToeulisTvis gansazRvrulia mxolod movaleo-baTa saerTo wre da sadac TiToeuli unda iyos mzad gaakeTos is, rac im momentSi aucilebe-lia. magram koleqtiuri Sromis Sefaseba xdeba individualurad.

mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoebSi ar arsebobs kariera tradiciuli gagebiT. aq kari-era viTardeba movaleobaTa gafarToebis, pro-fesionalizmis zrdis, xelfasis gazrdis gziT.

saqmianobis Sefasebis formaluri procedu-ra aseve ar arsebobs. TviT muSaki xedavs Sromis Sedegs, isive rogorc is adamianebi, vinc axor-cielebs samsaxurSi ayvanas.

Sefaseba xorcieldeba yovelTviurad xel-fasis saxiT. imisda miuxedavad, rom mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoebSi Tanamdebo-brivi ierarqia ar aris didi da saTaveSi aris Sesasrulebel movaleobebSi funqcionaluri moqniloba, rigiTi TanamSromlebisa da maRali donis xelmZRvanelebis anazRaurebaSi gansx-vaveba naklebi ki ara, ufro metia, vidre msxvil sawarmoebSi.

yvelaze xSirad firmebSi ar aris gansazRvru-li xelfasis fiqsirebuli odenoba, da igi icv-leba Tvidan Tvemde da damokidebulia firmis saerTo momgebianobaze. firmis Semosavlebis procenti, romelic miimarTeba anazRaurebaze ganisazRvreba direqtoris mier damoukide-blad. is aseve, sakuTar Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, anawilebs xelfass momuSaveTa Soris.

mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoTa per-

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sonalTan muSaobiT dakavebulia xelmZRvanelo-ba. kadrebis Sesaxeb informaciis Segroveba Semoifargleba muSakTa misamarTebis, sapaspor-to monacemebisa da sxva monacemebis fiqsaciiT.

qveyanaSi arsebuli umuSevroba da SedarebiT dabali xelfasebi mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoebisTvis muSakTa farTo arCevanis Sesa-Zleblobas iZleva. xelmZRvanelebs SeuZliaT aiyvanon aucilebeli TanamSromlebi drois mx-olod mcire periodiT, umniSvnelod gauzardon maT xelfasi. muSakebSi maRali kvalifikaciis arqona amcirebs maTi pretenziebis dones. sam-saxuris dakargvis SiSiT bevrni midian amaze.

erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan proble-mas momuSaveTa socialuri daucveloba war-moadgens. maTi keTildReoba damokidebulia xelmZRvanelze. aq ar arsebobs koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebi, profkavSirebi, gaerTianebul TanamSromelTa sxva iseTi organoebi, romelTac SeuZlia administraciaze zemoqmedeba. muSakisa da damsaqmeblis urTierTobis maregulirebel erTaderT dokuments warmoadgens Sromis kod-eqsi, Tumca misi Sesruleba ar kontroldeba.

zogadad personalis marTva warmoCindeba, rogorc moqmedebaTa naklebad mowesrigebuli kompleqsi da ara kargad mofiqrebuli da Tan-amimdevruli politika. miuxedavad amisa, muSak-Ta saqmianobis upiratesad kompleqsuri xasiaTi da yvela funqciis erTi pirisTvis daqvemde-bareba, mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoTa personalis marTvisadmi kompleqsur midgomis winapirobas qmnis.

amJamad finansuri krizisis pirobebSi,( agreTve rig problemebTan dakavSirebiT: kanon-mdebloba, dabegvra, dakrediteba, biurokratia da a.S.) mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoe-bi ufro gadarCenis stadiaze imyofebian, vidre ganviTarebisa. Warbobs rac SeiZleba swrafad mogebis miRebis survili, xolo personalSi sax-srebis dabandeba aris grZelvadiani.

2014 wlis oqtomber-dekemberTi mTavrobam SeimuSava finansuri krizisis pirobebSi mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoTa mxardaW-eris rigi RonisZieba. aseve aucilebelia Seiqm-nas mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoTa mxardaWerisa da regulirebis saxelmwifo meqanizmi, menejmentis kulturis formireba, ris gareSec SeuZlebelia civilizebuli Sro-miTi urTierTobebis arseboba.

mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoTa gan-sakuTrebulobebi xelmZRvanelTagan persona-lis marTvis sferoSi maRal profesionalizms moiTxovs.

mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoTa mu-Sakebs uwevT maTi TanamdebobebisTvis aradamax-asiaTebeli funqciebis Sesruleba, amitom aq au-cilebelia ara viwro profilis profesionale-

bi, aramed universaluri muSakebi, romelTac SeuZliaT Tanamdebebis SeTavseba da sxvadasxva saxis samuSaos Sesruleba.

mravaldonian saorganizacio struqturis ararseboba personals uqmnis warmodgenas, rom kariera aris funqciuri movaleobebis gafar-Toeba da garTuleba, profesionalizmis zrda, xelfasis gazrda da ara maTi Tanamdebobrivi winsvla.

mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoebSi ar arsebobs sakadro muSaobebis reglamentire-bis bevri instruqciuli xasiaTis dokumenti, muSaobaSi biurokratiulobis naklebi xarisx-ia, magram arsebobs araoficialur miTiTebaTa sistema. es ganawyobs TiToeuli situaciisa da muSakis mimarT individualur midgomas, Tumca warmoqmnis konfliqtebs, xelmZRvanelis mxri-dan muSakebis mimarT piradi simpaTiebisa da an-tipaTiebis gamoxatvas.

sawarmos xelmZRvanelis mier swavlebis auci-leblobis Seufasebloba, saxsrebis arasakmari-soba, sawarmos perspeqtivebis gaurkvevloba, swavlebis arsebuli kursebis dabali Sefaseba, es is mizezebia ris gamoc saorganizacio swav-leba praqtikulad ar arsebobs.

mcire koleqtivi ufro swrafad Tavisu-fldeba iseTi muSakebisgan, romelTa Tvisebe-bi ar Seesabameba mocemul sawarmoSi arsebul normebsa da Rirebulebebs, rac Sesabamisad zrdis muSakis piradi Tvisebebisadmi momate-bul moTxovnebs.

personalis SerCevis principebi zogjer ori-entirebulia muSakis profesiuli gamosadegob-is ara pirdapir, aramed irib mtkicebulebebze. mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoebSi reko-mendaciaTa mniSvneloba amJamad ganixileba ara mxolod muSakis profesionalizmis dadasture-bis TvalsazrisiT, faqtiurad isini warmoad-genen imis dadasturebas, rom kandidats hyavs nacnobebi da kolegebi, romlebic mzad arian Tavisi reputaciiT pasuxi agon muSakis qmede-bebze. mniSvnelovania ara marto rekomendaciis Sinaarsi, aramed im piris vinaoba (Tanamdeboba), romelic mas iZleva. am SemTxvevaSi sakadro Ser-Cevis principebi orientirebulia kandidatis profesiuli safuZvlianobis ara pirdapir, ara-med irib mtkicebulebebze. sawarmo samsaxurSi Rebulobs muSaks, romelic flobs specifikur kapitals piradi nacnobobis, Tanamdebobrivi kontaqtebisa da araformaluri kavSirebis sax-iT, rac SemdgomSi sawarmos damatebiT SekveT-ebsa da winadadebebs moutans.

Tumca, rogorc cxadyofs msoflio gamocdileba, mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sawarmoTa inovaciuri menejmentis sistemis sakadro uzrunvelyofisTvis saWiroa special-uri momzadebisa da specifikuri codnisa da un-


52

arebis mqone specialistebi, romlebic uzrun-velyofen inovaciuri procesis efeqtianobas.

mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos ara marto te-qnologiebis komercializaciisa da transfer-tebis, kompaniis inteleqtualuri resursebis, inovaciuri proeqtebis da maRalteqnelogiuri firmebis marTvis specialistebis roli, aramed mravali sxva specialistisa, romlebmac unda moaxdinon Tavis sagnobriv sferoebSi axali produqtebisa da teqnologiebs komerciuli mniSvnelobis prognozireba da uzrunvelyon maTi bazarze damkvidreba.

inovaciuri saqmianobis sferos sakadro uz-runvelyofis sistemis formirebisas, sainova-cio saqmianobisTvis kadrebis momzadebis ze-moaRniSnuli Tavisebureba unda ganixilebodes rogorc samsaxovani amocanis gadawyveta.

sazogadoebaSi inovaciuri kulturis war-matebuli formirebisTvis da ekonomikis gan-viTarebis inovaciuri gzis mniSvnelobaze warmodgenis Camoyalibebis mizniT, umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebebSi aucilebelia sxva-dasxva specialistebis momzadebis, gadamzadeb-isa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis saswavlo geg-mebSi dainergos inovaciuri saqmianobis sferos calkeuli disciplinebi. saubaria iseT disci-plinebze, rogoricaa inovaciebis marTva, ino-vaciuri menejmenti, inteleqtualuri sakuTre-bis marTva, axali produqciis SemuSavebis mar-Tva, teqnologiebis komercializacia da sxva.

Sromis bazarze formirebad moTxovnebze sapasuxod aucilebelia ganaTlebis marTvis organoebisa da damsaqmebelTa gaerTianebebis mxridan saorganizacio muSaobis gaZliereba im axali specialobebis gaxsniT, romelic uSu-alod dakavSirebulia inovaciuri saqmianobis sferoSi organizaciasTan da marTvasTan.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mocemuli sakiTx-ebis gadawyveta Txoulobs did dros da saor-ganizacio Zalisxmevas. Sesabamisad, im mravali aTasi samecniero-teqnikur sferoSi momuSave specialistis profesiuli gadamzadeba da kval-ifikaciis amaRleba, romlebmac Tavi miuZRvnes samewarmeo da inovaciuri proeqtebis marTvas, warmoadgens dRevandeli dRis yvelaze aqtu-alur amocanas.

analizi aCvenebs, rom mcire da saSualo sam-rewvelo sawarmoTa inovaciuri menejmentis sferoSi kadrebis momzadebis mniSvneloba sul ufro mkafio xdeba ganviTarebuli qveynebisT-vis. Sedegad, msoflios wamyvan universitetebSi muSavdeba specialuri programebi teqnolo-giur menejmentSi, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi arc ise bevria saswavlo dawesebuleba, sadac ukve dainegra aseTi pro-gramebi. codnaze damyarebuli ekonomikis gan-viTareba am specilur programebs Zalzed aqtu-

alurs xdis.“konkurentul garemoSi, romelic warmoiqmneba sxvadasxva qveynis firmebs Soris, is gaimarjvebs, visi specialistebis momzadebis donec ufro maRali iqneba”.(1)

amJamad saganmanaTleblo infrastuqturis zogierTi dawesebuleba, rogorc profesiuli, ise damatebiTi ganaTlebis sferoSi, sTavazobs momsaxurebas iseTi specialistebis momzadebis mxriv, romlebic dakavebulia saxalxo meurneo-bis sxvadasxva sferoSi arsebuli inovaciuri me-nejmentis sakiTxebiT (2).

sakmaod farTo gavrceleba hpova agreTve kvalifikaciis amRlebis sxvadasxva moklevadi-anma kursebma, romelsac atareben ara marto sa-ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi, aramed mravali sakonsultacio da sainJinro firma, inovaci-uri infrastruqturis organizaciebi, romelTa qseli farTovdeba. amasTan, specialistTa ume-tesobas, inovaciuri menejmentis sferoSi ga-naTlebis mqoneTac ki, ar gaaCnia sistemuri codna inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis marTvis, teqnologiebis komercializaciis sferoSi rac zRudavs bazarze axali maRalteqnologiuri produqtis warmodgenas. Sedegad, qarTuli or-ganizaciebisa da sawarmoTa inovaciebis menej-mentis sferoSi muSakTa xarisxobrivi done mniS-vnelovnad Camouvardeba Sromis saerTaSoriso bazaze arsebul moTxovnebs.

mmarTvel kadrebSi warmoqmnili komerciu-li saqmianobis gamocdileba sruli zomiT ver xdeba xelSemwyobi faqtori inovaciuri mewarme-obis specifikis gamo. konkurentul saqonel-Tan muSaobis xerxebisgan gansxvavebiT, ukeTesi samomxmareblo Tvisebebis mqone axal produqt-Tan, biznesi dakavSirebulia marTvis ara marto ekonomikur (moiZio da aiTviso axali bazari), aramed teqnologiur aspeqtebTan (ganaviTaro da srulyo TviT produqcia bazris moTxovneb-is Sesabamisad). es ganapirobebs gansakuTrebu-li normatiul-samarTlebrivi bazisa da dafi-nansebis meqanizmebs, agreTve inovaciuri saqmi-anobis mxardaWerisa da uzrunvelyofis spe-cialuri infrastruqturis aucileblobas.

daskvna

- analizi cxadyofs, rom amJamad yvelaze mwvaved igrZnoba moTxovnileba samecniero or-ganizaciebis specialistebisa da xelmZRvanel-ebisTvis teqnologiebis komercializaciis ZiriTadi debulebebisa da saqmiani principebis swavlebaSi. samecniero organizaciebs aqvT Se-degebis komercializaciisTvis perspeqtiul kv-levaTa da naSromTa didi raodenoba, magram maT avtorebs mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi SeuZliaT gaxdnen sakuTari biznesis kvalifici-uri inovaciuri menejerebi.

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-samecniero-teqnikur organizaciebs es-aWiroebaT codnis komercializaciis Sida infrastuqturebis sakadro uzrunvelyofa. saWiroa gansakuTrebuli kvalifikaciis mmarT-velebi, rac maT ganasxvavebs samecniero xelmZ-Rvanelebisgan.

-samecniero-teqnikuri organizaciis Tanam-Sromeli unda iyos dakavebuli miRebuli cod-nis komercializaciiT, Seadginos biznes-geg-mebi, atarebdes marketingul kvlevas, gansaz-Rvravdes safaso politikas da a.S.

- inovaciuri menejmentis sferoSi kadrebi-sTvis imis swavlebis - Tu ra aris gasakeTebeli siaxlis warmoebaSi gaSvebisa da bazarze wax-alisebis (promouSenis) mizniT, aseve, Tu sad SeiZleba mopovebul iqnas dafinanseba. gansa-kuTrebul Taviseburebas warmoadgens is, rom es unda atarebdes ZiriTadad sakonsultacio xasiaTs da moicavdes konkretuli inovaciuri teqnologiebis waxalisebas,rac muSoabaSi mniS-vnelovnad aisaxeba.

-specialistTa gadamzadebis da kvalifikaci-is amaRlebis programebi, rogorc wesi, unda ganxorcieldes msmenelTa samuSaodan mowyvetis gareSe da isini unda iyvnen uzrunvelyofilni originaluri saswavlo saxelmZRvaneloebiT, maT Soris eleqtronuli saxiT testebiTa da konkretuli situciebis analiziT, distanciuri swavlebis elementebiT.

-damaxasiaTebelia, rom bazarze axali saqon-lis damkvidrebis profesiuli unarebis swavle-baze SekveTa sul ufro did wilad warmoiqmneba ara marto samecniero-kvleviT institutebsa da mcire da saSualo inovaciur firmebSi, aramed savaWro, samrewvelo da finansur struqtureb-Si.

-inovaciebis formirebisa da waxalisebis (promouSenis) unari xdeba Zalian mniSvnelo-vani sawarmos miznebis Seqmnisa da realizaci-isTvis. mxolod aseTi gziT iqneba SesaZlebeli konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofa da mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTareba.

-amasTan dakavSirebiT, inovaciuri menejmen-tis Seswavlasa, misi safuZvlebisa da teqnolo-giebis swavlebaSi aucilebloba gauCnda kor-poraciebis strategiuli dagegmvis ganyofile-bebs. sabazro ekonomikis Tanamedrove pirobebSi mrewvelobas esaWiroeba sakuTari inovaciuri saqmianobis specialistebis mier dakompleqte-buli Sidasafirmo qveganyofilebebi, kompaniis saqmianobaSi axali

teqnologiebis integraciis mizniT.-inovaciuri menejmentis sferos organiza-

ciasa da marTvaSi profesiulad momzadebuli kadrebi xdeba mcire da saSualo samrewvelo sa-warmoTa umniSvnelovanesi aqtivi.


1. s. pavliaSvili, g. talaxaZe. „adamianuri faqtori socialur-ekonomikur procesSi da misi ganviTarebis faqtorebi“, Jurnali “ekono-mika“ N5-6, 2011w.

http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=4856&cat=3

2. g. tyeSelaSvili, t.kilaZe,.m.zubiaSvili. „firmis menejmenti“,sagamomcemlo saxli „teqni-kuri universiteti“,Tbilisi 2014 w. 323gv.


54

Bbiznesis axali warmonaqmnebi saqarTvelos pirobebSi

marina diasamiZe, doqtoranti

reziume

amgvarad, statiaSi ,,biznesis axali warmo-naqmnebi saqarTvelos pirobebSi“ ganxilulia ბიზნესის ახალი წამოწყებები თავისი განსაზღვრული ფორმებით da sadac, mTavari aqcenti aRebulia biznes-inkubatorebis ganviTarebaze saqarT-veloSi. kerZod, dasabuTebulia: rigi amocaneb-is gadawyveta dakavSirebuli biznesis axali formebis generaciasTan; biznesis axali forme-bTan dakavSirebuli infrastruqturis ganvi-TarebasTan; axali samuSao adgilebis SeqmnasTan; investiciebis mozidvis stimulirebasTan; eko-noimikis diversifikaciasTan; biznes garemos fsiqologiuri klimatis gaumjobesebasTan; Sida da sagareo bazrebze biznes konkurentunari-anobis amaRlebasTan; mcire biznesebis axali teqnologiebiT aRWurvasTan; damwyebi biznesme-nebisaTvis saWiro codnis gadacemasTan; qveynis ganviTarebis doneebis gamoTanabrebasTan da

sxv.

Summary

New Business Formations in Georgian Reality

Marina Diasamidze - Doctorate Student

The article “New Business Formations in Georgian Re-ality” refers to the new business initiatives and to certain forms of them; the main focus of the article falls upon de-velopment of business incubators in Georgia. In particular, the article justifies that there is an interlink between solu-tion of various objectives and generation of new forms of business, development of infrastructure associated to the new business forms, creation of new job opportunities, attraction of new investments, economic diversification, improvement of business and psychological climates, im-provement of competitiveness at domestic and internation-al markets, accessibility of new technologies to the SME’s, knowledge delivery to the business start-ups, leveraging country’s development and etc.

* * * * * *

dRes, msoflioSi biznesis axali wamowyebebi Tavisi gansazRvruli formebiT, gvevlineba ro-gorc efeqtiani meqanizmi msoflio biznes pro-cesebis SenarCunebisa da Semdgomi, misi ufro gaZlierebisaTvis. aseTi, axali wamowyebebis gansazRvruli formebi mravaljer aCqareben mcire biznesis ganviTarebas da Sesabamisad, am-cireben warumateblobis riskebs.

bunebrivia, aseT gansazRvrul formebSi moq-medi obieqtebi aRWurvilni unda iyvnen samuSao farTiT, teqnika–teqnologiebiT, informaciu-li, marketinguli, inJineringuli da sxva saxis wvdoma–uzrunvelyofiT da saWiroebis SemTx-vevaSi sabanko kreditebiT. aseTi obieqtebi Ta-visi saqmianobiT xels uwyoben biznes aqtivobis amaRlebas, axali teqnologiebisa da ,,nou–haus“ danergvas, qveynis saeqsporto potencia-lis zrdas, regionebis socialur–ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamoTanabrebas, axali samuSao adgilebis warmoqmnasa da mTlianobaSi, mTeli qveynis ekonomikis gajansaRebas.

aRniSnuli sakiTxi metad aqtualuria gar-damavali periodis qveynebisaTvis da maT Soris, saqarTvelosTvis.

zemoT naxsenebi gansazRvruli formebi, es aris igive organizaciaTa tipebi, romlebic gan-sxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan saqmianobis speci-fikidan gamomdinare da Camoyalibdnen Sem-degi saxelwodebebiT: biznes–inkubatorebi, samrewvelo zonebi, saeqsporto gadamuSavebis zonebi, samecniero–teqnologiuri parkebi da virtualuri biznes–inkubatorebi. aRniSnuli organizaciaTa tipebis ganmarteba Camoyalibe-bulia Semdegnairad:

biznes-inkubatorebi – evrokomisiis ganmartebiT, es aris axlad warmoqmnili forme-bis mWidro koncentraciis adgili, romlis mizania maTTvis saerTo infrastruqturis (kompiuteruli mowyobilobebi, informaciul teqnologiebSi wvdoma da sxv.) mqone modeluri tipis saTavsoebis gadacemiT, menejmenturi mxardaWeriTa da damxmare momsaxurebis gaweviT, maTi zrdisa da gadarCenis Sansis amaRleba. an, inkubatorebi romlebic warmoadgenen (raisi da metiuzi) axladwarmoqmnil biznesebs, romelTa mizania sxva, damwyebi biznesebis ganviTareba;

samrewvelo zonebi – uzrunvelyofen ekono-mikis ganviTarebis regionul problemebTan di-namiur midgomas, adgilobrivi, municipaluri da regionuli ganviTarebis organoebis inter-

55

esebis gaTvaliswinebiT;saeqsporto gadamuSavebis zonebi – Tavi-

anTi funqciuri daniSnulebidan gamomdinare warmoadgenen, saeqsperto da sagareo vaWrobis potencialis ganviTarebis stimulis mimcem or-ganizaciul tips, romlebic upiratesad dakavS-irebuli arian qveynis sagareo ekonomikur ur-TierTobebTan. amasTan, saqmiani momsaxurebis gaweviT, infrastruqturis uzrunvelyofiTa da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis miRebiT, xels uwyo-ben pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas;

samecniero–teqnologiuri parkebi – es aris iseTi organizaciuli tipi, romelic qm-nis xelsayrel pirobebs teqnotevad sawarmoTa mosazidad da samecniero–kvleviTi da sapro-eqto samuSaoebis Sedegebis komercializaciis wasaxaliseblad;

virtualuri biznes–inkubatorebi – es aris iseTi organizaciuli tipi, romelic sxva-dasxva informaciuli saSualebebis gamoyenebiT uzrunvelyofs momxmareblebs, mimwodeblebsa da sxvadasxva partniorebs Soris kavSirebs da rac, xels uwyobs mimdinare procesebis efeq-tian warmarTvas.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis realuri ganvi-Tarebis dRevandel etapze, qvemoTmoyvanili garemoebebis gamo, yvelaze aqtualur formas warmoadgens biznes-inkubatorebis ganviTare-ba. misi arsi gacilebiT Rrmaa da sxvadasxva organizaciebis mier Camoyalibebulia Semde-gnairad: amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis biznes inkubatorebis erovnul asociacias miaCnia, rom biznes inkubatori aris ekonomikuri ganviTare-bis instrumenti, mimarTuli biznes kompaniebis warmatebuli TviTrealizaciisa da daCqarebuli ganviTarebisaTvis, maTTvis komerciuli saqmi-anobis mxardamWeri momsaxurebisa da resurseb-is kompleqsebis gadacemiT; xolo samecniero parkebisa da inovaciuri centrebis eqspertTa jgufi (spais-is jgufi) biznes-inkubatorebs or kategoriad, samecniero-teqnologiur parke-bad da inovaciur centrebad hyofs. pirvels ganmartavs, rogorc ,,sakuTrebis obieqts, gan-lagebuls garkveul teritoriaze da gankuT-vnils samecniero, sacdel-sakonstruqtoro da sawarmoo organizaciebisTvis’’, xolo meores, ,,inovaciuri kompaniebisTvis saofise da sakon-sultacio momsaxurebis gamwev, teqnologiebis gadamcem da maTi inovaciuri saqmianobis Sede-gebis gamavrcelebel erTeulad’’. kidev, ufro mravalferovania biznes-inkubatorebis gansaz-Rvrebebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi (latvia, azerbai-jani, ruseTi, slovakeTi, CexeTi, moldaveTi da sxv.), sadac, igi miCneulia organizaciad, struqturad, romelic xels uwyobs biznesis ganviTarebas misi formirebis sawyis etapze an garkveul teritoriad (miwis farTobi, Senoba

nagebobebi), romelzec Seqmnilia mcire biznes-Ta inkubaciis ideebisa da proeqtebis ganxor-cielebis Sesabamisi pirobebi. vinaidan, msof-lioSi biznes-inkubatoris normatiuli xasiaTis erTiani ganmarteba ar arsebobs, bunebrivia, sx-vadasxva qveynebSi saqmianobis specifikis mixed-viT, garkveuli gansxvavebebi iarsebebs. amitom, qveyanaSi arsebuli aqcentebidan gamomdinare, mTavaria arsebobdes sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, rac xels Seuwyobs am mimdinareobis mowesrigebul ganviTarebas.

saqarTveloSi biznes-inkubatorebis Camoya-libeba jer kidev sawyis stadiazea. magram, am mimarTulebiT ukve gadaidga garkveuli nabije-bi. kerZod, saqarTvelos biznes sawarmoTa mar-Tvis da restruqturizaciis centris ,,SERMA’’-s xelSewyobiT, q.Tbilisis qarxana eleqtrox-elsawyos bazaze dafuZnda biznes-inkubatori. agreTve, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis bazaze Camoyalibda garkveuli mimarTulebis biznes_inkubatorebi da dRis wesrigSi dgas am wamowyebis kidev ufro ganviTareba. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi biznesis es axali warmonaqmni sa-kanonmdeblo doneze jer-jerobiT uzrunvely-ofili ar aris.

saqarTveloSi, biznes-inkubatorebis gan-viTarebis saerTo, grZelvadiani mizani imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mcire da saSualo biznesis, gansakuTrebiT ki, sawarmoo-inovaciuri bizne-sis gaaqtiurebiT, uzrunvelyos saqarTvelos mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTareba. biznes inku-batorebis konkretuli mizani damwyeb, axalbeda biznesmenTaTvis muSaobis xelsayreli garemos Seqmna da maTi informaciuli, konsaltinguri, teqnologiuri, materialur-finansuri da a.S. mxardaWeraa.

saqarTveloSi biznes-inkubatorebis ganvi-Tarebas qveynaSi Seaqvs axali siaxleebi da am miznebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlia gadawyvitos Semdegi amocanebi, kerZod:

• Seqmnasbiznesisaxalisawarmoebi;• ganaviTarosbiznesisaxalsawarmoebTan

dakavSirebiT saWiro infrastruqtura; • SeqmnasaxalisamuSaoadgilebi;• stimuligaukeTosinvesticiebismozid-

vas; • moaxdinosekonomikisdiversifikacia;• gaaumjobesosbiznesgaremosfsiqolo-

giuri klimati; • aamaRlosbiznesiskonkurentunarianoba

Sida da sagareo bazrebze;• uzrunvelyosmcirebiznesebiaxalite-

qnologiebiT; • aRWurvos damwyebi biznesmenebi menej-

mentisa da marketingis codniT; • moaxdinosqveynisregionebisganviTare-

bis doneebis gamoTanabreba da a.S.


56

saqarTveloSi biznes-inkubatorebis ganvi-Tareba unda efuZnebodes msoflio praqtikis gamocdilebebs da aucileblad wina planze wamoweuli unda iyos Semdegi fuZemdebluri principebi, kerZod,

1. biznes-inkubatorebis ganviTareba qveynaSi arsebuli resursebidan gamomdinare;

2. biznes-inkubatoris Sesaqmnelad mosa-mzadebeli samuSaoebis (analizi, dagegmva, kon-cefciisa da biznes–gegmis SemuSaveba) Catareba;

3. biznes-inkubatorebis saqmianobis warmarTvisaTvis Senoba-nagebobebis, teqnika–teqnologiebis, sakomunikacio saSualebebis da sxva saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofa;

4. biznes-inkubatoris mmarTveli gundis formireba;

5. mmarTveli gundis mier biznes-inkubato-ris miznebis da e.w. klient-sawarmoebis gan-sazRvra (inkubatoris klienti SeiZleba iyos pirvel rigSi is biznesmenebi, romlebic axal-damwyebni arian, ideebi aqvT magram, ar gaaCniaT koncefcia da biznes-gegmebi da a.S.);

7. im biznesmenTa daxmareba, romelebic garkveuli mizezebis gamo, mcire datvirTviT funqcionireben.

8. sainkubacio periodi unda moicavdes 5 wels, ris Semdegac, sawarmoebma damoukideblad unda ganagrZon funqcionireba.

amgvarad, statiaSi ganxilulia axali biznes warmonaqmnebi biznes-inkubatorebis saxiT, ar-sebuli formebi, damokidebulebebi, maTi sxva-dasxva qveynebSi ganviTarebis istoria da ganvi-Tarebis mizanSewoniloba saqarTveloSi.


1) Centre for Strategy and Evaluation Services, “Benchmarking of Business Incubators.” Brussels: Euro-pean Commission Enterprise Directorate General, 2002.

2) Linda Knopp, 2006 State of the Business Incuba-tion Industry. Athens, Ohio: National Business Incubation Association, 2007.

3) Meredith Erlewine, “Comparing Stats on Firm Survival.” In Measuring Your Business Incubator’s Eco-nomic Impact: A Toolkit. Athens, Ohio: National Business Incubation Association, 2007.

4) Jaccarino, Mike (2010-11-04). “City breaks ground on first business incubator in the Bronx’s Hunts Point”. New York Daily News. Retrieved 2010-11-04.

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eleqtronuli biznesis arsi da misi sagadasaxado dabegvris zogierTi

Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqti

merab miqelaSvili, profesori

reziume

statiaSi ganxilulia eleqtronuli bizne-sis arsi, gansazRvrulia misi funqcionaluri daniSnuleba Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi, axsnilia eleqtronuli komerciis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, sakvanZo specifiuri momentebi, internet-bi-znesis Taviseburebebi, sazRvargareTis qveyneb-is magaliTze gaanalizebulia eleqtronuli ekonomikuri subieqtebis sagadasaxado dabeg-vris praqtika.

sakvanZo sityvebi: qseluri ekonomika, eleqtronuli komercia da eleqtronuli vaW-roba, eleqtronuli biznesi, internet-maRazia, interaqtiuri biznesi, informaciuli ekonomi-ka, gadasaxadi, specialuri sagadasaxado reJimi.

Summary

The essence, theoretical and practical aspects of electronic business taxation

Merab Mikelashvili , Professor

The article is about the essence of electronic business, with the description of its functional purpose in modern economics. It explains the main issues and key moments, also e-business specifics of electronic commerce. The taxa-tion of electronic economic subjects is analyzed based on the example of foreign countries.

mimdinare etapze komunikaciis Tanamedrove saSualebebis arnaxulma ganviTarebam sazoga-doeba miiyvana msoflio sainformacio magis-tralis warmoSobamde da safuZveli Cauyara adamianis saqmianobis sruliad axali formis Seqmnas, romelsac `cifruli kultura~ ewoda. aRniSnuli procesebis gamo informaciasTan muSaobis tradiciulma meTodebma obieqturad ganicades radikaluri cvlilebebi. kacobrio-ba dadga axali ekonomikis mijnaze, romelsac uwodeben internet-ekonomikas an cifruli sam-yaros ekonmomikas, eleqtronuli biznesis epo-qas.

internet-auditoris yovelwliuri zrda msoflioSi ganapirobebs misi maxasiaTeblebis

– momxmarebelTa ricxovnoba, maTi erovnul-demografiuli Semadgenloba, asaki, socialuri statusi - analizis obieqtur siZnelebs. aseTi kvlevebis ZiriTadi siZneleebi imaSi mdgomare-obs, rom internetis statistika iwarmoeba ara `adamianur faqtorze~ dayrdnobiT, aramed kompiuterebis IP misamarTebiT, ufro swored – maTi erTmaneTTan kavSiris drois, Sinaasiss da raodenobis mixedviT. amitom, rogorc wesi gxvdeba gansxvavebuli da zog SemTxvevaSi urTi-erTsawinaaRmdego monacemebi, romelTa safuZ-velze SegviZlia davadginoT mxolod zogadi trendi – internet momxmarebelTa ricxvi ganuxrelad izrdeba da maTi Semadgenloba sul ufro mravalferovani xdeba. kompania COM-SCORE angariSebis mixedviT, romelic ikvlevs msoflios internet-auditorias, msoflioSi internet-momxmarebelTa raodenobam TiTqmis 2 miliards miaRwia. amasTan, angariSSi xazgas-mulia, rom momxmarebelTa yvelaze didi xve-driTi wili modis CineTze 18%, Semdeg midian aSS 16%, iaponia 6%, germania 4% da didi brita-neTi 3.6%. [1]

ekonomikuri da teqnikuri Sinaarsis proble-mebis miuxedavad interneti saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mTel msoflioSi yalibdeba biznesis warmoebis qmediTi instrumentad. biznes saqmi-anobis subieqtebi, romlebic am qsels komer-ciuli miznebisTvis iyeneben, iCenen damatebiT SesaZleblobebs da garkveul upiratesobebs imaTTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic Tavs arideben internet-komercias. dRes ineterneti bizness sTavazobs iaf komunikacias, operatiul infor-macias, Sida teqnologiuri xarjebis Semcirebas, informaciuli sistemebis Seqmnis xelmisawvdom da mosaxerxebel saSualebebs, romelTa safuZ-velzec yalibdeba firmis mimzidveli saqmiani imiji.

internet momsaxurebisaTvis gamoyenebuli teqnikuri platforma dRes saqarTveloSi jer-jerobiT kvlav mzard teqnologiad miiCneva. erTi mxriv Cveni qveyana erT-erTi regionaluri lideria eleqtronuli mmarTvelobis ganvi-Tarebis kuTxiT, Tumca meores mxriv, saqarT-veloSi ar aris aRmofxvrili e.w. `cifruli daSoreba~, anu internetis xelmisawvdomobis Tanabroba qalaqebsa da regionebs Soris. gaeros informaciis saagentos monacemebiT, interneti saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 45%-Tvis aris xelmi-sawvdomi, amasTan 2013 wlis oqtombris monace-


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mebiT internet abonentebis jamuri raodenoba 434969 Seadgens, aqedan TiTqmis 63% Tbilisze modis. [2-3] amasTan sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi internetis fasebi erT-erTi yvelaze maRalia msoflio ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris da saxezea am fasebis zrdis tendencia [4] zemoTmotanili faqtorebi mniSvnelovanwilad uSlis xels qveyanaSi eleqtronuli biznesis ganviTarebas.

dRes ukve naTelia, rom interneti xde-ba globaluri informaciuli infrastruq-turis prototipi, romelsac didi gavlena aqvs calkeuli firmebis biznespraqtikaze. ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT, es sainformacio-komunikaciuri teqnologiebi gavlenas axdenen samewarmeo saqmianobis oTxive mTavar procesze-inovaciebi, warmoeba, gacvla da servisi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom dReisaTvis mecnierebsa da specialistebs ara aqvT erTiani azri imis Sesaxeb, adamianis saqmianobis romeli sferoebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos èleqtronul komerciad~. zogierTis azriT igi gaigivebulia internetis saSualebiT yidvis operaciasTan. magram es terminebi, Cveni azriT, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos sinonimenad. eleqtronuli komercia aRniSnavs qseliT dakavSirebuli kompiuterebis saSuale-biT ganxorcielebul nebismier SeTanxmebas, romlis damTavrebis Semdeg xdeba sakuTrebis uflebis an gamoyenebis uflebis gadacema.

msoflio savaWro organizaciis farglebSi termini èleqtronuli vaWroba~ ganimarteba, rogorc sakomunikacio qselebis saSualebiT saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba, market-ingi, lojistika da realizacia [5] saerTaSor-iso ekonomikuri organizacia APEC (azia-wy-nari okeanis ekonomikuri TanamSromloba) mier dadgenilia aRniSnuli terminis Semdegnairi ganmarteba - èleqtronuli komercia~ miekuT-vneba komerciul garigebas, romelSic CarTul-ni arian rogorc organizaciebi, aseve fizikuri pirebi im pirobiT, rom es garigebebi dakavSire-bulia cifruli informaciebis damuSavebasa da gadacemasTan romelic Seicavs teqstur, xmovan da vizualur monacemebs da mopovebulia ro-gorc Ria (interneti), aseve daxuruli qsele-bidan. [6]

èleqtronuli komerciis~ yvelaze gavrcel-ebuli ganmarteba Semdegnairadaa Camoyalibe-buli: eleqtronuli komercia warmoadgens ar-sebuli qselebis bazaze, saqonlisa da momsax-urebis gacvlas biznes partniorebs Soris komu-nikaciis eleqtronuli saSualebebiT. Cveni az-riT, èleqtronuli biznesi~ da èleqtronuli vaWroba~ sinonimebad unda CaiTvalos.

eleqtronuli biznesi, eleqtronuli komer-cia da sabazro urTierTobebis axali saxeebi Tanamedrove etapze ufro Rrma Sinaarsis ma-

tarebelia, vidre biznes procesebis avtomati-zacia da internetiT saqonlis an momsaxurebis gayidva. is gulisxmobs adre miuRweveli Sesa-Zleblobebis safuZvelze, axali Sansebis gaCe-nas, romelTa Sorisaa TviTorganizaciis pr-oncipebis safuZvelze operaciebis optimizacia, biznes partniorebTan funqcionaluri urTier-Tobebis ageba, inovaciebis danergva, momsaxure-bis xarisxis amaRleba da xarjebis Semcireba.

internetis momxmarebelTa ricxvis ganuxrel-ma zrdam, gansakuTrebiT sazRvargareT, gaaCina axali SesaZleblobebi momaval momxmareblebTan urTierTobaSi da interaqtiuri biznesi da Sesa-bamisad interaqtiuri marketingi xarisxobrivad axal doneze aiyvana.

mimdinare etapze arsebobs internetis biz-nesSi gamoyenebis ori mTavari mimarTuleba:• interneti, rogorc komunikaciis saSualeba,

informaciis wyaro, reklamisa da marketin-gis saSualeba;

• interneti, rogorc eleqtronuli biznesis instrumenti, romelic daefuZneba qselur ekonomikas.

eleqtronuli biznesi ekonomikis sxvadasx-va seqtorSi sxvadasxva tempebiT viTardeba. momsaxurebis bevri saxeebi, magaliTad safi-nanso sferoSi dRes ukve SemoTavazebulia eleqtronuli formiT. eleqtronuli bizne-sis mizania gansazRvruli ekonomikuri da in-frastruqturul garemoSi moqmedi garkveuli tipis sawarmoebis moTxovnebis dakmayofileba. qarTuli sinamdvile am mimarTebiT sakmaod da-bal standartebzea. eleqtronuli biznesisTvis pirvel rigSi aucilebelia eleqtronuli sawar-moebis arseboba. biznes procesebis avtomatiza-cias dasavleTSi miuZRvnes TiTqmis ukanaskneli oci weli. dReisaTvis iq gamoyofen eleqtronu-li biznesis or gansxvavebul sistemebs:• seqtori `biznesi-biznesi~ (Business-to-busi-

ness an B2B)• seqtori `biznesi-momxmarebeli~ (Business-to-

consumer an B2C)virtualuri maRaziebi aisbergis mxolod

umniSvnelo nawilia. isini ufro axlos arian Cvens yoveldRiurobasTan da amitom momxmare-belTa interesTa sferoSi ufro xSirad eqce-vian. realurad ki biznesi xorcieldeba Business-to-business sferoSi. internetvaWrobis sacalo seqtorSi igulisxmeba internetis masobrivi momxmareblebis urTierToba, romelic gulisx-mobs mcire mewarmeebsa da mosaxleobas. swored am auditoriaze orientirebuli intenet-maRa-ziebis umravlesoba.

saqarTveloSi eleqtronuli biznesisT-vis damaxasiaTebelia ekonomikur procesebSi monawileobisTvis saWiro unarebis dabali done. mxolod exla Cndeba dasavluri standartebis

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internet-kompaniebi menejmentis sistemebiT, mkafio struqturebiT da marketinguli poli-tikiT. saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, Cven Seg-viZlia visaubroT eleqtronuli biznesis gan-viTarebis perspeqtivaze, Tumca dReisaTvis, arsebuli realobis analizis safuZvelze Segvi-Zlia darwmunebiT vTqvaT, rom biznesis es seg-menti ufro met yuradRebas imsaxurebs, radgan is ukve iqca Tanamedrove samyaros ganuyofel nawilad.

erTi mxriv, saqarTvelosa da meore mxriv ev-rokavSirs da evropis atomuri energiis gaer-Tianebas da maT wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris aso-cirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis V-e Tavi `ekonomi-kuri TanamSromlobisa da dabegvris sakiTxebi~ sxva sakiTxebTan erTad moiTxovs

`saqarTvelo unda miiswrafodes, rom daafuZnos da etapobrivad dauaxloos saku-Tari ekonomikuri, sagadasaxado da finansuri regulaciebi evrokavSiris regulaciebs da ima-vdroulad uzrunvelyos swori sagadasaxado politikis gatareba~.

am mimarTulebiT sainteresoa eleqtronu-li biznesis sagadasaxado dabegvris sazRvar-gareTuli gamocdilebis kvleva saqarTveloSi eleqtronuli mewarmeobis sagadasaxado dabeg-vris meqanizmebis SesamuSaveblad.

aSS da evrokavSiris qveynebis umravlesoba is qveynebia, sadac eleqtrnulma komerciam gansa-kuTrebuli ganviTareba hpova da mimdinare etap-ze xdeba sagadasaxado meqanizmebis adaptireba eleqtronuli vaWrobis sagadasaxado dabegvris problemebis gadasaWrelad. aSS warmoadgens lider qveyanas eleqtronuli mewarmeobis gan-viTarebis mimarTulebiT. am faqtis asaxsnelad ramdenime faqtoris motana SeiZleba:• aSS gaaCnia qselebis maRali gamtaunari-

anoba da hostingebiT momsaxurebis dabali fasi. hostingi aris momsaxureba, romelic momxmareblisaTvis monacemTa centrSi – serverze specialuri sivrcis gamoyofas gulisxmobs;

• kvlevebis Tanaxmad, aSS-ze modis eleqtronuli komerciiT profesionalu-rad dakavebuli kompaniebis 35%;

• amerikul serverebze ganlagebuli saitebis 70%-s aqvT monacemebze wvdomis yvelaze maRali siCqare;

• eleqtronuli biznesis mimarTulebiT aSS-is sagadasaxado politika agebulia zustad im principebze, rogorc tradiciuli, araeleqtronuli biznesis mimarT;

• 1998-2005 wlebSi aSS-Si gamocxadebuli iyo moratoriumi sagadasaxado dabegvrasTan mimarTebaSi eleqtronuli biznesis seq-torisTvis, ramac xelsayreli garemo Seqmna eleqtronuli vaWrobis ganviTarebisTvis.

mimdinare etapze aSS-Si eleqtronuli bi-znesis subieqtebi iseTive gadasaxadebs ixdian, rogorc Cveulebrivi organizaciebi, kerZod – korporaciebis Semosavlebidan da brunvidan. amas garda, gadasaxadiT ibegreba dividendebi, roialti da internet-maRaziebis mier sarekla-mo kompaniis farglebSi saqonlis usasyidlod gadacema. [7]

brunvidan gadasaxadTan mimarTebaSi unda aRiniSnos, rom am gadasaxadis administrire-ba xdeba calkeuli Statebis kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze – zogierT StatSi gadasaxadiT ibegreba mxolod materialuri aqtivebis reali-zacia, xolo zogierTSi sagadasaxado dabegvras eqvemdebareba aramaterialuri aqtivebi. aSS-is sagadasaxado politikis Tanaxmad, ucxo qveynis korporaciebi, romlebic TavianT saqmianobas axorcieleben eleqtronuli vaWrobis sferoSi, sagadasaxado pasuxismgeblobis qveS eqcevian Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:

Tu kompania aris rezidenti da gaaCnia xelSekruleba ormagi dabegvris Tavidan ac-ilebis Sesaxeb, is valdebulia gadaixados aSS-Si dawesebuli gadasaxadebi, mxolod im SemTx-vevaSi, Tu mas gaaCnia mudmivi warmomadgenloba e.i. aSS-Si komerciuli saqmianobisTvis mudmivi adgili [8]

Tu kompania aris rezidenti da ar gaaCnia xelSekruleba ormagi dabegvris Tavidan ac-ilebas Sesaxeb, is valdebulia gadaixados aSS-Si dawesebuli gadasaxadebi, Semosavlebis mx-olod im nawilidan, romelic uSualo kavSirSia qveyanaSi ganxorcielebul komerciul saqmi-anobasTan.

unda aRiniSnos, rom aSS-Si Camoyalibebu-lia zusti midgoma eleqtronuili mewarmeobis subieqtis saqmianobis adgilis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT. eleqtronuli biznesis subieq-tis mudmiv warmomadgenlobasTan dakavSirebiT msoflio praqtikaSi sxvadasxva midgoma arsebobs aviRoT magaliTad internet-maRazia misamarTiT www.magazin.ge cxadia, rom is mdebareobs ge do-menis zonaSi, Tumca faqtiurad SeiZleba gan-Tavsebuli iyos sxva qveynis serverze. saqarT-veloSic gvxvdeba mravali SemTxveva, roca qar-Tuli kompaniebi, rogorc wesi, TavianT saitebs anTavseben amerikul da evropul serverebze, maSin roca sasaqonlo maragebi SeiZleba gan-Tavsebuli iyos saqarTveloSi. am dros Cndeba kiTxva – romeli qveynis gadasaxadis gadamxde-lia kompania? aSS-Si Tvlian, rom mudmiv war-momadgenlobad unda CaiTvalos serveris fizi-kuri adgilmdebareoba, sadac ganTavsebulia eleqtronuli vaWrobis subieqtis saiti. aseTi sagadasaxado politika sulac ar aris gasakvi-ri, radgan kompaniebis umravlesobas, romlebic ewevian eleqtronul bizness TavianTi saitebi


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amerikaSi serverebze aqvT ganTavsebuli. aseT midgomas mniSvnelovani naklovaneba gaaCnia – gadasaxadisgan Tavis aridebisTvis sakmarisia saitis erTi serveridan meoreze gadatana. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic subiqteb-is sagadasaxado dabegvras exeba, eleqtronuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis (musikaluri faile-bi, programuli uzrunvelyofa, TamaSebi, vide-ofailebi da a.S.) sagadasaxado dabegvraa. aq mniSvnelovani momentia garigebis tipis gansaz-Rvra – esaa produqtis gayidva Tu gadacema Semdgomi gavrcelebis mizniT. produqtis mi-wodebis formas aq mniSvneloba ara aqvs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi organizacia eqceva korporaciuli Semosavlebidan gadasaxadis gadaxdis reJimSi, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – roialtis reJimSi. rac Seexeba sagadasaxado kontrols gadasax-adis Tavis aridebisTvis Semosavlebis damalvis aRkveTis mizniT, yvelaze efeqtur meTodaT aSS-Si miCneulia fuladi saxsrebis moZraobaze kontroli.

evrokavSiris gamocdilebac Rirebulia eleqtronuli vaWrobis subieqtebis saga-dasaxado dabegvris praqtikis Seswavlis dros. mTlianobaSi, evrokavSiris qveynebis sagadasaxa-do politika efuZneba mkacr saxelmwifo regu-lirebas, sadac pirvel planzea gadasaxadebis fiskaluri funqcia da aranair sagadasaxado SeRavaTebze saubari ar aris. eleqtronuli vaW-robis sagadasaxado dabegvris pirveli mcdelo-ba iyo fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis SemoReba, romelic gamoiTvleboda eleqtronuli komer-ciis subieqtis mier gadacemuli informaciebis megabaitebiT. magram am meTodma ar gaamarTla da daubnrundnen ara eleqtronuli biznesisT-vis arsebul sagadasaxado dabegvris sistemas. evrokavSiris qveynebSi eleqtronuli biznesis sagadasasaxo dabegvris Tavisebureba aSS-gan gansxvavebiT aris dRg, romelic ucxoa aSS-is sagadasaxado sistemisTvis. internet-gayidvebi, romelic dakavSirebulia saqonlis an momsax-urebis miwodebasTan, araviTar siZneleebs ar iwvevs sagadasaxado dabegvris TvalsazrisiT, radgan inteneti ganixileba, rogorc SekveTeb-is arsebuli sistemis analogi da amitom dRg-s daricxva xdeba Cveulebriv reJimSi.

rogorc cnobilia, iribi gadasaxadebis amoReba xdeba ori principis safuZvelze: • warmoSobis qveynis principis mixedviT,

roca gadasaxadiT ibegreba eqsporti da Tavisufldeba importi;

• daniSnulebis qveynis principis mixedviT, roca gadasaxadiT ibegreba importi da Tavisufldeba eqsporti.

TiToeuli saxelmwifo TviTon irCevs, rome-li sqema gamoiyenos. sagadasaxado dabegvris orive principi efeqturad muSaobs. dauSvaT,

rom erTi qveyana begravs dRg-iT daniSnulebis qveynis principiT, xolo meore warmoSobis qvey-nis principiT. maSin saqoneli, romlis eqspor-tic xdeba pirveli qveynidan meoreSi dRg-Ti daibegreba orive qveyanaSi. eleqtronuli vaW-robis pirobebSi es problema ufro rTulde-ba da es kargad Cans evrokavSiris magaliTze. aRniSnuli situaciis mosagvareblad evrokav-SirSi SemoRebuli iqna mniSvnelovani regula-ciebi eleqtronuli vaWrobis subieqtebis saga-dasaxado dabegvris nawilSi. am regulaciebis Tanaxmad saqonlis gayidva momxmareblebze, romlebic ar arian mewarmeebi ibegreba dRg-iT warmoSobis qveyanaSi. magaliTad, saqonlis gay-idva italiidan SveciaSi daibegreba 20%-iani ga-nakveTiT (italiis dRg-s ganakveTi) da ara 25%-iT (Sveciis dRg-s ganakveTi). [9]

im SemTxvevaSi, roca evropelebs saqone-li miewodebaT im qveynebidan, sadac eqsporti dRg-Ti ar ibegreba an es gadasaxadi ar arse-bobs (aSS), araevropeli gamyidvelebi eqcevian Seudareblad xelsayrel mdgomareobaSi, maTi saqonlis dabali fasis gamo. aracifruli anu tradiciuli saqonlis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi es upiratesoba SeiZleba ganuldes satransporto xarjebis gamo, magram eleqtronuli vaWrobis dros es TvalsaCinoa. am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad didi britaneTi sTvazobs sxva qveynebs gauTana-bros eleqtronuli saqoneli momsaxurebas, sa-dac dRg unda daericxos myidvels produqtis miRebis an moxmarebis adgilze.

evropuli bazris dacvis mizniT evrokavSiris qveynebma gadawyvites gaaTanabron eleqtronuli ekonomikuri saqmianobis subieqtebis pirobebi evrokavSirSi registrirebuli da mis farglebs gareT registrirebuli pirebisTvis. amisaTvis miRebuli iqna evrokavSiris direqtiva 2002/38/EC [10] cvlilebebi Seexo im pirebs, romlebic evrokavSiris momxmareblebs sTavazoben Semdeg momsaxurebas:• veb-gverdebis, veb-hostingebis mxardaWera• programuli uzrunvelyofis miwodeba• grafikuli gamosaxulebebis, teqstebis, in-

formaciis miwodeba• musikaluri nawarmoebebis, filmebis da Ta-

maSebis miwodebaaseTi kompaniebi eqvemdebarebian registra-

cias, rogorc dRg-s gadamxdelebi evrokavSiris im qveyanaSi, sadac xorcieldeba gayidvebi. ga-dasaxadi gadaxdili unda iqnes im qveynis ga-nakveTis mixedviT sadac xorcieldeba gayidvebi gamonakliss Seadgens situacia, roca momxmare-blebis aranakleb 90%-i mewarmeebi arian [11] am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba Cveulebrivi wesi, roca myidveli gamodis sagadasaxado agentis rol-Si. amave dros saqonlis realizacia (wignebi, CD diskebi, audio da videokasetebi), iuris-

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tebisa da finansuri konsultantebis momsax-ureba, aseve pedagogebis momsaxureba ar eqceva am direqtivis qveS, radgan aseTi saqmianobis `eleqtronuli Semadgeneli~ warmodgenilia, rogorc komunikaciis saSualeba.

logikuria imis fiqri, rom araevropeli kom-paniebi – gamyidvelebi ar moisurveben evrokav-Siris qveynebSi sagadasaxado aRricxvaze dadgo-mas da upiratesobas mianiWeben Svilobili kom-paniis daarsebas yvelaze dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTis mqone evropel iurisdiqciaSi. aseve mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is faqti, rom evrokav-Siris zogierTi wevri qveynis kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, eleqtronuli momsaxureba, eqspor-tis dros eqvemdebareba dRg-iT dabegvras. dRg-s ormagi gadaxda am qveynebidan evrokavSiris qveynebSi saqonlis gayidvis dros qmnis araxel-sayrel pirobebs araevropuli saxelmwifoebi-sTvis.

mniSvnelovania eleqtronuli vaWrobis saga-dasaxado dabegvris dros evrokavSiris zogi-erTi qveyanaSi (germania, safrangeTi, Sveicaria) mTavrobebis mcdeloba, Seqmnan eleqtronu-li komerciis subieqtebis identificirebis meqanizmebi. iseTi biznes subieqtebis veb gver-debze, romlebic kanonier samewarmeo saqmi-anobas ewevian, arsebobs specialuri amosacnobi niSnebi nomriT, romelic saSualebas iZleva gadamowmdes subiqtis sagadasaxado saregistra-cio faqti. aseT mewarmeebTan saqonlis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo garantias iZleva momx-marebelTa uflebebis dacvis nawilSi. aseTi amosacnobi niSnis misaRebad, mewarme, romelic eweva eleqtronul bizness, ara marto saga-dasaxado aRricxvaze unda dadges, aramed xeli unda moaweros xelSekrulebas, romelic mas misi fuladi saxsrebis eleqtronuli gadaxdis sistemebiT moZraobis Sesaxeb informaciis sis-tematur wardgenas avaldebulebs.

sxva mxriv aRsaniSnavia evropuli praqtika, romelic eleqtronuli biznesis arakanonie-ri warmoebisas mkacr jarimebs iTvaliswinebs, radgan internetSi biznesis kontroli mniS-vnelovnad rTulia, `tradiciul~ biznesTan SedarebiT, mewarmeebs garkveuli `stimuli~ eZlevaT gadasaxadebis Tavis aridebis da Se-mosavlebis damalvis kuTxiT. maRali jarimebis arseboba (qonebis konfiskaciis CaTvliT) mniS-nvelovnad amcirebs am sferoSi arakanonierad moqmed biznesis subieqtebis raodenobas.

xazgasasmelia, rom evrokavSiris qveynebSi eleqtronuli biznesis subieqtebis sagadasaxa-do dabegvra emyareba Semdeg principebs: [12] • ar aris saqmianobis am segmentsTvis axali

gadasaxadebis dawesebis aucilebloba;• eleqtronuli saqoneli ibegreba rogorc

momsaxureba da ara rogorc saqoneli;

• dadgenilia mkacri jarimebi interetSi ara-kanonieri samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis.

mTlianobaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eleqtronuli biznesi, iseve rogorc inter-neti Tanamedrove samyaros ganuyofel nawilad iqca; is ver Secvlis `tradiciul~ bizness, ma-gram isini erTad gaagrZeleben Tanaarsebobas. eleqtronulma biznesma waSala `ekonomikuri sazRvris~ cneba da dagvarwmuna imaSi, rom biznes saqmianobis es sfero imsaxurebs gansakuTrebul damokidebulebasa da yuradRebas, radgan war-moadgens unikalur movlenas erovnul da msof-lio ekonomikaSi.


1. http://www.comscore.com/Products2. h t t p s : / / e p a r t i c i p a t i o n g e . w o r d p r e s s .

com/2014/02/07 3. http://transparency.ge/sites/default/files/post_at-

tachments/TI%20Georgia%20 4. http://bfm.ge/index.php?newsid=9080#.VYujDx-

vtlBc5. https://www.wto.org/6. http://www.apec.org/7. http://www.irs.gov/ 8. http://forexaw.com/9. http://www.law.edu.ru/10. http://www.eulaw.ru/11. http://www.old.hbcomp.co.uk/12. http://www.cilc.nl/


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organizaciul-mmarTvelobiTi inovaciebi biznesSi

ciala lomaia, profesori eka darCiaSvili, doqtoranti

reziume

dro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, swrafad miiwevs win, rac gvavaldebulebs Cveni gare-mo pirobebis swraf cvlas. imisaTvis, rom ar davrCeT Tanamedrove ganviTarebis miRma, Ti-Toeuli obieqti, maT Soris sawarmoebi, iZule-buli arian swrafad Seewyon axal samuSao pirobebsa da cxovrebas.

inovaciuri saqmianobis organizacia, pi-rvel rigSi miznad isaxavs misi produqtebis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas. konkurenciis mamoZravebeli Zala ki aris siaxlis danergva, romlis arsic siaxleebis moZiebasa da reali-zaciaSia.

garda amisa, kvlevaSi gatarebulia idea, rom inovacia aris saboloo produqti inovaciuri Semoqmedebisa, romelic xorcieldeba bazarze axali produqtis saxiT, an gamoiyeneba praqti-kaSi axali teqnologiuri procesebis gamoyen-ebiT.

sakvanZo sityvebi: inovacia, inovaciuri saqmi-anoba, konkurentunarianoba, axali teqnologie-bi, adaptacia, sabazro garigebebi, intervencia, individualuroba.

Summary

The time in which we live now, swiftly flies forward, causing the changing conditions of our environment with irresistible speed. In order not to be left out of the modern development of each entity, including companies, forced to quickly adapts itself to the new conditions of work and life.

Innovative activities of the organization, primarily aimed at increasing the competitiveness of its products. The driving force of competition, the introduction of inno-vation, the meaning of which in finding and implementing innovations.

Also, in this paper the idea that innovation is the final product innovation, which takes the form of a new product on the market, or the clause is used as a new process in practice.

Keywords: innovation, innovative activity, competi-tiveness, new technologies, adaptation, market transac-tions, intervention, individuality

* * * * * *

Tanamedrove aqtiurad ganviTarebadi ekono-mika firmebs da organizaciebs mudmivad karnax-obs evolucionirebad pirobebs, raTa ar gaxdes autcaideri mecnierul-teqnikuri progresisa da biznesis sferoebSi.

axali teqnologiebi ver gamotovebs iseT umniSvnelovanes process, rogoricaa organ-izaciul-mmarTvelobiTi inovaciebi biznesSi. adre Seswavlili da gamoyenebuli meTodebi male Zveldeba, zogi ki saerTod wyvets moqme-debas, ris Sedegadac sistemebi araefeqtianad moqmedeben. Cveni kvleva aqtualurad migvaC-nia, rameTu yoveldRiurad warmoiqmneba mmarT-velobis gaumjobesebuli, inovaciuri meTodeb-is kvlevis, Ziebisa da danergvis aucilebloba, romlis meSveobiTac unda moxdes marTvelobiTi inovaciebis srulyofa, daxvewa da Tanamedro-veobasTan adaptireba.

sociologiur leqsikonSi „inovacia“ aris cvlilebis, gardaqmnis, reformis da trans-formaciis procesi, romelic dakavSirebulia socialistur sistemaSi materialuri da ara-materialuri kulturis axali modelebis Se-qmnasTan, aRiarebasTan da danergvasTan. ucxo sityvaTa ganmartebis leqsikonis mixedviT „inovacia“- ganaxlebaa. Tanamedrove ekonomi-kuri leqsikonis mixedviT „inovaciebi“-es aris siaxleebis SemoReba teqnikis, teqnologiis, Sromis organizaciisa da marTvis sferoSi, romlebic dafuZnebulia mecnierebisa da mow-inave gamocdilebis gamoyenebaze, agreTve am siaxleebis gamoyeneba xdeba saqmianobis sxva-dasxva sferosa da dargSi. am dargSi momuSave p.druleris naSromSi: „efeqtiani marTva, ekon-imuri amocanebi da optimaluri gadawyvetile-bebi“ moyvanili aqvs inovaciis Semdegi gansaz-Rvreba: „inovacia-axali, adre ar arsebulis SemuSaveba da danergva, romlis daxmarebiTac Zveli cnobili elementebi aniWeben mocemuli biznesis ekonomikas axal moxazulobebs. aq mi-zanSewonilia gavamaxviloT yuradReba gansx-vavebaze terminebs „gamogonebasa“ da „novacias“ Soris. gamogoneba aris axali produqti, xolo inovacia-axali sargebeli.

mmarTvelobiTi inovaciebis qveS, ter-minis Sinaarsis gansazRvrebisadmi midgomebis analizis safuZvelze, vgulisxmobT: 1.inovaci-uri infrastruqturis Seqmnas da ganviTarebas; 2.inovaciuri saqmianobis dafinansebis organi-

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zacias; 3.inovaciuri saqmianobis Semsrulebeli personalis SerCevas, momzadebas, gadamzadebas da karieris marTvas; 4.samecniero kvleviTi saqmianobis gamoyenebas organizaciul mmarT-velobiT inovaciebSi.

organizaciisaTvis nebismieri inovacia uni-kaluria, xolo maTi danergva amcirebs danax-arjebs produqciis warmoebaze. amitomac aris inovacia iseTi RonisZiebebis erToblioba, romelic zrdis Sromisnayofierebas, amaRlebs konkurentunarianobas da uzrunvelyofs da-matebiTi mogebis miRebas. Cveni azriT inovacia gamoiyeneba yvela siaxlis mimarT sawarmoo, or-ganizaciul, finansur, samecniero-kvleviTi da biznesis sxva sferoebSi, romlebic uzrunvely-ofen maqsimalur-ekonomikur efeqts inteleq-tualuri potencialis gamoyenebis xarjze.

cnobili faqtia, rom organizaciul-mmarT-velobiTi inovaciebi arateqnologiur inova-ciebs miekuTvneba. organizaciul-mmarTvelobi-Ti inovaciebi mimarTulia organizaciis marT-vis sistemis cvlilebebze, misi funqcionirebis srulyofisa da ganviTarebis misaRwevad. Tan-amedrove etapze, mxolod biznesis marTvisadmi midgomebis reformirebas da restruqturiza-cias SSeuZlia gazardos inovaciuri aTvisebis unari da aqtiuroba teqnologiis dargSi. sxva-dasxva kompaniebSi organizaciul-mmarTvelobi-Ti inovaciebis stimulireba xdeba inovaciuri ganviTarebis moTxovnilebebiT sawarmoo-te-qnologiur sferoSi. axali, Tanamedrove pro-cesebis marTva, organizaciebSi Zveli meTodeb-iT dauSvebelia.

Cvenis azriT organizaciul-mmarTvelobi-Ti inovaciebis specifika mdgomareobs imaSi, rom xSirad SeuZlebelia maTi efeqtianobis tradiciuli xerxebiT Sefaseba, rameTu, rad-gan efeqti maTi realizaciidan irib gavlenas axdens biznesis Sedegebze da SeuZlebelia yo-velTvis maTi gamocalkeveba. saqarTveloSi ino-vaciuri bizneszis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi dakavSirebulia mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis dargSi saxelmwifo mxardaWeris sistemis re-alizaciasTan da mecnierebatevadi produqciis eqsportze resursdamzogi teqnologiebis xar-jze. gadawyvetilebebs, organizaciul-mmarT-velobiT inovaciebTan mimarTebaSi, iRebs or-ganizaciis menejeri, romelic pasuxismgebelia am ukanasknelze da moiTxovs mmarTvelobiT xelovnebas. biznesis sferoSi inovaciebis jaWv-Si sust rgols warmoadgens aramarto mciredi dafinanseba, arameb inovaciuri procesebis mar-Tvis unarebis uqonloba.

biznesisaTvis inovaciebs sasargeblo ekono-mikur Rirebulebebad aqcevs biznes-modeli iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa lideroba, biznes-procesebi, personalis marTva, marketingi, my-

idvelebis momsaxureba da maTTan nayofieri TanamSromloba. Tanamedrove biznesSi daCqare-bulia biznesis samoqmedo garemos cvalebadoba da codnis daZveleba, ris gamoc wina planzea wamoweuli axali codniTa da inovaciebiT nasaz-rdoebi mewarmeoba. amitomac, warmatebis meti Sansi aqvs imas, vinc met Zalisxmevas axmars same-warmeo Semoqmedebas.

konkurenciis mamoZravebeli Zala siaxleebis danergvaa, romlis arssac novaciebis Zieba da realizeba Seadgens.

bolo oci wlis manZilze, ekonomistebs So-ris, SeiniSneba biznes-organizaciebis mimarT interesis aSkara ganaxleba. Tu firma miCneu-li iyo cariel ritorikul mcnebad, romelic fasebis sistemaze msjelobas „aadvilebda“, r.qouzma Zirfesvianad Secvala es midgoma. man yuradReba gaamaxvila iseTi situaciis arse-bobaze, roca sabazro garigebebis dadeba im-denad Zviria, rom umjobesia sxva SeTanxmebebis gamoyeneba. transaqciuri xarjebis cnebebis SemotaniT qouzma is mZlavri iaraRi mogvca, romelic aucilebelia SeTanxmebaTa analizisa da maT Soris im arCevanis keTebis principebis gagebisaTvis, rasac mudmivad axorcieleben firmis agentebi.

organizaciebis farglebSi mimdinareobs aqtivebis koordinacia da kombinireba iseTi ad-ministraciuli procedurebis meSveobiT, rom-lebic gulisxmoben diskriminaciul wesebs. baz-rebisagan gansxvavebiT, integrirebuli organi-zacia SegviZlia ganvmartoT, rogorc agentebis mier erToblivad miRweuli Segnebuli SeTanxme-ba maTi moqmedebaTa mudmivi da Tanmimdevruli koordinirebis mizniT.

termini „hibriduli“ kargad usvams xazs sx-vadasxva polusebze myofi ori firmis-bazreb-isa da ierarqiebis „genebis“ kombinacias. iseT SeTanxmebebs, rogoricaa franCaizingi, for-maluri qselebi da araformaluri qselebi.

aSkaraa, rom organizaciebis Sesaxeb dRes ar-sebuli literatura amtkicebs sabazro ekono-mikis rTul bunebas, romelSic bazrebi mniS-vnelovan rols ki TamaSoben, magram komple-mentarulebi arian transaqciebis organizebis sxva xerxebis mimarT. amitom, organizaciebis TeoriaSi sakiTxebis farTo wre jerac arasak-marisadaa gamokvleuli, rac am problematikas mecnierTaTvis gansakuTrebiT mimzidvels xdis.

organizaciebSi adamianebis inovaciuri marT-vis dros mudmivad ibadeba Semdegi kiTxvebi: vin ras akeTebs, rogor unda dajgufdes saqmianoba marTvis sxvadasxva ierarqiaze; komunikaciis ra mimarTulebebi da saSualebebi unda Seiqmnas; rogor unda gavagebinoT adamianebs organizaci-is menejeris da maTi kolegebis qceva rolebTan mimarTebaSi; vakeTebT ki yvelafers, rac unda


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gakeTdes da xom ar vakeTebT imas, rac ar unda gakeTdes; mmarTvelobis bevri usargeblo fena xom ar aris organizaciaSi?

es is kiTxvebia, romelic adamianebs awuxebs da romelic unda ainteresebdes menejers, raTa miznobrivad daasaqmos Tavisi adamianebi. am adamianebma kargad unda icodnen is faqtorebi, Tu romel organizaciul qcevaze moqmedeben. maT Tavisi mdgomareobis gamo unda SeeZloT mTlianad Seafason biznesis organizebuloba.

organizebis procesi inovaciebze dayrdno-biT SesaZloa aRvweroT, rogorc koordinire-buli saqmianobis sistemis dagegmva, ganviTareba da SenarCuneba. organizacia xom sistemaa, rom-elzedac moqmedebs garemo pirobebi da romel-sac gaaCnia, rogorc oficialuri, aseve araofi-cialuri elementebi.

organizaciaSi cvlilebebi mudmivad mimdin-areobs TviT biznesSi, da im xalxSic, romelic am biznesSi muSaobs. dRevandel situaciaSi ar ar-sebobs „idealuri“ organizacia. yvelaze didi, rac SeiZleba gakeTdes, aris masSi CarTuli pro-cesebis optimizacia. sainteresoa, gvaxsovdes, rom rac ar unda ganviTardes struqtura, is yovelTvis iqneba damokidebuli garemo pirobe-bze da amitom, misi mTavari mizani gamoikveTeba ukeT „SeaTavsos“ struqtura da garemoebebi. sasurvelia, fiqrobdeT idealur struqturaze. mizani unda ganisazRvros, rogorc biznesis sferos maoptimizebeli RonisZieba, risTvisac aucilebelia:

- gavarkvioT organizaciis yovlismom-cveli miznebi-strategiuli biZgebi, romelic marTavs imas, Tu ras da rogor akeTebs organi-zacia;

- am miznis misaRwevad, rac SeiZleba zustad ganvsazRvroT ZiriTadi saqmianobebi;

- logikurad davajgufoT es saqmianobebi, raTa Tavidan aviciloT usargeblo ganmeoreba da paralelizmi;

- saqmianobebis integrirebis, erTiani Zalisxmeva, miRwevisa da jgufuri muSaobis uz-runvelyofa saerTo miznis gansaxorcieleblad;

- sistemaSi moqnilobis (cvlilebis) dan-ergva ise, rom organizaciulma meqanizmma SeZ-los axal situaciebTan da amocanebTan Segueba;

- mTels organizaciaSi informaciis swrafi gavrcelebis uzrunvelyofa;

- TiToeuli organizaciuli erTeulis rolisa da funqciis gansazRvra;

- individualuri rolis, pasuxismgeblo-bisa da uflebamosilebis garkveva;

- samuSaos ageba ise, rom masSi dakavebuli adamianebis unari da kvalifikacia, adamianebis uzrunvelyofa, kargad iqnes gamoyenebuli mo-tivaciis maRali doniT;

- organizaciuli ganviTarebis saqmi-

anobebis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba ise, rom uzrunvelyofil iyos organizaciaSi mimdinare sxvadasxva procesebis ise amoqmedeba, rac wv-lils Seitans organizaciis struqturis efeq-turobaSi;

- jgufebisa da saproeqto jgufebis Camoyalibeba ise, rom pasuxs agebdnen gansaz-Rvrul procesebze, ganviTarebaze, profesiul da administraciul saqmianobaze da proeqtis gaZRolaze.

unda vaRiaroT, rom saqmianobis logikuri gadajgufeba ver moxdeba mokle vadaSi, rad-gan ar arsebobs gamocdili adamiani, romel-ic warmarTavs axal saqmianobas. unariani pirovnebebi ki ise mtkiced arian fesvgamdgarni erT sferoSi, rom maTi iqidan gadayvana serio-zul zians miayenebs maT moralur mdgomareobas da Seamcirebs axali organizaciis srul efeq-tianobas.

organizaciuli ganviTareba exeba im pro-gramebis dagegmvas da ganxorcielebas, romelic Seqmnilia efeqtianobis asamaRleblad. mizans warmoadgens Tanmimdevruli midgomis gamoyen-eba. organizacia, romelic mizans aRwevs Tavisi aqcionerebis survilebisa da moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis gziT, Tavisi resursebis misad-agebiT SesaZleblobebTan, garemo cvlilebebT-an moqnilad SeguebiT da iseTi organizaciuli kulturis SeqmniT, romelic xels uwyobs val-debulebas, SemoqmedebiTobas, erTian faseu-lobas da urTierTndobas.

mTavaria, organizaciuli ganviTarebis pro-cesi da ara struqtura da sistemebi. mTavaria, rogor keTdeba da ara, ra keTdeba, vinaidan procesi asaxavs im saSualebas, riTac adamianebi moqmedeben da urTierTmoqmedeben. igi Seexeba rolebs, romelsac biznesSi adamianebi asrule-ben uwyvetad, am movlenebis da situaciebis garkvevaSi sxva adamianebis CarTviT da cvale-badi garemoebebis SeguebaSi.

organizaciul ganviTarebaSi aris pasuxi cv-lilebebze, romelic gamiznulia rwmenis, da-mokidebulebis, faseulobebis da organizaciu-li struqturebis Sesacvlelad, raTa adamianeb-ma SeZlon ukeT Segueba axal teqnologiebTan, bazrebTan, problemebTan da cvlilebebis don-esTan.

inovaciur menejmentSi didi yuradReba eqce-va organizaciuli ganviTarebis programebs, sa-dac Sedis:• moqmedebis kvleva, gamokvlevebis ukukavSi-

ri, intervencia, procesebze konsultacia, jgufsa da konfliqtSi Careva, pirovnebaSi Careva;

• moqmedebis kvleva mecnier levinis mier Camoyalibebuli midgomaa, romelsac adami-anebisagan procesebis sakiTxebze sistema-

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turad Segrovili monacemebis saxe aqvs da Semdeg ukan brundeba problemebis da maTi savaraudo mizezebis dasadgenad, raTa am saqmeSi CarTulma adamianebma erToblivad imoqmedon am problemis gadasaWrelad. mo-qmedebis kvlevis arsebiTi elementebi ino-vaciur menejmentSi: monacemebis Segrove-ba, diagnozis dasma, ukukavSiri, moqmedebis dagegmva, Sefaseba da qmedeba;

• menejerebis aRqmaSi teqnologiuri inova-ciebi ZiriTadad win uswrebs organizaci-ul-mmarTvelobiT inovaciebs. kvlevebis mixedviT mmarTvelobaSi danergil siax-leebs Soris 75% organizaciuli struq-turis formirebas ukavia. Semdeg adgilzea teqnikuri da programuli siaxleebis dan-ergva; axali teqnologiebi da biznespro-cesebis reformebi: finansebSi, marketing-Si, adamianuri resursis marTvaSi da a.S.

organizaciis axali formebis Seqmna, axali teqnologiebis gamoyeneba mmarTvelobaSi ni-Snavs korporatiuli kulturis aucilebel Secvlas, anu, organizaciis wevrebs Soris ur-TierTobebis, qcevis etalonebis simboloebis, biznesis warmarTvis xerxebis mTeli kompleqsis transformacias, romelic xazs usvams TiToeu-li kompaniis individualurobas. ZiriTadad saubari gvaqvs axal situaciaSi organizaciis atmosferos Secvlaze, rac praqtikulad niS-navs kompaniis cxovrebis da ganviTarebis prin-cipulad axali wesis danergvas.


1. abralava a. ekonomokisa da biznesis globalur-inovaciuri problemebi, Tbilisi, 2014

2. lomaia c. adamianuri resursebis menej-menti. Tb.2014,

3. Асаул А., Капаров Б., Перевязкин В. Старовойтов М. Модернизация экономики на основе технологических инноваций. Институт проблем экономического возрожденяю Санкт-ПетербургЖ 2008,

4. Национальный доклад „Организационно-управленческие инновации: развитие экономики основанной на знаниях». Под.ред. С.Е.Литовченко.М. Ассоциация Менеджеров. 2008.

5. Лапин Н. Целенаправленное воплощение знаний в инновациях. Проблемы теории и практики управления. 2008, №6.

6. Competitiveness Yearbook 2006//http://www.imd.ch.

7. Garelli S., The World Competitiveness Landscape in 2006/IMD World.


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mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi

guguli yuraSvili, profesori

reziume

biznesis saxeobaTa Soris sruliad gansa-kuTrebuli adgili uWiravs mcire bizness, me-warmeobas, romelic Soreul warsulSi iRebs saTaves. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom mcire biznesis daCqarebul ganviTarebas xels uwyobs is Tvisebebi rac misTvis Signidanaa damaxasiaTe-beli, kerZod, mcire sawarmoebi uzrunvelyofen resurswarmoebis ganviTarebas, axorcieleben operatiul menejments da ekonomias aRweven mmarTvelobiT xarjebSi, axasiaTebT ZiriTadi kapitalis ganaxlebis, axali teqnologiebis danergvis siswrafe, viwro specializaciis gziT axerxeben Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zr-das aqvT adgilobrivi pirobebis mimarT swrafi adaptaciis unari, axasiaTebT kapitalis swrafi brunvadoba, uzrunvelyofen axali samuSao adg-ilebis Seqmnas.

saqarTvelos gaCnia warmoebis ZiriTadi faqtorebi– mdidari bunebrivi resursebi, in-teleqtualuri da inovaciuri potenciali, magram es araa sakmarisi erovnul da msoflio bazarze konkurenciis gasawevad. magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom erovnuli danaxarji iyos msof-lio danaxarjze naklebi, aucilebelia bunebriv resursebis ekonomikuri moxmareba, risTvisac saWiroa warmoebis mTeli ciklis organizeba, axal teqnologiebsa da maT Sesabamis teqnolo-giur safuZvelze.

saqarTveloSi zogierT sferoSi (vaWroba, saerTo komerciuli moRvaweoba) mcire biznesi viTardeba sakmaod swrafad, agroveben did ka-pitals da principSi arc saWiroeben specialur saxelmwifoebriv daxmarebas, maSin, rodesac sawarmoo da inovaciur sferoebs, ganskuTre-biT periferiebSi, romlebic ganviTarebis po-tencials floben, xelisuflebis xelSewyoba sWirdeba. didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tu rogoria mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis saerTo programa, romelic ekonomikuri politikis er-TerTi mniSvnelovani nawilia.

Summary

The development problems of Small and Medium Business in Georgia

Guguli kurashvili, professor

A special place occupies small business, Entrepreneur-ship, between type of business, which is rooted in the dis-tant past. It should be noted, that accelerated development of small business favors its own features, typical for him from the inside business. In particular, small enterprises provide resource production development. They imple-ment operational management and achieved saving in ad-ministrative costs, characterized by major capital renewal, Rapid introduction of new technologies, through narrow specialization they have grown their labour productivity. They have quick adaptation to local conditions, character-ized by rapid turnover of capital, they provide new jobs.

Georgia has the main factors of production : Natural resources, intelligent and innovative potential, but it is not enough to rival the national and world markets. For exam-ple, in order that the national expenditure would be less than world expenditure, It is necessary to use natural re-sources in economic, and organize new technologies.

sabazro urTierTobaTa sistemis erTerTi mniSvnelovani rgolia biznesi, romelic meur-neobis uZvelesi saxeobaa. esaa mosaxleobis farTo fenebisaTvis meurneobrivi niWis da SesaZleblobaTa gamovlenis, gamocdis, saku-Tari maRalSemosavliani saqmis wamowyeba– gaS-lis farTo sarbielisa da materialuri keTil-dReobis miRwevis gansakuTrebuli wyaro. bi-znesi gansazRvravs adamianis cxovrebis wess da faseulobaTa sistemas, qmnis misi Tavisufali qcevis da azrovnebisaTvis myar materialur da sulier safuZvlebs.

yuradReba minda gavamaxvilo mcire da saSu-alo biznesis ganviTarebis problemebze saqarT-veloSi.

biznesis saxeobaTa Soris sruliad gansa-kuTrebuli adgili uWiravs mcire bizness, me-warmeobas, romelic Soreul warsulSi iRebs saTaves. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom mcire biznesis daCqarebul ganviTarebas xels uwyobs is Tvisebebi rac misTvis Signidanaa damaxasiaTe-beli, kerZod, mcire sawarmoebi uzrunvelyofen resurswarmoebis ganviTarebas, axorcieleben operatiul menejments da ekonomias aRweven mmarTvelobiT xarjebSi, axasiaTebT ZiriTadi kapitalis ganaxlebis, axali teqnologiebis

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danergvis siswrafe, viwro specializaciis gziT axerxeben Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zr-das aqvT adgilobrivi pirobebis mimarT swrafi adaptaciis unari, axasiaTebT kapitalis swrafi brunvadoba, uzrunvelyofen axali samuSao adg-ilebis Seqmnas.

mcire biznesi mravalganzomilebiani cnebaa. igi SezRuduli masStabiT xorcieldeba da in-dividTa an mewarmeTa mcire jgufis samewarmeo saqmianobas emyareba miuxedavad imisa, rom mcire biznesi meurneobis mraval sferoSi produqciis warmoebasa da realizaciasTan dakavSirebul samewarmeo saqmianobis mraval saxeobas moicavs , umetesad vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis sferosT-visaa damaxasiaTebeli.

mcire biznesis upiratesi mizani mogebis maqsimizaciaa, magram misi realizaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rigi Taviseburebebi:

–msxvil biznesTan SedarebiT saerTo erovnuli ekonomikuri keTildReoba, mosaxle-obis farTo fenebis socialuri daculoba da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis stabiluroba;

–did rols asrulebs meurneobis saxvadasx-va dargebisa da seqtorebis urTierTSewyobil ganviTarebaSi;

–msxvili, saSualo da mcire biznesis ur-TierTzegavlena da TanamSromloba xelsay-rel pirobebs qmnis TiToeul sferoSi materi-aluri, SromiTi da inteleqtualuri resurseb-is, gamoyenebisaTvis, produqciis miwodebasa da moTxovnaSi swrafi reagirebisaTvis;

–Tavisufalia konkurentuli biznes garemos uzrunvelyofis da misi harmonizaciis Tvalsaz-risiT;

–uzrunvelyofs SromiT saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul e.w. aramaterialur sociokul-turul da fsiqologiur faseulobaTa reali-zacias, rac gansazRvravs mcire biznesis fun-qciebis Camoyalibebas.

saqarTveloSi mcire mewarmeobis prioritet-uli funqciebia:

1. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis rac SeiZleba meti raodenobiT dasaqmeba;

2. mosaxleobis Semosavlis gadideba;3. demografiuli mdgomareobis gaum-

jobeseba;4. saSualo fenis Camoyalibeba;5. migraciuli procesebis Seneleba.Cvens qveyanas gaCnia warmoebis ZiriTadi

faqtorebi– mdidari bunebrivi resursebi, in-teleqtualuri da inovaciuri potenciali, magram es araa sakmarisi erovnul da msoflio bazarze konkurenciis gasawevad. magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom erovnuli danaxarji iyos msof-lio danaxarjze naklebi, aucilebelia bunebriv resursebis ekonomikuri moxmareba, risTvisac saWiroa warmoebis mTeli ciklis organizeba,

axal teqnologiebsa da maT Sesabamis teqnolo-giur safuZvelze.

mewarmeobis saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba warmoadgens ekonomikur, socialuri, organi-zaciuli, sakanonmdeblo da politikuri uzrun-velyofis sistemas romelic qmnis Tanamedrove mewarmeobis formebis da mdgradi ganviTarebis pirobebs. saxelmwifo mewarmeobis formirebis periodSi asrulebs Semdeg funqciebs:

1. saxelmwifos mier Tanamedrove mewarmeo-bis subieqtebis formireba. amisaTvis is uzrun-velyofa mewarmeobis ekonomikur Tavisuflebas da qveynis ekonomikur sivrceSi qmnis Tanaswor :TamaSis wesebs”, ayalibebs mewarmeobis stimu-lirebis ekonomikur meqanizmebs, aregulirebs sagadasaxado, sakredito, sadazRvevo da sxva sistemebs.

2. konkrentuli garemos Seqmna, romelic xels uwyobs konkurentuli upiratesobebis uzrunvelyofas teqnologiebis mudmivi ganax-lebiT, inovaciuri menejmentis da marketingis danergis, mewarmis inovaciuri da sarisko Sesa-Zleblobebis sruli realizaciis, racionaluri privatizaciis da antimonopoliuri politikis kargad SemuSavebuli efeqturi meqanizmis xar-jze.

3. mewarmeobis organizaciuli da sabaz-ro infrastruqturis formireba. dReisaT-vis garkveulwilad wydeba mcire biznesis in-frastruqturis Seqmnis mizniT saxelmwifo mxardaWeris problema mcire sawarmoebis in-frastruqtura. unda integrirdes zogadad samewarmeo saqmianobis masStabis sididis miuxe-davad .

4. mocemuli procesis socialuri orient-aciis uzrunvelyofa. am funqciis Sesruleba saWiroebs samewarmeo struqturis yuradRebas ara ekonomikuri, aramed socialuri efeqtis miRwevis mizniT. mewarmeobis Sinaarsis da rolis swori gageba iTxovs saxelmwifo regulirebisa-gan inovaciuri tipis warmoebis stimulirebas, konkurenciis ganviTarebas. es zrdis erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis donesa da dinamiur mdgradobas.

rac Seexeba mcire da saSuali biznesis wv-lils, maTi ganviTarebis tendenciebs dRemde, statistikuri monacemebis safuZvelze war-movadgenT da dinamikaSi arsebuli masalebis safuZvelze miviRebT realur suraTs.


68

biznes seqtori

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 I 2014 II 2014 III 2014 IV 2014 I 2015

ბრუნვა, მლნ.ლარი 19650.7 20302.2 24400.7 36726.2 42048.0 44327.9 9999.2 11080.0 12075.1 12986.9 11027.0

გამოშვებული პროდუქცია, მლნ.ლარი

10248.4 11003.1 13303.7 19239.9 23096.0 23553.6 5017.6 5682.9 6404.8 6836.8 5613.8

დამატებული ღირებულება, მლნ.ლარი

5162.6 5464.1 6703.2 9253.7 11190.7 12139.1 ... ... ... ... ...

შუალედური მოხმარება, მლნ.ლარი

5085.8 5539.0 6600.5 9986.3 11905.3 11414.5 ... ... ... ... ...

ფიქსირებული

აქტივები,

მლნ.ლარი

9257.1 12025.8 13386.1 15538.7 18625.8 20346.4 ... ... ... ... ...

დასაქმებულთა

რაოდენობა, კაცი349250 387463 397806 503236 534397 550885 495713 507610 520217 534952 545374

დასაქმებულთა

საშუალო თვიური

შრომის ანაზღაურება, ლარი

519.8 538.1 592.7 622.6 714.3 760.1 779.1 856.1 887.5 980.5 851.7

mTliani erovnuli Semosavali

2010 2011 2012 2013 I 14* II 14* III 14* IV 14* 2014* I 15*

მთლიანი ეროვნული შემოსავალი (მეშ), მლნ.ლარი

20102.8 23631.7 25925.6 26340.7 6136.8 7048.3 7461.7 8272.3 28919.0 6758.2

მეშ ერთ სულზე, ლარი**

4531.3 5287.7 5764.3 5874.6 1366.6 1569.6 1661.7 1842.2 6440.0 1812.1

მეშ, მლნ. აშშ დოლარი

11277.2 14016.1 15700.5 15835.3 3507.8 3999.2 4275.5 4580.7 16376.8 3260.2

მეშ ერთ სულზე, აშშ დოლარი**

2542.0 3136.1 3490.9 3531.7 781.2 890.6 952.1 1020.1 3647.0 874.2

saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis xelSewyobisaTvis kidev bevria gasakeTebeli, kerZod, sakmaod xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac axladSeqmnil sawarmoebi saqmianobis dawyebamde likvidacias ganicdian, igive emarteba bevr fun-qcionirebad erTeulebs, ZiriTadad finansuri siZneleebis motiviT. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Zalian dabalia mcire sawarmoebis ganviTarebis tempi mrewvelobaSi, ra umetesad ganpirobebu-lia maTi produqciis dabali konkurentunari-anobiT da arasakmarisad ganviTarebuli Sida moTxovniT.kvlav aris da bolomde ar aRmoifx-vra sagadasaxado presi.

saqarTvelos upirvelesad esaWiroeba sax-elmwifo regulirebis mimarTulebebi, ro-

goricaa mewarmeobis sakadro uzrunvelyofa , samewarmeo saqmianobis sagareo ekonomikuri mxardaWera, mewarmeobis regulirebis saxelm-wifo struqturebis ekonomikuri potenciali da sxv.

saqarTveloSi zogierT sferoSi (vaWroba, saerTo komerciuli moRvaweoba) mcire biznesi viTardeba sakmaod swrafad, agroveben did ka-pitals da principSi arc saWiroeben specialur saxelmwifoebriv daxmarebas, maSin, rodesac sawarmoo da inovaciur sferoebs , ganskuTre-biT periferiebSi, romlebic ganviTarebis po-tencials floben, xelisuflebis xelSewyoba sWirdeba.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tu rogoria mcire da

69

saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis saerTo progra-ma, romelic ekonomikuri politikis erTerTi mniSvnelovani nawilia.

mewarmeobis ganviTarebisas erTerTi upirve-lesi piroba sagadasaxado politikis sworad ga-tarebaa, romelic saxelmwifo biujetSi iuridi-uli da fizikuri pirebis mier kanonmdeblobis mixedviT sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Sesabamisad Sevsebis wyaros warmoadgens. gadasaxadis fun-qciebia:

–fiskaluri finansuri Semosavlebis Sevseba;–ekonomikuri (mastimulirebeli);– xeli Seuwyos qveynis ekonomikur ganvi-

Tarebas;–regulirebis (socialuri)–axdens Semosav-

lebis programul gadanawilebas.


1. makarovi S, nacvliSvili i. mcirebbizne-sis marTva, teqnikuri universiteti , Tb. 2008.

2. Sengelia T. Tanamedrove biznesis safuZ-vlebi, naw.1 Tb. 2007

3. www. Geostat.ge


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ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ НОВОЙ МОДЕЛИ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ

Марина Лещенко

Summary

The main features of the new global economic develop-ment’s model are analyzed. The preconditions of chang-ing economic positions between developed and develop-ing countries are determined. In recent years developing countries have begun to increase their economic potential and their shares in world trade, financial and labor flows. The variants of the growth poles’ development using an index of multipolarity are considered. The main indicators of multipolarity index for developed and developing coun-tries are analyzed.

. Keywords: world’s economy, development, multipo-

larity, index, geo-economics, growth pole

Постановка проблемы. Современная мировая экономика развивается колоссальными темпами, что связано с совершенствованием технологий, с развитием процессов интеграции и глобализации, с углублением интернационализации и разделения труда, с оперативным и безграничным распространением информационных потоков. На смену лидирующим игрокам мирового экономического развития приходят новые, имеющие в своем арсенале другие способы и методы достижения непрерывного экономического роста. Экономические отношения становятся комплексными и разнообразными, увеличивается роль компаний, внедряющих инновационные решения.

Проблемы формирование геоэкономики и ее трансформации рассмотрены в исследованиях зарубежных и отечественных ученых, среди них: В. Бодров, В. Базилевич, А. Гальчинский, В. Дергачев, К. Жан, Е. Кочетов, Дж. Корнаи, П. Леоненко, И. Лукинов, О. Неклеса, К. Поланьи, Ю. Пахомов, П. Савон, А. Филлипенко, Л.Фитуни, Ю. Яковец и другие. В тоже время, вопросы трансформации современного мирового пространства и соотношения экономического потенциала развитых и развивающихся стран являются особенно актуальными в контексте современных мегатрендов экономического развития, что обуславливает важность данного исследования.

Основная часть. В условиях глобализации, регионализации, интеграции экономика любой страны оказывается неразрывно связанной с мировой экономикой. Поэтому, экономическое развитие в национальных рамках и внешнеэкономические связи непосредственно зависят друг от друга, являются звеньями одного и того же процесса. Процессы,

происходящие в мире, затрагивают национальную экономическую политику, ограничивая ее возможности. Мировая экономика постепенно трансформируется в некоторую систему, в которой все основные пропорции воспроизводства будут определяться не столько на национальном, но и на международном уровне; и оказывается вне юрисдикции отдельных правительств, министерств, центральных банков и их экономической политики. Все эти процессы ведут к изменению классической иерархии мировой экономики (рис. 1).

Рис.1. Факторы, обуславливающие изменение модели мировой экономики

Кроме того, в современных условиях глобального экономического развития следует отметить важную тенденцию смены позиций между развитыми и развивающимися странами. Мировые растущие экономики (лидеры среди развивающихся стран) начали оспаривать экономическую мощь развитых стран (в первую очередь, G-7), делая ставку на растущую долю в мировой торговли, финансовых и трудовых потоках. Финансовый кризис ускорил эту тенденцию, поскольку экономические показатели в развивающихся странах после кризиса были намного выше, чем в развитых странах. Краткосрочные прогнозы роста также показывают, что страны с быстро растущими экономиками значительно расширяются, и полюса роста мировой экономики начинают выходить за пределы развитых стран.

Наиболее вероятным базовым сценарием будущего развития будет служить выдвижение на лидирующие позиции экономик роста. Так, совокупный реальный доход шести крупных стран мира с развивающейся экономикой – Бразилии, Индии, Индонезии, Китая, Южной Кореи – к 2025 году будет соответствовать

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доходам в Еврозоне. Средний процент роста экономик догоняющего развития составит 4,7%, в отличие от 2,3% преподающих на долю развитых стран мира. Большая доля глобальных торгово-акционерных потоков достанется развивающимся странам [4, с.10].

Многополярная мировая экономика окажется весьма положительной для развивающихся стран, однако не для каждой индивидуально. Рост внешних факторов торговли, миграции, финансов стимулирует передачу технологий, спрос на экспорт в эмерджентных экономиках. Кроме того, диффузное распределение глобального роста создает новые драйвера развития [3,с. 19-20]. Эта характеристика стала очевидна в связи с последствиями финансового кризиса 2008 года, когда на долю развивающихся стран приходилось более четверти всех финансовых сделок. Эффект многополярной мировой экономики различен по странам, в особенности тех, которые напрямую зависят от прямого спроса, которые являются нетто-импортерами товаров и минеральных ресурсов

Для качественного определения полюсов роста и характеристики финансовых потоков и каналов их распределения Международной Организацией Интеллектуальной Собственности (World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO) был разработан индекс многополярности. Специфика его заключается том, что период анализа составляет не меньше 15 лет и данные, используемые в расчетах, должны быть качественно проверены с помощью универсальных формул организации.

Индекс многополярности рассчитывается с учетом доли роста полярности и масштабируется от 0 до 100. Предполагается, что полярность неуклонно увеличивалась после конца Второй Мировой войны, затем пошла на спад, и со второй декады XXI века снова начала расти (рис.2.).

Рис. 2.2. Эволюция многополярного роста развитых стран (составлено на основе источника [5])

Отметим, что крупные промышленные экономики были локомотивами глобального экономического роста в XX веке, все же эта тенденция меняется. Используя индекс многополярности, который фиксирует внешние эффекты роста за счет каналов торговли, финансов и передачи технологий, следует отметить тенденцию снижения роста экономики мировых лидеров. Индекс многополярности Японии резко упал после 1990-

х гг. по причине снижения стоимости ее основных активов. Аналогичным образом формировался индекс многополярности в США и Еврозоне. Исследуя динамику многополярности в ключевых экономиках догоняющего развития, наблюдаем их синхронный рост, за исключением Китая, чей индекс был выше, чем Еврозоне и США (рис.3.).

Данная ситуация отображает динамику становления глобальных полюсов экономического роста, обусловленная вхождением этих стран в мировую торговлю, финансы и каналы передачи технологий. Возникающие рынки становятся неотъемлемым компонентом в круговороте мировых финансово-экономических процессов.

Свою экономическую значимость продолжают наращивать страны догоняющего развития. В тоже время, показатели для США и Еврозоны значительно ухудшились. Значительную роль в мировой финансовой активности стали играть страны с быстро формирующимися рынками, включая Индию и Россию, а также Южная Корея, Малайзия, Сингапур и Турция, которые включаются в группу Next-11. Кроме того, страны Латинской Америки, такие как Бразилия и Мексика, находятся на уровне ниже, чем ожидалась, согласно их экономическим размерам и моделям международного экономического участия.

Рис. 3. Эволюция многополярного роста развивающихся стран (составлено на основе источника [5])

Наконец, некоторые региональные страны, такие

как Египет, Арабская Республика и Южная Африка, не отображаются в таблице, так как это по размерам достаточно малые экономики в глобальном сравнении, и, как правило, эффект роста распространяется только на их региональном уровне, что не позволяет им стать региональными полюсами роста.

Очевидным является и распространение полярности роста при измерении тройки стран (Китай, Еврозона и США) на глобальном уровне. На их счет преподает почти 80 процентов всей полярности, измеряемой реальными показателями 2000-2010 гг. Этот показатель демонстрирует такой феномен в экономике, как тот, что на небольшое территориальное пространство преподает большая доля экономического роста и


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активности. Важным является и тот аспект, что экономики,

которые были вытеснены в качестве претендентов на роль лидирующего полюса, играют важную роль в экономическом росте их региона. Южная Африка, например, является самым важным региональным полюсом роста в регионе стран южнее Сахары, однако Нигерия и Анголы принимают активное участие в мировой финансовой деятельности [1, c.20].

Как потенциальные полюса роста, развивающиеся страны, генерируют самоокупаемый, внутренний рост. В Восточной Азии экономическое «чудо» было связано с быстрым, по историческим меркам, накоплением факторов производства, основывающихся на стратегиях роста за счет экспорта, и в то же время со скромным уровнем совокупной производительности. Кроме того, с конца 1990-х годов, глобальный рост в значительной степени зависел от роста производительности в США и увеличения потребительского спроса.

Выводы. Таким образом, происходит диффузное изменение драйверов мирового финансового роста, что выражается в многополярности мировой экономики. В 2004-2009 гг. Соединенные штаты, Еврозона, Китай служили основными полюсами роста. К 2025 году страны с развивающейся экономикой, в том числе Бразилия, Индия, Индонезия, Южная Корея, Россия, наряду с развитыми экономиками – Япония, Великобритания – будут составлять полюса развития. Но, чтобы поддерживать темпы роста и служить истинными центрами экономического развития странам с развивающейся экономикой необходимо будет произвести структурные изменения, генерирующие внутреннюю самоокупаемость, за счет устойчивого роста производительности и внутреннего спроса. Это важные факторы для инвестиционных возможностей, внедрения новых технологий и более продуктивного использования старых.

В долгосрочной перспективе, экономика будет продолжать оставаться полюсом роста, только если она способна развивать свой инновационный и производственный потенциал – которые приводят развитию источников внутреннего спроса [2]. Следовательно, устойчивый рост в потенциальных полюсах роста развивающейся экономики требует значительных инвестиций. Только тогда, когда рост экономики будет сбалансирован, полюса роста будет устойчивым к глобальным потрясениям. Тем не менее, исторические данные свидетельствуют о том, что возможен переход развития к странам, ориентированным на внутренний рынок. Так как потенциальные полюса роста – развивающиеся экономики наращивают темпы роста за счет более эффективного и инновационного использования ресурсов.

Список использованных источников:

1. Абрамова И.О. Переход к новой экономической модели мира и страны Африки /Абрамов И.О. – Проблемы современной экономики.,2012. – С. 18-39

2. Дугин А. Г. Теория многополярного мира. — М.: Евразийское движение, 2013. – 532 с.

3. Фитуни Л. Дифференциация развивающихся стран: валютно-финансовые аспекты (вопросы теории).Статья 2 (Часть 1) // Азия и Африка сегодня. – 2013. – № 5. – С. 18–26.

4. Фитуни Л. Дифференциация развивающихся стран и новая архитектура мировой экономики. (Вопросы теории) Статья 1. Лидеры догоняющего развития в новой модели мировой экономики // Азия и Африка сегодня. – 2012. – № 10. – С. 9–18.

5. The World Bank. Global Development Horizons 2011. Multipolarity: The New Global Economy/World Bank. Washington. [Электронный ресурс]. - URL: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGDH/Resources/GDH_CompleteReport2011.pdf (дата обращения: 5.11.2014).

6. The World Bank. Indicators. [Электронный ресурс]. - URL: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.PP.CD (дата обращения: 5.11.2014).

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73

biznes-inJineringi energetikaSi

saqarTvelos energo geopolitikuri momavali

salome lomiZe, doqtoranti

reziume

ganxilulia saqarTvelos, TurqeTisdaazer-baijanis sammxrivi partiniorobis geopoliti-kuri aspeqtebi da TiToeuli qveynis energeti-kuli strategia. TiToeuli qveynis 2000-2012 wlebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT gaanalizebuli energetikuli indikatorebis safuZvelze ga-keTebulia Semdegi daskvnebi: eleqtroenergiis kuTri warmoeba erT sul mosaxleze saqarTve-los, TurqeTisdaazerbaijanisTvis TiTqmis Tanabaria, rac sagrZnoblad CamorCeba gan-viTarebuli qveynebis, magaliTad norvegiis analogiur maCvenebels; rac Seexeba hidrosad-gurebiT eleqtroenergiis warmoebas, sammxrivi partniorobis qveynebidan saqarTvelo lide-robs, xolo CO2-is emisiebis mixedviT saqarT-velo aseve gamoirCeva saukeTeso maCveneblebiT da aqvs perspeqtiva gadaiqces emisiebis qvote-biT vaWrobis sistemis regionul liderad, rac gazrdis saqarTvelos geopolitikur rols da mniSvnelobas samxreT kavkasiaSi.

sakvanZo sityvebi: geopolitika, energetiku-li strategia, sammxrivi partnioroba.

Summary

Salome Lomidze, Doctoral student

The article discusses energy geopolitical aspects of Georgia, Turkey and Azerbaijan trilateral partnership and each country’s energy strategy. Based on the data is ana-lyzed energy indicators for each country in 2000-2012. On the basis of the following findings is made conclusion: Specific electricity production per capita in Georgia, Tur-key and Azerbaijan are almost equal, which is significantly lower than in developed countries, such as Norway; As for hydro electricity generation, from the trilateral partner-ship countries leads Georgia, and according to the CO2-emissions, Georgia also boasts the best exponents and has a perspective to become a regional leader in emissions quota trading system, which will increase the importance and geopolitical role in South Caucasus.

Keywords: geopolitics, energy policy, the trilateral partnership.

* * * * * * *

saqarTvelos, TurqeTis da azerbaijanisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania evropul da ev-roatlantikur struqturebSi integraciis sak-iTxebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gansakuTrebiT bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi samma qveyanam Zlier gazarda daaxloebis urTierTobebi ekonomi-kuri da geopolitikuri interesebis sasarge-blod. sammxriv urTierTobebs Zveli fesvebi aqvs, romelic gansakuTrebiT gaZlirda baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis (BTC) milsadenis proeqtis dawyebidan (1990w.), roca mogvianebiT mohyva samxreT kavkasiis milsadeni da warmoiSva sxva perspeqtiuli proeqtebi. TurqeTis ekonomi-kuri da geopolitikuri strategia damokidebu-lia energiis stabilur da moculobiT nakade-bze azerbaijanidan da kaspiis regionidan da aqvs miswrafeba gardaqmnas sawyisi periferiuli saxelmwifo, rogorc evroatlantikuri sivrcis ZiriTadi anu saxelmwifo ,,xidi’’kaspiis region-Si.

kavkasiaSi, TurqeTis energetikuli saWiroe-bebi da Zlieri partnioroba azerbaijanTan mo-qmedebs rogorc strategiis qvakuTxedi, xolo saqarTvelo, Tavisi strategiuli mdebareobiT warmoadgens fizikur ,,links’’ TurqeTsa da azerbaijans Soris. sammxrivma TanamSromlobam gazarda TurqeTSi energiis saWiroeba, xolo azerbaijanSi unari, miawodos mas ufro meti energiaSemcveli, rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, misi fizikuri adgilmdebareoba saSualebs iZleva, romes ori qveyana erTmaneTs daakavSiros. sam-mxrivi partniorobis Sedegad saxezea Semdegi proeqtebi, rogoricaa trans-anatoliisgazsad-eni (TANAP), rogorc kidev erTi sammxrivi en-ergetikuli arteria, xolo transadriatikuli gazsadeni (TAP) uzrunvelyofs kaspiis zRvis naxSirwyalbadebis gatanas evropis bazrebze. garda amisa, sammxrivi baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis rkinigzis (BTK) proeqti iqneba damatebiTi Sesa-Zleblobebi transportis, energetikis da xalx-is mimosvlis procesSi. aRsaniSnavia, BTK aris londonsa da Sanxais Soris evraziis sarkinigzo derefnis mniSvnelovani nawili. geopoliti-kurad, sammxrivi partnioroba warmoadgens sax-elmwifoTa strategiuli miznebis daaxloebas. TurqeTis energetikuli saWiroebebida xedvis strategiuli siRrme bunebrivs xdis mis Car-


74

Tulobas samxreT kavkasiis regionSi. saqarT-velosTvis, TurqeTi aris evropasTan dammax-lovebeli da agreTve Zlieri savaWro partnio-ri. azerbaijanisTvis strategiulad misaRebia ufro saimedo da megobrul bazrebze ener-giaSemcvelebis gatana, riTac Zlierdeba misi geopolitikuri mniSvneloba. sabolood, sam-mxrivi partniorobis Sedegad sami saxelmwifos ,,viwroerovnuli interesebi’’ Seicvleba ufro farTosargebelis miRebiT. miuxedavad saqarT-velos, TurqeTis da azerbaijanis gansxvavebuli mosaxleobis raodenobis da energiaSemcvelebis flobisa, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia ramdenime energetikuli indikatoris urTierTSedareba. msoflio bankis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, war-modgenilia sammxrivi partniorobis qveynebis da erT-erTi ganviTarebuli qveynis, norvegiis (romelic mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT yv-elze metad Seesabameba saqarTvelos) 2000-2012 wlebis Semdegi monacemebi: eleqtroenergiis sakuTari saSualebebiT warmoeba da saerTo moxmareba, aseve naCvenebia eleqtroenergiis warmoebisa da moxmarebis kuTri wili erT sul mosaxleze, hidrosadgurebis mier gamoSvebuli eleqtroenergiis raodenoba naturalur maCven-eblebSi da procentuli raodenoba saerTo war-moebaSi, agreTve naxSirorJangis emisiis raode-noba. qveynis ekonomikuri siZlieris erT-erTi indikatori aris erT sul mosaxleze warmoebu-li eleqtroenergiis raodenoba, kvtsT.rogorc analizi aCvenebs, 2012 wlisTvis eleqtroenergi-

is kuTri warmoeba erT sul mosaxleze saqarT-velos, TurqeTisdaazerbaijanisTvis TiTqmis Tanabaria da ar aWarbebs 3237 kvtsT/kaci, rac sagrZnoblad CamorCeba ganviTarebuli qveyneb-is, magaliTad norvegiis analogiur maCvenebels 25618 kvtsT/kaci (ix. nax.1).

nax.1. eleqtroenergiis kuTri warmoeba erT sul mosaxleze, kvtsT/kaci, 2012 w.

75

dRevandel msoflioSi dawyebulia arat-radiciuli, ganaxlebadi energiis efeqturad gamoyenebis saSualebebis Zieba, raTa amowur-vadi energetikuli resursebis, rogoricaa nax-Siri, bunebrivi gazi da navTobis gamoyeneba en-ergetikuli miznebisTvis Seicvalos ganaxle-badi energiis wyaroebiT. garda amisa, ganaxle-badi energiis gamoyenebis wina planze gadmos-vla gamowveulia iseTi faqtorebiT, rogoricaa tradiciuli energoresursebis SezRuduli maragi, globaluri daTboba da energiis momx-marebelTa raodenobis zrda. saqarTvelo ganax-lebadi energiis potencialis, gansakuTrebiT hidroenergiis mxriv erT-erTi umdidresi qvey-anaa da ganaxlebadi energiis seqtoris ganvi-Tareba saSualebas miscems daakmayofilos qvey-nis Siga moTxovna da eleqtroenergiis msxvil regionalur eqsportioradac iqces. saqarT-velos geopolitikuri rolis da mniSvnelobis erT erTi maCvenebelia misi ganaxlebadi ener-giis wyaroebiT, gansakuTrebiT hidroenergiis gamoyenebiT miRebuli eleqtroenergiis xve-driTi wili sakuTari saSualebebiT generaciis saerTo moculobasTan. rogorc me-2 naxazidan Cans, saqarTvelo mniSvnelovnad aWarbebs Tur-qeTisa da azerbaijanis analogiur maCveneblebs da mxolod ramdenime procentuli punqtiT CamorCeba norvegias.

ramodenime aTwleulia ukve, rac msoflio didi problemis winaSe warsdga. kerZod: uCveu-lo sicive, Warbi naleqi, wyaldidobebi, mewyeri, zvavi da a.S. am yvelafris mizezi ki ukve kargad cnobilia msoflio sazogadoebisTvis da is, at-mosferoSi sasaTbure airebis (naxSirbadis dio-qsidis, azotis oqsidebi, ftoris airadi naer-Tebi, meTani da a.S.) gamofrqveva warmoadgens. Sesabamisad ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi gaizarda am nivTierebebis koncentracia at-

mosferoSi, ramac egreT wodebuli „global-uri daTboba” gamoiwvia.bolo periodSi mTel msoflioSi aRiniSneba atmosferoSi „saTbur-is gazebis” raodenobis intensiuri zrda, rac gamowveulia adamianTa mier toqsikuri nivTier-ebebis gamoyenebiT da Sedegad kacobriobas elis mZafri energetikuli da ekologiuri krizisi. saTburis gazebidan, yvelaze ufro farTod gavrcelebulia naxSirbadis orJangi (CO2). wiaRiseuli saTbobis gamoyeneba energetikuli miznebisTvis warmoadgens CO2-is emisiebis mTa-var wyaros, maSin roca ganaxlebadi energiebis gamoyeneba eleqtroenergiis misaRebad emisiebis Semcirebis yvelaze efeqtiani gzaa. saqarTve-los geopolitikuri roli samxreT kavkasiaSi gaizrdeba, Tu is warmatebiT CaerTveba emisie-biT vaWrobis msoflio sistemaSi, sadac dabali emisiis mqone qveynebi miyidian Tavis qvotebs maRali emisiis mqone qveynebs, raTa maT Sea-srulon ,,kiotos oqmis’’ Sesabamisad dadebuli xelSekrulebis pirobebi emisiebis Semcirebis Taobaze.saqarTvelos 2000-2012 wlebis period-Si yvelaze kargi monacemebi gaaCnianaxSirorJan-gis emisiis mixedviT TurqeTTan azerbaijanTan da norvegiasTan SedarebiT (ix.nax.3).

saqarTveloSi naxSirorJangis emisiebi 2012 wels bevrad naklebia (6241 aTasi tona) TurqeT-Tan (298002 aTasi tona), azerbaijanTan (45731 aTasi tona) da norvegiasTan (57187 aTasi tona) SedarebiT (ix.nax.4)

miuxedavad imisa, rom TurqeTi da azerbai-jani mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli kulturis, eni-sa da religiis mxriv, xolo marTlmadidebeli saqarTvelo kulturulad da lingvisturad gansxvavebulia, saqarTvelos, TurqeTis da azerbaijanis sammxrivi partinioroba maTi geo-politikuri strategiidan gamomdinare, ukve ganviTarebadi Zalaa samxreT kavkasiaSi.

nax. 3. saqarTvelos, TurqeTis, azerbaijanis da norvegiis naxSirorJangis emisiebi 2000-2012 wlebis periodSi.


76


1. gudiaSvili m. arabiZe m. energetikuli warmoebis dagegmva-ganviTareba. Tb.: 2009 w.

2. Michael HikariCecire.Turkey-Georgia-Azerbai-jan: Trilateralism and the Future of Black Sea Regional Geopolitics. The issue of the CACI Analyst, 2013.

3. www.minenergy.gov.ge4. http://www.resonancedaily.com5. www.data.worldbank.org/indicator/

nax.4. saqarTvelos, TurqeTis, azerbaijanis da norvegiis naxSirorJangis emisiebi 2012 w.

77

qveynis teritoriaze axali hesebis

optimaluri gaadgilebis Sesaxebnanuli samsonia, profesori

ia maxaraZe, doqtoranti

reziume

statiaSi ganxilulia axali eleqtrosad-gurebis eleqtrosistemaSi optimaluri gaadg-ilebis sakiTxi. naCvenebia, rom sxva erTnairi moTxovnebis pirobebSi, qselSi danakargebis minimizaciis TvalsazrisiT, axali eleqtro-sadgurebis ageba mizanSewonilia datvirTvis im kvanZis axlo regionSi, romelic xasiaTdeba didi dadebiTi sididis aqtiuri simZlavris wilobrivi danakargebiT, an generaciis im kvan-Zis axlo regionSi, romelic xasiaTdeba didi uaryofiTi sididis aqtouri simZlavris wilo-brivi danakargebiT.

saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis erTi saxasi-aTo reJimis magaliTze naCvenebia, rom qselSi danakargebis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT, ZemoT aRniSnuli kriteriumis mixedviT generaciis ax-ali wyaroebi ufro ekonomikuria agebuli iqnes axalcixisa da gardabnis kvanZebis regionSi.

sakvanZo sityvebi: eleqtroenergetika, sis-temuri midgoma, wilobrivi danakargebi, defi-citi/siWarbe, optimaluri gaadgileba.

Summary

Article describes an optimal placement of the new pow-er stations in the power grid. It is shown, that in a condition of the other same requirements regarding the minimization loses in the network, construction of the new power sta-tions is reasonable in an area close to that loading node, which is characterized by the partial loses of the actual power of a high positive value and also, in an area close to the generation node, which is characterized by the partial loses of the active power of a high negative value.

On an example of the characteristic regime in the Geor-gian Power System is shown, that based on above-noted criteria (minimization of loses in the power system) new generation sources economically is preferable to be con-structed in a region close to the Akhaltsikhe and Gardabani.

* * * * * * *

eleqtroenergetika qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalaa. eleqtroen-ergiaze moTxovnebis zrdis winmswrebad xor-cieldeba axali eleqtrosadgurebis eqsplu-ataciaSi gaSvebis procesi. eleqtroenergiaze moTxovnebis zrdas Tan axlavs am qselSi ener-giis danakargebis zrda da, Sesabamisad, saWi-roa SemuSavdes energiis axali wyaroebis qvey-nis teritoriaze gaadgilebis iseTi modeli, romelic gadacemis qselSi energiis danakargeb-is Semcirebas Seuwyobs xels.

sawarmoo-ekonomikuri sistemebis funqcion-irebis analizi da ganviTarebis dagegmvaS ei-Zleba mxolod sistemuri midgomis safuZvelze, rac gulisxmobs didi sistemebisTvis damaxasi-aTebeli Taviseburebebis erT mTlian kompleqs-Si gaTvaliswinebas.

eleqtroenergetikuli (eleqtruli) sistema didi xelovnuri da dinamikuri sistemaa. Igi moi-cavs qveynis mTel teritorias da warmoadgens im teqnologiuri procesebis erTobliobas, rac dakavSirebulia eleqtroenergiis warmoeba, gadacemasa da ganawilebasTan.

saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis ganvi-TarebaSi prioriteturad ganixileba hidrosad-gurebis mSenebloba, radganac: hidroresurse-biT saqarTvelo sakmarisad mdidari qveya-naa; mdinareTa wylis resursebi ganekuTvneba ekologiurad sufTa da mudmivad ganaxlebad wyaroebs; hidrosadgurebze gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergia iafia; TviTon hidrosadgurebi manevrirebadi sadgurebia (gansakuTrebiT wyal-sacaviani sadgurebi) – Seucvlelia datvirT-vebis dReRamuri da sezonuri regulirebisas da eqstremalur situaciebSi SeuZlia datvirTvis swrafi gazrda/Semcireba.

eleqtrulisistemis funqcionireba da gan-viTareba SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes sam aspeqtSi – teqniko-ekonomikuri, socialur-demografi-uli da ekologiuri. amaTgan, pirveli ukavS-irdeba axali ekonomikuri teqnikisa da teqnol-ogiebis Seqmnas, meore – energetikis gavlenas qveynis socialur da politikur situaciaze, xolo mesame – energetikis gavlenas garemoze.

eleqtroenergetikis ganviTarebasTan dakav-Sirebuli gadawyvetilebis Sefasebis maCvene-blad, sxvadasxva kriteriumebs Soris ganixile-ba ekonomikurobis da garemos dacvis (ekolo-


78

giuri) kriteriumebi. ekonomikurobis krite-riumis ZiriTadi moTxovnaa winaswar dasaxuli efeqti (mizani) miRweuli iqnes materialuri da SromiTi resursebis minimaluri danaxar-jebis pirobebSi. Garemos dacvis kriteriumi ki gulisxmobs bunebasa da adamians Soris im kon-fliqturi situaciebis mowesrigebas, rac mosa-lodnelia adamianis mier dagegmili teqnikuri RonisZiebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad.

ekonomikurobis kriteriumi warmoadgens wliur saeqspluatacio xarjebs, romlis erT-erTi Semdgeni qselSi energiis transportirebT gamowveuli aqtiuri simZlavris danakargebis proporciuli sididea.

qselSi aqtiuri simZlavris danakargebi gamoiTvleba kvanZuri datvirTvebiT/generaci-iT

∑∑= =

+=∆n

i

n

jijjiji RQQPP

UP

1 12 )(1

n

aq: Rij qselis kvanZebis sakuTari da urTi-erT winaRobebi,xolo Pi, Pj, Qi da Qj kvanZuri datvirTva/generacia, romelic generaciis SemTxvevaSi aiReba “+” niSniT da datvirTvis SemTxvevaSi “-“ niSniT.

aRniSnuli gamosaxulebis safuZvelze Segvi-Zlia miviRoT calkeuli kvanZuri datvirTvebi-Ta da calkeuli kvanZuri generaciiT gamowveu-li danakargebis (wilobrivi danakargebis) saan-gariSo gamosaxulebebi

∑=

=∆n

Jijj

iP RP

UP

Pi

12n

∑=

=∆n

Jijj

iQ RQ

UQ

Pi

12n

kvanZuri datvirTvebis/generaciis wilo-brivi danakargebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi. Tu kvanZuri dat-virTviT gamowveuli danakargi dadebiTia/uaryofiTia, maSin am kvanZis regionSi gvaqvs generaciis deficiti/siWarbe, xolo Tu kvanZuri generaciiT gamowveuli danakargi dadebiTia/uaryofiTia, maSin am kvanZis re-gionSi gvaqvs generaciis სიჭარბე/deficiti.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sistemaSi gener-aciis axali wyaro ufro efeqturia aigos im kvanZis regionSi, romlis kvanZuri datvirTviT gamowveuli wilobrivi danakargebi dadebiTia da, amasTan udidesia, an im kvanZis regionSi, romlis kvanZuri generaciiT gamowveuli da-nakargebi uaryofiTia da, amasTan, absolituri sididiT udidesia.

ganvixiloT martivi qseli (nax.1), sadac naCvenebia kvanZuri datvirTvebis/generaciis (mgva) da ubanTa winaRobebis (omi) ricxviTi mniS-vnelobebi. am qselis kvanZebis sakuTari da ur-TierT winaRobebi, mabalansebeli es-0 sadguris

kvanZis mimarT, mocemulia cxr.1-Si. am cxrilis bolo or striqonSi naCvenebia kvanZuri dat-virTvebi/generacia, xolo bolo or svetSi ki – kvanZuri aqtiuri da reaqtiuli datvirTva/generaciiT gamowveuli wilobrivi danakargebi.

nax.1.

cxr.1.

kvan-Zi

#

1 2 3 4 5

∑j

ijj RP ∑j

ijj RQ ∑j

ijji RP

UP

2n

∑j

ijji RQ

UQ

2n

1 6 6 6 6 6 -402 -294 0.166 0,091

2 6 11 11 11 11 -637 -464 0.197 0,096

3 6 11 19 19 11 -541 -416 0,089 0,052

4 6 11 19 25 11 -421 -344 -0,174 -0,085

5 6 11 11 11 16 -857 -614 0,779 0,381

iP-20 -15 -8 20 -44

057,1=∆∑ iPP 535,0=∆∑ iQP

iQ-15 -10 -6 12 -30

592,1=∆∑ P

rogorc am cxrilidan Cans,“4” kvanZis aqti-uri/reaqtiuli generaciiT gamowveuli wilo-brivi danakargebi uaryofiTia (-0,174 da -0,085 mgvt). es miuTiTebs masze, rom danakargebis Sem-cirebis mizniT, energiis axali wyaro swored am kvanZSi unda SemoviyvanoT. analogiurad, “5” kvan-Zis aqtiuri/reaqtiuli datvirTviT gamowveuli wilobrivi danakargebi dadebiTia (0,779 da 0,381 mgvt) da yvelaze ufro didia, vidre danarCeni kvanZebis datvirTvebiT gamowveuli wilobrivi danakargebi, rac miuTiTebs masze, rom dana-kargebis Semcirebis mizniT, energiis axali wya-ro aigos swored am kvanZis regionSi.

kvanZuri wilobrivi danakargebis analizis gziT, saqarTvelos eleqtrosistemis 500 kv Zabvis gadacemis qselis magaliTze (nax.2), Se-fasebuli iqna sistemaSi generaciis axali wya-ros optimaluri gaadgilebis (agebis adgilis) sakiTxi. sailustraciod ganxilulia sistemis muSaobis zafxulis erTerTi reJimi. sistemis jamuri aqtiuri datvirTva Seadgens 1020 mg-vt-s. maT Soris 480 mgvt TurqeTSi eqsporti.

79

gamoTvlebis sizustis amaRlebis mizniT 500 kv Zabvis eleqtrogadacemis xazebi warmodgenil-ia jaWvuri Canacvlebis sqemis saxiT. cxr.2-Si naCvenebia mocemuli qselis kvanZebis sakuTari da urTierT winaRobebi. amave cxrilis bolo or striqonSi naCvenebia kvanZebis aqtiuri da reaqtiuli datvirTva/generacia, xolo bolo or svetSi ki naCvenebia kvanZuri datvirTva/generaciebiT gamowveuli aqtiuri simZlavris wilobrivi danakargebi.

nax.2.

cxr.2.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

PiP∆ QiP∆1 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 - 0,009

2 1,6 3,2 3,2 3,2 3,2 3,2 3,2 3,2 3,2 3,2 1,958 -0,006

3 1,6 3,2 4,464 4,3279 4,1912 4,0849 3,978 3,7933 3,6086 3,4239 - 0,013

4 1,6 3,2 4,3279 5,4556 5,1934 4,9696 4,7558 4,3864 4,017 3,6477 - 0,014

5 1,6 3,2 4,1912 5,1934 6,175 5,8541 5,5332 4,979 4,4248 3,8 2,195 -0,002

6 1,6 3,2 4,0849 4,9696 5,8541 6,5493 6,1444 5,4451 4,7458 4,0465 - -0,002

7 1,6 3,2 3,978 4,7558 5,5332 6,1444 6,7556 6,0112

5,0668

4,2224 5,394 0,03

8 1,6 3,2 3,7933 4,3864 4,979 5,4451 6,0112 6,716 5,6208 4,5257 - 0,005

9 1,6 3,2 3,6086 4,017 4,4248 4,7458 5,0668 5,6208 6,275 4,8292 - 0,007

10 1,6 3,2 3,4239 3,6477 3,8705 4,0465 4,2224 4,5257 4,8292 5,2326 8,825 0,043

P - -150 - - -120 - -270 - - -480 18,312 0,111

Q 60 -62 52 52 -32 44 -113 60 60 -98

423,18=∑∆P rogorc am cxrilidan Cans, “10” kvanZis (ax-alcixe) datvirTviT gamowveuli wilobrivi da-nakargebi qselSi jamuri danakargebis 47,91%-s Seadgens. aseve, SedarebiT maRalia „7“ kvanZis (gardabani) datvirTviT gamowveuli wilobri-vi danakargebi - 29,28%. maSasadame, am reJimis mixedviT, qselSi danakargebis Semcirebis miz-niT, generaciis axali wyaro ufro efeqturia agebuli iqnes axalcixis an gardabnis kvanZebis regionSi.

gamoTvlebma aCvena, rom axalcixeSi 100 mgvt axali generaciis ganxorcielebiT am kvanZis wilobrivi danakargebi Semcirda 2,635 mgvt-iT, xolo qselis danarCeni kvanZebis wilobrivi danakargebi ki Semcirda: zestafoni – 0,192; qsani – 0,186; gardabani – 0,456 mgvt-iT, anu

jamSi 3,469 mgvt-iT.gardabnis kvanZSi igive 100 mgvt axali generaciis ganxorcielebiT kvan-Zebis wilobrivi danakargebi Semcirda Semdegi sidideebiT: zestafoni – 0,192; qsani – 0,266; gardabani – 2,457 da axalcixe – 0,81 mgvt-iT, anu jamSi 3,725 mgvt-iT. Tu zestafonis kvanZSi, romlis wilobrivi danakargebi sxva kvanZebis wilobriv danakargebTan SedarebiT minimaluria (cxr.2), ganvaxorcielebT 100 mgvt axal genera-cias, maSin qselSi danakargebi jamSi Semcirdeba 2,201 mgvt-iT. maT Soris kvanZebis wilobrivi danakargebis Semcireba Seadgens: zestafoni – 1,368; qsani – 0,18; gardabani – 0,345; axalcixe – 0,307.

daskvnastatiaSi naCvenebia, rom eleqtrosiste-

maSi axali generaciis optimaluri gaadgileb-is problema SesaZlebelia gadawyvetili iqnes qselSi kvanZuri datvirTvebiT gamowveuli aqtiuri simZlavris wilobrivi danakargebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze. naCvenebia, rom axali generacia ufro efeqturia Semoyvanili iqnes im kvanZis regionSi, romlis kvanZuri datvirTviT gamowveuli wilobrivi danakargebi dadebiTia da Tanac am kvanZis sakuTari winaRoba udidesia.


1. Веников В.А. и др.Оптимтзация режимов электростанций и электросистем, М., Энергоиздат, 1981, 464 с.

2. Холмский В. Т. Расчет и оптимизация о ежимов электрических систем. М., Высшая школа, 1975, 280 с.

3. maxaraZe g. energosistemebis reJimebis marTva da optimizacia, Tb., 2005, 288 gv.

4. maxaraZe g. eleqtrul qselSi simZlavris wilobrivi danakargebis Sesaxeb, Tb., “energia”, №1(20)б 2004, gv. 6-10.


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biznes-inJineringi sabanko saqmeSi

„fulis“ da „finansebis“ kategoriebis urTierTkavSiris

sadiskusio problemebigiorgi caava, profesori

lia kuraxCiSvili, doqtoranti

reziume

mocemul statiaSi gamokvleulia „fulisa“ da „finansebis“ kategoriebis warmoSoba, maTi urTierTkavSirebisa da urTierTqmedebebis Taviseburebebi ekonomikuri mecnierebisa da sabazro urTierTobebis ganviTarebis Tan-amedrove etapze. ganxilulia kategoria „fi-nansebi“, „finansuri bazari“, „finansuri insti-tutebi“, „finansuri Suamavloba da finansuri Suamavlebi“, „finansuri instrumentebi“. F sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sistemis warmomqmneli kategoriebs Soris gansakuTrebu-li adgili fuls da finansebs ekuTvnis. praqti-kulad dadasturebulia: SuZlebelia fuladi brunvis daregulirebis gareSe saxelmwifos finansuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis miRw-eva. aseve piriqiT, Tu saxelmwifo sakuTar Se-mosavlebsa da xarjebs ar daabalansebs, aRniS-nuli fuladi brunvis darRvevamde migviyvans. amitom ekonomikuri mecnierebisa da sabazro urTierTobebis Tanamedrove etapi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom termini „safinanso-fuladi urTi-erTobebi“ yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli gaxda. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, fulsa da finansebs Soris dialeqtikuri kavSiri aSkaraa, ris gamoc aRniSnuli ori kategoriis urTierTkav-Siris dasabuTebis problemis gadawyvetas miZ-Rvnili kvlevebi metad aqtualurad gvesaxeba. Aamrigad, finansebi ganxiluli unda iqnas rogorc fuladi urTierTobebi, romlebic mTliani Sida produqtisa (mSp) da, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, - yvela ekonomikuri agentebis (saxelmwifosi, meurne subieqtebisa da kerZo mesakuTreebis) fuladi Semosavlebis formire-biTa da maTi danazogebis gamoyenebiT gan-pirobebuli saxelmwifos erovnuli bunebriv simdidris nawilis Rirebulebis gacvlis, gan-wilebisa da gadanawilebis procesSi warmoiSo-bian. amgvarad, fulisa da finansebis genezisis ganxilviT da maTi mWidro urTierTkavSirebis gansazRvriT, aseve kategoria finansebis gan-sazRvrisadmi sxvadasxva midgomebis kritikuli analizis ganxorcielebiT, mizanSewonilad mig-vaCnia, misi gansazRvra rogorc fulisagan war-moebulis saxiT iqnas gakeTebuli.

sakvanZo sityvebi: fuli, finansebi, finan-suri bazari, mTliani Sidaproduqtisa (mSp), fi-nansuri Suamavali, finansuri instrumentebi

Debatable problems of the relations between the “Money” and “Finance” categories

Lia kurakhchishvili, Doctoral Student Tsaava George, GTU Professor

Summary

The article considers the origins of “money” and “fi-nance” categories, the characteristics of their relationships and interactions at the economical science and market rela-tions development modern stage. The article discusses the categories such as: “Finance”, “Finance market”, “Finan-cial institutions”, “Financial intermediation and financial intermediaries”, “Financial instruments”.

Money and finance are the most important categories among the economic relations system generating cat-egories at the modern stage of market economy develop-ment. As the practice proves country financial condition improvement is impossible without the monetary process regulations, and on the contrary, this monetary process will be violated in case the government does not balance its revenues and costs. Therefore the term “Financial and monetary relations” has become widespread in modern economical science and market relations and there is ob-vious dialectical connection between money and finance. Thus the study of the issues regarding the validity of these two categories relations is quite actual.

The finance should be considered as monetary relations that are generated within Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and in certain cases, in the process of formation of all eco-nomic agents (state, economic entities and private owners) cash incomes and their savings that stipulate state national natural wealth costs (part of it) exchange, distribution and redistribution processes. Therefore, reviewing the genesis of money and finance and defining their deep relationships as well as on the basis of critical analysis of various ap-proaches of finance definition we consider the finance as derived from the money.

Keywords: Money, Finance, Financial market, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Financial intermediary, Finan-cial instruments

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mkvlevarTa umetesoba „finansebis“ cnebis istoriul aspeqtSi ganxilvisas miiCnevs, rom finansebi saxelmwifosTan erTad warmoiSva da saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobisa da sasaqonlo-fu-ladi urTierTobebis, aseve saxelmwifoze sa-zogadoebis mier dakisrebuli amocanebisa da funqciebis ganviTarebisa da srulyofasTan er-Tad icvleboda. warmoadgens ra istoriul kat-egorias, finansebi ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis gardaqmnisa, ganviTarebis Sesabamisad cvlile-bebs ganicdis.

sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sistemis warmomqmneli kategoriebis garkveuli ierarqia arsebobs, iseTebi, rogoricaa saqoneli, fuli, finansebi, krediti, gadasaxadi, fasi, mogeba, rentabeloba da sxvebi, TiToeul maTgans qveynis sameurneo meqanizmSi SedarebiT damoukideblad funqcionireba SeuZlia. Tumca maT Soris gansa-kuTrebuli adgili fuls da finansebs ekuTvnis, praqtikulad dadasturebulia: SuZlebelia fu-ladi brunvis daregulirebis gareSe saxelm-wifos finansuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis miRweva. aseve piriqiT, Tu saxelmwifo sakuTar Semosavlebsa da xarjebs ar daabalansebs, aRniS-nuli fuladi brunvis darRvevamde migviyvans. amitom ekonomikuri mecnierebisa da sabazro urTierTobebis Tanamedrove etapi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom termini „safinanso-fuladi urTi-erTobebi“ yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli gaxda. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, fulsa da finansebs Soris dialeqtikuri kavSiri aSkaraa, ris gamoc aRniSnuli ori kategoriis urTierTkavSiris dasabuTebis problemis gadawyvetas miZRvnili kvlevebi metad aqtualurad gvesaxeba.

bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mravali naSromi gamoqveynda, sadac „fulis“ da „fi-nansebis“ kategoriebis klasikuri ganmarte-bebi da maTi urTierTkavSiris sadiskusio problemebia ganxiluli. samecniero litere-turaSi Tanamedrove pirobebSi fulisa da fi-nansebis arsTan mimarTebaSi maTi urTierTkav-Siris gaTvaliswinebiT erTiani mosazreba ar aris Camoyalibebuli, rac aRniSnul sferoSi Semdgomi samecniero kvlevebis Catarebas saWi-roebs. fulisa da finansebis kategoriis Seswav-la maT Soris gansakuTrebuli sistemis arsebo-bis Sesaxeb mowmobs, rasac xSirad maT gaigive-bamde mivyavarT. statiis damuSavebisas Cvens mier gamoyenebuli iyo o.i. lavruSinis naSromi ,,fuli, kreditebi, bankebi“ (moskovi, 2007), sa-dac ganxilulia finansebis ZiriTadi Tvise-bebi da maxasiaTeblebi. warmoebis, vaWrobis, sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis warmoqmna, finansuri bazrebis, finansuri Suamavlebis da finansuri institutebis warmoSoba-ganvi-Tareba aris mocemuli a.g. griaznovis naSrom-

Si ,,finansebi“(moskovi, 2011). l.a. drobozinis naSromSi ,,finansebi, fuladi urTierTobebi“ kargad aris dasabuTebuli azri, rom finansebi warmoSobilia fuladi urTierTobebis ganvi-Tarebis Sedegad, terminma „finansebma“ saer-TaSoriso gavrceleba miiRo erTis mxriv mosax-leobasa da meurne subieqtebs da meores mxriv saxelmwifos Soris fuladi saxsrebis fondebis warmoSobasa da gamoyenebasTan mimarTebaSi.

„fulis“ da „finansebis“ urTierTkavSiri

ganvixiloT ZiriTadi finansuri instrumen-tebi:

finansuri bazari - aris kreditorebsa da msesxeblebs Soris moTxovnisa da miwodeb-is safuZvelze Suamavlebis daxmarebiT kapi-talis gadanawilebis meqanizmi. praqtikaSi igi TavisTavad sakrediti organizaciebis (safinan-so-sakredito institutebis) erTobliobas war-moadgens, romlebic fuladi saxsrebis nakads mesakuTreebisagan msesxeblebisaken da ukan mimarTaven. aRniSnuli bazris mTavari funqcia umoqmedo fuladi saxsrebis sasesxo kapitalSi transformaciaSi mdgomareobs. finansuri sis-temis mier ganxorcielebadi fuladi saxsrebis akumulirebisa da ganTavsebis procesi uSualod finansuri bazrebis funqcionirebasTan da fi-nansuri institutebis saqmianobasTan aris dakav-Sirebuli. Tu finansuri institutebis amocanas saxrsrebis mesakuTreebisagan msesxeblebamde yvelaze efeqtianad gadaadgileba warmoadgens, maSin finansuri bazrebis amocana finansuri resursebis myidvelebsa da gamyidvelebs Soris finansuri aqtivebiTa da valdebulebebiT vaW-robis organizaciaSi mdgomareobs. finansuri bazari rigi segmentebisagan Sedgeba, rogorebi-caa: investiciuri, sakredito, safondo, sadaz-Rveo, savaluto.

finansuri Suamavali - aris instituti, romelic kreditorebisagan saxsrebis sesxebiTa da maTi msesxeblebisaTvis miwodebiT, kredi-torebsa da msesxeblebs Soris kavSirs axor-cielebs. finansuri Suamavlebis mier akumu-lirebadi da gamoyenebadi saxsrebis moculobas mniSvnelovnad aWarbebs sxva seqtorebis meSve-obiT gatarebuli moculobebi. TviT finansur institutebs Soris finansuri Suamavlebi arse-boben, magaliTad saaRricxvo saxlebi inglisSi, romlebic rogorc institutebi warmoiSvnen, da saxazino Tamasuqebis ganTavsebas axorcieleben, anu komerciul bankebsa da centralur banks Soris Suamavlebis rols asruleben. rigi finan-suri institutebi, kerZod lizinguri, faqtor-inguli kompaniebi, finansuri saxlebi, saku-Tari fondebis umetes nawils sxva finansuri institutebisagan mosesxebis saxiT Rebuloben.


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finansuri instrumentebi - aris moqmedi kanon-mdeblobis SesabamisobaSi dokumentalurad ga-formebuli ekonomikuri subieqtebis fuladi valdebulebebi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi gan-viTarebul sabazri ekonomikebSi sxvadasxva fi-nansuri Suamavlebis Serwymisaken, agreTve maTi operaciebis diversifikaciisaken tendencia mka-fiod aris gamoxatuli. finansuri Suamavlobis ganviTareba Taviseburi ekonomikuri movlenis - finansuri instrumentebis warmoSobas uwyobda xels, romelTac miekuTvnebian:

•Tamasuqebi;•Cekebi;•savaloxelwerilebi;•aqciebi;•obligaciebi;•sagadaxdobaraTebi;•giravnobissabuTebi;•sadazRvevopolisebi;•serTifikatebi;•sxvadasxva mowmobebi, romlebic fuladi

Semosavlisa da sxva Semonatanebis miRebaze uflebas iZlevian.

sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sistemis warmomqmneli kategoriebis garkveuli ierarqia arsebobs, iseTebi, rogoricaa saqoneli, fuli, finansebi, krediti, gadasaxadi, fasi, mogeba, rentabeloba da sxvebi, TiToeul maTgans qveynis sameurneo meqanizmSi SedarebiT damoukideblad funqcionireba SeuZlia. Tumca maT Soris gansa-kuTrebuli adgili fuls da finansebs ekuTvnis, praqtikuladaa dadasturebuli: SuZlebelia fuladi brunvis daregulirebis gareSe saxelm-wifos finansuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis miRweva. aseve piriqiT, Tu saxelmwifo sakuTar Semosavlebsa da xarjebs ar daabalansebs, aRniS-nuli fuladi brunvis darRvevamde migviyvans. amitom ekonomikuri mecnierebisa da sabazro urTierTobebis Tanamedrove etapi xasiaTdeba imiT, rom termini „safinanso-fuladi urTi-erTobebi“ yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli gaxda. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, fulsa da finansebs Soris dialeqtikuri kavSiri aSkaraa, ris gamoc aRniSnuli ori kategoriis urTierTkavSiris dasabuTebis problemis gadawyvetas miZRvnili kvlevebi metad aqtualurad gvesaxeba.

Catarebulma analizma dagvanaxa, rom samec-niero litereturaSi Tanamedrove pirobebSi fulisa da finansebis arsTan mimarTebaSi maTi urTierTkavSiris gaTvaliswinebiT erTiani mosazreba ar aris Camoyalibebuli, rac aRniS-nul sferoSi Semdgomi samecniero kvlevebis Catarebas saWiroebs. fulisa da finansebis kat-egoriis Seswavla maT Soris gansakuTrebuli sistemis arsebobis Sesaxeb mowmobs, rasac xSir-ad maT gaigivebamde mivyavarT. ase magaliTad,

finansebi arc ise iSviaTad (gansakuTrebiT say-ofacxovrebo doneze) iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis gankargulebaSi arsebul garkveul fu-lad Tanxas gansazRvraven. ueWvelia, aseT Tval-sazriss arsebobis ufleba gaaCnia.

garda amisa, aRiarebulia is faqti, rom fi-nansebis safuZvelSi fuladi urTierTobebi devs, magram amasTan saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom garkveuli fuladi Tanxis arseboba jer kidev maTi rogorc finansebis saxiT kvalificirebis SesaZleblobas ar iZleva. SeiZleba gqondeT fuli, magram amave dros finansebTan aranairi urTierTobebi ar gagaCndeT. naturalur meur-neobaSi, sadac warmoebuli produqti natu-ralur formaSi icvleba da nawildeba. anu fi-nansebi fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis Sedegad aris warmoSobili, rac aRniSnuli ori kategoriis genezisiT dasturdeba.

Tu fulis warmoSobis istorias mivmarTavT, SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi fulis saxiT „fuladi masalisa-gan damzadebuli metad mravalferovani sagne-bi gamoiyeneboda. garda amisa fulis aRniSnuli formebis mimoqcevisa da gamoyenebis xerxebs Soris sakmaod didi gansxvavebebi arsebobda, rasac TavisTavad fuladi masis aRricxvaSi gan-sxvavebebi moyveboda da fulis erTi formis sxvebSi gadayvanisas seriozuli SezRudvebi grovdeboda. sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam, xolo maT safuZvelze - ekonomikurebis srulyofam, fulis evolu-ciamde „sasaqonlo-eqvivalenturebidan“ (bar-teruli vaWroba) eleqtronulobamde migviyvana. Tumca sawarmoo Zalebis evoluciam kanonzomi-erad gacvliT operaciebSi monawile saqonelis raodenobisa da nairsaxeobis gadidebamde mig-viyvana, ramac ganxorcielebadi saqonelgacvlis aqtebis intensiuroba avtomatiurad gaarTula da aamaRla. aRniSnuli yvela garemoebebis zemo-qmedeba naturaluri gacvlis process arsebi-Tad arTulebda, ramac pirveli „sasaqonlo“ fulis warmoSoba gamoiwvia, romlis rolSi sxvadasxva dros da msoflios sxvadasxva re-gionebSi gamodioda - marili, cercvis marcva-li, bewveuli, pirutyvi, niJarebi da mocemul teritoriaze sxva yvelaze ufro „mimoqcevadi“ (likviduri) saqoneli-Suamavlebi.

daaxloebiT Cvens welTaaRricxvamde 1000 – 500 wels CineTSi liTonuri fulis pirveli prototipebi gamoCndnen, romlebic TavisTa-vad Sromis sagnebis saxiT liTonisagan fig-urebs warmoadgendnen, rogorebicaa: Toxebi. barebi, Svildisrebis wvetebi, romelTa aqtiuri gamoyeneba daiwyo saqonelis gacvlisas (gacv-lis saSualeba gaxdnen). iTvleba, rom yvelaze pirveli monetebi CineTSi da lidiis samefoSi (Tanamedrove TurqeTis teritoria) Cv.w. aR.-

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mde VII saukuneSi warmoiSva, isini iyvnen mrgvali monetebi oqrosa da vercxlis sxmulebis saxiT. fulis ganviTarebis Semdegi etapi iyo qaRaldis fulis warmoSoba CineTSi C. w. aR.-mde VIII sauku-neSi, xolo 910 wels maTi masiuri gamoSveba daiwyo. aseTi fulis warmoSoba, romelTac Sida Rirebuleba (rogorc srulfasovani liTonebi-sagan) ar gaaCndaT da mimoqcevaSi oqros fulis Semcvlelebs warmoadgendnen. qaRaldis fulis rols saqonelisa da oqros Sesanaxad miRebis Sesaxeb xelwerilebic asrulebdnen, romlebac SemdgomSi sakredito fulis (banknota) war-moSobamde migviyvana.

evropaSi pirveli (namdvili) sakredito fu;lis samSoblo gaxda safrangeTi, sadac 1716 wels samefo banki oirveli sabanko bileTebis gamoSvebas Seudga. msoflioSi pirvelma unaRo angariSsworebebis (sabanko kliringis) sistemam Tavisi dasawyisi 1824 wels aSS-Si daiwyo, xolo XX saukunis Sua periodSi (1950 w.) brunvaSi Diners Club (pirveli sakredito baraTi) iqna gamoSvebu-li. miuxedavad misi sakmaod farTe gavrcobado-bisa, mxolod ori wlis Semdeg ranklin National Bank - is sabanko sakredito baraTi iqna gamoSvebuli. unda aRiniSnos, rom dasawyisidan qaRaldis da sakredito fuli nebismier momentSi oqroze iyo gadacvladi. Tumca SemdgomSi mimoqcevadi sasaqonlo masis gadidebam da erTdroulad bunebrivi oqros maragebis Semcirebam mimoqce-vaSi gamoSvebuli qaRaldis fulis raodenobis arsebuli Zvirfasi liTonebis maragTan mima-rTebaSi Seusabamobamde migviyvana, romlebic tradiciulad banknotebis nominaluri Rire-bulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad gamodiod-nen. garda amisa, fulis emisiis saxelmwifoebri-vi marTvis aucileblobam jer 1971 w. aSS dola-ris, xilo Semdeg 1976 w. msoflios yvela danar-Ceni valutis oficialurad dadgenili oqroTi uzrunvelyofadobis gauqmeba ganapiroba. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi „eleqtronuli fulis“ gamogonebam aRniSnuli teqnologiis safuZ-velze smart-baraTebis Seqmnamde migviyvana, romelic sabanko angariSze fulis raodenobis Sesaxeb informacias moicavda personaluri kodiT daculobas iTvaliswinebda. fuladi te-qnologiebis ganviTarebaSi Semdegi nabiji gax-da 1998 w. SeerTebul StatebSi PayPal sistemis warmoSiba, romlis meSveobiT kompiuterebis momxmareblebs eleqtronuli gadaxdebis ganx-orcieleba SeuZliaT. evropaSi Seiqmna sistema PhonePaid, romelic mobiluri telefonebis meS-veobiT fuladi gadaricxvebis ganxorcieleba SeuZliaT. 1990-iani wlebis bolos „internet-fulis“ mravali sistema iqna Seqmnili (magali-Tad: WebMoney, Yandex-Money, clicshare da mravali sxv.).

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis

ganviTarebam da Semdgomma integraciam 2002 w. evropuli ekonomikuri kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Sesul saxelmwifoebSi, erTiani valutis - ev-ros (unaRdo angariSsworebebis ganxorcielebi-saTvis igi 1999 w. gamoiyeneboda) damkvidreba ganxorcielda. isic gvinda avRniSnoT, rom ekonomikaSi nobelis premiis lauriatis rob-ert mandelas prognozis moxedviT 2040 wels SesaZlebelia erTiani msoflio valuta - „dei“ Seiqmnas, romelic aSS-is, evrokavSirisa da iapo-niis (dolari, evro, iena) fuladi erTeulebis gamaerTianebeli iqneba. amrigad, Tu srulfas-ovani (oqrosi da vercxlis) fuli TavisTavad faseulobis niSans (simbolos) warmoadgendnen, xolo maTi Semcvleli oqroTi uzrunvelyo-fili qaRaldisa da sakredito fulis - srul-fasovani fulis niSans (simbolos) Seesabameba, Tanamewdrove fuli (saerTod oqroTi ar uz-runvelyofilebi) - aris fulis Semcvlelis simboluri niSani, romelic saxelmwifos mieraa dadgenili da mosaxleobis mier kanonieri sa-gadaxdo saSualebis, mimoqcevis saSualebisa da sxva saqonelis SefasebisaTvis aris miRebadi. aRniSnuli pirvelad finansur instrumentebad (resursebad) gardaqmnis maT, romelTa moZraoba saxelmwifisi, meurne subieqtebisa da kerZo me-sakuTreebis finansuri urTierTobebis sistemis safuZvelSi devs, sxva sityvebiT, aRniSnuli aris fulis finansuri Semcvlelebi (warmomadgen-lebi), TviT cneba „finansebis“ ganmartebidan (financia-dan) rogorc saxelmwifos sasargeblod fulis savaldebulo gadaxdidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom finansebi - aris saxelmwifos sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobeb-is arsebobis produqti.

unda aRiniSnos, rom TviT cneba „finansebi“ Tavisi warmoSobis momentidanve mudmivad vi-Tardeba da Semdegi saxis daskvnis gakeTebac aris SesaZlebeli, rom finansebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani niSanTvisebebis saxiT misi gamoxatvis fuladi forma unda CaiTva-los, maSin rodesac finansuri urTierTobebis arsebobis rogorc Sedegi SeiZleba finansuri saxsrebis realuri moZraoba (naRdi da unaRdo) gamodiodes. aRniSnuli finansebTan mimarTe-baSi fulis pirveladobis mtkicebis safuZvels iZleva. rogorc adre iyo aRniSnuli, fuli - aris finansebis materialuri safuZveli, xolo finansebi ki yovelTvis fuladi urTierTobebis maregulirebeli samarTlebrivi aqtebiT war-moSobadi saSualebaa, amitom fulic aseve fi-nansuri samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis obieqts warmoadgens. ase magaliTad, Tanamedrove safi-nanso-samarTlebriv mecnierebaSi Warbobs Tvalsazrisi, rom finansuri urTierTobebi fulis meSveobiTaa warmoSobili da sasaqon-lo-fuladi urTierTobebidan warmoebuls


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warmoadgens, xolo fuladi urTierTobebi fi-nansur samarTalSi regulirebis dominantur sferos Seadgens.

ganxilvad kategoriebs Soris mWidro urTi-erTkavSiris arsebobis gamovlenis miuxedavad, finansuri arsis gansazRvrisas mainc ara yvela mecnier-ekonomistebi akavSireben mas fulad safuZvelTan. zogierTi mkvlevari amasTan fu-ladi saxsrebis yvela saxis fondebis formire-bis procesSi aqcents ekonomikur urTierTobe-bze akeTeben. Cveni mosazrebiT rigi mecnierebis aseTi saxis Tvalsazrisi swors ar warmoadgens da, rogorc minimum, or seriozul SeniSvnas iwvevs.

upirveles yovlisa, finansebis mxolod rogorc ekonomikuri urTierTobebis saxiT ganmarteba aramkafiod gansazRvravs finansebis materialur, ufro zustad fulad safuZvels, romelic Tavis mxriv Rirebulebis da misi sx-vadasxva formebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul yvela urTierTobebs gamoxataven, da amitom maTi erToblioba warmoebis ekonomikur mxares moicavs. amave dros finansebi mxolod fuladi urTierTobebis mTliani erTobliobis nawils moicavs: imas, romelic mSp-is formirebasTan da gamoyenebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. anu fi-nansebis funqcionirebisaTvis sawyis bazas fu-lad formaSi Rirebuleba warmoadgens, amitom finansebis arsis gansazRvraSi fulad mimoqce-vaze orientacia aris saWiro.

meores mxriv, SeTavazebuli midgomis ara-marTebuleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom igi finan-sur urTierTobebs uSualod fuladi saxsre-bis fondebis formirebisa da gamoyenebis pro-cesebTan aigivebs. sabazro ekonomikis pirobeb-Si aRniSnuli ganmasxvavebeli niSanTviseba azrs kargavs. zogierTi mkvlevari saxelmwifoze rogorc finansuri urTierTobebis ZiriTad subieqtze akeTebs aqcents. magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifos arseboba da maT mier sakuTari funqciebis Sesrulebis aucilebloba finansebis warmoSobis winapirobas emsaxurebian da mravali mecnier-ekonomistisaTvis maT ganm-sazRvrel niSanTvisebas warmoadgens. Tanamed-rove pirobebSi termini „finansebi“ TeoriaSi da praqtikaSi erTnairad gamoyenebadia rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi da ekonomikis kerZo seqtor-is mimarTac, kerZo meurneobebis CaTvliT, ram-denadac maT akavSirebs saerTo gamaerTianebeli sawyisebi - Tanamedrove fulisa da finansebis erTianoba, romlebic erTmaneTs Soris rogorc SinaarsiT, aseve formiTac arian dakavSire-bulebi. ase magaliTad, Tanamedrove finansebis Sinaarss fuladi urTierTobebi warmoadgens, romelic fulis moZraobis procesSi („muSa“ fuli) warmoiSoba, xolo Tanamedrove fuli, ro-gorc zemoT ukve iyo aRniSnuli, sakuTar moZ-

raobas pirveladi finansuri resursis formiT da misgan warmoebuli finansuri instrumente-biT axorcielebs da amiT xelisuflebis saxelm-wifo da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis orga-noebis, sawarmoebis, organizaciebisa da kerZo meurneobebis fuladi Semosavlebis firmirebisa da gamoyenebis uwyvetadobas uzrunvelyofs.

daskvna amrigad, f i n a n s e b i ganxiluli unda

iqnas rogorc fuladi urTierTobebi, rom-lebic m T l i a n i S i d a p r o d u q t i s a (mSp) da, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, - yvela ekonomikuri agentebis (saxelmwifosi, meurne subieqtebisa da kerZo mesakuTreebis) fuladi Semosavlebis formirebiTa da maTi danazogebis gamoyenebiT ganpirobebuli s a x e l m w i f o s e r o v n u l i b u n e b r i v s i m d i d r i s n a w i l i s R i r e b u l e b i s g a c v l i s, g a n a w i l e b i s a da g a d a n a w i l e b i s p r o c e s S i w a r m o i S o b i a n.


1.Деньги, кредит, банки / Под ред. О.И. Лаврушина. – Москва: КноРус, 2007. – 560 с.

2.Подяблонская Л.М. – Финансы: учебник. – Москва: ЮНИТИ, 2011. – 407 с.

3.Финансы. Денежное обращение. Кредит / Под ред. Л.А. Дробозиной. – Москва: Финансы, ЮНИТИ, 2002. – С. 63.

4.Финансы: учебник для вузов / Под ред. А.Г. Грязновой, Е.В. Маркиной, М.Л. Седовой. – Москва: Финансы и статистика, 2011. – 496 с.

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komerciul bankebTan klientTa urTierTobis Taviseburebebi

irina yaSuaSvili, doqtoranti

reziume

mosaxleobis finasnuri ganaTlebis amaRleb-is sakiTxi mraval qveyanaSi ganixileba rogorc finansuri momsaxurebis momxmarebelTa ufle-bebis dacvis ufro farTo problemis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili. sakiTxis aqtualurobidan gamomdinare, mraval qveyanaSi ukve gadaidga konkretuli nabijebi am kuTxiT, maT Soris saqarTveloSic.

statiis mizania, mokled mimoixilos finan-suri ganaTlebis, rogorc momxmarebelTa dacvis Semadgeneli ZiriTadi nawilis kuTxiT arsebuli problemebi da am problemebis gadawyvetis Sesa-Zlo gzebi. statiis pirvel nawilSi ganxilulia is problemebi, romlebsac Tanamedrove momx-marebeli ejaxeba finansuri produqtebis gamoy-enebis dros. aRniSnuli moicavs produqtebis gamWvirvalobisa da finansuri ganaTlebis da-bal dones. statiaSi aseve ganxilulia finan-suri piramidis TaRliTuri sqema, romelic pi-rvel rigSi finansuri ganaTlebis dabali donis mqone momxmareblebs azaralebs. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli problemebi pirdapir aisaxeba momx-marebelTa finansur keTildReobaze. statiaSi aseve ganxilulia zemoxsenebul problemebTan brZolis gzebi. swored ganaTleba, maT Soris finansuri, is umTavresi iaraRia, romelic ino-vaciebisa da swrafi cvlilebebis epoqaSi ada-mianebs saSualebas miscems miiRon efeqtiani da maTi finansuri keTildReobis ganmsazRvreli gadawyvetilebebi.

sakvanZo sityvebi: produqtebis gamWvirvalo-ba, finansuri piramidebi, finansuri ganaTleba,

finansuri SesaZlebloba

Customer Features relations with Commercial Banks

Summary

The question of raising the financial education of the population in many countries is considered as one of the component part of the wider problem of consumers’ right protection of financial services. Out of the actuality of the problem many countries have taken concrete steps in this regard, including Georgia.

The aim of the article is short review of the prob-lems of financial education, as the main component part of consumers’ protection and possible ways of solving these problems. In the first part of the article is discussed the problems, faced by the modern consumers’ during the use of financial products. This includes the low level of the transparence of the products and financial education. In the article is also discussed the fraud scheme of pyramid, which harms the consumers with low level of financial edu-cation at the first time. Accordingly, the mentioned prob-lem directly reflects on consumers’ financial well-being. In the article is also discussed combating ways of the men-tioned problems. Education, including financial education is the main weapon which gives people the opportunity to make effective and financial well-being decision in epoch of innovation and fast changes.

Keywords: Transparency products, Financial pyra-mids, Financial Education, Financial capability

* * * * * *bolo wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT finansuri da

ekonomikuri krizisis Semdeg, mravali qveynis mTavrobebs ufrodaufro awuxebT TavianTi mo-qalaqeebis finansuri ganaTlebis done. aRniS-nuli sakiTxi aqtualuria rogorc ganviTare-bul, aseve ganviTarebad bazrebze. finasnuri ganaTlebis amaRlebis sakiTxi mraval qveyanaSi ganixileba rogorc finansuri momsaxurebis momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis ufro farTo problemis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili. sak-iTxis aqtualurobidan gamomdinare, mraval qveyanaSi ukve gadaidga konkretuli nabijebi am kuTxiT, maT Soris saqarTveloSic. finansuri ganaTlebisadmi mzard interess msoflios na-klebad mdidar nawilSi aqvs sxvadasxva mamoZ-ravebeli motivi, romelTagan sami umTavresia: finansuri ganaTlebis dabali done; finansuri xelmisawvdomobisa da gamoyenebis dabali done; da imis aRiareba, rom finansebi inovaciisa da zrdis kritikuli elementia finansuri sferos,


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gansakuTrebiT sacalo segmentis momxmarebelTa dacvis problema SedarebiT axalia da wina wleb-Si naklebad idga dRis wesrigSi, rogorc ganvi-Tarebul, aseve ganviTarebad bazrebze. saqarT-veloSi aRniSnulis ZiriTadi mizezi, safinanso bazarze naklebi xelmisawvdomobaa, rac ZiriTa-dad korporatiuli seqtoris dominirebiT da, Sesabamisad, safinanso kulturis dabali doniT gamoixateboda. Tumca, swrafma globalurma, maT Soris teqnologiurma cvlilebebma, safi-nanso seqtori metad xelmisawvdomi gaxada saca-lo momxmareblebisTvisac, aqtiurad izrdeba sacalo safinanso seqtori gansakuTrebiT ganvi-Tarebad bazrebze. seqtoris zrdis, inovaciuri produqtebis danergvisa da maTi kompleqsuro-bis, aseve xelmisawvdomobis zrdasTan erTad, im-ata bazris Cavardnis riskmac. Sesabamisad, dRis wesrigSi dgeba aRniSnul CavardnebTan brZolis gzebis Zieba da maTi ganxorcieleba. statiis mi-zania, mokled mimoixilos finansuri ganaTleb-is, rogorc momxmarebelTa dacvis Semadgeneli ZiriTadi nawilis kuTxiT arsebuli problemebi da am problemebis gadawyvetis SesaZlo gzebi. statiis pirvel nawilSi ganxilulia is prob-lemebi, romlebsac Tanamedrove momxmarebeli ejaxeba finansuri produqtebis gamoyenebis dros. aRniSnuli moicavs produqtebis gamWvir-valobisa da finansuri ganaTlebis dabal dones. statiaSi aseve ganxilulia finansuri piramidis TaRliTuri sqema, romelic pirvel rigSi finan-suri ganaTlebis dabali donis mqone momxmare-blebs azaralebs. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli prob-lemebi pirdapir aisaxeba momxmarebelTa finan-sur keTildReobaze.

finansuri ganaTlebis dabali donis nega-tiuri gavlena momxmareblebis finansur mdgomareobaze

dReisaTvis finansuri ganaTlebis maRali done mTels msoflioSi miCneulia ekonomikuri da finansuri stabilurobisa da ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan elementad. garda finansuri da ekonomikuri krizisisa, aris ramdenime faqtori, romlebic zurgs umagreben finansuri ganaTleb-isadmi mzard globalur interess:

• mzardi individualuri pasuxismgeblo-ba_bazarsa da zogadad ekonomikaSi cvlile-bebis kvaldakval izrdeba momxmarebelTa mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis raodenoba da, Se-sabamisad, maT mier individualur doneze aRe-buli pasuxismgebloba (OECD, 2012). aRniSnulis gamomwvevi faqtorebi sicocxlis mzardi xangr-Zlivobaa, piradi da ojaxis samedicino xarjeb-is dafinanseba, mzardi xarjebi ganaTlebisTvis, finansuri produqtebis gamoyeneba da a.S. finan-suri ganaTlebis maRali done aucilebelia in-formirebuli da, Sesabamisad, pasuxismgebliani gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad.

• finansuri produqtebisa da momsaxure-bis mzardi farTo arCevani _ finansuri Suama-vlebis mier sxvadasxva arxiT SeTavazebuli ua-mravi produqti, romlebic ufrodaufro kom-pleqsuri xdeba, aiZulebs momxmareblebs arCe-vanis gasakeTeblad erTmaneTs Seadaron iseTi faqtorebi, rogorebicaa sakomisio, saprocento ganakveTi, vada da riskis done. maT aseve uwevT uSualod momwodeblebidan maTTvis yvelaze xelsayrelis arCeva. teqnologiebis ganviTare-ba finansur produqtebs ufro xelmisawvdoms xdis da aumjobesebs finansur CarTulobas.

• mzardimoTxovnafinansurproduqtebsadamomsaxurebaze _ ekonomikurma da teqnologi-urma ganviTarebam masobrivi cvlilebebi gamoi-wvia komunikaciasa da finansur tranzaqcieb-Si. Sesabamisad, socialur urTierTobebsa da momxmareblis qcevaSi. momxmareblebi sul ufro xSirad iyeneben finansur momsaxurebas eleqtronuli arxebiT xelfasis misaRebad, ga-daricxvebisaTvis, komunaluri gadasaxdelebis gadasaxdelad, onlain tranzaqciebisTvis da a.S. visac xeli ar miuwvdeba msgavs momsaxure-baze, mas ufro metis gadaxda uwevs fulad op-eraciebSi. zemoxsenebuli tendenciebis gaTval-iswinebiT pasuxismgebloba ZiriTad finansur gadawyvetilebebze momxmareblebze gadadis. amasTanave, izrdeba SeTavazebebis raodenoba da maTi kompleqsuroba. Sesabamisad, momxmareblebi unda iyvnen finansurad ufro ganaTlebulebi, raTa daicvan sakuTari interesebi da finansuri keTildReoba. finansuri produqtebis gamWvir-valobis dabali done negatiur gavlenas axdens momxmarebelTa, gansakuTrebiT ki gamoucdel momxmarebelTa finansur keTildReobaze. ker-Zod, izrdeba momxmareblebis mier sakuTar Tavze iseTi valdebulebebis aRebis riski, rom-lis Sesrulebac garTulebulia, zogjer ki Seu-Zlebelic.

aRniSnulis garda, finansuri institutebis SesaZlo arakeTilsindisieri da produqtebis gayidvaze orientirebuli qcevis pirobebSi iz-rdeba momxmareblebis gadatvirTva produqte-biT. finansuri institutebi xSirad iyeneben e.w. paketur SeTavazebebs, rac gulisxmobs momx-mareblisTvis erTze meti produqtis SeTava-zebas specialur fasad _ ramdenime produqtis erTdroulad SeZenis SemTxvevaSi momxmarebeli ixdis imaze nakleb sakomisios, vidre gadaixdida aRniSnuli produqtebis cal-calke SeZenisas.

Tumca, sayuradReboa, rom msgavsi SeTa-vazebisas, umeteswilad, fass gansazRvravs produqtebis raodenoba da maTi SeZenis, da ara sargeblobis faqti. Sesabamisad, „naklebi fa-siT“ moziduli momxmarebeli yidulobs ramden-ime produqts, romelTagan SesaZloa realurad mxolod erTi sWirdebodes. aRniSnulis mizezi

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aseve SeiZleba iyos finansuri institutebis mier gayiduli produqtebis raodenobaze ori-entirebuli TanamSromelTa waxalisebis siste-ma. marTalia xSir SemTxvevaSi, paketuri SeTava-zebis dros finansuri instituti yidis sabazi-so produqtebs, romelTa fasi SedarebiT daba-lia da, SesaZloa, aramaterialuri iyos. Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi dagrovebuli sakomisios gadaxda, SesaZloa, momxmareblisaTvis gar-Tuldes. momxmarebelTa finansuri ganaTlebisa da produqtebis gamWvirvalobis dabali done, SesaZloa e.w. defoltis, igive momxmareblis mier nakisri valdebulebebis Seusruleblobis mizezic gaxdes. aRniSnuli uaryofiTad moqme-debs rogorc finansuri institutis finansur mdgomareobaze vadagadacilebuli da/an umo-qmedo sesxebis mzardi wiliT mTlian sakredito portfelSi, aseve, uSualod momxmareblis fi-nansur keTildReobaze. finansuri ganaTlebis dabali donis pirobebSi arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis TaRliTuri sqemebis warmoSobis safrTxe.

problemis gadawyvetis gzebi

momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis CarCo moicavs sam ZiriTad mimarTulebas: finansuri produqtebis gamWvirvaleobisa da momxmare-belTa finansuri ganaTlebis donis amaRlebis uzrunvelyofasa da regulirebas. finansuri produqtebis gamWvirvaleoba uzrunvelyofs momxmareblis mier produqtis maxasiaTeblebi-sa da Sesabamisad masTan asocirebuli riskebis gaanalizebas, aseve sxvadasxva finansuri momsax-urebis mimwodeblebis mier SeTavazebuli msgav-si produqtebis Sedarebas, rac informirebuli da pasuxismgebliani, aseve momxmareblisTvis finansurad maqsimalurad xelsayreli gadawy-vetilebis miRebis winapirobaa. Tumca, finan-suri produqtebis gamWvirvalobis pirobebSic ki Sesabamisi codnisa da unar-Cvevebis arqonis gamo, momxmarebelma SesaZloa ver SeZlos riske-bis identificireba da miiRos iseTi gadawy-vetileba, romelic uaryofiTad aisaxeba mis fi-nansur keTildReobaze. Sesabamisad, finansuri ganaTlebis donis amaRlebis gareSe produqteb-is gamWvirvalobis uzrunvelyofam, SesaZloa, sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRos. aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoxsenebuli orive komponentis uzrunve-lyofis pirobebSic ki momxmarebelma, SesaZloa, ver gaiTvaliswinos meoradi faqtorebi, rom-lebic gavlenas axdens finansuri gadawyvetile-bebis Sedegebze. magaliTad, produqtiT sarge-blobasTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi sakomisi-oebi, xelSekrulebis pirobebis darRvevisaTvis da/an winaswar SewyvetisaTvis gaTvaliswineb-uli sajarimo sanqciebi da pirgasamtexloebi, xelSekrulebis pirobebis finansuri Suamavlis

mier calmxrivad cvlilebis SesaZlebloba da aseTi cvlilebis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi tvirTi da a.S. aRniSnuli problema gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria sacalo finansuri bazrisaTvis, sadac momxmareblis mier mcire zomis produqtis detaluri Seswavla xarjebis gamo ar aris efeqtiani. Sesabamisad, momxmareb-lis qceva ar aris optimaluri, radgan mis mier SiZleba ugulvebelyofil iqnas iseTi faqtore-bi, romelTa realizaciis albaToba dabalia. finansuri institutebisaTvis individualurad optimaluri qcevaa moaxdinon am faqtorebze maqsimalurad maTTvis xelsayreli pirobebis dadgena. aRniSnuli movlenis dadgomisas momx-marebeli marto rCeba finansuri institutis winaSe, sadac samarTliani sabazro principebis gamoyeneba ver xerxdeba. Sedegad, bazari ver aRwevs resursebis efeqtian ganawilebas, es SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnas rogorc regu-lirebis racionalizaciis winapiroba. regu-lirebas SeuZlia moaxdinos aRniSnuli xarjebis Semcireba meoradi faqtorebis standartizire-bisa da dabali albaTobebis mqone movlenis dadgomis dros, finansuri institutis ufro samarTliani qcevis waxalisebiT. CGAP-is mier 2012 wels Catarda kvleva momxmarebelTa ufle-bebis dacvis maregulirebeli CarCos Sesaxeb evropisa da centraluri aziis qveynebSi: azer-baijani, albaneTi, bosnia, kosovo, makedonia, ruseTi, saqarTvelo, serbeTi, somxeTi, tajik-eTi, yazaxeTi da yirgizeTi. am qveynebidan Ti-Toeuls aqvs momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis sakuTari maregulirebeli normatiuli CarCo kanonebisa da regulaciebis saxiT, romlebic efuZneba momxmarebelTa dacvis iseT fundamen-tur principebs, rogorebicaa gamWvirvaloba da informaciis gamJRavneba, samarTliani mopyro-ba, davebis gadawyvetis meqanizmebis xelmisawv-domoba. aRniSnuli regulaciebis aRsrulebas ZiriTadad axorcieleben centraluri bankebi an finansuri sferos sazedamxedvelo orga-noebi. zogjer iqmneba specialuri ganyofileba, romelic pasuxismgebelia momxmarebelTa ufle-bebis dacvaze (saqarTvelo, somxeTi, azerbai-jani, serbeTi).

finansuri ganaTlebis erovnuli strategiadReisaTvis mravali qveyana axorcielebs fi-

nansuri ganaTlebis donis amaRlebisaken mima-rTul proeqtebs, rac, umeteswilad, gamoix-ateba finansuri ganaTlebis erovnuli strate-giis SemuSavebaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom erovnuli strategiis SemuSavebis saWiroeba xSirad wy-vildeba momxmarebelTa finansuri dacvisa da finansuri CarTulobis zomebTan. 36 qveyana garkveulwilad ukve muSaobs erovnuli strate-giis SemuSavebaze da interesi amgvari wamowye-bebisadmi mzardia saerTaSoriso doneze. Tum-


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ca, aRniSnuli iniciativebi SedarebiT axali xilia da SeimCneva qveynebis mier gamoyenebuli midgomebisa da miznebis, samuSao CarCosa da erovnuli strategiebis ganxorcielebis Sedar-ebiTi analizis nakleboba. erovnuli strategia ganimarteba, rogorc finansuri ganaTlebisad-mi koordinirebuli midgoma erovnul doneze, romelic Sedgeba adaptirebuli CarCosagan, an programisagan, romelic:

• aRiarebs finansuri ganaTlebis mniS-vnelovnebas da ayalibebs mis Sinaarssa da mo-qmedebis sferos erovnul doneze Sesabamisi saWiroebebisa da naklovanebebis gaTvaliswine-biT;

• moicavs sxvadasxva dainteresebul mxa-reebs Soris TanamSromlobasa da erovnul doneze lideris an makoordinerebeli organos identificirebas;

• ayalibebs saxelmZRvanelos/gzamkvlevswinaswar gansazRvruli miznebis konkretul pe-riodSi miRwevis mizniT;

• xelmZRvanelobs aRniSnuli saxelmZ-Rvanelosa da individualuri programebis erT-maneTTan Tanxvedris process erovnuli pro-gramis efeqtianad ganxorcielebis xelSewyobis mizniT.

daskvna

momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis sakiTxi, mTeli msoflios masStabiT erT-erTi prior-itetulia finansuri maregulireblebisa da sazedamxedvelo organoebis dRis wesrigSi. fi-nansuri produqtebis gamWvirvalobis uzrun-velyofisa da Sesabamisi maregulirebeli Car-Cos paralelurad, momxmarebelTa da zogadad sazogadoebis finansuri ganaTlebis donis am-aRleba momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Ziri-Tadi komponentia. aRniSnuli momxmarebelTa finansuri keTildReobis, inovaciisa da zoga-dad finansuri bazris ganviTarebis winapirobaa. Sesabamisad, momxmarebelTa dacvisa da finan-suri ganaTlebis donis amaRlebisaken mimarTu-li RonisZiebebi sul ufro popularuli xdeba msoflios masStabiT. am mxriv, arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens gamonakliss. Tumca, amJamad ar-sebuli sakanonmdeblo CarCo da finansuri ga-naTlebis amaRlebisaken gadadgmuli nabijebi ar iZleva finansuri momsaxurebis momxmarebelTa maqsimaluri dacvis saSualebas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis mizniT, Seqmnili sakanomdeblo da maregulire-beli CarCo ZiriTadad mimarTulia momxmarebli-saTvis informaciis miwodebaze. Tumca, Sesabami-si da saTanado informaciis flobis pirobebSic ki ar arsebobs imis garantia, rom aRniSnul in-formacias momxmarebeli sworad gamoiyenebs da miiRebs efeqtiani finansur gadawyvetilebebs.

Sesabamisad, qveyanaSi unda gaZlierdes mosaxle-obis finansuri ganaTlebis donis amaRlebisaken mimarTuli qmediTi nabijebi. unda SemuSavdes da SemdgomSi ganxorcieldes finansuri ganaTleb-is erovnuli strategia. swored ganaTleba, maT Soris finansuri, is umTavresi iaraRia, romel-ic inovaciebisa da swrafi cvlilebebis epoqaSi adamianebs saSualebas miscems miiRon efeqtiani da maTi finansuri keTildReobis ganmsazRvre-li gadawyvetilebebi.


1. Atkinson, A. and F. Messy, (2011) Assessing Fi-nancial Literacy in 12 Countries, an OECD Pilot Exercise http://www.financialliteracyfocus. org/files/FLatDocs/OECD%20paper.pdf

2. CGAP, Financial Consumer Protection Regulation in Europe/Central Asia, 31 July 2012. Available at http://www.cgap.org/news/financial-consumer-protection-regu-lation-europecentral-asia

3. Clements Len, Pyramid, Ponzi, and Investigation Schemes: Is One Hiding Behind your MLM Program? 1997 http://www.marketwaveinc.com/viewarticle.asp?id=45

4. Competition and Consumer Act 2010 - Sxhedule 2, The Australian Consumer Law, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/sch2.html

5. Directive 2008/48/ECof the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2008 on Credit Agreements for Consumers and Repealing Council Directive 87/102/EEC, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:133:0066:0066:EN:PDF

7. Holzmann Robert, Bringing Financial Literacy and Education to Low and Middle Income Countries: The Need to Review, Adjust, and Extend Current Wisdom, July 2010 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTEC-TION/Resources/SP-Discussion-papers/Social-Protection-General-DP/1007.pdf

8. OECD, G20 High-Level Principles on Financial Consumer Protection, http://www.oecd.org/daf/fin/finan-cial-markets/48892010.pdf

9. OECD, PISA 2012 Financial Literacy Assessment Framework, April 2012 http://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisap-roducts/46962580.pdf

10. მანანა ვარდიაშვილი, პირამიდების ხიბლი და ტრაგედია, ჟურნალი „ლიბერალი“, ივლისი 2013, #144 http://www.liberali.ge/ge/liberali/articles/115525/

11. საქართველოს ეროვნული ბანკი, განცხადება, 2013 წლის 18 თებერვალი, http://nbg.gov.ge/in-dex.php?m=339&n&newsid=2075&lng=geo

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komerciuli bankebis sesxebis gacemis valdebulebebisa da

akreditivebis gaxsnis Taviseburebebi

giorgi xanTaZe, profesori

reziume

garesabalanso operaciebi warmoadgens sa-banko saqmianobis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelo-van sferos. miuxedavad imisa, rom es saqmianoba SeiZleba ar aisaxos sabalanso uwyisSi, igi mainc yuradRebiT unda iqnes Seswavlili. aseT oper-aciaTa Sedegad, banki SeiZleba pirobiTi val-debulebebis winaSe dadges. pirobiTia valde-buleba, romelic damokidebulia meore mxaris qmedebebze, an momaval movlenebze. tipur gare-sabalanso angariSebs, romlebic sesxebis Semow-mebisas mowmdeba, warmoadgenen valdebulebani sesxebis gacemaze da sarezervo akreditivebi.

momavali kreditebis gacemasTan dakavSire-buli ZiriTadi riski imaSi mdgomareobs, rom SeiZleba Seicvalos msesxeblis mdgomareoba valdebulebis gacemasa da uSualo dafinanse-bas Soris. amasTan, valdebulebebma SeiZleba likvidobisa da saprocento ganakveTis riskic gamoiwvios.

akreditivebi warmoadgens ucxouri opera-ciebis dafinansebis yvelaze farTod gamoy-enebul instruments. ZiriTadad, iyeneben ori tipis akreditivs: komerciul dokumentursa da sarezervos. bankma unda gaxsnas akreditivi mxolod maSin, rodesac mas gaaCnia adekvaturi resursebi. miuxedavad imisa rom akreditivebi formalurad ar warmoadgenen sesxebs, isini SeiZleba gaxdnen sesxis warmoqmnis mizezi, Tu gadamxdeli mxare ar Seasrulebs nakisr valde-bulebebs.

sakvanZo sityvebi: banki, valdebuleba, akred-itivi, sesxi, riski.

SummaryCommercial banks’ lending commitments and issuing

of circular notes

Giorgi Khantadze, Asoc. Prof. of GTU

Off-balance sheet transactions is one of the most im-portant field in a banking activities. In spite of the fact that the activity may not be reflected in the balance sheet, it should be carefully examined. As a result of such opera-tions the bank may face a conditional commitment. It is a conditional commitment when it depends on the action of the other party, or on the future events. Typical off-balance sheet accounts, which are examined while checking the

loans, represent lending commitments and standby circular notes as well.

It is a future lending risk that a borrower’s condition may be changed while period, from issuing obligation till a direct funding. In addition to this, liabilities may cause a risk of liquidity and interest rate.

Circular notes are the most widely used tool for funding foreign operations. Two types of circular notes are used: Commercial documentary and standby one. The bank may open a circular note only in case, when it has the adequate resources. In spite of that circular notes do not represent loans, they may become a cause of a loan, if the paying party does not fulfill its obligation.

Keywords: Bank, commitment, letter of credit, loan, risk.

* * * * * * * gare sabalanso operaciebi warmoadgens sa-

banko saqmianobis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelo-van sferos. miuxedavad imisa, rom es saqmiano-ba SeiZleba ar aisaxos sabalanso uwyisSi, igi mainc yuradRebiT unda iqnes Seswavlili. aseT operaciaTa Sedegad, banki SeiZleba pirobiTi valdebulebebis winaSe dadges. pirobiTia val-debuleba, romelic damokidebulia meore mx-aris qmedebebze, an momaval movlenebze.

tipur garesabalanso angariSebs, romlebic sesxebis Semowmebisas mowmdeba, warmoadgenen valdebulebani sesxebis gacemaze da sarez-ervo akreditivebi. garesabalanso angariSebis Sefasebisas, rodesac reitingis miniWeba xde-ba, Semmowmebelma unda Seamowmos, sakredito xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, xom ar aiRo bankma Tavis Tavze upirobo valdebuleba, damate-biTi Tanxebis gacemaze. Tu msesxebelis fi-nansur mdgomareobaSi arsebobs mniSvnelovani sisusteebi, romlebmac, maTi argamosworebis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba sesxis dabrunebis per-speqtivebisa da bankis mdgomareobis gauarese-ba gamoiwvion, amgvari valdebulebani SeiZle-ba miCneul iqnen sayuradRebod. Tu arsebobs aSkara sisusteebi, romlebic safrTxes uqm-nian kreditis dabrunebis SesaZleblobas, amg-vari valdebuleba SeiZleba negatiurad iqnes klasificirebuli. negatiurad klasificirebis SemTxvevaSi, am valdebulebebSi naxsenebi Tanx-ebi unda gaiyos or nawilad: pirdapiri Tanx-ebi, anu Tanxebi, romlebic ukve avansirebulia da arapirdapiri Tanxebi, anu Tanxebi, romelTa avansireba mosalodnelia momavalSi.


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valdebuleba sesxis gacemaze

valdebuleba sesxis gacemaze ganisazRvreba, rogorc iuridiulad gaformebuli xelSekrule-ba sesxis gacemaze. aseTi valdebulebisTvis ban-ki iRebs sakomisios, an raime tipis sxva kompen-sacias. arsebobs aseT valdebulebaTa sxvadasxva tipi. isini damokidebulia gasacemi kreditebis tipebze. aseT valdebulebebTan dakavSirebuli riski warmoiqmneba imis albaTobidan, rom msesx-eblis gadaxdisunarianoba SeiZleba gauaresdes valdebulebis aRebis dRidan Tanxebis avansire-bamde. iuridiulad gaformebuli valdebule-ba sesxis gacemaze warmoadgens iuridiulad dadasturebul weri-lobiT xelSekrulebas, romelsac xels aweren msesxebeli da kredi-tori. masSi aRwerilia is vadebi da pirobebi, romelTa Tanaxmad unda moxdes sesxis gacema. xelSekrulebaSi miTiTebulia TariRi, romlis Semdegac is Zalas kargavs. vadis gagrZelebaze Tanxmobis sanacvlod banki klientisagan iTxovs gadasaxads da/an raime tipis kompensacias.

sakredito xazi (ZiriTadad, werilis saxiT) atyobinebs klients bankis mzadyofnas asesxos garkveuli Tanxa gansazRvruli vadiT. es sakred-ito xazebi cnobilia klientisTvis da isini, ZiriTadad, moixsenieba, rogorc `avizirebuli~ an ̀ dadasturebuli~ xazebi. maTgan gansxvavebiT, `saxelmZRvanelo~ kreditebi (zogjer uwodeben Sida saxelmZRvanelo xazebs) ar aris cnobili klientebisTvis. `saxelmZRvanelo~ kreditebi, sxva sesxebisa da valdebulebebis msgavsad, oficialurad mtkicdeba da exmareba sakredito ganyofilebis moxeles, romelic angariSs em-saxureba, swrafi reagireba gaakeTos fondebis moulodnel moTxovnaze. zogi sakredito xazi SeiZleba gauqmdes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu klien-tis finansuri mdgomareoba gauaresdeba; sxvebi ki, emitentis gadawyvetilebisamebr, ubralod, gauqmebas eqvemdebareba. sakredito xazebi, ro-gorc wesi, moiTxoven periodul an wliur sas-esxo mowesrigebas (gawmendas).

SeiZleba warmoiSvas uTanxmoeba imis Taobaze, Tu ra aris iuridiuli xasiaTis valdebuleba. mag. sakredito SeTanxmebas SeiZleba ewodos gamoTxovadi sakredito xazi, magram, amavdrou-lad, igi SeiZleba iyos iuridiuli valdebuleba sesxis gacemaze, gansakuTrebiT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu klients gaTvaliswinebuli aqvs bankis da-pireba kreditze da mxareebs Soris SeTanxmebis pirobebi asaxulia kontraqtSi. bankis menej-mentma myarad unda ganasxvavos iuridiuli xasi-aTis sakredito valdebulebebi da gamoTxovadi sakredito valdebulebebi. sworad warmoebuli dokumentacia aris imis garanti, rom sasesxo valdebulebis gauqmebis aucileblobis SemTx-

vevaSi, bankis pozicia saTanadod iqneba daculi. momavali kreditebis gacemasTan dakavSire-

buli ZiriTadi riski imaSi mdgomareobs, rom SeiZleba Seicvalos msesxeblis mdgomareoba valdebulebis gacemasa da uSualo dafinanse-bas Soris. amasTan, valdebulebebma SeiZleba likvidobisa da saprocento ganakveTis riskic gamoiwvios. Semmowmebelma unda Seafasos sava-raudo moTxovnileba emitenti bankis sasesxo valdebulebebze da bankis dasafinansebel wyar-oebTan dakavSirebuli savaraudo sakredito xa-zebi. sakredito xazebs SeiZleba hqondes msesx-eblis saxelze gamoSvebuli akreditivis forma. aseT akreditivebs igive girao aqvT, rogoric sakredito xazebs. TiToeuli Semowmebis dros unda Sefasdes gamouyenebeli valdebulebebisa da avizirebuli sakredito xazebis savaraudo gamoyeneba. Tu daufinansebeli valdebulebebis moculoba ufro didia, vidre bankis likvido-ba, Semdgomma analizma unda daadginos, iyo Tu ara gamoyenebuli nasesxebi saxsrebi da Tu iyo, aseTi saxsrebis odenoba da wyaro.

akreditivi aris bankis mier klientis davalebiT misi kontragentis sasargeblod xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad gacemuli fuladi val-debuleba, romlis mixedviTac akreditivis gamx-snel banks (emitent banks) SeuZlia mimwodebels gadauxados, an sxva banks mianiWos aseTi gadaxdis uflebamosileba akreditivSi gaTvaliswinebuli sabuTebis wardgenis pirobiT, agreTve, akredi-tivis sxva pirobebis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi.

Tu akreditivis warmomadgeneli banki (emitenti banki) gadamxdels (myidvels) davale-biT gadaugzavnis saxsrebs sxva bankSi akredi-tiviT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela pirobis dacviT gadaxdis mosaxdenad, mimwodeblis bankSi gaix-sneba calke Sesabamisi sabalanso angariSi _ `akreditivebi~. gadamxdelis bankSi Sesuli akreditivebis aRricxvisaTvis gaixsneba gare-balansuri Sesabamisi angariSi _ `gasanaRdebe-li akreditivebi~. am SemTxvevaSi akreditiviT gadaxdas ganaxor-cielebs uSualod mimwodeb-lis momsaxure banki.

akreditivebi warmoadgens ucxouri opera-ciebis dafinansebis yvelaze farTod gamoyen-ebul instruments. ZiriTadad, iyeneben ori tipis akreditivs: komerciul dokumentursa da sarezervos.

komerciuli dokumenturi akreditivi komerciuli dokumenturi akreditivi gamoi-

yeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac xorcieldeba gamyidvelidan myidvelisTvis saqonlis gag-zavnis dafinanseba. komerciuli dokumenturi akreditivi aris werili, romelic bankis mier gamoiwereba saqonlis gamyidvelze (benefi-ciarze) Tavad am bankis an misi klientis (saqon-lis myidvelis) saxeliT. akreditivis mixedviT,

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garkveuli pirobebis Sesrulebis Semdeg, gamy-idvels eZleva ufleba gamoweros gadasayvani Tamasuqebi dadgenili moculobis Tanxebze. amis Semdeg, is iRebs Tanxebs am Tamasuqebis mixed-viT. beneficiars unaRdeben Tamasuqebs mxolod bankis mier yvela saWiro dokumentaciis miRebis Semdeg.

komerciuli akreditivebi gamoiwereba gamoTxovis uflebiT (gamoTxovadi akreditivi) da gamoTxovis uflebis gareSe (gamouTxovadi akreditivi). gamouTxovadi akreditivi warmoad-gens iseT akreditivs, romlis pirobebi ar Sei-Zleba Seicvalos yvela monawilis Tanxmobis ga-reSe da piriqiT, gamoTxovadi akreditivi aris iseTi akreditivi, romelic SeiZleba gauqmdes, an romlis pirobebic SeiZleba nebismier dros Seicvalos gamomweri bankis mier. amasTan, banki ar aris valdebuli winaswar Seatyobinos ben-eficiars.

gamouTxovadi akreditivi aris gamomweri bankis valdebuleba gadauxados beneficiars dadgenili Tanxa akreditivis pirobebis Ses-rulebis SemTxvevaSi. garda amisa, gamoTxovadi akreditivi ar warmoadgens bankis kredits. es aris instrumenti, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba angariSsworeba myidvelsa da gamyidvels So-ris. vinaidan gamoTxovadi akreditivi SeiZleba gauqmdes an Seicvalos winaswari Setyobinebis gareSe, beneficiari eyrdnoba ara bankis, aramed myidvelis survilsa da SesaZleblobas, Seasru-los dadebuli kontraqtis pirobebi.

rogorc wesi, akreditivi egzavneba, uSu-alod, beneficiars an mis gadasagzavnad banki iyenebs Tavis korespondent banks, romelic ganlagebulia beneficiaris maxloblad. xSir-ad, korespondenti banki gamodis „mrCeveli~ bankis rolSi, anu asrulebs akreditivis gamom-weri bankis agentis funqciebs. garda amisa, is sakuTar Tavze ar iRebs raime valdebulebas. avizirebul akreditivze keTdeba bankis warwera imis Sesaxeb, rom is uSualod araa CarTuli am operaciSi. amrigad, avizirebuli akreditivis mixedviT, gadaxda warmoebs gamomweri da ara avizirebuli bankis mier.

zogierTi beneficiari, romelic ar icnobs akreditivis gamomwer banks, iTxovs gamouTxo-vadi akreditivebis „dadasturebas~ adgilo-brivi bankis mier. akreditivis dadasturebi-sas, damadasturebeli banki, akreditivis wina mxares awers: „viReb valdebulebas, gavanaRdo am akreditivis mixedviT gamowerili yvela Ta-masuqi~, an akeTebs raime msgavs warweras. amiT, damadasturebeli akreditivis beneficiari iRebs garkveul valdebulebas damadasturebe-li bankisgan da aRar wuxs imaze, Tu ramdenad Seasrulebs akreditivis gamomweri banki Tavis valdebulebas. xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac erTi

banki asrulebs ramdenime funqcias. magaliTad, akreditivis avizirebisas banki axdens mis da-dasturebas da Tavis Tavze iRebs am Tanxebis gadaxdas.

gamowerili Tamasuqebis ganaRdeba SeiZleba moxdes maTi wardgenisas an erTidan 180 dRemde periodis ganmavlobaSi. garda amisa, zogjer gamoiyeneba sxva pirobebic. akreditivSi gan-sazRvrulia, Tu romel bankze da ra pirobe-biT unda gamoiweros Tamasuqi. roca Tamasuqi gamoiwereba warmomdgenze, banki mas wardgenisas anaRdebs im pirobiT, rom akreditivis pirobebi Sesrulebulia. vadiani Tamasuqis gamowerisas banki axdens mis aqceptirebas da mas zevidan aw-ers: „aqceptirebulia~. Semdeg klienti itovebs am Tamasuqs ganaRdebis vadis dadgomamde an yid-is mas sabanko aqceptebis bazarze, nominaluri RirebulebiT, an fasdaklebiT.

zogierTi saxis komerciuli akreditivi, ro-goricaa „sakompensacio~ da „wiTeli pirobis akreditivebi~, Seicaven garkveuli riskis mqone elementebs. aqedan gamomdinare, maTi gamow-erisas an momsaxurebisas, bankebma garkveuli sifrTxile unda gamoiCinon. igive exeba gada-vadebuli gadaxdis mqone akreditivebs, isini uSualod aisaxebian bankis aqtivebSi da valde-bulebebSi bankSi maTi da beneficiaris aucile-beli dokumentebis miRebis Semdeg. aseT akredi-tivTan dakavSirebuli riski izrdeba kreditis vadianobasTan erTad.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac banki awarmoebs op-eraciebs akreditivebis gamoyenebiT, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba aucilebel dokumentebs. amitom bankma yuradRebiT unda Seamowmos yve-la sabuTi, raTa darwmundes, rom isini akredi-tivis yvela pirobas akmayofileben. xSir SemTx-vevaSi, operaciis warmoebisas, akreditivebTan erTad gamoiyeneba warmomdgenze gamowerili Tamasuqebi, aqceptebi, sasawyobo qviTrebi an qviTar-mindobilobebze gamowerili avansebi. amasTan, saboloo gadaxda xSirad damokidebu-lia Camotanili saqonlis saboloo realiza-ciaze. amrigad, akreditivebis gamoyenebiT op-eraciebis dafinansebisas, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba gamoyenebuli dokumentebis siswores da maT swor damuSavebas.

sarezervo akreditivebi sarezervo akreditivis Tanaxmad, gamomweri

banki Tavis Tavze iRebs valdebulebas gadauxa-dos beneficiars dadgenili Tanxa im SemTxveva-Si, Tu gadamxdeli mxare ver Seasrulebs nak-isr valdebulebebs. amasTan, sarezervo akredi-tivi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes komerciuli garigebebis warmoebisas, magram uSualod is ar aris dakavSirebuli gamyidvelidan myidvelamde saqonlis gadazidvasTan. is SeiZleba exebodes saamSeneblo kontraqtis Sesrulebas an gamoy-


92

enebul iqnas, rogorc garantia bankis winaSe, rom saqonlis gamyidveli Seasrulebs nakisr valdebulebebs, an ukavSirdebodes wminda fi-nansuri valdebulebis Sesrulebas, magaliTad, rodesac krediti gamoiyeneba rogorc garantia imisa, rom fasiani qaRaldebis ganaRdeba moxde-ba dafarvis vadis dadgomisas. amrigad, komer-ciuli akreditivisgan gansxvavebiT, sarezervo akreditivis gamowerisas banki sxva rols as-rulebs. nebismieri akreditivis SemTxvevaSi banki gulisxmobs, rom klients eqneba sakmarisi finansuri SesaZlebloba Tavisi valdebule-bebis Sesasruleblad. rogorc wesi, mas Semdeg, rac banki ixdis Tanxebs komerciuli akredi-tivis mixedviT, klienti dauyovnebliv axdens am Tanxebis anazRaurebas da es Tanxebi ar iqceva sesxebad. amasTan, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac banki ixdis Tanxebs sarezervo akreditivis mixedviT, es niSnavs, rom klientma ver Seasrula nakisri valdebulebebi da is savaraudod am Tanxebs ver aanazRaurebs.

komerciuli akreditivebis gamowerasTan SedarebiT, sarezervo akreditivebis gamow-era dakavSirebulia potenciurad ufro maRal sakredito riskTan. Tu operacia ar aris mTli-anad uzrunvelyofili, sarezervo akreditivis gamomwer banks ar gaaCnia raime saSualeba mosa-lodneli zaralis Tavidan asacileblad, maSin, rodesac komerciuli akreditivebis SemTxveva-Si, banks rCeba sabuTebi gamogzavnil saqonelze. amis, gamo, sarezervo akreditivebTan dakavS-irebuli riskis Semcirebis mizniT, akreditivis gamomwerma bankma, iseve, rogorc sesxis gacemis SemTxvevaSi xdeba xolme, unda gaaanalizos gad-amxdeli mxaris kreditu-narianoba. angariSgebis miznebisTvis, sarezervo akreditivi aisaxeba, rogorc mosalodneli (potenciuri) valde-buleba.

akreditivi exeba, minimum, sam mxares da arse-bobs sami gansxvavebuli kontraqti:

• kontraqti gadamxdel mxaresa da benefi-ciars Soris, romlis Tanaxmadac gadamxdeli mxare Rebulobs valdebulebas gadaxdasa, Tu raime pirobis Sesrulebaze.

• kontraqti gadamxdel mxaresa da akredi-tivis gamxsnels Soris (akreditivis gamxsneli _ es aris mxare, romelic Tavis Tavze iRebs val-debulebas garkveuli Tanxebis gadaxdaze, roca Sesruldeba akreditivis pirobebi, xolo gad-amxdeli mxare iRebs valdebulebas benficiaris anazRaurebaze).

•kontraqtiakreditivisgamxsnelsadabene-ficiars Soris, rodesac akreditivis gamxsneli mxare iRebs valdebulebas beneficiaris akredi-tivSi naxsenebi pirobebis Sesrulebis SemTxveva-Si Tanxebis gadaxdaze.

akreditivebis umravlesoba aragarantirebu-

lia da gulisxmobs gadamxdeli mxaris kreditis Secvlas bankis kreditiT. es xdeba maSin, rode-sac saWiroa beneficiaris darwmuneba bankis klientis kreditunarianobasa da mis mier Ta-visi valdebulebebis akreditivSi naxsenebi pirobebisa da vadebis Tanaxmad SesrulebaSi. sarezrevo akreditivi es aris upirobo valde-buleba akreditivis gamxsneli mxaris (bankis) mxridan, gadauxados konkretul beneficiars im SemTxvevaSi, Tu bankis klienti (gadamxdeli mx-are) ver Seasrulebs nakisr valdebulebebs.

kreditebis analizis miznebisTvis, sarezervo akreditivebi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc sesxebi, romelTa riskic bankis mier klientze sesxis gacemasTan dakavSirebuli riskis analo-giuria. sarezervo akreditivebi SeiZleba daiyos or tipad _ „finansuri tipisa~ da „arafinansuri tipis~ sarezervo akreditivebad.

„finansuri tipis~ sarezervo akreditive-bi iZlevian finansuri dokumentebis mixedviT gadaxdis garantias.

„arafinansuri tipis~ sarezervo akredi-tivebi, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba, rogorc sa-kontrolo garantiebi, rodesac saqme exeba garkveuli proeqtebis Sesrulebis garantias (magaliTad, rogoricaa gzebis mSenebloba, an jarimis gadaxdis garantia, rodesac momwodebe-li ver uzrunvelyofs saqonlis miwodebasa da samuSaos Catarebas kontraqtis pirobebis mixed-viT). Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom Semmowmeblebma sworad Seafason riskebis is elementebi, rom-lebic dakavSirebulia sabanko dawesebulebaSi akreditivebis gacemis arsebul praqtikasTan. Semmowmeblebma unda Seafason sabnko dawese-bulebis kontrolis sistema, romelsac riskis Semcireba SeuZlia (aq igulisxmeba personalis gamocdileba, dokumentaciis sworad warmoeba da riskebis adekvaturi Sefaseba). akreditivis gaxsnis standartebi unda iyos aranakleb mkac-ri, vidre sesxis gacemis standartebi. amitom, akreditivebis portfeli moiTxovs iseTive dawvrilebiT Semowmebasa da Seswavlas, rogorc sasesxo portfeli. gadamxdeli mxaris araswor-ma qmedebam an mis mier akreditivis pirobebis Seusruleblobam SeiZleba iseTive gavlena iqo-nios, rogorc arasworad gacemulma sesxebma.

komerciuli akreditivebisgan gansxvavebiT sarezervo akreditivis mixedviT Tanxebis gadax-daze moTxovna miuTiTebs imaze, rom myidvels finansuri problemebi gauCnda, maSin rode-sac Tanxebis gadaxda komerciuli akreditivis mixedviT miuTiTebs imaze, rom gadamxdeli mx-are agrZelebs Tavis Cveulebriv saqmianobas. sarezervo akreditivebi Zalze gavrcelebulia, magram maTTan garkveuli riskia dakavSirebu-li. qvemoT gTavazobT iformacias sarezervo akreditivebis gamoyenebisa da maTTan dakavS-

93

irebuli riskis Sesaxeb. sarezervo akreditivis gamoyenebis sfero

praqtikulad SeuzRudavia; yvelaze gavrcel-ebulia Semdegi SemTxvevebi:

uZravi qonebis ganviTarebis proeqtebi. ip-oTekuri kreditis gacema SeiZleba dasabuTe-bul iqnes im TanxebiT, romlebic am proeqtis Semsruleblis mier proeqtSia Cadebuli. miuxe-davad amisa, kreditorma SeiZleba ganacxados, rom msesxebels aqvs uZrav qonebaSi dabandebu-li garkveuli kapitali da ar gaaCnia Tavisu-fali saxsrebi, radgan isini dabandebulia sxva obieqtebSi. mxareebi xSirad iyeneben akredi-tivs, raTa daakmayofilon moTxovna kapitalze, naRdi Tanxebis gamoyenebis gareSe.

Tamasuqebis uzrunvelyofa. zog SemTxvevaSi kreditorma SeiZleba mosTxovos movales Cveu-lebrivi Tamasuqis garantia sxva bankis sarez-ervo akreditivis saSualebiT.

vaWrobis aucileblobidan gamomdinare kon-traqtebis garantia. am SemTxvevaSi sarezervo akreditivi kontraqtis garantiis analogiuria. xSirad saqonlis momwodebeli sTxovs msesxe-bels moipovos komerciuli akreditivi gadaxdis garantiisTvis. amasTan, myidvelma SeiZleba mosTxovos saqonlis momwodebels sarezervo akreditivi, raTa garantirebul iqnes saqon-lis mowodeba saTanado vadebSi da saTanado pirobebis Tanaxmad.

fasiani qaRaldebis garantia. sarezervo akreditivi gamoiyeneba im valdebulebaTa ga-rantiisTvis, romlebic dakavSirebulia iseTi fasiani qaRaldebis ganTavsebasTan, rogoricaa municipaluri da saxelmwifo obligaciebi. Tu am valdebulebaTa Sesruleba garantirebulia sarezervo akre-ditivis Tanaxmad, maSin am fa-siani qaRaldebis reitingi ufro maRali, xolo maTi saprocento ganakveTi ufro dabalia.

municipaluri obligaciebis garantiis mizniT gamowerili sarezervo akreditivebi

sarezervo akreditivi SeiZleba gamowerili iyos municipaluri obligaciebis garantire-bis mizniT, aseTi obligacebi dakavSirebulia regionis ganviTarebis iseT proeqtebTan, rom-lebic gasdasaxadebisgan Tavisufali, an Cveu-lebrivi sasesxo obligaciebis saSualebiT fi-nansirdeba.

umetes SemTxvevaSi, sarezervo akreditivi gamoiwereba obligaciebis nominalze maRa-li TanxiT da, amgvarad, xdeba obligaciebis mflobelTa procentebis gadaxda, procentebis gadaxdis dReebs Soris arsebuli drois Su-aledebSi. rogorc wesi, aseTi sarezervo akred-itivi garantirebulia bankis prioritetuli uflebiT im qonebaze, romliTac ZiriTadi Tanx-aa garantirebuli. sarezervo akreditivebis gamowerisa da kreditebis analizis standarteb-

Si unda aisaxos msgavsi sesxebis gacemaze ar-sebuli standartebi. ganviTarebis proeqtis Semsrulebeli, periodulad uxdis procen-tebs obligaciebis mflobelebs da banks uxdis sarezervo akreditivis safasurs. im SemTxveva-Si, Tu gadamxdeli ar Seasrulebs obligaciebis mflobelTa winaSe naskisr valdebulebebs, ma-Sin mflobelebisTvis Tanxebis gadaxdis miz-niT gamoiyeneba sarezervo akreditivi. amrigad, bankma unda moaxdinos sarezervo akreditivis gamowerasTan dakavSirebuli mTliani riskis Se-faseba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom umetes SemTxveva-Si sarezervo akreditivebis gamowerisas ig-ulisxmeba, rom aucilebelia maTi perioduli ganaxleba, Semmowmebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos is, rom banki ver aicilebs Tavidan valdebule-bas, romelic exeba akreditivis ganaxlebas. yvela sasesxo obligaciis gamoSvebisas, obli-gaciis pirobebSi naxsenebia, rom sarezervo akreditivis arganaxlebis SemTxvevaSi, bankma winaswar unda gamogzavnos Setyobineba. amgvari Setyobinebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, im muSakma, romelic pasuxismgebelia akreditivis mixed-viT sesxebis gacemaze, SeiZleba CaTvalos aseTi Setyobineba xelSekrulebis Seusruleblobis niSnad da gamoitanos Tanxebi arsebuli akredi-tividan. aqedan gamomdinare, bankma unda daic-vas Tavi arsebuli proeqtisa da sasesxo obli-gaciebis mdgomareobis gamudmebuli monitor-ingis saSualebiT. yvela dokumenturi monacemi unda grovdebodes bankis saqmeebSi, raTa dadas-turdes arsebuli uZravi qonebis mdgomareoba, naRdi Tanxebis nakadis sidide da sesxis obli-gaciebis mdgomareoba.

bankis mier unda sruldebodes yvela im moTxovnis monitoringi, romlebic dakavSire-bulia sasesxo kontraqtSi naxsenebi Tanxebis aTvisebasTan. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, akreditivis ganaxleba xdeba avtomaturad, Tu akreditivis gamom-weri banki ar gamougzavnis beneficiars Setyobinebas (Cveulebrivad, 30 dRiT adre) akreditivis moqmedebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. banki pasuxismgerbelia Setyobinebis gagzavnaze. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ar arsebobs saimedo ga-rantori an giraoSi ar aris Cadebuli raime mniS-vnelovani kapitali, amgvari akreditivebi xasi-aTdebian maRali riskiT. im SemTxvevaSi, rode-sac sarezervo akreditivi gadaiqceva gacemul sesxad, aseTi sesxi SeiZleba klasificirebuli iqnes, rogorc arastandartuli an ufro dabali kategoriis sesxi. bankma SeiZleba daicvas Tavi aseTi riskisagan, Tu is gaaformebs warmoebis saSualebaTa an sacxovrebeli farTis mflobel-Tan iseT grZelvadian saijaro xelSekrulebas, romelic mTavrobis sagarantio valdebulebe-biT iqneba garantirebuli.


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akreditivis gaxsnasTan da aqceptirebasTan dakavSirebuli riski

finansurma dawesebulebam unda icodes im sakredito riskis Sesaxeb, romelic dakavS-irebulia akreditivis gaxsnasTan. bankma unda gaxsnas akreditivi mxolod maSin, rodesac mas gaaCnia adekvaturi resursebi. miuxedavad imisa rom akreditivebi formalurad ar warmoadgenen sesxebs, isini SeiZleba gaxdnen sesxis warmoqmnis mizezi, Tu gadamxdeli mxare ar Seasrulebs na-kisr valdebulebebs. amitom, bankma unda gamoi-yenos iseTive usafrTxoebis standartebi da wesebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba komerciuli kred-itis gacemisas. kidev erTxel gvinda gavusvaT xazi adekvaturi dokumentaciis warmoebis mniS-vnelobas. komerciuli akreditivi, warmoadgens im finansuri garigebebis uwyveti seriis nawils, romelic dakavSirebulia akreditivis Tanaxmad gamowerili tratebis aqceptirebasTan. gadaxdi-li Tanxebis sidide SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos imaze, Tu ramdenad kargad saRdeba saqoneli, Tumca saqoneli SeiZleba ar iyos dagiravebuli. amrigad, dokumentebis sworad warmoeba war-moadgens bankis upirveles sazrunavs.

xSir SemTxvevaSi, akreditivebis gaxsna xdeba teleqsis saSualebiT, romelic iZleva saSuale-bas dadasturebul iqnes gamgzavnis vinaoba (ro-gorc wesi aq igulisxmeba meore banki). araviTar SemTxvevaSi bankma ar unda moaxdinos benefi-ciaris mier wardgenili akreditivis aqceptire-ba manam, sanam is ar miiRebs misi autenturobis (sinamdvilis) dadasturebas. yovelTvis arse-bobs imis albaToba, rom akreditivi SeiZleba iqces beneficiaris, bankis klientis an akredi-tivis gamomweri bankis insaideris TaRliTobis obieqtad. garda amisa, sarezervo akreditivi SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli, rogorc instru-menti bankis direqtorebisa da muSakebis mier sxva bankSi kreditebis miRebisaTvis. sabanko normativebis Tanaxmad sarezervo akreditivebi unda iqnes miRebuli mxedvelobaSi, rodesac xdeba mTliani sasesxo davalianebis gaangariSe-ba.

aqedan gamomdinare, akreditivis gamoweri-sas gamoyenebul unda iqnes iseTive Sida kon-trolis meqanizmebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba sxva tipis kreditebis gacemisas. amgvari kontroli gulisxmobs ormag nebarTvas akreditivis gamow-eraze da akreditivis registraciis, aqceptire-bisa da akreditivis mixedviT Tanxebis gacemis funqciaTa gamijvnas.

sxva bankebis mier gaxsnili akreditivebis aqceptirebisas aucilebelia maTi detaluri gadamowmeba. unda arsebobdes ormagi nebar-Tva mis aqceptirebaze. akreditivis gamxsnelma bankma SeiZleba ver SeZlos an ar moindomos Tavisi akreditivis an sarezervo akreditivis

aqceptireba im motiviT, rom is miiCnios yalbad an ganacxados, rom akreditivze xelismomwers ar hqonda amis gakeTebis ufleba. akreditivis aqceptirebamde bankma unda miiRos misi sinamd-vilis werilobiTi dadastureba, rom saTanado pirobebis Sesrulebisas igi iqneba aqceptire-buli. xelSekruleba akreditivis gamxsnel bank-Tan unda gamoigzavnos damowmebuli teleqsiT da unda moicavdes im gansakuTrebul pirobebs, romelTa Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi moxdeba misi aqceptireba. riskis minimumze dayvanis mizniT, pirobebi, romlebic aris naxsenebi xelSekrule-baSi, zustad da ganuxrelad unda iqnes daculi. sarezervo akreditivis Semowmeba unda Catardes damoukideblad ori an orze meti piris mier, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli am saqmeSi dakave-bul muSakTa arakeTilsindisieri qmedebis Sesa-Zlebloba.

daskvnazogierTi sasesxo SeTanxmeba moicavs „ma-

terialuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis~ muxls, romlis Tanaxmad banki uflebamosilia moaxdi-nos sakredito xazis valdebulebis anulireba klientis finansuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis SemTxvevaSi. es muxli SeiZleba garantorebis finansur mdgomareobasac moicavdes. aRniSnuli muxlis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia maSin, Tu Zala-Si rCeba iuridiuli xasiaTis urTierTobani, miuxedavad specifikuri finansuri SeTanxme-bebis darRvevisa. zogierTi dokumenti Zalian bundovnad asaxavs msesxeblis valdebulebas damakmayofilebeli finansuri mdgomareobis SenarCunebis Sesaxeb. Semmowmebelma yuradRebiT unda gadasinjos sasesxo SeTanxmebebi, raTa gan-sazRvros, aris Tu ara banki iuridiulad val-debuli Tanxebis gacemaze.

akreditivebis gamowerisa da gayidvis (ga-dacemis) wesebi ganisazRvreba Sesabamisi saer-TaSoriso standartebiT, romlebic SemuSavebu-lia saerTaSoriso komerciuli palatis mier. am standartebis mixedviT, yvela akreditivi unda gamoiweros:

•konkretulibeneficiarissaxelze;•gansazRvruliraodenobisTanxaze;• iseTi formiT, romelSic mkafiod iqneba

miTiTebuli, Tu rogor da ra pirobebiT moxde-ba beneficiarTan angariSsworeba;

•moqmedebiskonkretulivadiT.im SemTxvevaSi, roca akreditivis mixedviT

gadasaxdeli Tanxebis gadaxdis albaToba didia, magram gadamxdel mxares ar Seswevs unari aunaz-Rauros banks es Tanxebi akreditivis pirobebis mixedviT, maSin akreditivi Sefasebul unda iqnes negatiurad. garda amisa, Tu arsebobs zaralis didi albaToba da SesaZlebelia am albaTobis dadgena, maSin unda moxdes bankis mogebidan

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Tanxebis gadaricxva mosalodneli zaralis dasafaravad. zaralis albaTobis dadgena, unda iqnes Sesrulebuli menejmentTan molaparakebis Sedegebis gamoyenebiT.


1. caava g, xanTaZe g.-sabanko menejmenti (Teoria, meTodebi da praqtika), saxelmZRvanelo, gamomc. “dani”, 2015.(Georgian)

caava g, xanTaZe g. - sabanko menejmenti (Te-oria, meTodebi da praqtika), saxelmZRvanelo, gamomc. “dani”, 2015.

2. caava g. xanTaZe g.-sabanko saqme (Teoria, me-Todebi da praqtika), saxelmZRvanelo, gamomc. “dani”, 2014. (Georgian)

caava g. xanTaZe g. - sabanko saqme (Teoria, meTodebi da praqtika), saxelmZRvanelo, gamomc. “dani”, 2014.

3. Lothrop H.,- How to Protect Your Bank from Rising Interest Rates: A Practical Guide to Community Bank Hedging Solutions, 2013.

4. Clifford Gomez.;-Banking and Finance-Theory, Law and Practice.;-PHI Learning Private limited, New Delhi. 2013.

5. Benton E. Gup.;-Banking and Financial Institutions;-A Guide for Directors, Investors, and Counterparties.;-Publ. by John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hobo-ken, New Jersey.; 2011.

6. Боди, З., Мертон Р.. Финансы: Пер. с англ. М.: Вильяме, 2004.

7. Пол X. Аллеи. Реинжиниринг банка: программа выживания и успеха: Пер. с англ. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2002.


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biznes-inJineringi

socialur mecnierebebSi

saqarTveloSi sazogadoebis saSualo fenis

Camoyalibebis sakiTxisaTvis\

xaTuna Todua, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa kandidati

reziume

nebismier qveyanaSi Zlieri saSualo fena sa-zogadoebis stabilizaciis mZlavri saSualebaa. swored saSualo fenas efuZneba ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikis 70-80%, dRes saqarTveloSi saSualo fena faqtobrivad ar arsebobs, razec metyvelebs jinis maRali koeficienti. saqarT-veloSi xsenebuli maCvenebeli 2013 w. 40%-s Seadgenda mTliani samomxmareblo xarjebis mixedviT.

miCneulia, rom Tu sazogadoebis yvelaze mdidari 5%-is Semosavlebi 10-jer da metad aRemateba yvelaze Raribi 5%-is Semosavlebs, Tavs iCens socialuri daZabuloba, rac qveynis socialur stabilurobas safrTxes uqmnis. sa-gangaSoa, rom saqarTveloSi yvelaze mdidari fenis 5%-is Semosavali yvelaze Raribi fenis 5%-is Semosavals 65-70 -jer (!) aRemateba. auci-lebelia saxelmwifom gaataros qmediTi poli-tika Semosavlebis uTanabrobis xarisxis Sesa-mcireblad, qveynis ekonomikuri politika up-irvelesad saSualo fenis Seqmnisaken unda iyos mimarTuli.

saqarTvelos xelisufleba valdebulebas iRebs uzrunvelyos qveynis mdgradi ekonomi-kuri ganviTareba sabazro ekonomikis, gamWvir-vale wesebis, aseve efeqturi socialuri poli-tikis gatarebis safuZvelze.

xeli unda Seewyos mcire da saSualo biznessa da moqalaqeTa dasaqmebas,Semosavlebis uTan-asworobis Semcirebis efeqturi gzaa agreTve maRali Semosavlebis dabegvra da mcire Se-mosavlebis mqone pirTaTvis daxmarebebis gace-ma. progresuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadebiT da mcireSemosavliani ojaxebisaTvis daxmarebebis saxelmwifo programebiT SesaZlebelia Semosav-lebis gadanawilebaze arsebiTi gavlenis moxde-na.

Summary

About the Middle Class Formation Problems in Georgia

Khatuna Todua, Candidate of Science Economics

A strong middle class is a powerful mean of stabilizing the society, the 70-80 % of developed economies are based on middle class. According to the Georgia’s Gini coeffi-cient standing at 40 %, there is an absence of the middle class in the country, which bespeaks of serious social and economic challenges in this way. So, the size of middle class is an acute problem in Georgia, which outweighs its neighbor countries in terms of income inequality.

A comparison helps better assess the situation: Norway have indicator of around 25, while the African countries are characterized by a high indicator (around 80). Even within the region, where the post-Soviet countries likewise have high indicator, Georgia still outweighs some of its neighbors in terms of inequality; for example, Armenian Gini coefficient is 30.2 % .

The best world practise shows the cause-fighting meth-od is more effective, than subsidies. It’s very effective to employ progressive taxation - to tax the rich proportionally more than poor to reduce the amount of income inequality in society, the other way seems to be instituting minimum wage legislation to raise the income of the poorest work-ers, or to target on education and health care accession to maintain the competitive environment.

The experts recommend Georgian government to un-dertake the cause-fighting policy in this field that usually is more effective.

* * * * * *rogorc cnobilia, nebismier qveyanaSi Zlie-

ri saSualo fena sazogadoebis stabilizaciis mZlavri saSualebaa, igi erTmaneTTan uSual-od akavSirebs mdidar da Rarib fenebs, aregu-lirebs maT Soris warmoqmnil winaaRmdegobebs da Tavisi Sualeduri mdgomareobiT orienti-ris funqcias asrulebs. swored saSualo fenas efuZneba ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikis 70-80 %. saSualo fenis ararsebobam an simcirem SesaZloa seriozul problemebs daudos saTave.

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vin miekuTvneba saaSualo fenas? aSS-sa da evropis qveynebSi miRebuli sayovelTao standartebis mixedviT, saSualo fenas ganekuT-vneba adamiani, romelsac sabanko angariSze 18 Tvis saarsebo minimumis odenobis Tanxa aqvs, hyavs avtomobili, aqvs agaraki da kviraSi erTx-el ojaxTan erTad restoranSi sadilobs an vax-Smobs.

am standartebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi, imisaTvis rom saSualo fenas ganekuTvnebode, sabanko angariSze, sul mcire 2 869 lari unda gqondes (vinaidan saarsebo minimumi CvenTan 2014 wlis monacemebiT 159,4 laria), aseTi danazogis mflobeli ki qarTul realobaSi arcTu bevria. rac Seexeba iseT standartebs, rogoricaa aga-rakisa Tu avtomobilis floba da a. S., samwux-arod, Cveni moqalaqeebis didi nawili verc amiT daikvexnis, Sesabamisad, maT saSualo fenas ver mivakuTvnebT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, saerTaSoriso standartebis mixedviT.

SedarebisaTvis, aSS-Si saSualo ojaxis wli-uri Semosavali 50 000 dolaria, xolo Raribad iTvleba ojaxi, romlis wliuri Semosavali ar aRemateba 22 000 dolars.

unda aRiniSnos, rom dReisaTvis saqarT-veloSi sazogadoebis klasikuri samfenovani dayofa (mdidrebi, saSualo fena Dda Raribebi) Seicvala xuTfenovaniT, romlis mixedviT ze-moT CamoTvlil kategoriebs daemata kidev ori: SeZlebulebi (socialuri fena mdidrebsa da saSualo klass Soris) da Ratakebi (ukiduresad Raribebi). statistikis departamentis mier md-idrebad CaiTvala is ojaxebi, romelTa Semosav-ali saarsebo minimums 4-jer mainc aRemateba (im droisaTvis 4-suliani ojaxisaTvis minimumi Seadgenda 196,6 lars). aseT ojaxTa raodenobam mTlianad qveyanaSi Seadgina 6-7 %. SeZlebul ojaxebs miakuTvnes isini, visi Semosavlebi 3-4-jer aRemateboda saarsebo minimums. saSualo fenas miakuTvnes ojaxebi, romlebsac saarse-bo minimumze ara umetes 3-jer meti Semosava-li hqonda (maTma saerTo raodenobam Seadgina mxolod 21-23 %). yvela is ojaxi, romelsac saarsebo minimumze naklebi Semosavali hqonda, miekuTvna RaribTa fenas. calke gamoiyo Ratak-Ta fena (is ojaxebi, visac Semosavlebi saarsebo minimumis naxevarze naklebi hqonda). yvela sxva ojaxi, romelTa Semosavlebi saarsebo minimum-sa da da mis naxevars Soris meryeobda, ubral-od Raribebad CaiTvala. am fenebis cxovrebis standartebi ver akmayofilebs ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebis standartebs.

dRes saqarTveloSi saSualo fenis faqto-briv ararsebobaze metyvelebs sazogadoebis Semosavlebs Soris uTanasworobis iseTi sayo-velTaod aRiarebuli da popularuli sazomi, rogoricaa jinis koeficienti. jinis koefi-

cienti warmoadgens erTgvar maTematikur kon-cefcias, romliTac izomeba Semosavlebis ga-nawilebis uTanabroba 0-dan 1-mde, an procen-tis saxiT 0-dan 100 %-mde. jinis dabali koe-ficientis SemTxvevaSi Semosavlebis ganawilebis maRal TanasworobasTan gvaqvs saqme. zogadad, rac ufro dabalganviTarebulia qveyana, miT maRalia iq jinis koeficienti da, Sesabamisad, Semosavlebs Soris uTanabroba. am maCvenebliT msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea namibia 76,3 %-iT, xolo iseT maRalganviTarebul qveyanaSi, ro-goric norvegiaa, jinis koeficienti 25,8 %-s utoldeba; ruseTSi es maCvenebeli 43%-s, Tur-qeTSi - 41,2-s, xolo somxeTSi - 30,2 %-s aRwevs. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, 2012 wels jinis koe-ficientma 41 %, xolo 2013 wels -40% Seadgina mTliani samomxmareblo xarjebis mixedviT, rac moicavs rogorc samomxmareblo fulad xarjebs, ise arafulad xarjebsac. es monacemebi imazec metyvelebs, rom rac ufro dabalSemosavliania ojaxi, miT metad cdilobs Semosavlebis miRe-bas naturaluri formiT - soflis meurneobis produqtebiT, xolo SedarebiT maRalSemosav-lian ojaxebSi naturaluri Semosavlebi nak-lebia. Semosavlebis mixedviT diferenciaciis tendencia ki, rogorc avRniSneT, yovelTvis saxifaToa sazogadoebisaTvis, gamokvlevebis mixedviT, ganvlil periodSi arsebiTad Seicva-la qveynis mosaxleobis Semosavlebis struqtu-ra da moculoba; Tu 1990 wels saSualo Tvi-uri nominaluri xelfasi Seadgenda 214 maneTs, 1995 wels Seadgina 13,6 lari, 1996 wels - 35 lari (ekonomikis dargebSi), 27 lari sabiujeto organizaciebSi, 45 lari arasabiujeto organi-zaciebSi,, 2000 wels - 712, 5 lari, 2003 wels - 101,5 lari, 2007 wels -241 lari, 2012 wels - 712,5 lari, xolo 2013 wels - 773,1 lari, maT Soris, saxelmwifo saqtorSi - 224 lari, kerZo seqtorSi -300,6 lari, 1996wels pensia Seadgen-da 8 larsa da 50 TeTrs, 2007 wels - 75 lars, amave wels SinameurneobaTa mTlianma fuladma Semosavalma Seadgina 348, 1 lari, maT Soris xelfasze modioda 31 %, fulad gzavnilebze -14 %, fulis sesxebiT, danazogebis gamoyenebiT, an qonebis gayidviT miRebul Semosavlebze - 12,5 %. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2000-2007 wlebSi soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan Semosavali gaizarda mxolod 7 lariT (Seadgina 27,2 lari, anu fuladi Semosavlebis 7,8 %).

miCneulia, rom Tu sazogadoebis yvelaze mdidari 5%-is Semosavlebi 10-jer da metad aRemateba yvelaze Raribi 5 %-is Semosavlebs, yalibdeba erTgvari socialuri daZabuloba, gaucxoeba, rac qveynis socialur stabilurobas seriozul safrTxes uqmnis. zemoTqmulis fonze sagangaSoa, rom saqarTveloSi, eqspert ioseb arCvaZis gancxadebiT, yvelaze mdidari fenis


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5%-is fuladi Semosavali yvelaze Raribi fenis 5%-is Semosavals 65-70-jer (!) aRemateba. zoga-dad, saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi mdidrebi kidev ufro gamdidrdnen, xolo Raribebi kidev ufro gaRaribdnen, magram es ar niSnavs, rom saWiroa brZola mdidrebisa da simdidris winaaRmdeg, saWiroa brZola siRaribis winaaRmdeg. saxelmwi-fom swori ekonomikuri politikis ganxorciel-ebis gziT unda SesZlos RaribTa raodenobis Semcireba maTi TandaTan ufro maRal social-ur jgufSi gadasvlis gziT, da ara mograciis an sikvdilianobis xarjze.

aucilebelia, saxelmwifom gaataros qmediTi politika Semosavlebis uTanabrobis Sesamcire-blad, qveynis ekonomikuri politika upirvele-sad swored saSualo fenis Seqmnisaken unda iyos mimarTuli. sazogadoeba mxolod maSin iTvleba Camoyalibebulad, mxolod maSin arsebobs sta-bilurobis garantiebi, Tu masSi saSualo klasi daaxloebiT 50-60 %-is farglebSia, saqarT-veloSi ki es cifri sul raRac 7-8 %- s, anu op-timalurze daaxloebiT 8-jer naklebs Seadgens. ase rom, saSualo fena Tavisi mcirericxovno-bis gamo, ver qmnis aminds, ver axdens sazoga-doebaze mastabilizebel gavlenas, rac Tavis mxriv, sistemuri krizisis gaxangrZlivebas iwvevs. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, saSualo fenis formirebis problema erT-erTi sakvanZo problemaa dRevandel saqarTveloSi, qveyanaSi, sadac ZiriTadad mxolod 2 socialuri fena - mdidrebi da Raribebi - arsebobs, xolo Suale-duri fena, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs. situa-cias kidev ufro amZimebs is garemoeba, rom 4 milionian qveyanaSi milionze meti socialurad daucveli adamiania, cxadia, es yovelive imaze metyvelebs, rom socialuri mdgomareoba er-Tob arasaxarbieloa. imisaTvis, rom aRniSnuli problema moixsnas, mTavroba axali aniciativiT gamodis da gegmavs socialuri usafrTxoeb-is politikis gatarebas, rac Zlieri saSualo fenis Camoyalibebis winapiroba unda gaxdes.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da misi TiToeu-li moqalaqis keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad da cxovrebis Rirseuli pirobebis Sesaqmnelad saqarTvelos xelisufleba valdebulebas iRebs uzrunvelyos qveynis mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTareba sabazro ekonomikis, gamWvirvale wesebis, aseve efeqturi socialuri politikis gatarebis safuZvelze.

erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis pro-eqtis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos socialuri usa-frTxoebis politikis mizania ekonomikis re-formirebis pirobebSi xeli Seuwyos siRaribis daZlevas, cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebas da Zlieri saSualo fenis Camoyalibebas. xelisu-flebas miaCnia, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis socialuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis miz-

niT, aucilebelia umuSevrobis donis Semcireba qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki regionebSi axali sa-muSao adgilebis Seqmnis xelSewyoba da social-uri mobilurobis gazrda.

amave koncefciis Tanaxmad, mniSvnelovania sapensio da socialuri dacvis sistemis Semdgo-mi reformireba; socialuri dazRvevis efeq-turi sistemis Camoyalibeba; siRaribis zRvars myofi ojaxebis miznobrivi socialuri daxmare-biT uzrunvelyofa.

amisaTvis xeli unda Seewyos mcire da saSu-alo biznessa da moqalaqeTa dasaqmebas, xelmi-sawvdomi unda gaxdes ganaTleba, jandacva da a. S., miT ufro, rom saqarTveloSi mcire mewarme-obis ganviTarebisaTvis arsebobs xelsayreli pirobebi: bunebrivi resursebis mravalferovne-ba, ekonomikis maRali resursuli potenciali, unikaluri sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis moyvanisaTvis xelsayreli bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi da. a. S. erT-erTi pozitiuri pirobaa agreTve saqarTvelos teritoriis vertikaluri dayofis principi. saqarTvelo mTiani qveyanaa, romelic mdidaria dasaxlebuli punqtebiT, rac Tavis mxriv mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi obieqturi faqtoria. cnobilia, rom mcire mewarmeoba ekonomikuri ganviTare-bis uzrunvelyofis erT-erTi mZlavri berke-tia; misTvis niSandoblivia warmoebis Sedegebis gazrdiT maqsimaluri daintereseba, saqmiano-bis konfidencialoba, moqniloba, mobiluroba, mewarmeobaSi Tavisufleba da operatiuloba, samewarmeo saqmianobis dawyebisa da organizebis simartive, gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi damouk-idebloba da sxv.

Semosavlebis uTanasworobis Semcirebis gzaa agreTve maRali Semosavlebis dabegvra da mcire Semosavlebis mqone pirTaTvis daxmarebebis gacema. progresuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadebiT da mcireSemosavliani ojaxebisaTvis daxmare-bebis saxelmwifo programebiT SeiZleba movax-dinoT arsebiTi gavlena Semosavlebis gadan-awilebaze.


1. pol heine, ekonomikuri azrovneba, Tb., 2009 .

2. n. WiTanava, saqarTvelos ekonomikis meta-morfozebi, Tb., 2009.

3. saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis kon-cefcia, 2005.

4. www.geostat.ge

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kultura rogorc socialuri movlena

koka kutubiZe, profesori

reziume

yoveli kultura adamianisa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis dones, misi Semoqmedebis miRwevebs gamoxatavs. kultura adamianis arsobriv ZalTa gamovlenis sarbielia.

kacobriobisaTvis sruliad ar kmara elemen-tarul doneze sicocxle da maSasadame, sicocx-lis elementaruli pirobebis Senarcuneba. mas agreTve kulturis SenarCuneba da ganviTareba sWirdeba, xolo kacobriobis kulturis Senar-Cuneba da ganviTareba kulturaTa Tavisebure-bebisa da sxvadasxvaobis SenarCunebasa da gan-viTarebas gulisxmobs. rac, Tavis mxriv, nisnavs da gulisxmobs imasac, rom Tanamedrove glo-balizaciis procesi sxvadasxva civilizaciaTa da, Sesabamisad, RirebulebaTa, kulturaTa Tan-aarseboba dialogis pirobebSi unda warimarTos. swored es uzrunvelyofs da ganapirobebs zoga-dsakacobrio kulturis simdidres da mravalg-varobas.

Tu rogori iqneba teqnikuri progresis Semdgomi ganviTarebis gza, saiT waiyvans mec-nierebisa da teqnikis progresi adamianebs _ katastrofuli Sedegebisaken, gauTvaliswinebe-li socialuri winaaRmdegobebisa Tu keTil-dReobisaken, es didad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor moepyrobian adamianebi am progresis monapovrebs, ra miznebisTvis gamoiyeneben maT.

yovelive amis gaTvaliswineba ki, Tavis mxriv, damokidebulia sazogadoebis kulturis don-eze. kultura ki TviTon ganicdis mecnierul- teqnikuri progresis gavle nebs da, rogorc mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven xolme, es gavlena arc-

Tu iSviaTa, uaryofiTi xasiaTisaa.

sakvanZo sityvebi: kultura, civilizacia,

globalizacia, mencierul-teqnikuri progresi

Summary

Culture as social phenomenon

IASHA (KOKA) KUTUBIDZE, Professor

Each culture expresses a level of development of the person and society, achievement of his creativity. Culture this is a walk of life of essence of the person.

For mankind it isn’t enough to live on elementary level, i.e. preservation of elementary level. They need also pres-ervation and development of culture, and preservation and development of culture means preservation and develop-ment of properties and a variety of cultures. It, in return, means that modern process of globalization and coexist-ence of different civilizations, respectively costs and cul-tures, have to go in the conditions of dialogue. It provides wealth and a variety of human culture.

What will be future ways of development of technical progress. Where progress in science and technicians - to catastrophic consequences or to wellbeing will give man-kind, it in the majority depends on how people will belong to a consequence of progress and as will use it.

Considering the aforesaid, it, on the one hand, depends on the level of culture of society, and the culture, in return, endures impact of scientific and technical progress and as scientists notice, this influence quite often happens the car-rier of negative character.

Keywords: culture, civilization, globalization, science-technical progress.

* * * * * * *

sityva `kultura~ warmosdgeba laTinuri sityvidan ,,colere~, rac niSnavs `niadagis kul-tivirebas (damuSavebas)~. Sua saukuneebSi am sityviT aRniSnavdnen marcvleulis da-muSavebis progresul meTods, romelmac war-moSva axali termini ,,agroculture” (miwaTmoqme-debis xelovneba). XVIII da XIX saukuneebSi aRniSnul termins iyenebdnen adamianebTan mimarTebiTac: Tu adamiani gamoirCeoda dax-vewili manerebiTa da inteleqtiT, mas mi-iCnevdnen `kulturulad~ maSin es termini umTavresad gamoiyeneboda aristokratebTan mimarTebiT, raTa gaerCiaT isini ̀ ukulturo~ ubralo xalxisgan. germanuli sityva ,,Kultur~ aseve niSnavda `civilizaciis maRal dones~. dReisaTvis sityva `kultura~, rogorc wesi, asocirdeba operis TeatrTan, SesaniS-nav literaturasTan, karg aRzrdasTan. am-


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rigad, kultura _ rTuli fenomenia, romlis calkeuli elementebi moiTxoven gansxvave-bul, xSirad urTierTsapirispiro ganmarte-bebs.

yoveli kultura adamianisa da sazogadoeb-is ganviTarebis dones, misi Semoqmedebis miRw-evebs gamoxatavs. kultura adamianis arsobriv ZalTa gamovlenis sarbielia, misi pirovnebad Camoyalibebis donis maCvenebelia. misi mizania pirovnebis sulieri organizaciis sayovelTao mgrZnobelobisa da aRmqmelobis unaris ganvi-Tareba, amitomac ambobs Spengleri, rom kul-turaSi suli batonobs, xolo civilizaciaSi _ inteleqti.

farTo gagebiT kulturaSi igulisxmeba yove-live is, rasac adamianebi qmnian materialuri da sulieri moRvaweobis Sedegad, rasac bunebaSi mza saxiT mocemuli sagnebisgan gansxvavebiT, adamianuri Semoqmedebis `beWedi azis~. viwro azriT, kultura gagebulia, rogorc adamianis sulieri moRvaweobis ideaTa erToblioba: mec-niereba, xelovneba, zneobrivi normebi, filoso-fia da, Sesabamisad, adamianTa inteleqtualuri, esTetikuri da moraluri ganviTarebis done.

kultura imdenad mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sxva socialur fenomenebTan, rom xSirad Zne-lia maTi garCeva abstraqtuladac. amasTanave, kulturis Semadgenloba da misi roli sazoga-doebriv cxovrebaSi icvleba droisa da adgi-lis Sesabamisad. kulturaSi Sedis literatura, musika, mxatvroba, moda, arqiteqtura, cekvebi, kino, Senobebis gaformeba da a.S. nebismieri met-naklebad ganaTlebuli adamiani gaarCevs kulturis moRvaweebsa da maT produqts imis-gan, rac ar Sedis kulturaSi. es ki sakmarisia aRniSnuli sityvis gamosayeneblad.

kulturis Tanamedrove mecnierulma (soci-ologiurma) ganmartebam ukana planze gadaswia am cnebis aristokratiuli elferi. kultur-aSi igulisxmeba xelovnebasa da literatu-raSi gamoyenebuli mrwamsis, faseulobebisa da gamomxatveli saSualebebis sistema, romlebic saerToa romelime jgufisaTvis da safuZvlad udevs am jgufis wevrTa gamocdilebis mowes-rigebasa da qcevis regulirebas.

arsebobs kulturis daaxloebiT 500-mde ganmarteba, Tumca arcerTi maTgani araa sru-li, radgan igi ufro tevadi cnebaa. SevCerdeT zogierT ganmartebaze. daviwyoT filosofiuri ganmartebidan: kultura `meore bunebaa~, pirve-li bunebis zednaSeni. pirvel bunebas uwodeben mTlianad adamianis garemomcvel bunebriv sam-yaros, `meore bunebas~ ki _ adamianis mier Seqm-nil bunebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom amaSi adami-anis wvlili SeiZleba minimaluri iyos. magali-Tad, adamianis mier darguli tye ukve ekuTvnis ara velur bunebas, aramed garkveuli daTqme-

biT _ kulturis sferos. rasakvirvelia, kul-turisadmi amgvari zogadfilosofiuri midgoma Zalze abstraqtuli xasiaTisaa da sociologia-Si iSviaTad gamoiyeneba.

kulturis Semdegi ganmarteba Semdegnairia: kultura _ tabus, anu akrZalvebisa da SezRud-vebis sistemaa. kulturuli normebis amgvari gagebidan gamomdinare, z. froidi miiCnevda, rom kultura, individTan mimarTebiT, xSirad depresiul funqciebs asrulebs anu axSobs mis cxovelur, bunebiT miniWebul instinqtebs.

kidev erTi ganmarteba: kultura aris zomier-ebis SegrZneba yvelaferSi. es ki imas niSnavs, rom adamianebi moqmedeben ara mxolod sakuTari biologiuri arsebobis SenarCunebis intereseb-is Sesabamisad (am interesebis Sesabamisad isini, ra Tqma unda, imoqmedeben rogorc biologiuri arsebani), aramed amave dros, adamianebi moqme-deben erTmaneTis interesebis gaTvaliswine-biT. ufro metic, adamianebi TanaugrZnoben erTmaneTs; yvelaferSi zomierebis SegrZneba, TanagrZnoba, simpaTia aris swored is fenomeni, romelic safuZvlad edeba da saerTod SesaZle-bels xdis zneobas, zneobriv urTierTobebs.

xSirad teqnikuri fetiSizmis gavleniT, ada-mianisaTvis nivTebi ufro Rirebulia, vidre me-ore adamiani. swored es viTareba hqonda mxed-velobaSi gamoCenil humanists a. Svaicers, roca werda: Cven TandaTanobiT vkargavT axloblobis, naTesaobis grZnobas da amrigad, miveqanebiT an-tihumanizmis gzaze... roca qreba imis Segneba, rom yoveli adamiani CvenTvis axlobelia ro-gorc adamiani, maSin iryeva kulturisa da zne-obis safuZvlebi. humanizmis regresi am SemTx-vevaSi, ubralod drois saqmea. adamianebs Soris gulTbili, uSualo damokidebulebis dakargvis Taobaze Taviseburad wuxs v. SukSinis filmis `wiTeli Zaxvelis~ mTavari moqmedi gmiri: ada-miani adamians ganixilavs rogorc mxolod `mo-qalaqes~, rogorc romelime samurneo organi-zaciis wevrs da afasebs mas meurneobaSi ofi-cialuri monawileobisa da warCinebis mixedviT, cocxali buneba misTvis mxolod saeqsploata-cio masalaa _ ambobs is. esaa uSualo, Sinagani, namdvili adamianuri konteqstebis dakargviT gamowveuli sevda.

garda individualur-fsiqologiuri as-peqtebisa, kulturis adgili da roli adami-anis cxovrebaSi unda avRweroT socialuri fsiqologiisa da sociologiis terminebiT. aviRoT, magaliTad, erovnebaTSorisi urTier-Tobebis saWiroboroto problema. aq erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia eTnocentrizmis cneba. eTno-centrizmi aris is, roca Tavis ers, xalxs, so-cialur jgufs da a.S. adamiani ayenebs centrSi da apriori miiCnevs, rom aRniSnuli jgufis, eris, xalxis da a.S. kultura yvelaze maRali

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da saukeTesoa (yvela sxva danarCen jgufebT-an, erebTan da xalxebTan SedarebiT). marTa-lia gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT da sifaqiziT unda movepyraT Cvens kulturas, rogorc Cveni erovnuli interesebis, miswrafebebis, erT-erT mTavar da ganmsazRvrel faqtors. magram am garemoebam ar unda gamoiwvios sxva kultur-isadmi agdebuli damokidebulebis, siZulvilis, an sulac SiSis (qsenofobiis) viTarebebi. samwux-arod, unda aRiniSnos, rom eTnocentris¬tuli pozicia ukavia mraval, Tundac Zalze ganaTle-bul adamians. advili misaxvedria, rom eTnocen-trizmi badebs problemebs sxvadasxva kulturis adamianebs Soris, romlebic zogjer konfliqte-bamdec midis. unda iTqvas, rom eTnocentrizmis mravali forma arsebobs (rasizmi, faSizmi, So-vinizmi, nacionalizmi, religiuri fanatizmi da a.S.).

eTnocentrizmis sapirispiro Tvalsazrisia kulturuli relativizmi. am poziciidan, sxva kulturisadmi damokidebuleba gulisxmobs mim-Reblobas, pativiscemas, faseulobisa da mniS-vnelobis aRiarebas, rac ganpirobebulia im faqtis gagebiT, rom yoveli kultura iqmneboda konkretul gansakuTrebul geografiul da is-toriul pirobebSi da es bunebrivicaa, radgan mocemuli eris kultura yovelTvis yalibdeba sxva kulturebTan urTierTdamokidebulebisa da urTierTzegavlenis pirobebSi, amitomac SesaZlebelia da aucilebelic, radgan msoflio xalxebma gaicnon da gaiTavison sxvadasxva xalx-ebis, erebis mier Seqmnili erovnuli niSnisa da xasiaTis matarebeli kulturisa da xelovnebis nimuSebi. kulturuli relativizmis poziciaze myofi adamianebi ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze arian, vidre eTnocentrizmis pozi-ciaze myofi adamianebi.

XXI saukune globalizaciis saukunea. misi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi tendenciebis kritiku-li analizi gviCvenebs, rom Tanamedrove msof-lioSi arcerT qveyanas ar SeuZlia erTmaneTi-sagan izolirebulad arseboba. globalizacia (garkveul formebSi) qmnis axal perspeqtivebs sxvadasxva qveynebis, erebis, civilizaciaTa da kulturaTa urTierTobebisaTvis da es procesi Seuqcevadia.

Tumca, globalizacia aris ara mxolod axali teqnologiebi, mecnierebisa da teqnikis miRweva-Ta danergva mTeli msoflios masStabiT, aramed, agreTve axali mwvave problemebi sulieri Rire-bulebebis, kulturis sferoSi, rac axleburad ayenebs dRis wesrigSi kacobriobis momavals _ adamianis, individis, pirovnebisa da saboloo jamSi, erovnuli cnobierebis, erovnuli kul-turebisa da saerTod, erebis TviTmyofadobis problemas. amitomacaa, rom antiglobalistu-ri moZraobis gamomwvevi mizezebi ara mxolod

ekonomikuri urTierTobaTa sferoa, aramed, umetes SemTxvevaSi, mas sulieri, kulturuli da sxva problemebis mougvarebloba iwvevs.

globalizaciis warmmarTveli Zalebis az-riT mimdinare ekonomikuri procesebi ufro operatiulad da efeqtianad warimarTeba, rac ufro naklebi erebi da maTTvis damaxasiaTe-beli erovnuli Rirebulebebi, specifikuri kulturuli niSnebi, interesebi da Tavisebu-rebebi iarsebeben, radganac swored eseni arian globaluri procesebis mimdinareobis Semafer-xebeli ZiriTadi faqtorebi.

adamianebis mier kulturis qmnis proce-si asaxavs kulturis SemqnelTa ganviTarebis dones, maT Tavisuflebis xarisxs, saerTod adamianis `gaadamianurebis~ TviTdamkvidrebis xarisxs. yoveli nabiji win kulturis gzaze iyo nabiji Tavisuflebisaken. adamianis specifi-kuri Tavisebureba, misi Tvisobrivi gansxvaveba yvela sxva arsebisa Tu nivTisagan, imaSi gamoix-ateba, rom igi bunebas gardaqmnis Rirebule-baTa mixedviT, Tavis aucilebel pirobad, wan-amZRvrad gulisxmobs adamianis Tavisuflebas, mis Tavisufal da aqtiur moqmedebebs, Tavisu-fali, aqtiuri moRvaweoba ki aris Semoqmedeba, Semoqmedeba ki is fenomenia, romelic adamianis aqtiuri gardamqmneli moRvaweobis aucilebeli momentia, Tanac iseTi, romelic mis adamianur specifikas ganapirobebs.

adamianTa mier sinamdvilis gardaqmna xor-cieldeba imis safuZvelze, rom xdeba sinamd-vilis kanonzomierebis Semecneba, sinamdvilis saganTa da movlenaTa arsebis dadgena. Tumca adamianis mimarTeba samyarosTan ar amoiwureba mxolod SemecnebiT. adamiani ara marto imec-nebs sagnebs, aramed garkveul Sefasebas aZlevs maT, afasebs maT imisda mixedviT, Tu ra mima-rTebaSi arian esa Tu is sagnebi, movlenebi adamianuri yofierebis ama Tu im aspeqtTan. Tu WeSmaritebis SinaarsSi ar aisaxeba adami-anis RirebulebiTi mimarTeba sinamdvilesTan, adamianis kulturuli, esTetikuri da eTi-kuri moRvaweobis produqtebSi centraluri adgili eniWeba swored RirebulebiT moments. kultura RirebulebaTa realizaciis procesia, romlis drosac adamiani sxva interesebTan da moTxovnilebebTan erTad ikmayofilebs erT-er-Ti arsebiTi xasiaTis moTxovnilebis _ Semoqme-debis moTxovnilebas.

kultura adamianis arsobriv ZalTa gamov-lenis sarbielia, misi pirovnebad Camoyalibeb-is donis maCvenebelia. kulturis mizania ara ubralod adamianTa da, Sesabamisad, pirovnebaTa gonebrivi TvalTaxedvis arsis gafarToeba, ara ubralod adamianis ganaTleba, aramed umTavre-sad, misi sulieri samyaros ganviTareba, sulis gafaqizeba. am procesSi gansa¬kuTrebuli mniS-


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vneloba eniWeba kulturas Tavisi Sesabamisi funqciebiT.

kultura, uwinares yovlisa, gonebasTan da codnasTan aris dakavSirebuli _ amitomac kul-turis erT-erTi funqcia _ misi saganmanaTleb-lo-aRmzrdelobiTi funqciaa. cxadia, misi miz-ani ganaTleba, aRzrda an, rogorc sociologebi amboben, _ pirovnebis socializacia anu Tavisi xalxis, socialuri jgufis da mTeli kacobrio-bis codnis, enis, simboloebis, faseulobebis, normebis, Cveulebebis, tradiciebis aTvise-baa. pirovnebis kulturis done ganisazRvre-ba kulturuli memkvidreobisadmi aRniSnuli pirovnebis Sinagani kulturis ziarebis doniT, aseve individualuri unarebis ganviTarebis xarisxiT, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mivdivarT sayovelTaod aRiarebul formulamde: codnas plus unarebi.

meorea kulturis integraciul-dezinte-graciuli (gamaerTianebel-damacalkevebeli) funqcia. es imas niSnavs, rom kulturis aTviseb-is Sedegad erTi Tanamegobrobis individebs uC-ndebaT erTianobis, erTi eris, xalxis, religiis, jgufisadmi da a.S. mikuTvnebulobis grZnoba. magram romeliRac kulturis safuZvelze maTi SeduRabebiT igi upirispirdeba sxva kulturis garSemo gaerTianebul sxva Tanamegobrobebs anu sxvadasxva kulturis adamianebs. es dacalkeveba ki SeiZleba gaxdes kulturuli konfliqtebis mizezi.

cnobili politikosebis leqsikonSi xSirad gaismis mosazrebebi `kulturaTa konfliqtis~, `civilizaciaTa konfliqtis~ SesaZleblobaTa Sesaxeb. amerikeli mecnieri fr. fukuiama 1992 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi `istoriis dasas-ruli da ukanaskneli adamiani~ aRniSnavs, rom istoria damTavrda da Sevida ra lliberalur-demokratiul RirebulebaTa samyaroSi igi aRar warmoadgens racionaluri da iracionaluri Zalebis dapirispirebisa da brZolis gamoxat-ulebas. Tumca mogvianebiT fr. fukuiamam naS-romSi `kulturuli omebi da samoqalaqo sazog-adoeba~, romelSic igi kvlav daubrunda liber-aluri demokratiis momavlisa da msoflio per-speqtivis problemebs, garkveulwilad daazusta da, SeiZleba iTqvas, Secvala Tavisi Sexeduleba. kerZod, man miiCnia, rom liberalur demokra-tias momavalSi uTuod gamouCndeba mocile da seriozuli metoqe, romelic swrafad ikrefs Zalas da mosalodnelia, rom `missave moedanze~ SeebrZolos demokratias. fukuiamas azriT, am metoqeobis saTave da safuZveli kulturis don-ezea saZiebeli, es yvelaze Rrma donea, romelic moicavs religiur, moralur Rirebulebebs, eT-nikur cnobierebas, ojaxis struqturebs, isto-riul tradiciebs da sxv. naSromSi `civiliza-ciaTa Sesaxeb~ srulad gansxvavebul mosazre-

bas ayalibebs samuel hanTingtoni. misi azriT, msoflioSi araviTari safrTxe ar moxsnila, igi yovleTvis darCeba da sxvadasxva formiT gamov-lindeba xolme yovel saukuneSi. XXI saukuneSi hanTingtoni msoflios mTavar safrTxes kul-turaTa, civilizaciaTa omSi, kerZod, sadavlur da islamur-konfuciur dapirispirebaSi xedavs.

mesame funqcias uwodeben maregulirebels. masze ukve iyo zemoT saubari, roca Cven Sevex-eT zomierebis grZnobas, qcevis wesebsa da Car-Coebs, romelSic uxdeba cxovreba da Sroma adamians. swored es wesebi aiZuleben adamians daicvas ganawesebisa da akrZalvebis sistema. am ganawesebisa da akrZalvebis darRvevis SemTx-vevaSi pirovnebas uweseben garkveul sanqciebs _ sasjels an jildos. arsebobs agreTve kul-turis SemecnebiTi (gnoseologiuri), esTeti-kuri, adaptaciis, komunikaciis, qcevaTa norma-tiuli, RirebulebiTi funqcia da sxv.

axla ki kulturis formebis Sesaxeb. far-Todaa cnobili kulturis dayofa materialur da sulier kulturebad. magram ar arsebobs iseTi ram, rac 100%-iT materialur an, piri-qiT, 100%-iT sulier kulturad SeiZleboda CagveTvala. Cveulebrivi msubuqi avtomanqana, rasakvirvelia. materialuri kulturis saga-nia, magram viRacam is aago, moifiqra, risTvisac gamoiyena Tavisi Sroma, warmosaxva da a.S., es ki ukve sulieri kulturis mcire nawilia. da, sapirispiro magaliTic: mxatvris mier daxatu-li suraTi, ra Tqma unda, sulieri kulturis koncentrirebuli gamoxatulebaa. magram Tavad kultura materialuri obieqtia: igi Sedgeba tilos, saRebavebisa da CarCosagan.

kulturuli formebi gansakuTrebuli mrav-alferovnebiT gamoirCeva. daviwyoT maRali kulturidan (elitaruli kultura). igi TiTqmis yovelTvis aris dakavSirebuli klasikur musi-kasTan, literaturasTan, mxatvrobasTan, ar-qiteqturasTan da a.S. maRal kulturas naziare-bi adamianebi yvela droSi cotani iyvnen, rad-gan maRali kulturis ziareba specialur ga-naTlebas, did dros, Zalisxmevasa da finansebs moiTxovs. kulturuli elita yovelTvis iyo tonis mimcemi, adgenda kriteriumebs kulturis sxva formebisaTvis. roca maRali kultura de-gradirebulia, gaqrobis pirasa, es aucileblad uaryofiTad aisaxeba mTlianad xalxis kultur-aze. samwuxarod, dRs swored es SeiniSneba Cveni qveynis Tanamedrove kulturul cxovrebaSi.

kulturis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani for-maa saxalxo kultura (popularuli kultura). es kultura yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomia da mas gansakuTrebuli roli akisria mSobliur kul-turul faseulobebTan yoveli individis zi-arebaSi.

masobrivi informaciis gaCenasTan erTad gaC-

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nda masobrivi kultura. igi e.w. saSualo, masis adamianebzea gaTvlili. masobrivi kulturis fenomeni SeiZleba iyos rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi sulieri muxtis matarebeli.

pirveli, vinc `masobrivi kulturis~ deta-luri analizi mogvca espaneli filosofosi ortega gaseti gaxldaT. statiaSi (`masebi~, 1926 w.). wignSi (`masebis ajanyeba~, 1930 w.) man mog-vca upirovno individisa da koleqtivis, brbos fenomenis analizi. cnobilia misi fraza _ ̀ gmiri gaqra, darCa gundi~. misi azriT, analogiur mov-lenebs adrec hqonda adgili istoriaSi, Tumca XX saukuneSi man sxva Sinaarsi da principulad gansxvavebuli xasiaTi SeiZina [4. 123]. masiuri kulturis fenomebis erT-erTi mkvlevari gaxl-daT amerikeli g. overstiti, romelmac aRwera, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli adamianis cnobierebis manipulireba teqnikuri miRwevebiT. Tavis naS-romSi _ `saRi goneba~ man Camoayaliba met moge-baze orientirebuli adamianis buneba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, masiur kulturasac ukavSirdeba.

XXI saukuneSi masiurma kulturam SeiZina principulad axali funqcia _ igi politikuri zemoqmedebis aqtiuri iaraRi gaxda.

kulturis Semdegi formaa subkultura. subkultura aris romeliRac didi kulturis nawili. magaliTad, axalgazrdobis kultura aris kultura, romlis farglebSic arsebobs studenti axalgazrdobis kultura, anu misi erT-erTi subkultura. arsebobs agreTve mar-ginaluri, globaluri kultura da sxv.

Tanamedrove epoqa yvela sxva adreuli epo-qisagan, upirveles yovlisa, imiT gansxvavdeba, rom cnobil maradiul filosofiur proble-mebs (yofierebis, cnobierebis, cxovrebis az-ris da a.S.) daemata Tvisobrivad axali mov-lena _ globalizacia da misgan gamomdinare Sedegebi msoflio sazogadoebisTvis. Tanamed-rove mecnierul da specialur literaturaSi ukve momwifda azri imis Sesaxeb, rom terminebi `kultura~ da `civilizacia~ ukve sakmarisad ver asaxavs garTulebul Tanamedrove realobas globalizaciisa da misi Tanmxlebi movlenebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. amitom _ `kultura~, `civilizacia~, `globalizacia~ unda ganvix-iloT urTierTkavSirSi, rogorc erTi da igive obieqtis _ socialuri organizamis sxvadasxva mxareebis aRmwerni. Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi Zalian xSirad xdeba kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebebis aRreva, rac araswori daskvnebis gakeTebis safuZveli xdeba. kultura da civilizacia erTmaneTTan garkveul kavSirSi imyofeba da maTi damokidebuleba aris urTi-erTganpirobebulobis urTierToba, sadac civi-lizaciis `zrdas~ mivyavarT kulturis formaTa ganaxlebisaken, romlis `instrumentis~ rolSi teqnikuri ganviTarebis saSualebebi gvevlineba,

magram jer kidev XIX saukunis germenul sazog-adoebriv-filosofiur azrovnebaSi moxda am ori cnebis identifikacia da gamijvna, romelic ZiriTadad dResac aris gaziarebuli.

civilizaciasa da kulturas Soris kavS-irisa da gansxvavebebis dasadgenad aucilebe-lia gaviTvaliswinoT da gamvijnoT adamianTa moqmedeba-moRvaweobis orgvari mimarTuleba: erT-erTi mimarTuleba gulisxmobs adamianebis mier biologiur-fizikuri organizmis saxiT ar-sebobis SenarCunebaze zrunvas, rasac adamianebi aRweven bunebis Zalebis Secnobis, maTi `damor-Cilebis~ meSveobiT.

adamianis moqmedebis meore mimarTuleba gulisxmobs mis zrunvas ara uSualod TviT-Senaxvis interesebis Sesabamisad, aramed imas, rom adamiani, rogorc socialuri, goniTi ar-seba aucileblobiT unda amaRldes biologiur arsebobaze, daamyaros urTierToba sxva adami-anebTan, rogorc pirovnebebTan, kacobriobasTan im zneobrivi, zogadsakacobrio normebis meS-veobiT, romlebic adamianTa mdgomareobisaTvis aris niSandoblivi da specifikuri.

civlizaciis miRwevad da monapovrad unda CaiTvalos yovelive, rac adamianebs bunebis `,damorCilebisa~ da biologiuri arsebobis SenarCunebaSi uwyobs xels (pirvel rigSi mec-nierebisa da teqnikis monapovrebi). xolo kul-turis da, Sesabamisad, misi kvintenseciis, zneo-bis saTave, prof. z. kakabaZis azriT, adamianis im TvisebaSi Zevs, biologiuri organizmis saxiT sakuTari arsebobis iqiT fass rom adebs da Ri-rebulad cnobs raimes, amas rom gamoTqvams Ta-visi ganwyobilebisa da Sexedulebebis saxiT da zemoqmedebas axdens sxvaTa cnobierebaze, Tavis mxriv yurad rom iRebs sxvaTa ganwyobilebebsa da Sexedulebebs da mzad romaa maTi mxridan zemoqmedebis miRebisaTvis.

civilizacias da kulturas Soris gansxvave-basTan erTadorganuli kavSiricaa. civilizacia, materialuri kultura, mecnierebisa da teqnikis progresi aucilebeli bazaa `sakuTriv adamia-nuri Zalis~ anu sulieri kulturis ganviTare-bisaTvis. am ukanasknelis progresi SeuZl ebe-lia civilizaciis saTanado donis gareSe, xolo kulturuli degradacia, sulieri kulturis krizisi, principul safrTxes qmnis civili-zaciisaTvis, vinaidan kulturuli degradaci-is Sedegad civilizaciis monapovrebi¬saTvis gaufrTxilebeli mopyrobis SemTxvevaSi, Sesa-Zlebelia safrTxe daemuqros mTeli kacobrio-bis arsebobas. kulturas gaaCnia suli, civili-zacia ki flobs meTodebs da iaraRebs. kultura individualuria, civilizaciisaTvis ki damaxa-siaTebelia zogadi niSnebi [5. 247].

m. veberi Tvlis, rom kultura da civili-zacia erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba, vinaidan


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kultura aris sulieri da originaluri movle-na, maSin roca civilizacia `anonimuria~ Tavisi inteleqtualuri bunebiT. civilizacia, veberis mixedviT, warmoadgens adamianis Zalisxmevas gabatondes bunebaze gonebis meSveobiT, rasac adamianebi axerxeben mecnierebis, teqnikis, dagegmvis saSualebiT. rac Seexeba kulturas, igi aris adamianis suliri samyaros ganviTareba, srulyofa.

a. Svaiceri da s. hanTingtoni aRniSnul cnebebs erTnairi mniSvnelobiT iyeneben, rac Seexeba o. Spenglers, masTan civilizaciisa da kulturis gansxvaveba antagonisturi kon-struqciis xasiaTs iRebs, romelSic civiliza-cia kulturis daisis `mzis Casvenebis~ safex-urs warmoadgens. civilizacia aris yoveli kulturis ganviTarebis saboloo stadia. misi ZiriTadi niSnebia: industriisa da teqnikis gan-viTareba, literaturisa da xelovnebis degra-dacia, xalxis gadaqceva usaxo masad da sxva. aseTi gagebiT, civilizacia, rogorc dacemis epoqa, upirispirdeba kulturis mTlianobas da organulobas.

Spengleris azriT, kultura aris Sinagani SesaZleblobebis ganxorcieleba, xolo civi-lizacia _ yovelgvari progresis anulireba. Seasrulebs ra Tavis daniSnulebas, kultura amowuravs Tavis Tavs, kvdeba, iqceva civiliza-ciad.

kulturologTa mniSvnelovani nawili miiC-nevs, rom dRes arsebiTad Seicvala kulturis masStabebi, misi adgili da roli sazogadoeba-Si, adamianTa cxovrebaSi. kultura SeiWra ada-mianTa cxovrebis yvela sferoSi imdenad, rom am sferoebsa da kulturas Soris sazRvrebi ganusazRvreli gaxda, nawilobriv gaqra kidec. msoflio waleka kulturis produqtebma. Zne-lia davasaxeloT adamianTa saqmianobis saxeebi da maTi moxmarebis sagnebi, romlebSic ar aisax-eba da ar SeiniSneba kulturis gamovlineba. saxlebi, parkebi, satransporto saSualebebi, teqnikuri nagebobebi, WurWeli, aveji, wignebi-sa da Jurnalebis gaformeba, reklama, afiSebi, sporti, servisi, sabavSvo saTamaSoebi, saWmeli, yoveldRiuri moxmarebi sagnebi... kulturis aseTi SeWra adamianTa yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi kacobriobis istoriaSi arasdros da arsad yo-fila.

kultura yvelasTvis misawvdomi gaxda. praqtikulad, adamianTa absoluturi umrav-lesoba ara mxolod sistematurad imyofeba kulturis garemocvaSi da Tavisuflad moixmars mas, aramed SeuZlia isargeblos tradiciuli formiT kulturis miRwevebiT, _ mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs muzeumebis, biblioTekebis, televiziis, kinos, Teatrebis sayovelTao misawvdomoba. ri-giTi moqalaqeebis didma nawilma miiRo SesaZle-

bloba dakavebuliyo kulturuli saqmianobiT _ musikiT, xatviT, cekviT, mwerlobiT. kultura gaxda mosaxleobis yvela fenis, yvela kategori-is, yvela asakis adamianebis ZiriTadi da Cveuli elementi.

kulturis ZiriTadi momxmareblebi gaxdnen yoveldRiuri saqmianobiT dakavebuli mosax-leobis farTo fenebi, romelTac ar hqondaT socialuri ganaTlebis miRebisa da TavianTi es-Tetikuri gemovnebis srulyofis SesaZlebloba da dro kulturisadmi imgvari damokidebulebi-saTvis, rasac hqonda adgili warsulSi faqizi gemov nebisa da auCqarebeli cxovrebis wesis mqone adamianebis viwro wreSi. es, bunebrivia, aisaxa Tavad kulturis xasiaTze. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dinamiur da daZabul cxovrebaSi CarTul milionobiT rigiT moqalaqeebze gaTv-lili kultura Tavisi momxmareblis adekvatu-ri gaxda.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi gansakuTrebul prob-lemad iqca mecnierebisa da, Sesabamisad, teqni-kis ganviTarebis tempebisagan adamianis kul-turul, eTikur-zneobrivi cnobierebis Camor-Cena. amitom SemTxveviTi ar aris is garemoeba, rom dRes mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis war-momadgenlebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amax-vileben imaze, rom mecnierebisa da teqnikis upiratesi ganviTarebis pirobebSi mimdinareobs kulturis zogierTi elementis, kerZod, zneo-brivi cnobierebis daknineba da daqveiTeba.

kultura sul ufro xdeba biznesis sfero. daiwyo kulturis sagnebisa da sanaxaobebis ga-farToebuli warmoeba. kulturis sfero ga-daiqca bazrad. sabazro fasma gamodevna es-Tetikuri Sefaseba. SemoqmedebiTi pirovnebis masStabebi ganisazRvreba ara imiT, Tu ra wvli-li Seitana man winamorbedebTan SedarebiT, ara-med imiT, Tu rogoria misi sabazro warmateba. kulturis nawarmoebebis xarisxis gansja xdeba masmediis eqspertebis mier, romlebic srule-biTac ar xelmZRvaneloben esTetikis, moralis, ganaTlebis, humanizmis kriteriumebiT. axali tipis kulturis SemoqmedTa ZiriTad masas Sead-genen saSualo inteleqtualuri da Semoqmedebi-Ti unarebis mqone adamianebi. maTi novatoroba iluzoruli, zedapiruli da umniSvneloa, Semo-qmedeba ki ZiriTadad aris talantisa da osta-tobis naklebobis da ara misi siWarbis Sedegi.

kulturaSi mTavari figurebi gaxdnen bi-znesmenebi da Sou-organizatorebi, anu Semoq-medebasTan mimarTebiT meoreuli pirebi _ Sem-sruleblebi, imitatorebi, interpretatorebi, kompilatorebi, warsuli kulturis eqsploata-torebi, plagiatorebi da a.S.

adamianebi cdiloben nebismieri gziT, saS-ualebebiT gaxdnen gamorCeulni, moaxdinon STabeWdileba, miiqcion yuradReba, moipovon

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cnobadoba da fuli _ amas maT aiZulebs kul-turis bazris kanonebic. amitomac warmateba mi-iRweva ara WeSmariti SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebis, aramed yovelgvari Semakavebeli CarCoebis, m.S. moralisa da esTetikis CarCoebis rRvevis xar-jze. gamalebulma fsevdonovatorobam ukana planze gadaswia novatoroba klasikuri kul-turis konteqstSi.

masmediac xels uwyobs SemoqmedebiTi miRw-evebis Sefasebis damaxinjebuli sistemebis Se-qmnas da usazRvrod apiarebs sensaciur, mdare movlenebs da dums namdvil Semoqmedebaze. Zir-iTadad gamomxatvelobiTi efeqtebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven araviTar inteleqts, gaxda zoga-dad xelovnebis arsi. xelovneba maRalinteleq-tualuri donidan daeSva primitiul-emocion-alur doneze. misi inteleqtualuri da esTe-tikuri done Zalze dabalia, xolo moraluri TvalsazrisiT, igi gadaiqca masebis garyvnisa da dezorganizaciis saSualebad.

Tanamedrove dasavleTis civilizaciis Seuferxebel gavrcelebasa da idealizacias didi mondomebiT esmaxurebian TiTqmis yo-velgvari Semoqmedebisagan da adamianurobisa-gan daclili, gaugebar garegan faqtorebze dafuZnebuli e.w. masobrivi kulturebi, igive komerciuli kultura. maT propagandas ganu-wyvetliv emsaxurebian uamravi Tanamedrove tele-sainformacio sasualebebi, romlebic gamudmebiT gadascemen masiur Zaladobas, seqsi-sa da SurismaZieblur siuJetebs, riTac axdenen momakvdilebel gavlenas erovnul kulturebsa da Rirebulebebze. aseT viTarebaSi _ globali-zaciis pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces im garemoebas, rom kacobriobam SeinarCunos TviTmyofad kulturaTa urTi-erToba, maTi mravalferovneba da ar dauSvas, Tundac minimumande daiyvanos gansxvavebul kulturaTa nivelirebis tendencia, rac glo-balizaciisaTvis ukve aris damaxasiaTebeli. arada amis saSiSroeba dRs namdvilad arsebobs _ globalizaciis procesi bunebrivad warmoSobs adamianTa socialuri urTierTobebis, qcevis normebis axal standartebsa da mimarTulebebs, rasac faqtiurad TandaTan Seewireba sauku-neebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli erovnuli, TviTmyofadi Rirebulebebi da mas Caanacvlebs mocemuli eTnosisaTvis sruliad miuRebeli, axali tipis transnacionaluri standartebi, rasac aucileblad mohyveba erovnuli TviTSeg-nebis TandaTanobiT dasusteba da kosmopoli-tikuri azrovnebis upiratesi gabatoneba.

Sesabamisad, kulturis, xelovnebis nawar-moebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaxda realobisgan gaqceva, Segnebuli antirealizmi, sacdurebiT da TavgadasavlebiT aRsavse movlenebi, nebi-smieri saxis Zlieri vnebebiT, sulisSemZvreli

saSinelebebiT, zeadamianuri arsebebiTa da sit-uaciebiT. erT-erTma germanelma sociologma SeniSna, rom cxovreba sul ufro uRimRamo da mosawyeni xdeba, filmebi da wignebi ki _ ufro kaSkaSa. literatura, kino da televizia qmnian yalb STabeWdilebebs, TiTqos adamianebi cxov-roben saintereso da socialurad datvirTuli cxovrebiT. realurad ki maTi umravlesobis cxovreba aris meSCanuri mowyeniloba da aseTive mosawyeni muSaoba am mowyenis gasaqarveblad.

dRes, ise rogorc arasdros komerciul saqmi-anobaze daqvemdebarebulma masobrivi kulturis produqciis SeuzRudvelma moZraobam, marTlac SesaZlebelia seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmnas gan-sakuTrebiT erovnuli kulturis ganviTarebas. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sul ufro SeRw-evam msoflios xalxTa kulturul cxovrebaSi bunebrivad gamoiwvia e.w. globaluri kulturis produqciis masiuri warmoeba, rac TavisTavad did Semosavlebsa da mogebazea gaTvlili.

aseT viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli sifrTx-iliT da sifaqiziT unda movepyraT Cvens kul-turas, rogorc Cveni erovnuli interesebis, miswrafebebis, erT-erT mTavar da ganmsaz-Rvrel faqtors. amitomac erovnul kul-turasTan dakavSirebiT yovelTvis unda gamo-viCinoT gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile da davsvaT mTavari kiTxva _ xom ar gamoricxavs globali-zacia kodirebuli erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SesaZleblobis pirobebs, xom ar aris mosal-odneli msoflios xalxebis erTmaneTSi arevis, zeerovnuli msoflios Camoyalibebis saSiS-roeba. Sesabamisad, xom ar moxdeba gansxvave-bul kulturaTa iseTi daaxloeba, Serwyma (ho-mogenizacia _ kulturaTa iseTi tipis Serwyma, romelTa safuZvelze warmoiSoba kosmopoliti-uri, erTiani globaluri kultura anu Seiqmneba pirobebi dasavleTis kulturul RirebulebaTa vesternizacia _ amerikanizaciisaTvis; hanTing-toni naSromSi `civilizaciaTa Sesaxeb~ msofli-os mTavar safrTxes swored kulturaTa, civi-lizaciaTa dapirispirebaSi xedavs, rom Camoy-alibdeba pirobebi msoflios erTiani kulturis Sesaqmnelad. amitom ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom adamianTa sulieri cxovrebis, maTi kulturis globalizaciis problema gansakuTrebul mniS-vnelobas iZens dRes, rodesac maRalganviTare-buli teqnologiebisa da uaxlesi sainformacio saSualebebis procesSi nebismieri qveynis, eris sulieri SenaZeni da simdidre advilad misawv-domi da gasagebia yvela sxva xalxebisa da er-ebisaTvis.

rodesac Cven vsaubrobT globalizaciis pirobebSi sakacobrio Tu erovnuli mniSvnelo-bis materialuri an sulieri Rirebulebebis gasayovelTaobaze, aucilebelia erTmaneTisgan gavmijnoT da ganvasxvavoT ori ram _ `global-


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uri kultura~ da `kulturis globalizacia~. Tanamedrove msoflio globalizacia niSnavs, rom is sul ufro da ufro xdeba erTiani, ma-gram erTianoba aramcTu ar gamoricxavs, aramed swored Seicavs gansxvavebulobas, rogorc mis Sinagan ontologiur mocemulobas. msoflio qveynebis xalxebis integrireba erTian sakaco-brio ojaxad TiToeuli maTganis erovnuli da kulturuli TavisTavadobis bazas emyareba da, amdenad, maTi ganviTarebis mravalvariantu-lobasac gulisxmobs. xolo rac Seexeba kul-turis globalizacias, radganac mocemuli eris kultura yovelTvis yalibdeba sxva kul-turebTan urTierTdamokidebulebisa da urTi-erTzegavlenis pirobebSi _ SesaZlebelia da au-cilebelic, radgan msoflio xalxebma gaicnon da gaiTavison sxvadasxva xalxebis mier Seqmnili erovnuli niSnisa da xasiaTis matarebeli kul-turisa da xelovnebis nimuSebi.

globalizaciis Tanmxlebi uaryofiTi ten-denciebis Taobaze msjelobisas gansakuTre-bul yuradRebas amaxvileben imaze, rom am pro-cess axasiaTebs erovnuli kulturisa da, Sesa-bamisad, pirovnebaTa nivelirebis, gaTanabre-bisa da `standartizaciis~ tendenciebic. aseTi ganwyobilebebis fonze sazogadoebaSi Cnde-bian adamianTa jgufebi, romlebic erovnuli kulturuli tradiciebis gauTvaliswineblad dasavluri gamocdilebis meqanikur gadmoRebas cdiloben. am adamianebisaTvis arafrismTqme-lia erovnuli kultura, faseulobebi, istoria, maTTvis mTavaria `sworeba dasavleTze~, dasav-luri civilizaciis, kulturis ukritiko Tayva-niscema da misabaZ magaliTad dasaxva. zogierT SemTxvevaSi maTi maxvili mimarTulia erovnuli eklesiis, mwerlobis, sazogado moRvaweebis winaaRmdeg da es yvelaferi moqceulia sakaco-brio faseulobebis, tolerantobis, obieqturi kritikis garsis qveS. miuxedavad imisa, rom am adamianTa qcevebi viTomda patriotuli su-liskveTebiTaa nakarnaxevi, es `patriotizmic~ mkveTrad Taviseburia da SeiZleba utrire-buli saxiT ase gamoixatos: `gavxdeT namdvili evropelebi~, `mivbaZoT amerikelebs~, `gavxdeT civilizebuli qveyana~ da a.S. aqve unda avRniS-noT, rom dasavluri civilizacia faseulia ara imitom, rom igi universaluria, aramed imitom, rom igi unikaluria. amitomac miuRebelia man ar gaiTvaliswinos sxva kulturis sulieri da zneobrivi Rirebulebebi, winaaRmdeg SmTxvevaSi gardauvalia seriozuli dapirispireba dasav-leTsa da ara dasavleTs Soris da swored esaa globalizaciis mTavari safrTxe.

teqnikuri progresi da zusti mecnierebis ganviTareba, Tuki igi mimarTulia adamianis sa-keTildReod, SesaZleblia gamoyenebuli iqnes mTeli kacobriobisaTvis. teqnikuri miRweva, ro-

gori didic ar unda iyos igi, ar aris erovnuli, radgan ricxvebSi da formulebSi gamoxatuli es miRweva moqmedebis Tanabari ZaliT vlindeba yvela qveyanaSi. am movlenebisagan gansxvavebiT, xelovneba, kultura, gansakuTrebiT ki lit-eratura miT ufro maRali da Rirebulia, rac ufro erovnulia. mTavaria win aRvudgeT `zoga-dsakacobrio faseulobebis~ `niRbiT Semosil~ fsevdoRirebulebebs, romlebic erovnuli in-dividualobis gaqrobisaken aris mimarTuli da damRupvelia TviTon kacobriobisaTvis.

kacobriobisaTvis sruliad ar kmara elemen-tarul doneze sicocxle da maSasadame, sico-cxlis elementaruli pirobebis SenarCuneba. mas agreTve kulturis SenarCuneba da ganviTareba sWirdeba, xolo kacobriobis kulturis Senar-Cuneba da ganviTareba kulturaTa Tavisebure-bebisa da sxvadasxvaobis SenarCunebasa da gan-viTarebas gulisxmobs, rac, Tavis mxriv niSnavs da gulisxmobs imasac, rom Tanamedrove glo-balizaciis procesi sxvadasxva civilizaciaTa da, Sesabamisad, RirebulebaTa, kulturaTa Tan-aarseboba dialogis pirobebSi unda warimarTos swored es uzrunvelyofs da ganapirobebs zoga-dsakacobrio kulturis simdidres da mravalg-varobas.

Tu rogori iqneba teqnikuri progresis Sem-dgomi ganviTarebis gza, rogor saxes miiRebs globalizaciis mier gamowveuli arsebiTi cv-lilebebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nebismier sferoSi, saiT waiyvans mecnierebisa da teqnikis progresi adamianebs _ katastrofuli Sedegebi-saken, gauTvaliswinebeli socialuri winaaRmde-gobebisa Tu keTildReobisaken, es didad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor moepyrobian adamianebi am progresis monapovrebs, ra mizneb-isaTvis gamoiyeneben maT.

yovelive amis gaTvaliswineba ki, Tavis mxriv, damokidebulia sazogadoebis kulturis don-eze. kultura ki TviTon ganicdis mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis gavlenas da, rogorc mkv-levarebi aRniSnaven xolme, es gavlena, arcTu iSviaTad, uaryofiTi xasiaTisaa. am garemoebaze jerovan yuradRebas amaxvileben filosofos-ebi, fsiqologebi, sociologebi, istorikosebi da xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis warmomadgen-lebi. maT naazrevSi sWarbobs arcTu mTlad us-afuZvlo pesimisturi mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom teqnikuri progresi, mecnierebisa da teqni-kis upiratesi ganviTarebis wyalobiT, angrevs kulturas da, kerZod, zneobriv cnobierebas. amas ki, maTi azriT, kacobriobis gadagvarebisa da daRupvisaken mivyavarT. am movlenas dRes gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT daemata globaluri problemebi, romlebic garkveuli Tvalsaz-risiT zrdis am procesis masStabebs.

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1. kultura da sazogadoeba, Tbilisi, 2013.2. jioevi o., kultura da filosofia, ba-

Tumi, 2008.3. kakabaZe z., filosofiuri saubrebi, Tbi-

lisi, 1988.4. Ортега и Гассети. Восстание масс, Вопроссы

философии, 1989, #3.5. beridaevi n., uTanasworobis filosofia,

moskovi, 1990 (rusul enaze).6. Spengleri o. (Шпенглер О.) Закат Европы,

т. 1, Москва, 1923.7. hanTingtoni s., civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba,

Tbilisi, 1997.8. qerqaZe d., lokaluri civilizaciis Teo-

riaTa kritika, Tbilisi, 1978.9. beki u., (Бек У.) Что такое глобализация?

Ошибки глобализма – ответы на глобализацию, Москва, 2001.

10. martini g., Sumani x., (Мартин Г., Шуман Х.), Западная глобализация. Атака а процвета-ние и демократию, Москва, 2001.

11. kutubiZe i., kacobriobis momavali glo-balizebul samyaroSi (tendenciebi da perspeqtivebi), Tbilisi, 2013.


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biznes-inJineringi turizmSi

regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis sakiTxisaTvis

evgeni baraTaSvili, profesori xaTuna kurtaniZe, doqtoranti

reziume

regionuli infrastruqturis Sida da gare kavSirebis mravalferovnebas mivyavarT imasTan, rom praqtikulad SeuZlebelia regionaluri infrastruqturisaTvis mkveTri sazRvrebis dadgena regionaluri infrastruqturuli kom-pleqsis farglebSi , radganac is moicavs re-gionSi turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis warmoebis metad mniSvnelovan dargebs da sxvadasxva saxis aqtiur moqmedebebs.amis Sedegad warmoiSveba infrastruqturis saerTo zonebi, romlebic aqtiurad gamoiyeneba rogorc uSualod tu-ristebisa da turizmis interesebSi ,agreTve mocemuli regionis macxovrebelTa da regionis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mizniT.es warmoSobs sirTuleebs resursebis moTxovnilebebis strategiuli dagegmvisa da regionaluri tu-rizmis elementebis obieqtivizaciisas.

SummaryReferences on forming regional tourism

infrastructure in Georgia

Evgeni Baratashvili, professorKhatuna Kurtanidze, PhD GTU

Varied disposition of inner and outer bonds of regional tourism infrastructure brings practically impossible to sin-gle out clear border in tourism infrastructure within the limits of regional infrastructure complex – this affects mul-titude significant issues for development fields and aspects of activities. As a result it’s general zone of infrastructure which serves directly in the interests of tourists and tour-ism as well as provides inhabitants and region needs on the whole that found complexity in strategic planning of recourses and elements of regional tourist infrastructure.

*turizmi ekonomikis erT-erTi, umsxvile-

si da dinamiuri dargia, is msoflios mravali ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis sa-gareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis mniSvnelo-

vani nawilia. dargis zrdis maRali tempi da savaluto Semosavlebis akumulirebis maRali SesaZlebloba dadebiTad moqmedebs ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqtorze, amasTanave igi xels uwyobs regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis sayo-velTao ganviTarebas.

infrastruqtura (laT. infra - qveda, qve, da laT. structura - nageboba, ganlageba) urTierTda-mokidebuli momsaxure struqturebis kompleq-si, romlebic garkveul amocanis (problemis) gadaWras uzrunvelyofs. termini nasesxebia samxedro leqsikidan, sadac is saomari moqme-debebis, swavlebisa da ganSlisaTvis daniSnuli stacionaruli obieqtebis sistemas niSnavs.

regionuli turizmis infrastruqtura aris turizmis sistemis materialuri baza, romlis Se-qmnisa da ganviTarebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba turizmis saxelmwifo politikis strategiuli miznebis ganxorcieleba. regionuli turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro infrastruqtura Sei-cavs komunalur infrastruqturasac, eleqtro da bunebriv airmomaragebas, wyalmomaragebas, komunikaciebis da usafrTxoebis sistemebs da sportuli menejmentisa da infrastruq-turis uzrunvelsayofad sxvadasxva dasaxel-ebis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis momwodeblebs. infrastruqtura aerTianebs sxvadasxva tipis iseT nagebobsa da obieqtebs, rogoricaa spor-tuli centrebi, kulturuli centrebi, dasas-venebeli saxlebi, saavadmyofoebi, sarekriacio zonebi, stadionebi, sabavSvo moednebi da sxv. saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi, kerZo kompaniebi, sportuli organizaciebi da municipalitetebi muSaoben regionuli turizmis infrastruqtu-ridan gamomdinare saxelmwifosa da kerZo bi-znesis interesebidan. regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis sfero rogorc ekonomikis seqtori Zalian didia da misi zusti gavlenis gansazRvra Zalzed rTulia, statistika ki - Zalian arazusti. miuxedavad amisa es seqtori erT-erTi yvelaze mzardia dRevandel msof-lio ekonomikaSi. turizmis infrastruqturis ganviTareba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli menej-mentis axal sistemebTan, garemos dacvis ganvi-TarebasTan, dagegmarebis, mSeneblobis, rekon-struqciis standartebTan da normebTan, ada-mianebisaTvis inovaciuri programebis marTvasa

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da gafarToebasTan.dRevandeli mdgomareobiT sabWoTa periodis

turizmis infrastruqturis didi nawili ganad-gurebulia. SemorCenili nawili ki an mniSvnelo-van ganaxlebas saWiroebs an ar akmayofilebs ar-sebul raodenobriv Tu xarisxobriv moTxovnebs, Sesabamisad, aucilebelia rogorc SemorCenili infrastruqturis aRdgena-ganaxleba, ise axali infrastruqturuli mSenebloba.

regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis zemoqmedeba, misi gavlena mdgradi ganviTare-bis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, turizmis mdgomareobisa da ganviTarebis perspeqtiveb-is kvlevebis gaRrmavebis aucileblobas ga-napirobebs, romelic saSualebas iZleva kom-pleqsurad gadawydes adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gadarCenis da ekonomikuri zrdis problemebi. mdgradi turizmi xels uwyobs iseTi winaaRmde-gobebis aRmofxvras rogoricaa bunebrivi gare-mopirobebis dacvisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleo-bis meurneobis ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis miznebis SeuTanxmebloba. mas SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos mSvidobis ganviTarebis gamyarebas, sa-muSao adgilebis Seqmnas, mosaxleobis dasaqme-bis uzrunvelyofas. regionuli turizmis in-frastruqtura gavlenas axdens ekonomikis iseT sakvanZo dargebze, rogoricaa transporti da kavSirgabmuloba, mSenebloba, soflis meurneo-ba, sazogadoebrivi moxmarebis saqonlis war-moeba da sxv.

dResdReobiT Cveni qveynis ganviTarebis erT-erT ZiriTad mimarTulebad turizmisa da tu-rizmis infrastruqturis ganviTareba da mowyo-ba miiCneva. am kuTxiT sainteresoa Sida qarTlSi regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis zogadi mimoxilva da misi upiratesobebis aRwera.

garemos dacvisa da kulturaTa daaxloebis gziT regionuli kulturis infrastruqturis formirebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa sa-zogaodebis, mTavrobisa da ucxoeli Tu adg-ilobrivi investorebis koordinirebuli moqme-deba.

am dros saerTaSoriso standartebis danerg-vaSi did rols asrulebs saxelmwifo Sesabisi regulaciebiTa da infrastruqturis mowyobiT. turizmis xelSewyobiT politika infrastruq-turis mSeneblobas, gzebs, jandacvis dawese-bulebebs, sportul gamajansaRebel centrebs, dasasvenebel saxlebsa da sastumroebs moicavs, rac aseve umuSevrobas amcirebs da Semosavals saxelmwifo biujetSi zrdis. dRes, saqarTve-los ganviTarebis erT-erT ZiriTad mimarTule-bad regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis ganviTareba miiCneva.

swored esaa qveynis mTavari strategiis say-rdeni. regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis

formireba da ganviTareba aris winapiroba so-cialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa, rac saci-coxlod mniSvnelovania am regionis mosaxleo-bisaTvis.

sakvlevi teritoria - Sida qarTli -warmoad-gens erTiani bunebriv-infrastruqturuli da teritoriuli sistemis klasikur nimuSs, sadac bunebrivi da klimaturi Taviseburebebi, land-Saftis mozaikuroba mas gansakuTrebul mniS-vnelobas aniWebs da rogorc kvlevis obieqti saintereso erTeuls warmoadgens.

saqarTvelos erT-erTi Tvalwarmtaci mx-aris, Sida qarTlis geografiuli mdebareoba, bunebrivi garemo, istoriul-arqiteqturuli da kulturis Zeglebi regionSi turizmis gan-viTarebis safuZvelia. sakvlevi regioni lix-is qedsa da mdinare aragvs Soris mdebareobs. misi farTobi (samxreT oseTi - 2230 kv. km da 80 000 kaci) mTlianad Seadgens 5770 kv.km, xolo mosaxleoba 464 000 kacs. hava zomierad Tbili da teniani (zogad mSrali), landSafti mraval-ferovani. Sida qarTlis turistul potencials gansazRvravs: geografiuli mdebareoba, buneba, ankara wyaroebi, didi da patara mdinareebi, bunebrivi da xelovnuri tbebi, TrialeTisa da lixis umSvenieresi sanaxaoebebi, bunebrivi da kulturuli Zeglebis simravle. Sida qarTlSi SesaZlebelia turizmis Semdegi mimarTulebebis ganviTareba: samkurnalo turizmi, agrotur-izmi, ekoturizmi, kulturuli turizmi da tu-rizmis eqstremaluri saxeobebi.

regionSi arsebuli lamazi buneba, buneb-is Zeglebi, xeobebi, CanCqerebi, bunebrivi da xelovnuri tbebi. maTi simravle da sxva RirsS-esaniSnaobebi ekoturizmisa da kulturuli tu-rizmis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels. Sida qarTlis samkurnalo potenciali imdenad farTo speq-triTaa warmodgenili, rom regions gaaCnia per-speqtiva ganaviTaros da maRal doneze aiyvanos turizmis infrastruqtura da adgilobrivi tu-ristuli potencialiT daainteresos qarTveli da ucxoeli turistebi.

Sida-qarTlis regionSi turizmis ganviTare-bis perspeqtivebze saubrisas saWiroa ganvix-iloT Semdegi sakiTxebi:• arsebobs Tu ara regionSi turizmis ganvi-

TarebisaTvis saWiro resursebi;• arsebobs Tu ara Sesabamisi turistuli

bazari;• ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miznebis misaRw-

evad esaWiroeba Tu ara regions turizmisa da turizmis infrastruqturis ganviTareba;

• aris Tu ara saWiro SromiTi resursebi turizmisa da regionuli turizmis in-frastruqturis ganviTarebisaTvis damate-biTi SromiTi resursebis Semoyvanis auci-lebloba;


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• gamarTlebulia Tu ara danaxarjebi sa-transporto infrastruqturis ganviTare-bisaTvis;

• SesaZlebelia Tu ara konkurentis gamoCena SesaZlo turistuli proeqtebidan mezobel regionebSi;

regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis mzardi popularoba didi interess iwvevs bune-brivi garemos mimarT, romelic eyrdnoba msof-lioSi adamianebis turistuli Semecnebis maRal dones. es TavisTavad qmnis mocemul saxeobis ganviTarebis strategiuli midgomebis formire-bis aucileblobas.

qarTveli mkvlevarebisaTvis regionuli tu-rizmis infrastruqtura SedarebiT axali sfer-oa, radganac ar arsebobs konkretuli meTodika im faqtorebis gamovlenisa da SeswavlisaTvis, romlebic xels uwyobs turizmis industriis am mimarTulebis formirebas da ganviTare-bis strategiebis SemuSavebas. aseve regionis doneze TiTqmis Seuswavlelia dargSi moqmedi socialur-ekonomikuri meqanizmi. Teoriuli da meTodologiuri debulebebis SemuSavebis arasakmarisma donem, regionuli turizmis in-frastruqturis strategiebis SemuSavebis praqtikuli xasiaTis gadauWreli problemebis arsebobam ganapiroba winamdebare sadisertacio kvlevis mimarTuleba.

zemoT aRniSnul problemebi TiTqmis ar aqvT asaxuli da damuSavebuli am sferoSi momuSave qarTvel mecnierebs.

turizmis, maT Soris regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis formirebisa da ganviTarebis Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi problemebi gamokv-leulia Inskip E., Alexandrova S. (2001), Minc M. (1961, 1968, 1970, 1973), Norris R., Steck B., Strasdas W., West-ern D. da sxvaTa SromebSi; romlebSic farTodaa gamokvleuli rogorc bunebrivi resursebis aT-visebis zogadTeoriuli ise infrastruqturu-li resursebis regionuli Sefasebisa da gamoy-enebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTveloSi am saxis kvlevebi arasrulia.

regionuli turizmis infrastruqtura saqarTveloSi turizmis biznesis inovaciur mimarTulebas warmoadgens. misi aqtualoba Cvens qveyanaSi ganpirobebulia regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis ganviTarebis programis re-alizaciisaTvis potenciuri, unikaluri bazis arsebobiT. regionebs, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas regionuli turizmis in-frastruqturis ganviTarebis zonad, rogorc wesi, gaaCniaT sustad ganviTarebuli sakuTari socialur-ekonomikuri struqtura. es gana-pirobebs im procesebis analizisa da Seswavlis aucileblobas, romelic moyveba regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis ganviTarebas.

saqarTvelos (regionebs), romelsac gaaCnia

unikaluri turistuli resursi regionuli tu-rizmis infrastruqturis ganviTarebis kuTx-iT ar miuRwevia potenciuri SesaZleblobebis adekvaturi donisaTvis. Tanamedrove social-ur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis sirTule da arastabiluroba arsebiT gavlenas axdens tu-rizmis industriis ganviTarebaze. am yvelafers ki xels uSlis saxelmwifo regulirebis aras-rulyofili meqanizmi, mocemuli mimarTulebiT kerZo investirebis motivaciis nakleboba. tu-ristuli momsaxurebis infrastruqturis ganu-viTareblobis gamo moTxovnis nakleboba, tu-rizmis samecniero Seswavlis araskmarisi done, teritoriebis doneze regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis ganviTarebis strategiuli gegmis arseboba.

saboloo miznis misaRwevad ki aucilebelia iseTi amocanebis gadawyveta, rogoricaa:• turistul-infrastruqturuli resursebis

Seswavlis meToduri safuZvlis damuSaveba;• turistul-infrastruqturuli regionebis

zogad-geografiuli daxasiaTeba;• regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis

arsebuli gansazRvrebis analizi sawyisi principebisa da SesaZlo obieqtebis gamov-lena;

• saqarTvelos regionuli turizmis in-frastruqturis Tanamedrove mdgomareo-bis da ganviTarebis strategiebis analizi;

• regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis efeqtiani ganviTarebisaTvis socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebis gansazRvra da strategiebis formireba.

regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis gan-viTarebis strategiuli menejmentis, kerZos, strategiuli dagegmvis sistemis elementebis agebis Teoriuli da meToduri midgomebis Se-Tavazeba. • regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis gan-

viTarebis ZiriTadi principebis gansazRvra, misi saxeebisa da formebis klasifikacia;

• regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis strategiuli ganviTrebis xuTi sakvanZo Semadgenelis (analitikuri, prognozuli, miznobrivi, organizaciuli da resursuli) SeTavazeba da dasabuTeba;

• regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis formirebisa da ganviTarebis procesSi tu-ristul produqtze moTxovnisa da miwodeb-is saerTo da specifikuri faqtorebis gam-ovlena;

• regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis formirebisa da ganviTarebis ekonomikis ganviTarebaze gavlenis dadgena;

• regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis bazris subieqtebis urTierTobis Tavisebu-rebebis, maTi ekonomikuri interesebisa da

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regionis ganviTarebaze damatebiTi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnisa da sabiujeto Semosav-lebis zrdis formiT regionis infrastruq-turaze zegavlenis ganxilva;

• saqarTvelos regionuli turizmis in-frastruqturis ganviTarebis strategiebis specifikuri maxasiaTeblebis gamovlena;

• regionuli turizmis strategiebis formirebis dros turizmis infrastruq-turis formirebisa da ganviTarebis axali modelis SemuSvba, romelic dasavleT ev-ropuli da espanuri modelebis nazavs war-moadgens.

regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis potencialis warmoCenisa da turizmis in-frastruqturis marTvisaTvis rekomendacieb-is SemuSveba, Teoriuli sakiTxebis Seswavlis masStabebis gafarToeba regionSi, turizmis in-frastruqturis strategiuli dagegmvis safuZ-veli gaxdeba, rac xels Seuwyobs ekonomikur zrdas da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaR-lebas. kvlevis Sedegebi gamoyenebuli iqneba re-gionuli turizmis infrastruqturis menejmen-tis swavlebis procesSi.

regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis or-ganizaciuli sakiTxebis gadaWrisaTvis auci-lebelia Teoriisa da praqtikis Sesabamisobis arseboba. ganviTarebul qveynebSi regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis praqtika gansaz-Rvra Teoriam. axla ki iq xorcieldeba re-gionuli turizmis infrastruqturis ganvi-Tarebis organizaciul-ekonomikuri Teoriuli problemebis damuSaveba da gadaWra. qveyanaSi regionuli turizmis infrastruqturis iseTi gagebis formireba, romelic gaaerTianebs mis organizaciul, ekonomikur da socialur miz-nebs, dargis sakvanZo sakiTxs warmoadgens, rom-lis farglebSic SeiZleba moxdes Semdegi ter-minebis - „turizmis infrastruqturuli momsax-ureba”, „turizmis infrastruqturis sfero”, „turizmis infrastruqturuli biznesi” da sxva gansazRvra.

turizmis infrastruqturis gansazRvra mniS-vnelovania, radgan igi warmoadgens Teoriul principebs turistuli regionuli turistul-infrastruqturuli saqmianobis regulirebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.

pirvel rigSi, turizmi TavisTavSi moicavs infrastruqturis mSeneblobas, gzebsa da yve-lafer imas, rac mogzaurobasTan da gadaadg-ilebasTan aris gakavSirebuli; meore - imisTvis, rom turistebi Camovidnen, maT normaluri dax-vedra da movla-patronoba sWirdebaT, amisTvis ki saWiroa kargi sastumroebis, dasasvenebeli kompleqsebis, momsaxurebis sxva obieqtebis aSeneba. Tumca yvelaze mTavari mainc gamokve-baa - turists noyierad unda asva da aWamo. am

yvelafris gasakeTeblad arc gazis sabadoebis qonaa aucilebeli da arc navTobis, sakmarisia mxolod soflis meurneoba. imis gaTvaliswine-biT, rom turizmi momavalSi udides mogebas moutanda, saxelmwifosTvis momgebiani iyo, dax-mareboda soflis meurneobas. es xom is dargia, sadac Zalian garTulebulia eqsporti, radgan TiTqmis yvela qveyanas gaaCnia sakuTari soflis meurneobis produqtebi. turizmi ki am Tvals-azrisiT sul sxva SesaZleblobebs iZleva. roca saqarTveloSi Camodis turisti, bunebrivia, mas kveba sWirdeba, amitom is ukve Cveni sof-lis meurneobis produqciis importiori xdeba Cvenive qveyanaSi, es faruli eqsportia, Tanac ganusazRvrelad did masStabebSi.

saqarTveloSi, kerZod, Sida qarTlSi, tu-rizmis da regionuli turizmis infrastruq-turis ganviTarebis strategiebis formire-bis aucilebloba. regionuli turizmis in-frastruqturis socialur-ekonomikuri mniS-vnelobis aRiareba msoflios bevr qveyanasa da regionSi misi ganviTarebis mizezi gaxda. tu-rizmis gaqnviTareba sul ufro da ufro xdeba adamianis dasvenebis masobrivi forma da misi cxovrebis xarisxis srulyofis aucilebeli saSualeba.


112

biznes-inJineringi ganaTlebaSi

sainkubacio///////////-/saaqseleracio sistemebi

saqarTvelosa da ungreTSi

TinaTin RolaZe

reziume

statiis Tema sakmaod aqtualuria, radgan dakavSirebulia sainovacio sistemis ganviTare-basTan. statiaSi ganxilulia saqarTvelosa da ungreTSi sainkubacio/saaqseleracio sistemebi, TiToeul qveyanaSi arsebuli gamowvevebi, prob-lemebi. statia SesaZloa sasargeblo iyos aka-demiuri, biznes da arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebisTvis, romelTac ainteresebT aRniSnuli sakiTxi an uSualod monawileoben sainkubacio sistemebis ganviTarebis procesSi

Summary

The topic of the publication is very actual, as it is related to innovation ecosystem development. Article dis-cusses incubation/acceleration systems, existing challenges and problems in Georgia and Hungary. It can be useful for academic, business and cso sector representatives, who are interested in this topic or involved directly in devel-oping incubation systems

* * * * *

startap ekosistema ganviTarebis procesSia saqarTvelosa da ungreTSi, Tumca miuxedavad imisa, rom orive qveyana aRmosavleT evropas miekuTvneba, ungreTSi bevrad ufro ganvi-Tarebulia sistema da meti SesaZleblobebi ar-sebobs damwyebi mewarmeebisTvis.

biznesis registraciis procesi saqarTvelo-Si Zalian martivi da xelmisawvdomia. Regis-traciis procesisTvis saWiroa TxuTmeti wuTi, mewarmes ki mxolod ramodenime dokumentis wardgena esaWiroeba. biznesebis registraciis procesi xorcieldeba sajaro reestris mier.

saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsax-uris monacemebze dayrdnobiT 2008 dan 2015 wlamde axali sawarmoebis registraciis pro-centi saSualod 11-16 %-s Seadgenda, 2015 wlis monacemebiT ki 616008 subieqtia regis-tirebuli.

miuxedavad registraciis simartivisa, ar-sebobs mTeli rigi mimarTulebebisa, romelic ganviTarebas saWiroebs.

rac Seexeba ungreTs, biznesis registraciis procedurebi bevrad ufro kompleqsuri da

ZviradRirebulia. igi biznesis marTvis sima-rtivisa da registraciis TvalsazrisiT 54 adg-ils ikavebs 189 qveynidan. 2009 wels ungreTSi biznesis registraciasTan dakavSirebuli re-formebi ganxorcielda da axali kanonmdeblo-bis mixedviT minimaluri sawesdebo kapital-is odenoba Semcirda 80 % iT, 2010 wlidan ki dainerga onlain registraciis forma, romlis Sedegadac biznesis registracia SesaZlebelia erT saaTSi. Tumca es dadebiTi tendencia Seicvala 2013 wels, rodesac saxelmwifom gazarda saregistracio mosakrebeli SezRudu-li pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis regis-traciisTvis da daawesa damatebiTi gadaxadebi axali biznesebis registraciisTvis.

inkubatorebisa da aqseleratorebis sis-temis ganviTareba ungreTSi daaxloebiT 2010 wlidan daiwyo, sistema bevrad ufro ganvi-Tarebulia saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT, aqvT wvdoma evro kavSiris finansur resursebTan, rac SesaZlebels xdis venCeruli fondebis ganviTarebas da maT mier damwyebi biznesebis ideebisa da proeqtebis komercializaciis re-alizebas, aseve sainkubacio proeqtebis saop-eracio xarjebis finansirebas .

saqarTveloSi sainkubacio programebis op-erireba bevr sirTulesTan aris dakavSirebuli .finansuri xelmisawvdomobis ar arseboba pro-gramis saoperacio xarjebisTvis, sainvesticio fondebisa damwyebi mewarmeebisaTvis arTulebs da amcirebs msgavsi programebis sicocxlisu-narianobis process.

inkubatorebisa da aqseleratorebis tipebi ungreTsa da saqarTveloSi:• universitetTan arsebuli sainkubacio

programebi• komerciuli/korporatiuli sainkubacio

programebi• saxelmwifo sainkubacio programebi

ungreTSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma sainkubacio/saaqseleracio programebis aris komerciuli da korporatiuli. xSir SemTxveva-Si programebi xorcieldeba adgilobrivi venCe-ruli fondebis mier, aseve popularulia kor-poratiuli inkubatorebis formati, romlebic inicirebuli da dafinansebuli adgilobrivi msxvili kompaniebis mier.SedarebiT mwiria sau-niversiteto da saxelmwifos mier inicirebuli

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sainkuvacio programebis odenoba.inkubatorebis mier beneficiarebisTvis SeTa-

vazebuli programebi da servisebi aris ufaso, saoperacio xarjebis dafinanseba xorcieldeba universitetebis, evropis komisiis programebi-sa da sxvadasxva fondebis farglebSi.

saSualo xangrZlivoba programebis aris 3-6 Tve

ZiriTadad sainkubacio programebi moicavs mentorobis, konsaltingisa da neTvorqing aqtivobebs da uzrunvelyofs beneficiarebs erTiani samuSao sivrcis servisiT. sainkuba-cio saaqseleracio programebis umetesoba uz-runvelyofs garkveuli odenobis dafinasebis uzrunvelyofas programis beneficiari star-tapebisTvis.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos sainkubacio sis-temebis ganviTareba 2009-2010 wlebSi daiwyo, Tumca tendenciuri es procesi gaxda 2014 wlidan, rodesac universitetebSi daiwyo inku-batorebisa, aqseleratorebisa da inovaciuri laboratoriebis ganviTareba.

saqarTveloSi metwilad sainkubacio siste-mebi viTardeba universitetebis bazaze, radgan maT SeuZliaT saoperacio xarjebis finansireba da Sesabamisi infrastruqturis uzrunvely-ofa. saerTod ar aris ganviTarebuli korpo-ratiuli tipis sainkubacio programebi, rac Seexeba saxelmwifo programebs, erTerTi war-matebuli magaliTia baTumis biznes inkubatori, romelic funqcionirebs saxelmwifosa da saer-TaSoriso organizaciis erToblivi finansuri kontrobuciiT da aqvs komerciuli saxe.

sainkubacio programebis ZiriTadi servisebi ungreTsa da saqarTveloSi:• biznes modelebis ganviTareba• bazris analizi• mentoroba da qouCingi (marketingisa da bi-

znes ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT)• sainvesticio da finansuri Sefaseba• buRaltruli servisebis administrireba• biznesis ganviTareba saerTaSoriso bazre-

bze • erTian samuSao sivrcesTan wvdoma

ungreTSi inkubatorebisa da aqseleratore-bis mier startap biznes proeqtebis dafinanseba meryeobs 10 000 dan 250 000evromde, sainvesti-cio ukugebis procenti ki Seadgens saSualod 5-25 %-s.

prioritetuli mimarTulebebi:• eleqtronuli komercia• mobiluri aplikaciebi• cifruli media• programuli uzrunvelyofa• onlain sagadaxdo sistemebi da sxv.mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos rom inkubatore-

bis beneficiari startap biznesebis umetesoba

ungreTSi orientirebulia saerTaSoriso baz-rebze, saqarTveloSi ki lokalur bazrebze.

rac Seexeba finansuri xelmisawvdomobis programebs ungreTSi, erTerTi yvelaze mniS-vnelovani programa startap, mcire da saSualo biznesebis mxardasaWerad aris ‘’jeremis pro-grama’’, inicirebuli evropis komisiis, evropis sainvesticio bankisa da evropis sainvesticio fondis mier.

programa afinansebs legalurad ungreTSi registrirebul damwyeb, mcire da saSualo sa-warmoebs, romelTa funqcionirebis periodi ar aWarbebs xuT wels.

jeremis fondi axdens biznesebis finansire-bas adgilobrivi venCeruli fondebis meSveo-biT, romlis farglebSic finansirebis 70 % axorcielebs jeremis fondi, darCenil 30 % s ki adgilobrivi sainvesticio fondi kerZo in-vestorebis meSveobiT.

2010-2013 wlebSi jeremis programis far-glebSi ganxorcielebulma investirebam Seadgi-na 128 milioni evro. jeremi II programis far-glebSi ki investorebis meore raundi ganxor-cieldeba 2013-2015 wlebSi, investireba moxde-ba 10 axal sainvesticio fondSi 145 milioni evros odenobiT, romlebic moaxdenen aRniSnu-li TanxebiT ganviTarebis etapze myofi star-tap biznesebis finansirebas.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, prioritetebi ume-teswilad ar aris gansazRvruli msgavsi tipis programebisTvis, Sesabamisad programis benefi-ciarebs SesaZlebloba aqvT ganaviTaron pro-eqtebi nebismieri mimarTulebiT, rac saboloo jamSi bevrad ufro rTuls xdis ganxorciel-ebis process.

gansxvavebiT ungreTisgan ar aris xelmisawv-domi finansirebis programebi damwyebi mewar-meebisTvis, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs inkuba-toris programis farglebSi monawile startap proeqtebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas

aRsaniSnavia rom orive qveyanaSi sainkuba-cio programebis umetesoba beneficiar star-tap kompaniebs uzrunvelyofs servisebiT da infrastruqturiT mxolod programis ganma-vlobaSi, es gansakuTrebiT problematuria mdgradobis TvalsazrisiT, rodesac inkuba-torebi ar/ver uzrunvelyofen startapebis finansirebas.

daskvna

aRniSnuli statiidan gamomdinare sainku-bacio sistema bevrad ufro ganviTarebulia ungreTSi saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT bevri sx-vadasxva faqtoridan gamomdinare. inkubatore-bis beneficiari startap biznesebis umetesoba ungreTSi orientirebulia saerTaSoriso baz-


114

rebze, saqarTveloSi ki lokalur bazrebze, un-greTSi biznes sainkubacio proeqtebis ZiriTad prioritets warmoadgens teqnologiuri mima-rTulebebi, rac amartivebs beneficiary star-tap biznesebis realizebisa da ganviTarebis process, sferos prioritetulobisa da mokle periodSi ukugebis miRebis SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare. erTerTi mniSvnelovani faqtori ki ungruli sainkubacio/saaqseleracio pro-gramebis warmatebis aris evropis komisiis finansuri xelmisawvdomobis programa, romlis farglebSic xdeba sainvesticio fondebis meS-veobiT damwyebi , mcire da saSualo biznesebis finansirebis uzrunvelyofa


1. Ádám Novotny, Academic entrepreneurship inHungary, Social and Management Sciences,16/2 (2008) 71–80,doi: 10.3311/pp.so.2008-2.03,web: http://www.pp.bme.hu/so , Periodica Polytechnica 2008

2. ZELIMIR WILLIAM TODOROVIC, NICHAYA SUNTORNPITHUG, THE MULTI-DIMENSION-AL NATURE OF UNIVERSITY INCUBATORS: CAPABILITY/RESOURCE EMPHASIS PHASES, Journal of Enterprising Culture

3. Vol. 16, No. 4 (December 2008) 385–410

4. László Molnár, Analysis of the Hungarian research and development potential, periodica polytechnic, Social and Management Sciences ,14/2 (2006) 79–86 ,doi: 10.3311/pp.so.2006-2.04, web: http://www.pp.bme.hu/so Periodica Polytechnica 2006

5. Elco van Burg, A. Georges L. Romme, Victor A. Gils-ing, and Isabelle M. M. J. Reymen, Creating Univer-sity Spin-Offs: A Science-Based Design Perspective, J PROD INNOV MANAG 2008;25:114–128 2008 Product Development & Management Association

6. JOE TIDD, CONJOINT INNOVATION: BUILDING A BRIDGE BETWEEN INNOVATION AND EN-TREPRENEURSHIP, International Journal of Inno-vation Management, Vol. 18, No. 1 (February 2014) 1450001 (20 pages), © Imperial College Press, DOI: 10.1142/S1363919614500017

7. h t tp : / /www.kauffman.org/blogs/pol icy-dia -logue/2014/april/hungarys-slow-but-steady-startup-roadmap

8. http://goaleurope.com/2013/05/07/a-roundup-on-the-hungarian-startup-ecosystem/

9. http://silicongoulash.com/articles/2014/01/07/hun-garian-startup-ecosystem-in-2013-a-year-in-review

10. h t t p : / / w w w . a r a b i a n b u s i n e s s . c o m / p h o t o s /hungary-s-s ta r t -up-ecosys tem-562692.h tml

11. http://www.europeanspinoff.com/hu/wp-content/up-loads/2013/10/UK_Embassy_Nikodemus.pdf

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115

samewarmeo ganaTlebis ganviTareba qarTul umaRles saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebSi, saerTaSoriso warmatebuli magaliTebis

gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT

TinaTin RolaZe

reziume

statiis mizania samewarmeo ganaTlebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb cnobierebis amaRleba da saerTaSoriso praqtikis popularizacia , Sem-dgomSi saqarTvelos umaRles saganmanaTle-blo dawesebulebebSi samewarmeo ganaTlebis programebis danergvisa da ganviTarebis mizniT.

statiaSi ganxilulia iseTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa samewarmeo ganaTleb-is formirebisTvis saWiro meTodebi da pro-gramebi da masTan dakavSirebuli warmatebuli magaliTebi, samewarmeo ganaTlebasTan dakavS-irebuli politika, saswavlo procesi, biznes seqtoris integracia aRniSnul procesSi da sxva.

Summary

Article aims to emphasize importance of the entrepre-neurship education and share international best practices related to successful programs, in order to launch and de-velop entrepreneurship education programs in Georgian higher education institutions further.

Article discusses the important issues like :methods and programs for the launching of the entrepreneurship education, related best practices, entrepreneurship educa-tion policy issues, learning process, business sector inte-gration in this process, etc.

samewarmeo ganaTlebis ganviTarebis sakiTxi sakmaod aqtualuri, sasargeblo da inovaciuria qarTuli bazrisTvis, radgan igi grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi dakavSirebulia axali biznesebis da samuSao adgilebis Seqmnasa da qveynis ekono-mikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebasTan.

qarTul umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawese-bulebebSi mewarmeoba ar warmoadgens savalde-bulo sagans da iswavleba mxolod ramodenime kerZo umaRles saswavlebelSi. Ppremier minis-trisa da ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saminis-tros iniciativiT mewarmeobis rogorc arCe-viTi sagnis swavleba daiwyo dawyebiT saSualo skolebSi piloturi programis saxiT.

sakiTxi metad aqtualuria rogorc saxelm-wifo , aseve akademiuri da biznes seqtorisT-

vis ,aqedan gamomdinare mniSvnelovania aRniS-nul procesSi ganviTarebuli qveynebis war-matebuli magaliTebis gamocdilebis gaziareba da gaTvaliswineba.

mewarmeobis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli erTerTi ZiriTadi barierebia saganmanaTle-blo programebisa da finansuri saxsrebis na-kleboba , swored amitom amerikeli da evro-peli politikosebi orientirebuli arian sa-ganmanaTleblo sistemis (maT Soris samewarmeo ganaTlebis) ganviTarebaze, radgan es procesi uSualod aris dakavSirebuli axali bizneseb-isa da samuSao adgilebis SeqmnasTan.

universitetebi umeteswilad fokusirebuli arian studentebis momzadebaze organizaciu-li saqmianobisTvis. zogierTi biznes skola, romelsac aqvs biznesis administrirebis pro-grama da orientirebulia saSualo da maRali rgolis menejerebis momzadebaze, aswavlis bi-znesis marTvis komponentebs, Tumca naklebad xdeba orientireba uSualod mewarmeobasa da startap biznesebis Seqmnis, marTvisa da ganvi-Tarebis procesebze.

globaluri mewarmeobis monitoris monace-mebze dayrdnobiT amerikaSi mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 10-12 % CarTulia samewarmeo saqmianobaSi da interesi samewarmeo ganaTleb-is programebisa da samewarmeo aqtivobebSi monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT mzardia, rasac adasturebs Gallup Hope Index-is gamokiTxva, rom-lis Tanxamadac amerikaSi studentebis 77 % s korporatiul saqmianobas urCvenia same-warmeo saqmianoba. Sesabamisad amerikaSi akred-itirebuli universitetebis daaxloebiT 90 % beneficiarebs sTavazobs samewarmeo kursebsa da programebs. magaliTad Ewing Marion Kauff-man is fondma 20013 wlidan daafinansa 200ze meti koleji da universiteti samewarmeo ga-naTlebis programebis gansaviTareblad, ja-murma Tanxma Seadgina 60 mil. dolarze meti.

tradiciulad biznes treining programebi orientirebulia , kursis farglebSi studen-tebs miawodos informacia biznesis dageg-mvaze, organizebisa da konstrolis proce-durebze, mewarmeobaze orientirebuli kursis


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farglebSi ki fokusireba xdeba biznes gegmis ganviTarebaze, gesT spikerebis mier warmate-buli qeisebis ganxilvasa da gaziarebaze, laiv qeisebis, simulaciebis da specialuri pro-eqtebis SemuSavebaze.

amerikelma mkvlevarebma Solomon, Duffy, and Tarabishy-ma Tavis kvlevaSi gansazRvres popu-laruli da trenduli kursebi mewarmeobis mimarTulebiT, maT Soris : mcire biznesis me-nejmenti, mcire biznesis konsaltingi da axali kompaniis Seqmna.

amerikeli mkvlevaris Ahiarah –s kvlevaze dayrdnobiT warmatebuli samewarmeo kursis kurikulumi moicavs Semdeg komponentebs: • saleqcio kurss• qeisebis ganxilvas• mowveuli stumaris mier warmatebuli

praqtikis gaziarebas• produqtis ideacias• axali biznes modelis identifikacias• prototipirebas• Tim bildingisa da neTvorqing aqtivobebs• proeqtis kapitalizacias• sxvadasxva samewarmeo soft skill bis

ganviTarebas• eqsperimentuli swavlebis komponentebi,

maT Soris: TamaSebi, simulaciebi, realuri biznes proeqtebis Seqmnis procesi

miuxedavad imisa, rom eqsperimentuli swav-leba garkveul riskebTan aris dakavSirebuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebisTvis, igi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba samewarmeo ganaTlebis programebSi da Semdeg komponentebs moicavs:

tradiciuli:• kurikulumi• qeisebi• leqciebi

konsaltingi:• biznes modelebis/gegmebis ganviTareba• laiv qeisebi• praqtikuli proeqtebis momzadeba

realuri biznes proeqti:• fandraizingi• simulaciebi• prototipireba• mentoroba/qouCingi• inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacva, pat-

entiamerikaSi gansakuTrebuli popularobiT

sargeblobs axalgzardebSi samewarmeo ga-naTlebis programebi. pirveli samewarmeo kur-si 1947 wels harvardis biznes skolaSi Ca-tarda 188 biznesis administrirebis studen-tisTvis. amerikeli mkvlevaris katz is monace-mebze dayrdnobiT, 2003 wlidan yovelwliurad saSualod 120 000 ze meti amerikeli studenti monawileobs samewarmeo ganaTlebis programe-

bSi da es moTxovna mzardia, rasac ramodenime faqtori ganapirobebs:• politikosebis mier ekonomikuri in-

frastruqturis ganviTarebaSi mewarmeobis mniSvnelobis saTanadod Sefaseba (Fayolle et al., 2006; Matlay, 2008; Mwasalwiba, 2010).

• evropis komisiis rekomendaciebis Camoya-libeba universitetebSi samewarmeo ga-naTlebis integraciasTan dakavSirebiT (Eu-ropean Commission, 2008)

• studentebis mzardi raodenoba samewarmeo ganaTlebis programebze ganapirobebs moTxovnas Seiqmnas damatebiTi specialize-buli samewarmeo kursebi

• mzardi moTxovna ganapirobebs Seiqmnas ufro meti mewarmeobis ganviTarebis cen-trebi, mentorebis, fasilitatorebis, tre-nerebisa da instruqtorebis gazrdili raodenobiT

M. Lorz, S. Mueller & T. Volery (2011) romelmac Tavis kvlevaSi analizi gaukeTa samewarmeo ga-naTlebis programebis meTodologias , Sedegad gansazRvra, rom :

programebis koncefcia, da meTodologie-bi gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan da moicav-da sxvadasxva tipis aqtivobebs, mag.saklaso aqtivobebs, biznes proeqtis Seqmnas kursis farglebSi, a.S)• programis xangrZlivoba Seadgenda saSu-

alod 1-12 Tves• umeteswilad kursis farglebSi ar iyos

gansazRvruli detaluri informacia kur-sis kontentisa da programis Sesaxeb

• programebis umetesi nawili swavlebis ZiriTad pedagogiur meTodad iyenebda saklaso swavlebas

• programis miznebi ganisazRvreboda SemdegiT:studentebis cnobierebis cv-lileba mewarmeobasTan dakavSirebiT, monawile biznesebis Semosavlianobis maCveneblebis zrda, samewarmeo unarebis ganviTareba

samewarmeo cnobierebis amaRleba, mewarmeobis popularizacia axalgazrdebSi , mcire da saS-ualo biznesebis mxardaWera startap fazaSi evropis samewarmeo politikis mniSvnelovan prioritetebs warmoadgens.germaniaSi 200 ze met universitetSia dan-

ergili samewarmeo programebi da aqtivobebi. (Schmude/Heumann, 2007), radgan gaacnobieres, rom konkurentunarianobisa da ganviTarebisT-vis mniSvnelovania mewarmeobis xelSewyoba da popularizacia (Badelt, 2004; Gibb, 2005; EC, 2006b) Semdgomi miznebis misawevad:• TviT dasaqmebis koncefciis populari-

zacia studentebTan , alumnebsa da akade-miur personalTan

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• warmatebuli startapis formirebisTvis saWiro unarCvevebis da kompetenciebis swavleba da ganviTareba

• alumni spin off –bias da start up-bis mxardaW-era da konsaltingi

Ennöckl (2002), Bauer/Kailer (2003) da Fueglistaller et al.(2006)-is kvlevebis mixedviT , yvelaze mniS-vnelovani mxardaWera rasac studentebi saWi-roeben aris:• konsaltingi fondebis moZiebisa da finan-

sirebis kuTxiT• neTvorqingi mimwodeblebsa da momxmare-

blebs Soris• qouCingi da mentoringi• neTvorqingi biznes angelozebTan• konsaltingi patentsa da licenziebTan

dakavSirebiT• samuSao sivrcis da IT servisebis uzrun-

velyofa• seminarebi, treningebi da vorqSofebi sxva-

dasxva mimarTulebiT, maT Soris (samarTa-li, biznesis administrireba, lideroba,a.S)

arsebobs dilema imasTan dakavSirebiT Tu rodis unda moxdes samewarmeo ganaTleb-is programebis swavleba, amis Sesaxeb fondi kaufmanis mosazreba aseTia , rom mewarmeobis swavleba unda moxdes maSin rodesac poten-ciuri/arsebuli mewarme mzad aris axali bi-znes ideebis/proeqtebis Sesaqmnelad da gan-saviTareblad . biznes skolebSi umetes SemTx-vevebSi araswori formiT xdeba mewarmeobis swavleba, radgan kursi ZiriTadad Teoriulia da ara praqtikuli (Wadhwa et al. 2009a, 2009b), Wadhwa (2010). rekomendebulia, rom samewarmeo ganaTlebis programebis swavleba daiwyos dawyebiTi saSualo skolis donidan.aseve mniSvnelovani ganxilvis sagania Tu

vin unda aswavlos mewarmeoba, universite-tis bazaze Zalian mniSvnelovania leqtore-bi CarTuloba aRniSnuli procesis Teoriul nawilSi, radgan arsebiTad mniSvnelovania maTi gamocdileba saleqcio warmarTvasTan dakavS-irebiT, Tumca aseve mniSvnelovania praqti-kuli gamocdilebis gaziarebis integrireba kursis formatSi. saukeTeso gadawyvetilebad ki SeiZleba CaTvalos Teoriuli da praqtikuli gamocdilebis nazavi mewarmeobis swavlebi-sTvis.

mniSvnelovani sakiTxia aseve Tu rogor unda moxdes samewarmeo ganaTlebis programebis xarisxis kontroli

SesaZlo Sefasebis indikatorebia:• saswavlo kurikulumi da meTodologia• Teoriuli da praqtikuli masalis erTo-

blioba kursis farglebSi• studentebis/monawileebis relevanturoba

kursTan• kursis xelmZRvanelis, leqtorebis, men-

torebisa da CarTuli• biznesis warmomadgenelTa kvalifikacia• infrastruqtura• kursis dro da xangrZlivoba• studentTa /monawileTa CarTuloba• kursis monitoringi da Sefaseba• monawileTa fidbeqi• kursis Sedegad miRebuli konkretuli Se-

degi• neTvorqingis SesaZleblobebi• finansuri xelmisawvdomobis programebi

mniSvnelovania aseve samewarmeo ganaTlebis programebSi biznes seqtoris CarTuloba, rac SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes Semdegi forme-biT:

• mentoroba da qouCingi• monawileoba saganmanaTleblo kursis

farglebSi, informaciis gaziarebis kuTxiT

• investireba startap proeqtebSi• sxva

daskvna

statiaSia ganxilulia samewarmeo ganaTleb-is programebis meTodoligia da struqturebi ,kurikulumisa da eqsperimentuli swavlebis komponentebi, samewarmeo ganaTlebis programe-bze mzard moTxovnaze zemoqmedi faqtorebi, samewarmeo aqtivobebSi CarTulobis zrdasTan dakavSirebiT studentTa saWiroebebi. Ganxil-ulia Tu rodis da vis mier unda moxdes same-warmeo ganaTlebis programebis swavleba, ro-gori SeiZleba iyos xarisxis Sefasebis indika-torebi da ra formiT SeiZleba moxdes biznes seqtoris CarTuloba akademiur procesSi


1. MIRUNA RADU LEFEBVRE, RENAUD REDI-EN-COLLOT, ACHIEVING LEGITIMACY IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY, Journal of Enterprising Culture Vol. 20, No. 4 (December 2012) 481-500 , DOI: 10.1142/S0218495 812500203

2. NORBERT KAILER, ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION: EMPIRICAL FINDINGS AND PROPOSALS FOR THE DESIGN OF ENTRE-PRENEURSHIP EDUCATION CONCEPTS AT UNIVERSITIES IN GERMAN-SPEAKING COUNTRIES, Journal of Enterprising Culture Vol. 17, No. 2 (June 2009) 201–231

3. Elaine C. Rideout , Denis O. Gray-Does Entre-preneurship Education Really Work?A Review


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and Methodological Critique of the Empirical Literature on the Effects of University-Based En-trepreneurship Education, Journal of Small Busi-ness Management 2013 51(3), pp. 329–351, doi: 10.1111/jsbm.12021

4. MICHAEL LORZ, SUSAN MUELLER, Swiss Research Institute of Small Business and Entre-preneurship, THIERRY VOLERY- ENTREPRE-NEURSHIP EDUCATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE METHODS IN IMPACT STUDIES, Journal of Enterprising Culture Vol. 21, No. 2 (June 2013) 123–151 , DOI: 10.1142/S0218495813500064

5. Ahiarah, S. (1989). “Strategic Management and Entrepreneurship Courses at Undergraduate, Lev-el: Can One Inform the Other?” Proceedings of the 1989 Small Business Institute Director’s Associa-tion

6. Aronsson, M. (2004). “Education Matters—But ,Does Entrepreneurship Education? An Interview with David Birch,” Academy of Management Learning and Education

7. Blackford, B., T. Sebora, and T. Whitehill (2008). “The Effects of Collegiate Entrepreneurship Edu-cation on Post-Graduation Startup of New Ven-tures: A First Look,” USASBE Conference Pro-ceedings Charney, A., G. D. Libecap, and K. E.

Center (2000). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education: An Evaluation of the Berger Entre-preneurship Program at the University of Arizo-na 1985–1999 Chen, C. C., P. G. Greene, and A. Crick (1998). “Does Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy Distinguish Entrepreneurs from Managers?” Jour-nal of Business Venturing

8. Dutta, D. K., J. Li, and M. Merenda (2011). “Fos-tering Entrepreneurship: Impact of Specialization and Diversity in Education,” International Entre-preneurship Management Journal 7

9. Fayolle, A. (2005). “Evaluation of Entrepreneur-ship Education: Behavior Performing Or Intention Increasing?” International Journal of Entrepre-neurship and Small Business 2(1)

10. Fiet, J. O. (2001). “The Pedagogical Side of Teach-ing Entrepreneurship,” Journal of Business Ven-turing 16(2),

11. Greene, P. G., J. A. Katz, and B. Johannisson (2004). “Entrepreneurship Education,” Academy of Management Learning and Education 3(3),

12. Kirby, D. A. (2006). “Entrepreneurship Education: Can Business Schools Meet the Challenge?” in In-ternational Entrepreneurship Education: Issues and Newness. Eds. A. Fayolle and H. Klandt. Chelten-ham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd

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biznes-inJineringi transportSi

sawvavis temperaturis cvlilebis gavlena dizelis Zravidan

gamonabolqv gazebSi arsebuli mavne komponentebis Semcvelobaze

oTar jijavaZe, profesoriTeimuraz CoxaraZe, profesori

reziume

statiaSi warmodgenilia gemis dizelis Zravis maRali wnevis magistralSi sawvavis tem-peraturis amaRlebis eqsperimentis Sedegebi. ganxilulia cilindrSi sawvavis TviTaalebis periodis Seyovnebis gavlena narevis tempera-turaze da gamonabolqv gazebSi arsebuli mavne komponentebis Semcvelobaze. aseve SemoTavaze-bulia meTodi, romelic iTvaliswinebs sawvavis temperaturis momatebas maRali wnevis zolze, ris Sedegadac izrdeba sawvavis kumSvis koe-ficienti, xolo siblante da simkvrive kle-bulobs. eqsperimentebis Sedegebidan Cans, rom sawvavis gaxurebis Sedegad xdeba wnevis zrdis xarisxisa da agreTve wvis maqsimaluri wnevis Semcireba cilindrSi. aRniSnuli cvlilebebi iwvevs muSa ciklis saSualo temperaturis kle-bas da sawvavis wvis srulyofis xarisxis mate-bas. rac uzrunvelyofs wilobrivi datvirTvis reJimebSi Zravis muSaobis dros gamonabolqv gazebSi naxSirwyalbadis Semcvelobis xarisxis klebas.

SummaryChanges in temperature of the exhaust gases of the die-

sel engine on the content of harmful components

O. Djijavadze., T. Chokharadze

Results of experiment on heating of fuel on a line of the high are presented Pressure, formation of the theory of the period of a delay of spontaneous ignition of fuel is consid-ered in The cylinder of the diesel engine, its influence on temperature of a gas mix during the worker Cycle and the maintenance of harmful impurity in the fulfilled gases. The inventive method, which takes into account the temperature of the high pressure fuel line, which leads to an increase in the degree of compression of fuel, and the viscosity and density decreases. Experimental results show that the fuel pressure increases as a result of heating and as the maxi-mum combustion pressure cylinder. These changes result in reduced cycle average temperature and fuel combustion to improve growth.

* * * * * *

xangrZlivi reisis dros gems xSirad uxdeba curva rTul navigaciur pirobebSi, rodesac mTavari Zravi muSaobs simZlavrisa da brunTa sixSiris zRvrul mniSvnelobaze. mag, zRvis Relvis dros lilvis brunTa sixSire SeiZleba gaizardos maqsimalur mniSvnelobamde, romlis drosac Zravis moZrav detalebSi warmoiSveba saSiSi meqanikuri daZabulobebi.

gemis mTavari Zravis xangrZlivi da ekonomi-uri muSaobis ZiriTad pirobas warmoadgens misi nominaluri datvirTva, romlis drosac sas-urvel siCqaresTan erTad uzrunvelyofilia gemis maqsimaluri ekonomiuroba.

gemis manevrirebis dros Zravi muSaobs cv-ladi datvirTvis reJimebSi da lilvis brunvis winaaRmdegobis simZlavris maqsimalur pirobeb-Si.

maqsimaluri simZlavriT muSaobis SemTx-vevaSi Zravis mabruni momenti SeiZleba bevrad aRematebodes nominalur mniSvnelobas. am dros xdeba Zravis siTburi gadatvirTvebi da misi detalebis Termuli daZabulobebi Rebuloben zRvrul mniSvnelobebs. magram, amasTan erTad, gems xSirad uwevs muSaoba curvis gansakuTre-bul rTul pirobebSi, rodesac cvladi dat-virTvebis moqmedebis Sedegad Zravi nominal-uri reJimidan gadadis wilobrivi datvirTvis (manevrirebis) reJimSi. analogiuri situacia iqmneba dizel-generatoris muSaobis drosac, mag: satvirTo operaciebis dros, drois mcire SualedSi moxmarebuli simZlavre SeiZleba gaizardos 30% dan 90% mde.

erTi sityviT, gemis ZravebSi muSa proce-sis mkveTri cvlileba iwvevs ara mxolod sawvavis xarjis gazrdas, aramed gamon-abolqv gazebSi arsebuli mavne nivTierebeb-is naxSirJangisa (CO) da naxSirwyalbadis (CnHm) zrdasac.

gamonabolqvi gazebis toqsikurobis Sesam-cireblad, Zravis muSa procesebze awarmoeben zemoqmedebas sxvadasxva meTodebiT, mag: saw-vavSi wylis SereviT, frqvevanebis modernizire-biT, gamonabolqvi gazebis recirkulaciiT, wilobrivi datvirTvis dros Cabervis haerisa


120

da gamagrilebeli wylis temperaturis gazrdiT da a.S.

kvlevis mizans warmoadgens axali meTodis SemuSaveba, romelic Seamcirebs gamonabolqvi gazebis toqsikurobas gemis dizelis Zravis gardamaval reJimSi muSaobis dros.

gamonabolqvi gazebis toqsikurobis gazr-das safuZvlad udevs dizelis Zravis Tburi datvirTvis mkveTri cvlileba gardamaval reJimSi muSaobis dros, rasac Tan axlavs gamonabolqv gazebSi CO, Cn Hm da NOx

- is koncentraciis zrda, romlis gamomwvevi faqtorebia:

- sawvavis Sefrqvevis momentSi cilindrSi haeris temperaturis Semcireba (cilindris kedlebi haers ver gadascems sakmaris siTbos);

- haeris siWarbis dabali koeficienti (romelic SesamCnevia gazoturbinuli Cabervis ZravebSi turboagregatis maRali inerciulobis gamo).

aRniSnuli faqtorebi uSualo gavlenas axdenen sawvavis TviTaalebaze da TviTaal-ebis periodis τi Seferxebaze, romlis empiri-uli gansazRvra SesaZlebelia Sedegi for-muliT;

; (1)sadac: A- dizelis mudmiva, romelic da-

mokidebulia mis konstruqciul Tavisebure-bebze; τi- TviTaalebis Seferxebis periodi; p1- gazebis wneva cilindrSi sawvavis Se-frqvevis momentSi, mpa; T1- gazebis temperatu-ra cilindrSi sawvavis Sefrqvevis momentSi, K; Cm - dguSis saSualo siCqare, m/wm.

aRniSnuli formulidan gamomdinare-obs, rom sawvavis Sefrqvevis momentSi tem-peraturis 50 K dakleba iwvevs TviTaalebis Seferxebis periodis 7-10%-iT gazrdas. xolo TviTaaleba, romelic mimdinareobs haeris siWarbis dabali koeficientis pirobebSi, xels uwyobs sawvavis arasruli wvis koefi-cientis zrdas. es movlena xarisxobrivad damowmebulia sawvavis TviTaalebis Sefer-xebis periodis ricxviTi modelirebis meTo-diT kvlevis SedegebiT [3]. magram, radganac aRniSnuli meTodi ar iZleva zust raode-nobriv maCveneblebs, misi praqtikuli gamoy-eneba sakmaod SezRudulia.

sawvavis TviTaalebis periodis Sesamcire-blad SemoTavazebulia sxvadasxva meTodebi. maT Soris, Sesafrqvevi sawvavis temperaturis mo-mateba gardamaval reJimebSi. SemoTavazebulia agreTve sawvavis temperaturis gazrda dabali wnevis zolze [4]. magram aRniSnuli meTodi ver uzrunvelyofs Zravis TiToeul cilindrze sawvavis temperaturis zrdas da amasTanave, am-

cirebs sawvavis maRali wnevis tumbos eqsplu-ataciis periods.

zemoTaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SemoTava-zebulia meTodi, romelic iTvaliswinebs saw-vavis temperaturis momatebas maRali wnevis zolze, ris Sedegadac izrdeba sawvavis kumSvis koeficienti, xolo siblante da simkvrive klebulobs.

sawvavis kumSvis koeficientis damokide-buleba temperaturis matebaze miaxloebiT aisaxeba formulebiT 2,3 [2]:

sadac: ζ0, ζp, ζ50 - kumSvis koeficientebi, at-mosferuli, Sefrqvevisa da 50 mpa. wnevebis dros. mpa-1

βpm- sawvavis simkvrivis gavlenis koefi-cienti, mpa-2 sawvavis temperaturis

pm- sawvavis wneva sistemaSi. aRniSnuli me-Todis gamoyeneba iZleva ormag efeqts:

erTia is, rom sawvavi temperaturis zrdis Se-degad ufro metad ikumSeba, ris gamoc mcirdeba Sefrqvevis winswrebis kuTxe. sawvavi ifrqveva ufro maRali temperaturis sivrceSi da ufro male orTqldeba, rac xels uwyobs TviTaalebis Seferxebis periodis Semcirebas.

da meore - radganac sawvavis asaorTqleblad ixarjeba naklebi siTbo, amitom TviTaalebis Seferxebis dros wvis kameraSi wneva da tem-peratura ufro maRalia.gemis damxmare dize-lis Zravze Catarebuli eqsperimenti asaxavs sawvavis temperaturis momatebis gavlenas muSa procesze. danadgaris sqema mocemulia nax.1.

nax.1 eqsperimentuli danadgaris sqema:

1 - sawvavis temperaturis gadamwodebi; 2 - vibrogadamwodebi; 3 - temperaturis maregu-lirebeli; 4 - gamaxurebeli elementi; 5 - saw-vavis maRali wnevis tumbo; 6 - generatori; 7

121

- dizelis Zravi; 8 - gamonabolqvi gazebis tem-peraturis gadamwodebi; 9 - wnevis gadamwodebi; 10 - indikatoruli diagramisa da vibrosignalis amsaxveli mowyobiloba.

nax.2 sawvavis temperaturis gavlenas muSa procesze.

___ muSa procesi sawvavis gaxurebis gareSe;------ muSa procesi sawvavis 430 K gaxure-

biT.rogorc diagramidan (nax.2) Cans, aalebis

aqtiuri fazis sawyis momentSi wneva cilin-drSi daaxloebiT 0,2 mpa.-iT metia, rac Seesa-bameba temperaturis 30-50K matebas.

nax.3. sawvavis Sefrqveva wilobrivi dat-virTvis reJimSi.

------ indikatoruli diagrama; ___ vibrodiagrama.

eqsperimentebis SedegebiT dadginda, rom 1600C-ze maRla sawvavis gaxureba mizanSewon-ilia, radganac aRniSnuli temperaturebis SemTxvevaSi, SeimCneva sawvavis namati Sefrqveva gafarToebis zolze da Sesabamisad wvis wnevis xarisxis mateba. amasTanave, temperaturul dia-pazonSi 500C dan 1400C - mde adgili aqvs wne-vis zrdis xarisxis klebas da wvis maqsimaluri wnevis Semcirebas (nax.3). eqsperimentebis Sede-gebidan gamomdinare, SemoTavazebulia sawvavis TviTaalebis periodis Seferxebis gansazRvra empiriuli formuliT, romelic modificirebu-lia Sefrqvuli sawvavis temperaturis cvli-lebisaTvis.

(4)

sadac: P1- cilindris wneva, mpa; Cm- dguSis saSualo siCqare, m/wm; A-Zravis mudmiva; T1 - ga-zebis temperatura cilindrSi, K; B,n- sawvavis momzadebis parametrebis ganmsazRvreli em-piriuli koeficientebi; ∆T

saw.- Sefrqveuli

sawvavis temperatura.eqsperimentebis Sedegebidan Cans, rom saw-

vavis gaxurebis Sedegad xdeba wnevis zrdis xarisxisa da agreTve wvis maqsimaluri wnevis Semcireba cilindrSi. aRniSnuli cvlilebebi iwvevs muSa ciklis saSualo temperaturis kle-bas da sawvavis wvis srulyofis xarisxis mate-bas. rac uzrunvelyofs wilobrivi datvirTvis ReJimebSi Zravis muSaobis dros gamonabolqv gazebSi naxSirwyalbadis Semcvelobis xarisxis klebas.

aRniSnuli meTodi gansxvavdeba winamorbedi meTodebisagan imiT, rom misi realizacia Se-darebiT martivia da teqnikuri momsaxurebis xarjebic gacilebiT naklebia. amasTan erTad, Zravis muSa procesze ar xdeba datvirTvis mkve-Tri cvlilebebiT gamowveuli negatiuri zemo-qmedeba da sawvavis aparaturac daculia ara-Tanabari cveTisagan.


1. Семенов В.С. Современные проблемы теории судовых дизелей (рабочий процесс и тепло-

передача): тексты лекций / В.С. Семенов. — М: Изд-во В/О «Мортехинформреклама», 1991. — 112 с.

2. Ищук Ю.Г. Интенсификация процесса сгорания топлива в судовых дизелях / Ю.Г. Ищук. — Л.:

Судостроение, 1987. — 54 с.3. Фролов С.М. Многомерное моделирование

испарения, самовоспламенения и горения струйдизельного топлива / С.М. Фролов, А.Н. Гоц //

Фундаментальные и прикладные проблемысовершенствования поршневых двигателей: сб.

науч. тр. ВлГУ. — Владимир, 2008. — С. 21–28.4. Мартынова И.Б. Исследование особенностей

топливоподачи и экономичности дизеля на долевых нагрузках при подогреве топлива: дис... канд. техн. наук: 05.08.05: защищена 12.02.96:


122

biznes-inJineringi qimiaSi

cianmJavas saamqros stabiluri muSaobis uzrunvelyofa reqtifikaciis

stadiaze cianmJavas polimerizaciis aRmofxvris gziTleri gvasalia;

T. mamaguliSvili; v. maWaraSvili

reziume

cianmJavas warmoebis stabiluri muSaobis yvelaze metad xelisSemSleli faqtori aT-wleulebis ganmavlobaSi iyo reqtifikaciis sta-diaze cianmJavas polimerizacia. polimerizaci-is avtokatalizuri meqanizmidan gamomdinare man SeiZleba sistemis afeTqebamde migviyvanos. garda amisa yoveli 2 – 3 kviris ganmavloba-Si polimerizaciis mizeziT xdeboda saamqros iZulebiTi gaCereba warmoqmnili polimerebis sistemidan gamorecxvis mizniT. saamqros iZule-biTi gaCereba iwvevda warmoebis teqnikur – ekonomikuri maCveneblebis mkveTr gauaresebas, mocdenas aparatebisa da komunikaciebis garecx-visaTvis cud samuSao pirobebs.

materialuri balansis da eqsperimentaluri kvlevis safuZvelze aRmoCenili iqna, rom cian-mJavas polimerizaciis gamomwvevi mizezi iyo orTofosformJavas deficit, romelic ver uzrunvelyofda kontaqturi airebidan narCeni amiakis SekavSirebas da mdgrad naerTSi mis ga-dayvanas. orTofosformJavas deficitis mizezi ki rogorc aRmoCnda iyo orTofosformJavas analizis dros saangariSo formulaSi arsebuli titri 0,0098, romelic gulisxmobs orTofos-formJavas molekulaSi arsebuli samive wyal-badatomis monawileobas reaqciaSi. Cvens mier saangariSo formulaSi arsebuli titri Seicva-la axali titriT 0,003266, romliTac orTo-fosformJavas neitralizaciis Sedegad mxolod mdgradi erTCanacvlebuli fosfatis miReba iqneba uzrunvelyofili. aRniSnulis gaTval-iswinebiT Catarda sawarmoo eqsperimenti, rom-liTac dadasturda orTofosformJavas defi-cit sistemaze da aRmoifxvra polimerizaciis problema. Sedegad gaizarda gamomuSavebuli produqciis raodenoba, Semcirda TviTRireb-uleba, gaumjobesda Sromis pirobebi.

Summary

On the basis of material balance analysis and experi-mental research, it has been found that the reason of hy-drocyanic acid polymerization was the shortage of or-thophosphate acid, which could not provide residual am-monia binding from the contacting gases and its transfer into sustainable compounds. As it turned out, the reason of the shortage of orthophosphate acid was the existing ti-ter 0,0098 in the calculation formula during the analysis of orthophosphate acid, which was changed by us with other new titer 0,003266, as the result, during the neutrali-zation of the orthophosphate acid, it was guaranteed to get single substitute phosphate, thus the problem of polymeri-zation was eliminated. After the correcting the calculation formula, increased the quantity of the produced product, decreased the self-value and improved labor conditions.

* * * * * *

oqros miRebis hidrometalurgiuli meTo-di, romelic aRmoCenili iqna XIX saukunis 40 –ian wlebSi p. bagrationis mier, mdgomareobs TviTnabadi oqros gaxsniT natriumis cianidis wyalxsnarSi Jangbadis Tanaobisas da miRebuli ciankompleqsidan oqros gamoleqvaSi TuTi-is meSveobiT. oqros mopovebisaTvis saWiro natriumis cianidi iwarmoeba saqarTveloSi, kerZod “rusTavis azotSi”.

“rusTavis azotSi” natriumis cianidis war-moebis meTodia Txevadi cianmJavas kaustikuri sodis 42 – 44 % -iani wyalxsnariT neitrali-zacia:

HCN + NaOH = NaCN + H2O (1)miRebuli natriumis cianidis wyalxs-

naris Semdgomi aorTqleba kristalizaciiT da SrobiT. Tavis mxriv cianmJavas warmoeba xorcieldeba andrusovis meTodiT, romlis mixedviTac cianmJavas sinTezi mimdinareobs platina – rodiumis Senadnobisagan (Pt : Rh = 90 : 10) damzadebuli katalizatoris badeebze meTanis, amiakis da haeris airnarevis gatare-biT 950 – 1050 0C temperaturaze:

2 CH4 + 2 NH3 + 3 O2 = 2 HCN + 6 H2O (2)kontaqtirebis Sedegad miRebuli kon-

123

taqturi airi 6 – 7,5 % HCN -is da 1,7 – 2,5 % amiaks Seicavs, romelic adre iTvlebo-da, rom es iyo reaqciaSi Seusvleli amia-ki, magram Semdgomi kvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom postkatalizatorul zonaSi arsebuli amiaki es aris miRebuli cianmJavas wylis orTqlTan urTierTqmedebis produqti:

HCN + H2O = NH3 + CO (3)kontaqturi airi 98 – 102 0C –mde gaciveb-

is Semdeg gaivlis e.w. “sulfatis skrubers”, romelSic igi iwmindeba amiakisagan, - go-girdmJavas meSveobiT:

2 NH3 + H2SO4 = (NH4)2SO4 (4)sulfatis skruberidan kontaqturi airi ami-

akis narCeni SemcvelobiT a/u 0,025 % gaivlis wyliT absorbciis stadias, romlis Sedegadac miiReba cianmJavas 2,5 % -iani wyalxsnari, rom-lis reqtifikaciiT sabolood iwarmoeba Txeva-di cianmJava. sareqtifikacio kolonaSi mudmi-vad miewodeba orTofosformJava, - cianmJavas polimerizaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, im raodenobiT, rom kubur siTxeSi misi Semcvelo-ba 0,3 – 1 % -is farglebSi cvalebadobdes.

cianmJavas saamqros muSaobis aTeulobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi saamqros gaSvebidan 2 – 3 kviris ganmavlobaSi cirkulaciuri xsnaris Seferiloba icvleboda gamWvirvale ufer-odan – Savamde, ris Semdegac xdeboda saamqros iZulebiTi gaCereba da aparaturis saguldagu-lo recxva cianmJavas polimerebisagan. cianmJa-vas sintezis stadiaze katalizatoris badeebis normirebuli muSaobis saaTebi 2800 – 3000 sT –ia, am drois ganmavlobaSi saamqros iZulebiTi gaCereba, cianmJavas polimerizaciis gamo, 6 – 7 –jer xdeboda. yofila SemTxvevebi, rode-sac sareqtifikacio kolonaSi adgili hqonia didi raodenobiT myari polimerebis warmoqm-nas, romelmac avtokatalizuri Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, afeTqebamde SeiZleba migviyvanos. polimerizaciis mizeziT saamqros iZulebiTi gaCereba iwvevda rogorc ekonomiuri maCven-eblebis gauaresebas, aseve gegmiur CamorCenas da katalizatoris badis danakargebis gazrdas.

avtorebis mier mravaljeradad iqna Ses-rulebuli dakvirveba kuburi xsnaris Suqgam-tareblobaze saamqros gaSvebis dRidan iZule-biT gaCerebemde. Sesrulebuli analizebis saSu-alo maCveneblebi warmodgenilia cxrilSi # 1, xolo grafikulad gamosaxulia sqemaze # 1

kuburi xsnaris Suqgamtarebloba dReebis mixedviT

cxrili # 1dReeb-is raode-noba

Suqgam-tare-bloba

%

dReeb-is raode-noba

Suqgam-tare-bloba

%

dReeb-is raode-noba

Suqgam-tarebloba

%

1 95 9 91 17 40

2 95 10 85 18 32

3 94 11 80 19 254 94 12 75 20 155 94 13 70 21 8

6 94 14 65 22 3

7 93 15 55

8 93 16 48

kuburi xsnaris Suqgamtareblobis damokidebuleba

dReebis raodenobaze

diagrama # 1

Suqgamtarebloba, %

dReebis raodenoba

cianmJavas polimerizaciis gamomwvevi miz-ezebis Sesaxeb literaturuli monacemebis analizma cxadyo, rom cianmJavas polimeri-zaciis iniciatorebi tutovani bunebis niv-Tierebebia (metalTa hidroqsidebi, amiaki, cianidebi, karbonatebi), romelTa cianmJavaze moqmedebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba cianid – ioni (CN-), ukanaskneli ki axdens cianmJa-vas polimerizaciis reaqciis dawyebas. tu-tovani nivTierebebidan sistemaSi mxolod im amiakis moxvedraa SesaZlebeli, romelic sulfatis skruberidan narCeni normiT a/u 0,025 % miyveba kontaqtur airebs cianmJavas absorbcia – reqtifikaciis stadiaze. te-qnologiuri TvalsazrisiT fosformJava, romelic sareqtifikacio kolonaSi miewode-ba polimerizaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,


124

swored narCeni amiakis “SesaboWadaa” gam-iznuli. amiakis SekavSireba fosformJaviT xdeba Semdegi reaqciebiT:

NH3 + H3PO4 = NH4H2PO4 (5)NH3 + NH4H2PO4 = (NH4)2HPO4 (6)NH3 + (NH4)2HPO4 = (NH4)3PO4 (7)orTofosformJavas amiakiT safexurebrivi

neitralizaciis Sedegad miRebuli naerTe-bidan mdgradia erTCanacvlebuli fosfati NH4H2PO4 , romlis daSlis temperatura 190 0C –is zeviTaa, xolo orCanacvlebuli fosfati (NH4)2HPO4 70 – 80

0C temperaturaze iSleba amiakis warmoqmniT:

(NH4)2HPO4 = NH4H2PO4 + NH3 (8) imis gasarkvevad, Tu neitralizaciis romel

safexurze mTavrdeboda reaqcia, - Sesrulebuli iqna materialuri balansi, romlis mixedviTac (5) – reaqciis mixedviT orTofosformJavas saWiro raodenoba 9,6 kg/sT –ia, xolo faqto-brivi mdgomareobiT orTofosformJavas xarji 7,5 kg/sT iyo. Catarebulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom kubur xsnarSi orTofosformJavas gansaz-Rvris dros gamoyenebuli titri, - 0,0098, iyo SecdomiT, radganac aRniSnuli titris gamoy-enebiT CaTvlilia, rom orTofosformJavas samive wyalbadatomis Canacvleba xdeba amiakiT. realurad ki mTliani raodenobis mxolod me-sameds aqvs unari amiakTan warmoqmnas mdgradi erTCanacvlebuli fosfati, amitom saangariSo formulaSi nacvlad 0,0098 –isa gamoyenebuli unda iyos titqi 0,003266.

warmoebis mier gamoyenebuli saangariSo formula:

rekomendirebuli saangariSo formula:

aRniSnuli aRmoCenis Semdeg Catarda sa-warmoo eqsperimenti, sawarmoo eqsperimenti grZeldeboda sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi da am periodis ganmavlobaSi HCN –is polimeriza-cia ar momxdara. axali saangariSo formu-la ukve danergilia cianmJavas warmoebaSi, ris Semdegac warmoeba muSaobs stabilurad katalizatoris badis muSaobis mTeli perio-dis ganmavlobaSi. aseve gaizarda gamomuSave-buli produqciis raodenoba, Semcirda TviT-Rirebuleba, gaumjobesda Sromis pirobebi.


1. Бобков С.С., Смирнов С.К. «Синильная кислота». изд. «Химия»., М. 1970.

2. Березина М.Б. «Синтез синильной кислоты». НИИТЭХИМ., М. 1983.

3. Гринь Г.И., Трусов Н.В. «Поиск путей кардинального улучшения технико – экономических показателей метода окислительного аммонолиза метана». Хим.пром., 1999, № 7 с. 20 – 23.

4. Глинка Н.Л. «Общая химия», Изд. «Химия», л

125

cianmJavas saamqros stabiluri muSaobisaTvis saWiro pirobebis Seqmna

da platinis danakargebis Semcireba sinTezis stadiaze

T. mamaguliSvili; l. gvasalia;

v. maWaraSvili

reziume

cianmJavas moqmedi warmoebis teqnologiuri reJimebis SeswavliT gamovlenilia warmoebis stabiluri muSaobis xelisSemSleli ori umniS-vnelovanesi faqtori: bunebrivi airis cvaleba-di qimiuri Sedgenilobis gamo kontaqtirebaze mimavali sammagi narevis komponenturi Tana-fardobis rRveva, - rac aseve iwvevs ZviradRi-rebuli platinis zenormatiul danakargebs da meorec, - kontaqtirebaze mimaval materialur nakadebze (haeri, bunebrivi airi) garemos dRe – Ramuri da sezonuri temperaturuli cvale-badobis gavleba.

avtorebis mier cianmJavas warmoebaSi dainer-ga da eqspluataciaSi gaeSva ori qromatografi, aqedan erTi bunebrivi airis qimiuri Sedgenilo-bis -, xolo meore kontaqtirebaze mimavali sam-magi narevis qimiuri Sedgenilobis sistemati-uri kontrolisaTvis. qromatografiuli anali-zebis danergvam mogvca teqnologiuri reJimeb-is operatiuli cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis da platinis danakargebis Semcirebis SesaZleblo-ba. kvleva grZeldeba bunebrivi airis meTanis homologebsagan gawmendis mimarTulebiT, xolo teqnologiur reJimze garemo faqtorebis zegavleba aRmoifxvreba materialur nakadebze avtomaturi marTvis Tbomcvlelebis CarTviT.

Summary

By study the acting technological mode of hydrocyanic acid production it was found two important preventing factors for the enterprise stable working: due to variable chemical con-tent of natural gas, destruction of ratio of tri-ple mixture components on contacting –which also causes overrate losses for expensive plati-num and secondly - daily environmental and seasonal temperature variety influence mate-rial flows (air, natural gas) on contact.

It was introduced a new method by use of two chromatographs for gas mixture analysis

in Hydrocyanic acid production. One out of defines natural gas chemical content, and the second one systematically controls the triple mixture content on contacting. Introduction of this innovation gave us opportunity to make operative correction of the technological mode, which significantly reduced expensive plati-num losses.

* * * * * *

cianmJavas warmoebis samrewvelo meTodi aRmoCenili iqna andrusovis mier gasuli saukunis 30 –ian wlebSi da iTvaliswinebs cianmJavas miRebas meTanis, airadi amiakis da haeris airnarevis (sammagi narevi) gatarebiT platina – rodiumis Senadnobis (Pt : Rh = 90 : 10) katalizatoris badeebis paketze. cianmJa-vas sinTezi mimdinareobs Semdegi gantole-biT:

2 CH4 + 2 NH3 + 3 O2 = 2 HCN + 6 H2O + Q (1)reaqcia avtoTermulia da mimdinareobs

didi raodenobiT siTbos gamoyofiT. andru-sovis meTodis mixedviT cianmJavas gamosav-lianoba 62 – 64 % -ia, sinTezis reaqtorSi miwodebuli amiakis raodenobis mixedviT. sinTezis reaqciis aRniSnuli gamosavliano-biT warmarTvisaTvis aucilebelia sammagi narevis Sedgenilobis mkacrad gansazRvrul zRvrebSi SenarCuneba. kontaqtirebaze mimava-li sammagi narevis Sedgeniloba Semdegia: CH4 – 11 – 12 %; NH3 – 10 – 11 %; O2 – 15,8 – 16,1 %. sammagi narevis Semadgeneli komponentebis aRniSnul zRvrebSi SenarCunebas xels uSlis ramoden-ime faqtori, romelTa gamoc sammagi narevis stabiluri Sedgenilobis Seqmna da mudmivi kontroli SeuZlebelia.

sammagi narevis stabiluri Sedgenilobis xelisSemSleli faqtorebidan pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia bunebriv airSi meTanis cvale-badi Semcveloba, romelic sakmaod did dia-pazonSi (CH4 – 79 – 96 %) meryeobs. bunebriv airSi meTanis Semcvelobis klebisas izrdeba meTanis homologebis Semcveloba, romelTa


126

gamoc adgili aqvs aramiznobrivi reaqciebis warmarTvas:

C3H8 + NH3 + 2 O2 = CH2=CHCN + 4 H2O (2) C3H8 + NH3 + 2,5 O2 = HCN + CH3CN + 5 H2O (3)

aRniSnuli reaqciebiT miRebuli aceto – da akrilonitrilebi abinZureben miznobriv produqts. bunebriv airSi meTanis homologebis Semcvelobis zrda arRvevs sammag narevSi kom-ponentTa Tanafardobas da aseve qmnis Jangbad-is ukmarisobis porobas, romelic Tavis mxriv iwvevs platina – rodiumis Senadnobisagan damzadebuli katalizatoris badis zedapirze naxSirbadis warmoqmnas:

CH4 C + 2 H2; (4)C2H6 2 C + 3 H2; (5)

C3H8 3 C + 4 H2; (6)

warmoqmnili naxSirbadi katalizatoris ze-dapirze damyarebuli maRali temperaturis gamo warmoqmnis platinis karbids da iwvevs platinis badeebis “naxSirbadovan korozias”:

Pt + C = PtC (7)

warmoqmnili platinis karbidi, romelsac gaaCnia dabali meqanikuri simtkice, - gaitaceba airebis nakadis mier.

dReisaTvis cianmJavas warmoebaSi Cvens mier danergilia ori qromatografi, romelTaganac erTis mier sistematiurad xorcieldeba bune-brivi airis Sedgenilobis, xolo meoris mier kontaqtirebaze mimavali sammagi narevis Sedge-nilobis zusti kontroli. qromatografiuli analizis danergvis Semdeg Semcirda kataliza-toris badis fizikuri danakargebi da gaizarda misi eqspluataciis vada. qromatografiuli ana-lizebis sizuste da siswrafe iZleva teqnolo-giuri reJimis operatiulad cvlilebis saSu-alebas, magram miuxedavad amisa bunebrivi airis Sedgenilobis cvlilebebi negatiurad aisaxeba warmoebis normalur teqnologiur reJimebze. amitom amJamad mimdinareobs intensiuri muSa-oba bunebrivi airis meTanis homologebisagan gawmendis meTodis SerCevaze.

sammagi narevis stabiluri Sedgenilobis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani xelisSemSleli faqtoria garemo temperaturis gavlena mate-rialur nakadebze, - kerZod sammagi narevis Semadgeneli komponentebidan airadi amiaki gaivlis Tbomcvlels da Tbeba 50 0C –mde, (Txevadi amiakis wveTebis badeze moxvedris Tavidan acilebis mizniT), ris meSveobiTac

daculia garemo pirobebis gavlenisagan. rac Seexeba haers da bunebriv airs, - isini sa-kontaqto aparatSi garemos temperaturiT miewodeba. amis gamo teqnologiuri procesis avtomatur reJimSi msvlelobisas maTi mocu-lobebi da Sesabamisad xarjebi dRe – Ra-muri da sezonuli temperaturebis cvlile-bebis Sedegad farTo diapazonSi meryeobs, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs sammagi narevis Sedge-nilobis TviTnebur cvlilebebs. aRniSnuli problemis aqtualuroba Cvens mier dadas-turebulia maTematikuri gadaTvlebisa da qromatografiuli analizebis safuZvelze da rekomendirebuli iqna Tbomcvlelebis dayeneba haerisa da bunebrivi airis xazebze, rac saSualebas mogvcems sammagi narevis Se-madgeneli komponentebis temperaturebi da Sesabamisad xarjebi SevinarCunoT avtomatu-ri marTvis reJimSi. aRniSnulis ganxorciel-eba cianmJavas warmoebaSi igegmeba uaxloesi saremonto samuSaoebis Sesrulebisas.


1. Бобков С.С., Смирнов С.К. «Синильная кислота». изд. «Химия»., М. 1970.

2. Березина М.Б. «Синтез синильной кислоты». НИИТЭХИМ., М. 1983.

127

biznes-inJineringi arqiteqturaSifraqtaluri arqiteqtura - qvecnobieri Tu logikuri

zurab kiknaZe, profesori Tamar tabataZe, doqtoranti

reziume

arqiteqtura, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi Sromis Sedegi, bunebrivad efuZvneba adamianis mier intuiciurad Tu Segnebulad aRqmul samya-ros ganviTarebis kanonebs. garemos zemoqme-debis (ara aucileblad energetikuli) kvali (formalurad: winasaxe – anasaxi ), rogorc wesi, geometriulia da saboloo angariSSi – fraqtaluri. arqiteqturaSi fraqtaluri ge-ometriis gamoyenebam SesaZlebeli gaxada rTu-li struqturebis modelireba da arqiteqtu-ruli formebis detaluri analizi. XXI saukunis dasawyisis Tanamedrove arqiteqturaSi farTod gamoiyeneba ,,asimetriuli“ biomorfuli xazebi, zedapirebi, mcenareuli dekori, romlebic asaxaven bunebrivi formebis araregularobas. fraqtalebis msgavsi formis warmoqmnis princi-pebi arqiteqturaSi aRiniSneba Zveli droidan, Tumca mSeneblobis fraqtaluri wesebis gamoy-eneba yovelTvis ar aRmoCndeboda xolme logi-kurad dadasturebuli, magram mxatvrulad ga-mosaxuli proporciebis Ziebasa da formaTwar-moqmnaSi arqiteqtorebs uZRveboda intuicia da talanti, harmoniis grZnoba da maRali pro-fesionalizmi.

sakvanZo sityvebi: fraqtaluri arqiteqtura, fraqtaluri geometria, bionikuri arqiteqtu-ra, geometriuli gardaqmnebi, gaudi.

SummaryArchitecture - a result of a human’s creative endeavor is

based on the laws of the development of universe perceived by humans on conscious or subconscious levels. Impact of the environment (not necessarily energy) is usually geo-metrical and is fractal in the final report. Using of fractal geometry in architecture made it possible to model com-plex structures and analysis of architectural forms. At the beginning of the XXI Century “asymmetric” biomorphic lines, surfaces, plant decor, were widely used in contem-porary architecture. They illustrate the irregularity of the natural forms. So, the principals of creating fractals have been used in architecture since the ancient times. However, using fractal principles in construction works has not al-ways been proven logically, but in creation of artistically expressed proportions, artist were led by the intuition, tal-

ent, sense of harmony and professionalism.

Keywords:Fractal architecture, Fractal geometry, Geo-metric transformations, Bionic architecture, Gaudi.

bunebrivi garemos Tu abstraqciuli geome-

triuli figurebis samyaros fraqtaluri mow-yobis principis gageba dReisaTvis Rrmad iWreba saqmianobis mraval sferoSi, maT Soris, rogorc arqiteqturul-samSeneblo obieqtebis garesax-is formirebaSi aseve maT Sinagan struqturul organizaciaSi. sakmaod moarulia gamoTqma, rom fraqtalebi „metyveleben“ bunebis eniT. buneba ki TavisTavad yovelTvis iTvleboda arqite-qturul formaTwarmoqmnis da kompoziciis STagonebis pirvelwyarod. sxvadasxva epoqis xuroTmoZRvarTa mier aRiarebuli da praqti-kaSi gamocdili proporciulobis, kontrastis, niuansis, harmoniulobis, komfortulobis, sensorikis ideebi yovelTvis gamomdinareobd-nen garemos Tu cocxali bunebis asaxvis (gar-dasaxvis) Sedegad. amdenad gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom fraqtaluri arqiteqturis motivebi msoflios arqiteqturis praqtikaSi SeiZleba arsebuliyo fraqtaluri principis deklari-rebamde. amis TvalsaCino ilustrireba gaudis SesaniSnavi Semoqmedebaa (nax. 1). benua mandel-brotis mier maTematikurad mwyobrad da Tval-


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saCinod Camoyalibebuli fraqtaluri Teoriis (,,bunebis fraqtaluri geometria“) aRiarebas ar SeeZlo stimuli ar mieca Tanamedrove ar-qiteqturuli praqtikisa da daproeqtebis me-TodologiisTvis (magaliTad, cvi hakeris Semo-qmedeba). am SemTxvevaSi saubaria fraqtaluri arqiteqturis gaazrebul ganviTarebaze. rom-lis produqti iolad sacnobia, ramdenadac eyrdnoba iseT debulebebss, rogoricaa ganzo-milebaTa „araevkliduroba“, obieqtis struq-turuli erTeulebis TviTmsgavseba, formaTa generaciis dinamika, diskretuloba, formaT-warmoqmnis SedarebiT martivi rekurentuli (momdevno bijis winaze damokidebuleba) al-goriTmis iteraciuloba (procesis cikluri xasiaTi). mniSvnelovnad ufro farTo SesaZle-blobebi moiazreba multifraqtalebSi, rac erT obieqtSi ramdenime maformirebeli algoriTmis monacvleobiT aris ganpirobebuli. [1]

mandelbrotis mier cneba „fraqtalis“ samec-niero mimoqcevaSi Seyvanam (laTinuridan frac-tus – “damsxvreuli, damtvreuli, gatexili”) xeli Seuwyo disciplinaTaSoris midgomis gan-viTarebas, rc dafuZnebulia wrfivi dinamikis, fraqtaluri geometriis, TviTorganizebis Te-oriis meTodebze. aman warmoqmna saSualeba ar-sebiTad gafarToebuliyo samecniero kvleveb-is CarCoebi. magaliTad, obieqtebis detaluri struqturis topologiis Taviseburebebis gaT-valiswinebis mimarTulebaSi, qaoturi sisteme-bis dinamikis analizis daxvewaSi, rac uzrun-velyofs sxvadasxva procesebis (bunebrivi, te-qnikuri da socialuri) struqturebis, realuri obieqtebis ierarqiuli sivrculi organizaciis raodenobriv aRweras (bunebrivi formebis mor-

fogenezi), e. i. adekvaturi modelebis Seqmnas. cifruli informaciuli teqnologiebis saSu-alebebis ganviTarebam uzrunvelyo fraqta-luri geometriis obieqtebis agebis rTuli re-kursiuli procedurebis efeqturi realizaciis da am obieqtebis Semdgomi kompiuteruli vi-zualizaciis SesaZlebloba (nax. 2).

Tanamedrove kvlevebma mecnierebis sxvadasx-va dargSi moiTxova sxvadasxva obieqtebisa da procesebis ufro xarisxiani warmodgena (mod-elireba), maTi formebis, konturebis, zeda-pirebis „gabrtyelebis“, maTi struqturis gau-marTlebeli gamartivebis, sakvlevi obieqtebisa da procesebis zogierTi Tvisebis (maT Soris, arsebiTi da damaxasiaTebeli) ignorirebis ga-reSe. aseTebia: forovani masalebis rTuli ge-ometriuli, araregularuli zedapirebis sim-rudis aRwera; bzarebis bade myari sxeulebis deformaciisa da msxvrevisas; elvis gavrcel-ebis traeqtoria; mcenareTa da cxovelTa sam-yarosTvis Cveuli biologiuri konfiguraciebi, kerZod, adamianis sisxlZarRvTa qseli da ner-vuli sistema; turbulenturi procesebi aire-bis an hidromeqanikis dinamikaSi da sxva mrava-li. bunebaSi msgavsi (ganStoebuli, spiraluri, danawevrebuli) struqturebi yvelgan gvxvdeba, sadac aucilebelia nivTierebis (energiis) zeda-piridan (wiridan) Segroveba erT an wertilTa simravleSi, struqturis minimalur moculoba-Si (farTobSi), an piriqiT - maqsimalur arealSi (Tanabrad ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi - struq-

turis lakunaroba). fraqtaluri arqiteqtura pirobiTad Sei-

Zleba daiyos or tipad: xelovnurad Seqmnili da bunebrivad gamovlenili. xelovnurad Seqmni-li fraqtaluri arqiteqtura SeiZleba daxasi-aTdes, rogorc intuitiuri an gacnobierebuli. intiutiur fraqtalebad igulisxmeba warsul-Si msoflio arqiteqturis mravali Sedevris struqtura, romlebSic arqiteqtorma an mSen-eblebma gaucnobiereblad gamoiyenes fraqta-luri principebi. aRsaninavia, rom fraqtalebis msgavsi formebi warmodgenilia sxvadasxva epo-

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qisa da xalxebis Senoba-nagebobebSi, da asaxaven formis warmoqmnis sxvadasxva algoriTmebis re-alizacias.

mandelbortma pirvelma Semoitana cneba ar-qiteqturis fraqtalurobis Sesaxeb. ikvlevda ra TviTwarmomqmnel araregularul struqturebs, mandelbrotma daaxasiaTa Teoria, rogorc uformo sxeulTa morfologia. misi ganmarte-biT, fraqtali – aris samyaros sivrculi or-ganizaciis erT–erTi fundamenturi principi, romelic akavSirebs qaosis Teorias, bunebis ge-ometrias, usasrulobis da evoluciis katego-riebs. arqiteqturaSi fraqtaluri formebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli formaTa TviTmsgavs-ebaa. magaliTad: induri taZrebi (kompleqsi kajuraxoSi, prambananas taZari indoneziaSi. nax 3). am movlenasTan asocirdeba safexuriani piramidebi, samrekloebi, goTikuri Senobebis fasadebi. qrestomatiulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos cixesimagre kastel-del-monte, (italia. aSeneb-ulia wminda romis imperiis imperatoris frid-rih II proeqtiT) gegmaSi marTkuTxedi, wveroe-bze miSenebulia rva koSkiT, romlebsac agreTve gegmaSi gaaCniaT marTkuTxedis formebi. niSan-doblivia maTematikuri metafora veierStrasis funqciis grafikis saxiT, romelic warmoadgens taZrebis siluetebis prototips, vertikaluri ganmeorebiTi elementebiT (milanis taZris siluetis konturi). mravalgumbaTian eklesieb-is gumbaTebis ganlageba da zomebi erT sibr-tyeSi RerZuli simetriiT, asocirdeba cnobil fraqtalur formasTan – serpinskis rgolebian samkuTxedTTan. spiraluri formebi, romlebic asaxaven erT–erT gavrcelebul fraqtalur algoriTms bunebaSi, gamoiyeneba xelovnur garemoSic, arqiteqturisa da dizainis CaTvliT: ,,netari vasilis“ spiraluri dekori (moskovi), galavnebis da liTonis gisosebis detalebi, de-koratiul–rewvis xelovnebis nimuSebi.

amgvarad, fraqtalebis msgavsi formis warmo-qmnis principebi arqiteqturaSi gamoiyeneba Zve-li droidan dRevandlobamde, Tumca mSeneblo-bis fraqtaluri wesebis gamoyeneba yovelTvis ar aRmoCndebodaa logikurad dadasturebuli, magram mxatvrulad gamoxatuli proporciebis Ziebasa da formaTwarmoqmnaSi arqiteqtorebs uZRveboda maTi intuicia da talanti, harmoniis grZnoba da maRali profesionalizmi.

mandelbrotis naSromis – ,,bunebis fraqta-luri geometria“– gamoqveynebis Semdeg, fraqtaluri algoriTmebis gamoyeneba arqite-qturul morfogenezSi gacnobierebuli xdeba. arqiteqturaSi fraqtaluri geometyriis gamoy-enebam SesaZlebeli gaxada rTuli struqture-bis modelireba da arqiteqturuli formebis analizi. sxvadasxva tipis arqiteqturuli nage-bobebisTvis SeiZleba moiZebnos fraqtaluri

analogi, organzomilebiani an samganzomile-biani da amiT gamovlindes maTi fraqtaluri algoriTmi. grafikuli fraqtaluri saxeebis xarisxiani analizi, romlebic TvalsaCinos xdis fasadebis, gegmebisa da samganzomilebiani ar-qiteqturuli formebis zogierT arqetipebs, efeqturia imitaciuri kompiuteruli mode-lirebis daxmarebiT. SeiZleba zogierTi grafi-kuli fraqtalebis modelireba arqiteqturuli fasadebisa da gegmebis cifruli prototipebis saxiT. savaraudoa gamovlindes morfogenezis mravali mimarTuleba da gadawyveta, formis warmoqmnis adre auxsneli aspeqtebis CaTvliT da potenciurad axali arqiteqturuli forme-bis Sesaqmnelad.

unda aRiniSnos, rom arqiteqturaSi gamoi-yeneba fraqtaluri iteraciebi ganmeorebebis SezRuduli ricxvis gamoyenebiT, agreTve maTi agebis algoriTmebis cvliT, mkacri msgavsebis darRveviT, sxvadasxva variaciebis SetaniT, e.i. gamoiyeneba kvazifraqtalebi, multifraqta-luri struqturebi. mxedvelobaSia araerTg-varovani fraqtaluri obieqtebi, romelTa sru-li aRwerisTvis sakmarisi ar aris mxolod erTi parametris Seyvana misi fraqtaluri zomiT, aramed aucilebelia sidideebis mTeli speqtri. multifraqtalebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros ara agebis erTaderTi algoriTmiT, aramed ramden-ime TanmimdevrobiT erTi meoris Semcvleli al-goriTmebiT (nax. 4).

amgvarad, fraqtaluri midgoma - es arqite-qturuli formebis analizisa da proeqtire-bis potencialurad sakmaod efeqturi meTodia, romelsac SeuZlia arsebiTad gaamdidros ar-qiteqturuli Teoriisa da praqtikis arsenali. aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT fraqtali unar-ic gaxdes sensitiuri, sinTezuri racionaluri sawyisiT, am unaris gamoyenebis aspeqtSi arqite-qtorebis, urbanistebis, arqiteqturis Teoriis dargis specialistebis saqmianobis sferoSi. saubaria arqiteqturaSi axal paradigmaze ga-dasvlis Sesaxeb, mecnierulad rTuli sisteme-bis gavlenis qveS, romlebic moicaven fraqta-lur geometrias da arawrfiv dinamikas.


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aRsaniSnavia nagebobebis organuli CaSeneb-is tendenciebi bunebriv garemocvaSi, romelic gansazRvravs bunebrivi da antropogenuri lad-Saftis integracias (formebis msgavseba ar-qiteqturaSi, dizainSi bunebriv formebTan). es tendencia mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli modernis stilSi da „organul“ arqiteqturaSi. mkvlevar-ebis mier aRniSnulia, rom „XX saukunis dasaw-yisis modernis arqiteqturaSi farTod gamoy-enebuli plastiuri, „mimdinare“, „asimetriuli“, biomorfuli xazebi, zedapirebi, „nakadovani“ mcenareuli dekori, figurebis reliefuri ga-mosaxulebebi Senobebs amsgavsebs cocxal gan-viTarebad organizms, imitireben bunebrivi formebis araregularobas.[2, 3].

arqiteqturuli procesis strategiisa da SesaZlo mimarTulebebis gansazRvra unda ganix-ilebodes ierarqiuli formulis Sesabamisad: ma-salebi teqnologiebi formebi. samecniero-te-qnikuri bazis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba arsebi-Tad afarToebs arqiteqturis SesaZleblobebs, gansakuTrebiT fraqtaluri formebis reali-zaciis aspeqtSi. SeiZleba moviyvanoT nagebo-baTa Tanamedrove magaliTebi, romlebic aerTi-aneben funqcionalurobas, teqnologiurobas, ekologiurobasa da warmosaxviT gadawyvetas, romlebic asaxaven fraqtalur formebs, Tanac Segnebulad da mizanmimarTulad.


1. Мандельброт Б. Фрактальная геометрия природы. – Москва: Институт компьютерных исследований, 2002,

2. Лебедев Ю.С., Архитектурная Бионика, Стройиздат, Москва, 1990.

3. Кикнадзе З., Лагидзе В. «Имитационное моделирование архитектурно-бионических форм на ЭВМ». Труды ТБИЛЗНИИЭП, 1984.

4. Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension, by Benoît Mandelbrot; W H Freeman and Co, 1977;ISBN 0-7167-0473-0

5. Ivry, Benjamin. “Benoit Mandelbrot Influenced Art and Mathematics”, Forward, 17 November 2012

6. Devaney, Robert L. (2004). “”Mandelbrot’s Vi-sion for Mathematics” in Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics. Volume 72.1” (PDF). American Mathemati-cal Society. Retrieved 5 January 2007.[dead link]

7. Jersey, Bill (24 April 2005). «A Radical Mind». Hunting the Hidden Dimension. NOVA/ PBS. Re-trieved 20 August 2009.

8. Galaxy Map Hints at Fractal Universe, by Aman-da Gefter; New Scientist; 25 June 2008

9. «PNNL press release: Mandelbrot joins Pacific Northwest National Laboratory». Pnl.gov. 16 February 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2010.

10. «Légion d›honneur›› announcement of promo-tion of Mandelbrot to ‹›officier›› (in French). Legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 17 October 2010.

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mwvane mSeneblobis fotorealisturi vizualizaciis sakiTxebi

zurab kiknaZe, profesoriT. CigogiZe, asoc. profesorig. xosruaSvili, doqtoranti

reziume

dReis mdgomareobiT faqtiurad mTeli saproeqto dokumentacia da prezentaciebi sruldeba CAD (proeqtireba kompiuteris saSualebiT) sistemebis gamoyenebiT, radga-nac es moTxovna deklarirebulia rogorc damuSavebis, ise SeTanxmebisa da damtkicebis etapze. CAD sistemebSi mwvane nargavebis vi-zualizacia dRevandlamde problematuria. es ganpirobebulia am kategoriis obieqtebis rTuli struqturuli agebulebiT. WeSmariti 3D gamosaxuleba gamoiwvevda kompiuteruli resursebis gaumarTlebel flangvas. saer-To da specifiuri daniSnulebis paketebSi ZiriTadad kmayofildebian mcenareebis gan-zogadebuli gamosaxvebiT an pirobiTi aRniS-vnebiT, e.i. zogadi STabeWdilebis Seqmnis mcdelobiT. cnobadobis (jiSis, askis, se-zonis mixedviT) sakiTxi zogadad CAD siste-mebisTvis jerjerobiT problematuria. rac Seexeba, landSafturi arqiteqturisa da mw-vane mSeneblobis obieqtebis saproeqto do-kumentaciis Seqmnis programul uzrunvelyo-fas, rogoricaa Landscaping and Desk Designer, To-tal 3D Landscape Deluxe da sxva rastruli paket-ebi CAD sistemebTan, rogorc wesi, araa Tavs-ebadi. xolo Autodesk–is sabazo programuli uzrunvelyofa (AutoCAD, AutoCAD Architectura, Land Desktop, 3ds Max da sxv.) ar Seicavs ramde-nadme „realistur“, cnobad da dendrologi-urad niuansirebul parametrebsa da bibli-oTekebs. statiaSi ganxilulia am sakiTxis gadaWris gzebi da perspeqtivebi.

sakvanZo sityvebi: mravalwliani nargave-bi, CAD sistemebi, mwvane mSenebloba, foto realisturi vizualizacia.

Summary

Questions of photorealistic visualization of green plantings

Z. Kiknadze, Full professor T. Chigogidze, Associated professor

G. Khosruashvili, PhD Student

To date, virtually all project documents and presenta-tions prepared using CAD (design using a computer) sys-tems, as this requirement is the declared at the level of de-velopment, and at the stage of coordination and approval. In CAD systems, visualization of green space still prob-lematic. This is due to the complex structure of the objects in this category. True 3D image would cause unnecessary waste of computer resources. In general and specific pack-ages are mainly limited to the generalized images of plants or symbols, is attempt to create a general impression. The question of recognition (by type, age, season) for CAD systems in general yet problematic. With regard to the de-velopment of software design documentation of landscape architecture and objects of green space, such as Landscap-ing and Desk Designer, Total 3D Landscape Deluxe and other raster packages, they usually are not compatible with CAD systems. As for the basic software Autodesk (Auto-CAD, AutoCAD Architecture, Land Desktop, 3ds Max, and others.), they do not contain “realistic”, recognizable and dendrology nuanced parameters and libraries. This ar-ticle discusses ways to address these issues and prospects.

Keywords: perennials, CAD systems, green building, photo realistic visualization.

arqiteqturuli proeqtirebis sagani da mi-zani aris uZravi qonebis formireba, romelic Tavis mxriv Sedgeba saqalaqo miwebis, Senoba-nagebobebis, wiaRisa da mravalwliani nargavebi-sagan. rogorc wesi arqiteqtura aperirebs tri-adaTi (teritoria+Senoba+nargavebi) an diadeb-iT (teritoria+Senoba an teritoria+nargavebi an Senoba+nargavebi), magram SemecnebiTi da organizaciuli miznebisaTvis SesaZlebelia diferencirebuli midgoma, anu ganxilul iqnas erTi klasi, kerZod mwvane mSenebloba (mraval-wliani nargavebi).

dReis mdgomareobiT faqtiurad mTeli saproeqto dokumentacia da prezentaciebi


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sruldeba CAD (proeqtireba kompiuteris saSualebiT) sistemebis gamoyenebiT, radga-nac es moTxovna deklarirebulia rogorc damuSavebis, ise SeTanxmebisa da damtkicebis etapze.

saerTo da specifiuri daniSnulebis pa-ketebSi ZiriTadad kmayofildebian mcenareeb-is ganzogadebuli gamosaxvebiT an pirobiTi aRniSvnebiT, e.i. zogadi STabeWdilebis Se-qmnis mcdelobiT. cnobadobis (jiSis, askis, sezonis mixedviT) sakiTxi zogadad CAD sis-temebisTvis jerjerobiT gadauWrel prob-lemas warmoadgens. statiaSi ganxilulia am sakiTxis gadaWris gzebi da perspeqtivebi.

rac Seexeba landSafturi arqiteqturisa da mwvane mSeneblobis obieqtebis saproeqto dokumentaciis Seqmnis programul uzrunve-lyofas, rogoricaa Landscaping and Desk De-signer, Total 3D Landscape Deluxe da sxva rastru-li paketebi CAD sistemebTan araa Tavsebadi. xolo Autodesk–is sabazo programuli uzrun-velyofa (AutoCAD, AutoCAD Architecture, Land Desktop, 3ds Max da sxv.) ar Seicavs ramdenadme „realistur“, cnobad da dendrologiurad niuansirebul parametrebsa da biblioTeke-bs. Plant Library, Foliage, Landscape, aseve Archi-CAD-is biblioTekis elementebi saWiroeben sistematur ganaxlebas da konkretizacias lokaluri, teqnologiuri, klimaturi, Tema-turi, SemecnebiTi da sxv. aspeqtebis mixed-viT. problemis formaluri mxare Seicavs e.w. blokebisa da dinamiuri blokebis (kerZod misi parametrebis), danaxvis variantebis (vi-zualizaciis sxvadasxva stilis) amorCevis, Renderi -is sxvadasxva ofciebis, magaliTad *.lli biblioTekis formirebis da sxva saSu-alebebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas.`

mcenareebis modelireba CAD sisteme-bSi, maT ricxvSi 3ds Max-Si dakavSirebu-lia mniSvnelovan siZneleebTan. programaSi Seqmnili xe rom gamoiyurebodes realis-turad, saWiroa ara marto xarisxiani teqs-turis SerCeva, aramed rTuli geometriuli modelis Seqmnac. 3ds Max-is Zvel versiebSi aseTi SesaZlebloba ar iyo. gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva plaginebi (Plugin) : Tree Storm, Tree Shop, Druid, Multi Scati da sxv. me-6 versiidan arsebobs instrumenti Foliage, romlis saSu-alebiT obieqtebi - primitivebi (mcenareebi) CamoitvirTebian biblioTekidan Plant Library. obieqts avtomaturad mieniWeba masala. mcena-reebi rom ar gamoiyurebodnen erTferovnad, gamoiyeneba parametri Seed, romelic uzrun-velyofs totebisa da foTlebis SemTxveviT (albaTur) xasiaTs. rTuli geometriis Seqm-nis problema wydeba ise rom yvela foToli (Tu yvavili) warmodgenilia erTi zedapiriT

(sibrtyiT), romelsac miesadageba teqstura e.w. gamWvirvalobis rukis (kartis) meSveobiT. Render-is Sedegad nawili sibrtyisa xdeba ux-ilavi da foTlebi iReben saWiro formas.

unda aRiniSnos, rom fotorealisturi efeqti bolomde miRweuli ar aris, Tumca periodulad gamodis axali plaginebi. ro-gorc wesi, sasurveli Sedegi miiRweva Post Production meTodebiT (maT Soris Photo Shopis gamoyenebiT).

AutoCAD-Si (aseve AutoCAD Architecture-Si) brZaneba Lsnew iZaxebs dialogur fanjaras Landscape New, romelic iZleoda fotore-alisturi obieqtebis, maT Soris mcenareeb-is scenaSi CarTvis saSualebas. brZanebebi Lsedit da Lslib obieqtebis (mwvane nargavebis) redaqtirebisa da maTi biblioTekebis marT-vis saSualebas iZleoda.

landSaftur obieqtze proeqcird-eba rastruli gamosaxuleba. naxazze obieqtis ganlageba SeiZleba imarTos an uSualod „saxelurebis“ (Grips) saSualebiT, an ofciiT View Aligned. Grips-ebis saSualebiT xdeba obieqtis gadatana, proporciis Secvla, Semo-trialeba.

landSaftis obieqtebi moTavsebulia failSi RENDE LLI. swored am failis Secv-liT SeiZleba axali obieqtebis Seqmna da Zvelis redaqtireba.

dialoguri fanjris Landscape Library of-ciis gaaqtiurebisas gamoCndeba dialoguri fanjara Landscape Library Edit. masSi gamoisax-eba informacia arCeuli obieqtis geometri-aze. zonaSi Default Geometry (geometria winas-wari SeTanxmebiT) SeiZleba arCeuli obieq-tis parametrebis Singl Face (erTi waxnagi) da Crossing Faces (gadamkveTi waxnagebi), aseve para-metri View Alignet (gasworebulad Cveneba) cv-lileba. Tu saWiroa, rom am saxelis obieqti miuTiTebdes sxva gamosaxulebis failis an gamWvirvalobis rukas (kartas), unda Seyvani-li iyos Sesabamisi failis saxeli an gaaqti-urdes ofcia Find File (moZebne faili), mis mosaZebnad. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba failis saxelis Secvla zonaSi Name axali saxelis CaweriT.

am teqnologiiT Seqmnili Landscape obieqte-bi xasiaTdeba Semdegi upiratesobebiT, rogori-caa:

• realisturoba (silueti da faqtura)• ganaTebasTanSeTavsebuloba(iRebssina-

Tles da warmoqmnis Crdilebs)• reagirebsproeqciebistipebze(parale-

luri/centraluri)

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• ekonomiuriamanqanuriresursisxarjva-Si

• SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes rogorcfonSi, ise wina planze

• SeiZlebagamoyenebuliqnesrogorcte-qsturis ruka (karta)

• SeiZleba dadges xedvis sibrtyis mima-rTulebiT (an uZravad, an raime fiqsirebuli kuTxiT)

• SeiZlebasiluetisgaormageba(jvaredi-ni silueti)

• SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc imi-

ji (AutoCAD-Si), dekoli (Revit-Si)• SeiZleba gaformdes da gamoyenebul iqnas

rogorc bloki, dinamiuri bloki - AutoCAD-ში, Family - Revit-Si

• SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes formalize-bul eqspertizaSi, regulirebis dokumentebSi („incidenciis matricis“ principiT - rodesac erTi matricis striqoni xdeba meore matricis sveti, xolo gadakveTis ujredebSi mocemulia SeTavsebulobis pirobebi an Sefasebebi)

• erTeulis (nargavis tipis Sesabamisi ga-mosaxuleba) mimarT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas yvelanairi gardaqmnebi (transformaciebi ge-

ometriuli gardaqmnebis saxiT), rogorc Modi-fy-menius, aseve uSualod „saxelurebis“ (Grips-is) gamoyenebiT

• principSi cxrilis mimarT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas yvelanairi operaciebi („al-gebra“), rac relaciur an ierarqiul monacemTa bazis maTematikur aparats SeiZleba miekuTvnos.

Tu adre Landscape ofciiT Semotanili obieq-ti ver redaqtirdeboda Cveulebrivi primitiv-iT, axla CAD-Si gaCnda 3D damxmare obieqtebis Setanis saSualebebi. am teqnologiis gamoy-enebazea orientirebuli Cvens mier momzade-buli rastruli gamosaxulebebis (katalo-gis ilustraciis) gamWvirvalobis rukebi. „rastruli gamosaxulebebi“, yvela mcenaris gamosaxulebas axlavs e.w. gamWvirvalobis ruka, romelic rogorc wesi, muSavdeba Pho-toshop-Si an Corel Photo Paint-Si. SemdgomSi daw-yvilebuli erTsaxeliani (sxvadasxva for-matis: GPEG – Image Fale, PNG – Opasity Map fale) failebis SeyvaniT avtomatur reJimSi iqmneba Landscape Library-is axali obieqtebi, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas scenis realis-turi gamosaxvis dros.

termini scena gamoiyeneba imis aRsaniSna-vad, rom 3D (samganzomilebiani) obieqtebi gan-Tavsebulia sivrceSi (teritoriaze) da ganaTe-bulia nebismieri tipis sinaTlis wyaroebiT. xolo Landscape obieqtebi „reagireben“ sinaT-lis reJimze, e.i. iReben sinaTles, iZlevian

Crdils da ar qmnian mxolod iluzias, rac damaxasiaTebelia araveqtoruli programebi-saTvis da ar „SeeferebaT“ veqtorul paket-ebs, romlebic warmoadgenen „WeSmarit 3D“ platformis prerogativas, rogoric Cvens mier ganxiluli AutoCAD-is magaliTia (cxa-dia AutoCAD Architecture am mxriv absolutur-ad identuria).

daskvna

CAD sistemebSi mwvane nargavebis vizualiza-cia dRevandlamde problematuria. es ganpirobe-bulia am kategoriis obieqtebis rTuli struq-turuli agebulebiT. WeSmariti 3D gamosaxule-ba gamoiwvevda kompiuteruli resursebis gau-marTlebel flangvas.

ukve arsebuli masalebisa da ferebis er-Tiani biblioTekis msgavsad logikuria, axlo perspeqtivaSi, ganviTardes mwvane mSeneblo-bis 3D obieqtebis formireba. savaraudod 3D skanirebis da e.w. Rrublebis teqnologiis safuZvelze.


1. z. kiknaZe, T. CigogiZe, e. TevzaZe. mw-vane mSenebnlobis obieqtebis CADAD siste-meban Tavsebadi katalog-klasifikatoris Sedgenisa da danergvis sistemis SemuSaveba. stu samecniero Sromebi. # 3 (469), 2008.

2. А.Г. Долуханов «Лесная растительность Грузии». Издательство «Универсал», Тбилиси 2010, Тбилисский ботанический сад и институт ботаники

3. metyevis cnobari - saxelmwifo gamom-cemloba „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi 1961

4. http://www.sabitsoft.com/content/land-fx5. Trees & Shrubs illustrated A-Z of over 8500

plants. Barne & Noble, books, New York, 2001.


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biznes-inJineringi kvebis mrewvelobaSi

kvebis klasikuri Teoriamzia wulukiZe, profesori,

daviT gamezardaSvili, qimiis doqtori

reziume universaluri sabunebismetyvelo - samecni-

ero koncefciebi kvebis Teorias, rogorc metad mniSvnelovan da aucilebel nawils moiazrebd-nen. mecnierebis istoria kvebis sam ZiriTad Te-orias ganixilavs: antikur Teorias, dabalanse-buli kvebis Teorias da adeqvaturi kvebis Teo-rias.

statiaSi ganxilulia: kvebis Teoriebis arsi, warmoSobis istoria, racionaluri kvebis kanon-ebi, dabalansebuli kvebis formula, kvebis op-timaluri dReRamuri racioni, kvebis reJimis dacvis mniSvneloba, mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebisaTvis sakveb produqtebsa da energiaze fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebis normebi, kvebis sxvadasxvagvari mecnieruli koncefciebi, kvebis individualizacia genetikuri anomaliebis gam-ovlinebis profilaqtikis mizniT.

Classic theory of nutritionSummary

Mzia Tsulukidze, GTU, Professor David Gamezardashvili, Doctor of chemistry

Science has an important and inseparable past of it. His-torically, there are three major theories: Antique, Balanced and Adequate.

The article considers: Regional diet principles; Bal-anced diet formula; Optimal day of nutrition; Night ra-tion; Importance of keeping diet; Standards of physiologi-cal requirements of food and energy by different groups of population; Various scientific conceptions of nutrition; Individualization of diet for preventing development of ge-netic anomalies

* * * * * *kveba - sicocxlis pirveli da savaldebu-

lo pirobaa. gasakviri araa, rom yvela univer-saluri sabunebismetyvelo - samecniero kon-cepciebi TavisTavSi kvebis Teorias, rogorc mniSvnelovan da aucilebel nawils moiazrebd-nen. TiToeuli CvenTagani metwilad Tavisi bedis, sicocxlis baton - patronia da SeuZlia misi rogorc gaxangrZliveba, aseve Semcirebac. Zalian mniSvnelovania ras da rogor mivirT-mevT. berZnuli sityva „dieta” cxovrebis jan-saR wess niSnavs.

mecnierebis istoria kvebis sam ZiriTad Teo-rias ganixilavs: antikur Teorias, dabalansebu-li kvebis Teorias da adeqvaturi kvebis Teori-as. cnobilia agreTve rigi alternatiuli kvebis Teoriebi.

kvebis antikuri Teoria dakavSirebulia ar-istotelesa da halenis saxelebTan da warmoad-gens cocxalTan maTi Sexedulebebis nawils. am Teoriis Tanaxmad organizmis yvela struqture-bis kveba mimdinareobs sisxlis xarjze, romel-ic uwyvetad warmoiqmneba saWmlis momnelebel sistemaSi sakvebi nivTierebebidan ucnobi buneb-is rTuli procesis Sedegad. RviZlSi xdeba am sisxlis gawmenda, ris Semdegac igi yvela orga-noebisa da qsovilebis sakvebad gamoiyeneba. am Teoriaze dayrdnobiT iyo agebuli winaprebis mravalricxovani samkurnalo dietebi.

dabalansebuli kvebis Teoria warmoiSva 200 wlis win da dietologiaSi bolo dromde hqon-da upiratesoba. dabalansebuli kvebis Teoriis arsi iTvaliswinebda Semdegs:

- idealurad iTvleba kveba, romlis drosac organizmSi sakvebi nivTierebebis mi-wodeba Seesabameba mis danaxarjs;

- sakvebi Sedgeba ramodenime komponentis-agan, romelic fiziologiuri mniSvnelobiT sx-vadasxvagvaria: sasargeblo, balasturi da mavne an toqsikuri. igi Seicavs Seucvlad nivTiere-bebsac, romelTac organizmSi warmoqmnis unari ar gaaCniaT, magram aucilebelia misi cxovelq-medebisaTvis;

- adamianis nivTierebaTa cvla ganisaz-Rvreba aminomJavebis, monosaqaridebis, cximova-ni mJavebis, vitaminebis da mineraluri nivTier-ebebis koncentraciis doniT, rac e. w. elemen-turi (monomeruli) dietis Seqmnis saSualebas iZleva;

- sakvebis utilizacia TviT organizmiT xorcieldeba.

dabalansebuli kvebis Teoriis safuZvelze mosaxleobis yvela jgufisaTvis, maTi fiziolo-giuri datvirTvis, klimaturi da sxva pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT damuSavebul iqna sxvadasxvag-vari kvebis racionebi; Seqmnilia kvebis axali teqnologiebi, aRmoCenilia adre ucnobi aminom-Javebi, vitaminebi, mikroelementebi. dabalanse-buli kvebis klasikurma Teoriam stimuli misca mniSvnelovani Teoriuli da praqtikuli sak-

135

iTxebis ganviTarebas, maT Soris idealur sakve-bze.

- dabalansebuli kvebis Teoriis ganvi-TarebaSi didi wvlili Seitanes akad. a.a. pok-rovskis da misma mowafeebma. Teoriis Tanaxmad sakvebi nivTierebebis saerTo raodenoba unda iyos ara umcires 60 - isa, maT Soris 18 aminom-Javebi, 12 vitaminebi, 16 mineraluri nivTier-ebebi, cilebs, cximebsa da naxSirwylebs Soris Tanafardoba unda Seesabamebodes 1 : 1,3 : 4,6.

Tumca, dabalansebuli midgoma da misgan gamomdinare rafinirebuli, ubalasto sakvebis ideam mniSvnelovani ziani moitana, mkvlevar-ebma daiwyes e. w. civilizaciis daavadebebis dafiqsireba - aTelosklerozi, diabeti, os-teoqondrozi da sxva. rafinirebuli sakvebis Seqmnam dawmendis maRali xarisxiT kuW - naw-lavis traqtis daavadebebis mTeli rigi prob-lema gaaCina. aranakleb mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda adamianisaTvis kvebis reJimic. erTjeradma an orjeradma kvebam moitana ara marto sakvebis nawilobrivi danakargi sakvebis didi raodeno-biT SeTvisebis siZnelis gamo, aramed rogorc nivTierebaTa cvlis darRvevis xelSemwyobma faqtorma.

amgvarad, dabalansebuli kvebis Teoriam gadafaseba ganicada. am Teoriis krizisma biZgi misca axal mecnierul kvlevebs saWmlis monel-ebis fiziologiis, sakvebis bioqimiis, mikrobi-ologiis sferoSi. aRmoCenil iqna saWmlis mo-nelebis axali meqanizmebi, rom moneleba xdeba ara marto kuW - nawlavis sibrtyeSi, aramed mo-nelebisaTvis mniSvnelovani xvedriTi wili uka-via uSualod kuW - nawlavis kedlebs, misi ujre-debis membranebs. aRmoCenil iqna adre ucnobi kuW - nawlavis hormonaluri sistema. miRebu-lia axali cnobebi mikroorganizmebis rolTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic mudmivad binadroben kuW - nawlavSi da maTi urTierTkavSiri adami-anis organizmTan.

yovelivem safuZveli Cauyara axali Teoriis - adeqvaturi kvebis Teoriis Camoyalibebas. man Tavi mouyra yvelafer faseuls, rac dabalanse-buli kvebis Teorias gaaCnda axali midgomebis gaTvaliswinebiT. am Teoriis Tanaxmad sakvebis aucilebel komponentebs warmoadgenen ara mx-olod sasargeblo, aramed balasturi nivTier-ebebic (sakvebi boWkoebi). formulirebul iqna Sexeduleba adamianis Sinagan ekologiaze (en-dokrinologia), romelic warmoiqmneba konkre-tuli adamianisa da misi mikrofloris urTi-erTqmedebis Sedegad.

normaluri kveba ganpirobebulia organizmis Sinagan areSi kuW - nawlavis traqtidan sasarge-blo nivTierebebis ara erTi nakadiT, aramed sasargeblo da regulatoruli nivTierebebis ramodenime nakadiT.

ZiriTad mkvebav nakads Seadgenen aminom-Javebi, monosaqaridebi (glukoza, fruqtoza), cximovani mJavebi, vitaminebi, mineraluri niv-Tierebani, romlebic warmoiqmnebian sakvebis fermentatiuli daSlis procesSi. amasTanave, kuW - nawlavis traqtidan am ZiriTad nakad-Tan erTad Sinagan areSi kidev xvdeba sxvadasx-va nivTierebaTa ramodenime nakadi. maT Soris kuW - nawlavis traqtis ujredebiT warmoebu-li hormonaluri da fiziologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis nakadi, romlebic akontroleben ara marto saWmlis momnelebeli aparatis fun-qciebs, aramed organizmis umniSvnelovanes fun-qciebsac.

kuW - nawlavSi xdeba agreTve iseTi nakadis formireba, romelic dakavSirebulia kuW - nawlavis mikroorganizmebTan (baqteriebis cxovelqmedebis produqtebi, modificirebuli balasturi da modificirebuli sakvebi nivTier-ebani). pirobiTad, calkeul nakadad gamoiyofa nivTierebani, romlebic organizms dabinZure-buli sakvebiT miewodeba.

amgvarad, kveba unda iyos ara marto da-balansebuli, aramed adeqvaturic, anu unda Seesabamebodes organizmis SesaZleblobebs. adeqvaturi kvebis Teoriis damuSavebaSi mniS-vnelovani wvlili Seitana akad. a.m. ugolevma, sankt - peterburgis i.p. pavlovis saxelobis kvebis fiziologiis institutis laboratoriis xelmZRvanelma.

adeqvaturi kvebis Teoriis praqtikuli re-alizaciis postulatebs warmoadgenen racion-aluri kvebis kanonebi.

kanoni pirveli - aucilebelia wonasworo-bis dacva sakvebTan erTad miRebul energiasa (sakvebis kaloriuloba) da organizmis energe-tikul danaxarjs Soris.

simSvidisa da komfortuli temperaturis pirobebSi mozrdili adamianis energetikuli danaxarji, anu ZiriTadi cvla dRe - RameSi 1300 – 1900 kkal. Seadgens. misi gamoTvla SesaZle-belia TiToeuli adamianisaTvis. ZiriTadi cvla sxeulis masis 1 kg. - ze 1 saaTSi 1 kkal - s Seadgens. aqedan, 80 kg. masis mamakacis ZiriTa-di cvla 1920 kkal - is toli iqneba. nebismieri fizikuri da gonebrivi samuSao damatebiT dan-axarjebs moiTxovs. adamianebisaTvis, romlebic naklebadmoZravi SromiT arian dakavebulni en-ergodanaxarji 2500 – 2800 kkal - s Seadgens, xolo im pirebisaTvis vinc mZime fizikur Sro-mas eweva - 4000 – 5000 kkal - s.

organizms ZiriTad energetikul masalas cx-imebi, cilebi da naxSirwylebi awvdian. Tvlian, rom 1 g cilovani, iseve rogorc naxSirwylovani sakvebi organizms uzrunvelyofs 4,0 kkal (16, 7 kj) - iT, xolo 1 g. cximebi - 9, 0 kkal (3,7 kj) - iT. aqedan, Tu cnobilia sakvebis qimiuri


136

Semadgenloba nebismieri produqtis an dietis kaloriulobis gamoTvla SesaZlebelia.

kanoni meore - aucilebelia organizmSi mow-odebuli cilebis, cximebis, naxSirwylebis, vi-taminebis, mineralur nivTierebebsa da balas-tur nivTierebebs Soris balansis dacva.

am kanonis Tanaxmad adamiani saWiroebs ara zogadad raime produqts, aramed am produqtis SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli sakvebi niviTierebeb-is garkveul Tanafardobas.

TiToeuli sakvebi produqti unda xasiaTde-bodes biologiuri Rirebulebis maCvenebliT. romelime produqtSi SeiZleba sWarbobdes Seucvladi (esencialuri) aminomJavebi (mag. rZis produqtebi), xolo zogierTSi - esencialuri cximovani mJavebi (mcenareuli zeTebSi).

produqtis kvebiTi Rirebuleba damokide-bulia agreTve masSi fiziologiurad aqtiuri naerTebis Semcvelobaze, magaliTad rogoricaa xorcisa da Tevzis eqstraqtuli nivTiereba-ni, sxvadasxva mcenareuli saneleblebis alka-loidebi da eTerzeTebi, romelnic zegavlenas axdenen saWmlis monelebasa da bevr sxva pro-cesze.

SesaZlebelia warmovidginoT, rom rac ufro metia sakvebSi esencialuri faqtorebi, anu rac metia kvebiTi Rirebuleba, igi metad sasargebloa, magram aRmoCnda, rom esencialuri faqtorebis siWarbe iseTive mavnea, rogorc nak-leboba, xolo gadaWarbeba - toqsikuri.

dReisaTvis iTvleba, rom janmrTeli adami-anis dRe - Ramis racionSi optimalurad miCneu-lia cilebis, cximebisa da naxSirwylebis Semde-gi Tanafardoba 1 : 1,2 : 4. aseTi Tanafardoba gacilebiT misaRebia organizmis energetikuli da plastikuri moTxovnebis dasakmayofile-blad. cilebi unda Seadgendes sakvebis saerTo kaloriulobis 12% - s, cximebi - 30 – 35%-s naxSirwylebze modis kvebis racionis kaloriu-lobis 56 – 58%. mTeli rigi institutebisa da ruseTis medicinis mecnierebaTa akademiis kveb-is institutis mravalwliani muSaobis Sedegad damuSavda mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebisaT-vis sakveb produqtebze da energiaze fiziolo-giuri moTxovnilebebis normebi, rac dabalanse-buli kvebis ZiriTad koncefciebs efuZneba.

cxrili, romelSic mocemulia sakvebi kom-ponentebisa da maTi raodenobrivi CamonaTvali cnobilia rogorc dabalansebuli kvebis for-mula.

dabalansebuli kvebis formula

cxrili 1.

ნუტრიენტები მოთხოვნილებები (ფრჩხილებში

მოთხოვნილებების შუალედური დონე)

ცილები, გ, 58-117 (88)მათ შორის ცხოველური 32 - 64 (48)ცხიმები, გ, 60 -154 (107)მათ შორის მცენარეული 18 – 46 (32)შეთვისებადი ნახშირწყლები, გ, 257 – 586 (422)მათ შორის მონო - და დისაქარიდები

50 – 100(75)

საკვები ბოჭკოები, 20 – 25 (22, 5)მათ შორის უჯრედინისა და პექტინის

10 – 15 (12, 5)

რაციონში ცხიმოვანი მჟავების თანაფარდობა, % პოლიუჯერი 10გაჯერებული 30მონოუჯერი 60მინერალური ნივთიერებანი:

მაკროელემენტები, მგ:კალციუმი 800ფოსფორი 1200Ca : P თანაფარდობა 1: 1,5მაგნიუმი 400Ca : Mg თანაფარდობა 1:0,7კალიუმი 2500-5000 (3750)ნატრიუმი 4000-6000 (5000)ქლორი 7000-10 000 (8500)გოგირდი მიკროელემენტები, რკინა მგ 10-18 (14)თუთია 15იოდი 0,15ფტორი 3ვიტამინები:თიამინი (B1), მგ 1,1-2,1 (1,6რიბოფლავინი (B2), მგ 1,3-2,4 (1,8)პირიდოქსინი (B6), მგ 1,8-2,0 (1,9)პანტოტენის მჟავა (B3), მგ 10-15 (12,5)ფოლაცინი (B9), მგ 200კობალამინი (B12), მკგ 3,0

137

ნიაცინი (PP) მგ. ნიაცინ - ექვივალენტი

14,28 (21)

ასკორბინის მჟავა (C), მგ 70-100 (85)A, მკგ. რეთინოლ - ექვივალენტი

800-1000(900)

ვიტამინი E, მგ. ტოკოფეროლ - ექვივალენტი

8-10 (9)

D ჯგუფის ვიტამინები, მკგ. ქოლეკალციფეროლის

2,5

ენერგეტიკული ღირებულება, კკალ

1800-4200 (3000)


1. Донченко Л. В., Надыка В. Д. Безопасность пищевой продукции. Изд. М.: ДеЛипринт, 2007, 538 с.

2. Позняковский В. М., Влощинский П. Е., Дроздова Т. М., Физиология Питиния. Сибирское Университетское издательство, 2007, 352с.

3. Robert Paarlberg. Food politics what everyone needs to know. Oxford University press, New-York, 2010, 325p.

4. КуШнерова О. Ф. Физиология питания. Изд.-во НГТУ Новосибирск, 2013, 235с.

5. Щеникова Надежда. Традиции и культура питания народов Мира. Изд. Форум, Инфра –М.: 2015, 296 с.


138

sasursaTo produqciis usafrTxoeba da

misi uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebi mzia wulukiZe, profesori

daviT gamezardaSvili, qimiis doqtori

„dae sakvebi iyos Seni wamali” hipokrate

reziume

statiaSi ganxilulia sasursaTo produqci-is usafrTxoebis mniSvneloba janmrTelobisa da Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaT-vis; am metad aqtualuri mwvave problemis mog-varebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi - maT Soris: mosaxleobis janmrTelobis dacva,;sasursaTo nedleulisa da sakvebi produqtebis xarisxis uzrunvelyofa; problemebis gadawyveta samec-niero kvlevebis ganviTarebis gziT, sasur-saTo usafrTxoebis sferoSi saganmanaTleblo programebis damuSaveba; sakvebi produqtebis xarisxisa da usafrTxoebis analizis meTodebis, Tanamedrove higienur safuTavSi moTavsebu-li da ekologiurad usafrTxo maRali kvebiTi Rirebulebis sakvebi produqtebis axali te-qnologiebis srulyofa da damuSaveba. uxarisxo kvebis produqtebisagan momxmareblis dacvis mizniT sasursaTo produqciis xarisxisa da usafrTxoebis kontroli, xarisxisa da uvnebe-li produqciis gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis sferoSi maRalkvalificiuri specialistebis momzadebis aucilebloba.

Food safety and ways of achievementMzia Tsulukidze, GTU, Professor

David Gamezardashvili, Doctor of chemistry

Summary

The article studies: The importance of food safety for the health and development of modern society; Major trends of this vital problem including: healthcare of popu-lation;

Quality assurance of food products and nutrition; Solu-tion of the problems by intensifying research; Implementa-tion of training and educational programs in the sphere of food safety; Methods for analyzing both food safety and quality; Perfection and development of new technologies for packing high-quality food products into modern hy-gienic containers; Food safety and quality control for the security of consumers; Recessing of training high – skilled specialists in the sphere of food processing and safety.

* * * * *

mosaxleobis janmrTelobis uzrunvelyofa saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis amocanaa. erT-erT arsebiT faqtors, romelic gansazRvravs eris janmrTelobasa da Sromisunarianobas war-moadgens kveba. cnobilia, rom adamianis kveb-is xasiaTi icvleba evoluciisa da socialur ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis Sedegad. ukanasknel wlebSi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri xdeba sasur-saTo nedleulisa da sakvebi produqtebis usa-frTxoebis problema.

sasursaTo produqciis usafrTxoebis mniS-vneloba janmrTelobisa da Tanamedrove sazog-adoebis ganviTarebisaTvis sxvadasxva samecni-ero konferenciebze gansjis sagani xdeba. 2000 wels JenevaSi jandacvis msoflio asambleaze miRebul deklaraciaSi aRniSnulia, rom „... sur-saTis usafrTxoebasa da dabalansebul kvebaze wvdoma - TiToeuli adamianis uflebaa”. mTels msoflioSi asobiT milioni adamiani Sepyrob-ilia sxvadasxva seniT, romelic gamowveulia sakvebi produqtebis dabinZurebiT. am daavade-bebma miiRes saxelwodeba „kvebiTi warmoSobis daavadebani”. qveyanaSi, sadac ganviTarebulia mrewveloba 350 - mde aseT daavadebas iTvlian, rac adamianTa sazogadoebisaTvis problemis simwvaves ganapirobebs. garda amisa, Tu 1990 wels evropis 11 qveyanaSi daregistrirebuli iyo 100 aTas mosaxleze saSualod 120 kvebiTi warmoSobis SemTxveva, dReisaTvis igi Seadgens ara umcires 30 aTas gastroentritis SemTxvevas 100 aTas mosaxleze weliwadSi.

kveba adamianis janmrTelobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria. Tanamedrove sa-zogadoebisaTvis sabazod iTvleba mosazreba „janmrTeloba aris kvebis funqcia”.

praqtikulad mTeli msoflios sxvadasxva regionebSi ekonomikuri situaciis mkveTrma gauaresebam, romelic dakavSirebulia antropo-genur qmedebebTan zegavlena moaxdina sakvebis xarisxobriv Semadgenlobaze. sursaTTan erTad adamianis organizmSi xvdeba ucxo nivTierebebis mniSvnelovani nawili.

isini xvdebian da grovdebian sakveb produqtebSi, rogorc biologiur jaWvSi,

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romelic ganapirobebs erTis mxriv cvlas cocx-al organizmebTan, haerTan, niadagTan, meores mxriv sakvebis jaWvTan, romelic moicavs sas-ursaTo nedleulisa da sakvebi produqtebis sasoflo sameurneo da samrewvelo warmoebis yvela etapebs, agreTve Senaxvas, SefuTvas da markirebas. sasursaTo nedleulisa da sakvebi produqtebis xarisxisa da usafrTxoebis uz-runvelyofa Tanamedroveobis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens, rac adamianis janmrTelobasa da genofondis SenarCunebas gansazRvravs.

„kvebis produqtebis xarisxisa da usa-frTxoebis” federaluri kanoniT sasursaTo produqtebis usafrTxoeba aris dasabuTebuli rwmuneba imisa, rom gamoyenebis Cveulebriv pirobebSi sakvebi produqtebi ar iTvleba sazi-anod da ar warmoadgens safrTxes dRevandeli da momavali Taobebis janmrTelobisaTvis.

sasursaTo nedleulsa da sakveb produqtebs afaseben maTSi mikrobiologiuri, qimiuri da biologiuri bunebis antikvebiTi nivTierebebis raodenobrivi an xarisxobrivi SemcvelobiT.

qimiuri bunebis ucxo nivTierebebia: toqsi-kuri elementebi - tyvia, kadmiumi, vercxlisw-yali, dariSxani, ((arsenikumi), TuTia, spilenZi, rkina, kala, qromi, nikeli;

pesticidebi: qlororganuli, triazinebi, fosfororganuli, piretroidebi, Tiokarba-matebi;

azotis naerTebi: nitratebi, nitrite-bi, nitrozoaminebi; histamini, benzapireni, poliqlorirebuli bifenilebi, hormonaluri preparatebi, radionuklidebi.

biologiuri bunebis ucxo nivTierebebia: mikotoqsinebi - aflatoqsini B, G, M1, dezo-

qsinivalenoli (vomitoqsini), T-2 toqsini, zea-ralenoni, patulini, oxratoqsini A, sterigma-tocestini;

antibiotikebi.mikroorganizmebi: nawlavis Cxiris jgufis

baqteriebi proteus tipis, sulfitmareducire-beli klostridiebi, paTogenuri mikroorgan-izmebi (maT Soris salmonela) safuvrebi, obi.

virusebi. mavne mwerebi.mcenareuli da cxoveluri warmoSobis

sakvebTan erTad adamianis organizmSi garemodan xvdeba sxvadasxva bunebis toqsinebis 70%. sakveb produqtebSi agrZelebs zrdas radionuklideb-is done. ukanaskneli 5 wlis manZilze moimata agreTve sasursaTo produqciis dabinZurebam nitratebiTa da maTi naerTebiT. kvebis insti-tutis monacemebiT (PAMH) ruseTSi samamulo produqciis sinjebis raodenoba, romelic mZime liTonebis SemcvelobiT ar pasuxobs higienur normativebs Seadgens saSualod 3% - s, impor-tulisa - 1% - s. calkeuli saxis produqciaSi

es maCvenebeli ufro maRalia. ase, magaliTad naRebis karaqis gamokvleuli nimuSebis 52% - Si SeiniSneboda toqsikuri nivTierebebi - spilen-Zis, TuTiis, rkinis, tyviis - momatebuli do-zebi.

ruseTis sanitarul-epidemiologiuri zeda-mxed velobis samsaxuris monacemebiT, uka-nasknel wlebSi daregistrirebulia nawlavuri infeqciis afeTqebis 110 - ze meti SemTxveva. dazaralebulia 8 aTasze meti adamiani, maT So-ris 37 salmoneloziT, 48 dizinteriiT, 7 vi-rusuli hepatitiT, 4 muclis tifiT, romelic dakavSirebulia arakeTilxarisxovani sakvebi produqtebisa da sasmeli wylis moxmarebasTan.

arakeTilxarisxovani sakvebis problemiT dainteresebulia mTeli msoflio. magaliTad, amerikeli mkvlevarebis SefasebiT, aSS - Si ux-arisxo sakvebis moxmarebis Sedegad yovelwli-urad 33 milioni adamiani avaddeba, maT Soris 9 aTasi daavadeba sruldeba letaluri SedegiT.

mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebis analizis dinamika cxadyofs, rom ukanasknel wlebSi misma struqturam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganica-da. ganzogadoebuli monacemebiT srulfasovani cilebis deficiti Seadgens 25% - mde, sakvebi boWkoebis - 40% - mde, vitamini C– 50% - mde, B jgufis vitaminebis 20 – 30 % - mde, vitamini A – 30% - mde.

pirvelad wlebis manZilze sakvebi produqteb-is moxmarebis Sejamebam mosaxleze ver uzrunve-lyo adamianis organizmis moTxovna energiaze - misma deficitma saSualod 20% Seadgina.

Cvens qveyanaSi mosaxleobis kvebis statu-sis darRveva, garemosa da sakvebi produqtebis dabinZureba sicocxlis xangrZlivobis mkveTri Semcirebis ZiriTad mizezs warmoadgens - mam-akacebSi - 59 wlamde, qalebSi - 70 wlamde.

sikvdilianobis mizezTa Soris kvlav Zir-iTad adgils ikavebs gul - sisxlZarRvTa, onkologiuri, gastroenterologiuri, infeqci-uri daavadebebi. gansakuTrebul gangaSs iwves bavSvTa daavadebebis zrdis myari tendencia. difteriiT daavadebebis zRvari gaizarda 2,2% - iT, tuberkuloziT - 24% - iT. higienisa da profilaqtikis samecniero kvleviTi institu-tis monacemebiT bavSvebis, mozardebis, axal-gazrdebis mxolod 14% - ia praqtikulad jan-mrTeli. 50% - s aqvs janmrTelobaSi gadaxra. 36% - qronikulad avadaa. skolebSi swavlebis dasrulebis droisaTvis janmrTeli bavSvebis wili ar aRemateba 20 – 25% - s.

sagrZnoblad moimata e.w. „xandazmulTa daavadebebma”, romlis winapiroba grovdeba adamianis mTeli sicocxlis manZilze. maT mie-kuTvnebian gulsisxlZarRvTa daavadebebi, kibo, diabeti, insulti, kataraqta, glaukoma, osteo-porozi, rac dakavSirebulia normebiT gaTval-


140

iswinebuli sakvebis arasakmarisi raodenobiT moxmarebasTan arasasurveli ekologiuri sit-uaciis pirobebSi, romelic gansazRvravs sakvebi proJduqtebis xarisxsa da adamianis normalur sicocxlisunarianobas.

jansaRi kvebis sferoSi saxelmwifo poli-tikis mizania mosaxleobis janmrTelobis dacva da gajansaReba, srulfasovan kvebasTan Seusa-bamobiT gamowveuli daavadebebis profilaqti-ka.

dasaxuli miznis Sesabamisad, sazogadoebi-saTvis am umniSvnelovanesi problemis mogvare-bis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia:

1. mosaxleobis racionaluri kvebis uz-runvelyofa, romelic moicavs kvebis arsis, sakvebis statusis, kvebis racionalizaciis Ron-isZiebebis Seswavlas, rac socialuri da ekono-mikuri problemebis gadawyvetis safuZvelia.

2. sasursaTo nedleulisa da sakvebi produqtebis xarisxis uzrunvelyofa, rac mTlianobaSi Seadgens iseTi maxasiaTeblebis er-Tobliobas, romlebic gansazRvraven sasursaTo produqciis samomxmareblo Tvisebebs, kvebiT Rirebulebas da usafrTxoebas. am saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia:

- qveynis sakanonmdeblo bazis formireba mosaxleobis dacvisa da sasursaTo produqteb-is warmoebis sferoSi;

- sasursaTo nedleulisa da sakvebi produqtebis usafrTxoebaze monitoringis daweseba;

- obieqturi informaciis miRebis mizniT sasursaTo produqciis qimiuri Semadgenlobis kvlevebis gafarToeba, maTi kvebiTi Rirebuleb-is gansazRvra;

- sakvebi toqsikoinfeqciebis pro-filaqtikis daxvewa, janmrTelobisaTvis sa-frTxisSemcveli sakvebi produqciis kontami-nantebis gamovlena;

- mocemuli qimiuri Semadgenlobis iseTi funqcionaluri kvebis produqtebis Seqmnis principebis damuSaveba, romelTac kvebis sta-tusis koreqciis ganxorcielebis unari gaaCni-aT.

3. mosaxleobis jansaRi kvebis problemis gadawyveta samecniero kvlevebis ganviTarebis gziT.

aRniSnuli kvlevebis wamyvani mimarTulebe-bia:

- sakvebis metad safrTxisSemcveli da gavrcelebuli kontaminantebis metabolizmis, biotransformaciis da moqmedebis meqanizmebis Seswavla;

- qsenobotiotikebis potenciuri da re-aluri safrTxis Sefasebis koncepciis damuSave-ba;

- calkeuli sakvebi nivTierebebisa da

maTi kompleqsebis farmakologiuri aspeqtebis kvleva;

- Tanamedrove ekologiur pirobebSi mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebisaTvis sakvebi nivTierebebis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis da energiis axali normebis dazusteba da damuSave-ba.

4. sakvebi produqtebis xarisxisa da usa-frTxoebis analizis meTodebis daxvewa da da-muSaveba.

am saqmianobis mTavar amocanas warmoadgens zogadi meTodologiuri bazis Seqmna, romelSic moiazreba:

- sakvebi produqtebis analizis ofi-cialuri qimiuri meTodebis kompleqsis Seqmna, romelTac USO laboratoriuli eqsperimentis wesebiT dadgenili metrologiuri daxasiaTe-bebi eqnebaT;

- sasursaTo produqtebis kvebiTi Rire-bulebisa da qimiuri Semadgenlobis analizi;

- sakvebis kontaminantebis aRmoCena, iden-tifikacia da raodenobrivi gansazRvra;

- sakvebi produqtebis falsifikaciis gam-ovlena.

5. Tanamedrove higienur safuTavSi moT-avsebuli da ekologiurad usafrTxo maRali kvebiTi Rirebulebis sakvebi produqtebis axali teqnologiebis srulyofa da damuSaveba.

aRniSnuli kvlevebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebe-bia:

- sasursaTo nedleulis komponentebis gamoy-ofis, fraqcionirebis da modifikaciis Teoriu-li safuZvlebis damuSaveba;

- sakvebi da biologiurad aqtiuri dana-matebis teqnologiuri warmoebisa da moxmare-bis mecnieruli safuZvlebis damuSaveba;

- mikrobuli warmoSobis cilovani izolatis teqnologiis daxvewa da damuSaveba;

- biologiurad aqtiuri polimeruli ma-salebis (БAM) damuSaveba;

- uxarisxo sakvebi produqtebis aRmosaCenad akustikuri biosensorebis damuSaveba.

6. sasursaTo produqciisa da racionaluri kvebis usafrTxoebis sferoSi saganmanaTleblo programebis damuSaveba.

Tanamedrove ekologiur situaciaSi sasur-saTo produqciisa da sasursaTo nedleulis xarisxisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis aqtualoba, qveynis mosaxleobis kvebisa da jan-mrTelobis mdgomareoba ganapiroben xarisxisa da uvnebeli sasursaTo produqciis gadama-muSavebeli mrewvelobis sferoSi maRalkvali-ficiuri specialistebis momzadebis aucile-blobas, rac moiTxovs specialuri saswavlo - meTodologiuri literaturis damuSavebas.

dReisaTvis saxelmwifos mier erTdroulad realizdeba sasursaTo produqciis xarisxisa da

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uvneblobis maCveneblebis harmonizaciis Ron-isZiebani saerTaSoriso organizaciebis BO3 da ФAO - s rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad. uxarisxo sakvebi produqtebisagan momxmareblis dacvis mizniT aucilebelia sasursaTo produqtebis xarisxisa da usafrTxoebis kontroli. igi saSu-alebas gvaZlevs SevamciroT danaxarjebi jan-dacvaze, xels uwyobs Sida bazris, sasursaTo nedleuliTa da kvebis produqtebiT gare baz-ris ganviTarebas, rac mosaxleobis socialuri stabilizaciis zrdaze aisaxeba.

sursaTis uvneblobis saxelmwifo regulire-bis mTavari mizania sursaTTan dakavSirebuli daavadebebisagan momxmarebelTa dacva. saqarT-velos xelisuflebis mier 2015 wlamde gaweuli saqmianobis angariSis monacemebiT sainteresoa sursaTiT (maT Soris wyliT) gamowveuli ada-mianis daavadebebis 2012 – 2014 wlebis ofi-cialuri statistika. aRsaniSnavia sakvebismieri moSxamvebis, Sigelozis, bruculozis da sal-monelozis SemTxvevebis momateba. 2014 wels dafiqsirda gardacvalebis 4 faqti, 2013 wels – 1, 2012 wels – 8. mTlianobaSi davadebebis SemTxvevebis raodenoba progresirebs. gasaT-valiswinebelia is faqtic, rom moSxamvebis SemTxvevebSi Tu adamianis mdgomareoba mZime ar aris moqalaqeebi umetesad ar mimarTaven eqims da aseTi SemTxvevebi arsad ar fiqsirdeba, rac kidev erTi mizezia imisa, Tu ratom ver asaxavs zustad zemoTmoyvanili monacemebi qveyanaSi arsebul situacias. Tumca, SemTxvevebis raode-noba sakmaod didia, rac sursaTis uvneblobis regulirebis gaumjobesebis aucileblobaze metyvelebs. sursaTis uvneblobis saxelmwifo regulirebis kuTxiT warmatebuli reformebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Semaferxebeli faqto-ria kvalificiuri kadrebis deficiti, rac did-wilad ganpirobebulia saqarTvelos SromiT bazarze Sesabamisi ganaTlebisa da gamocdileb-is kadrebis simciriT.

saqarTvelos parlamentma da mTavrobam imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom evrokavSirTan asocireb-is SeTanxmebis erT – erT winapirobas sursaTis uvneblobis sferos mowesrigeba warmoadgens – ganixilos da moagvaros sursaTis uvneblobis sferos reformirebisaTvis saWiro adamianuri resursebis mozidvisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxi da Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi dasaxon am problemis dasaZlevad.


1. Габелко С. В. Безопасность продоволственного сырья и продуктов питания. Изд-во НГТУ, 2012. 376с

2. Донченко Л. В., Надыка В. Д. Безопасность пищевой продукции: Международная система обеспечения безопасности пищевой продукции. Изд. М.: Делипринт, 2007, 538 с.

3. David Vogel. The politics of precaution regylat-ing Health, Safety and environmrntal risks in Europe and the Unites states. Princenton, NJ. Princenton University Press, 2012, 298p.

4. Robert Paarlberg. Food politics what everyone needs to know. Oxford University press, New-York, 2010, 325p.

5. Чекунова Л. В. Качество и безопасность пищевой продукции. Волгогр. ОУНБ им. Горького. Отд. Техической литературы.Волгоград-2010, 143 с. ББК 91.

6. Regional Policy on food Safety and stanfards and the European Neighborhood policy, March, 2008, p. 68

7. sursaTis uvneblobis saxelmwifo regu-lireba: saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier 2014 wels gaweuli saqmianobis Sefaseba. angariSi momzadebulia evraziis TanamSromlobis fondis mier, evrokavSirisa da SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis saagentos mier dafinansebuli proeqtis: „evrokavSirTan daaxloebis gamWvirvale procesi: sanitaruli da fitosanitaruli politika saqarTvelosa da moldovaSi” – farglebSi. Tbilisi, 2015 w. 1 maisi.


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biznes-inJineringi

informaciul teqnologiebSiСОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ДЕТЕРМИНАНТЫ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО

ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ

Юрий Вдовиченко

Summary

The current trends of the information and communi-cation technologies development are determined in the article. Nowadays the global informatization is the mod-ern scientific and technological revolution. Special atten-tion should be paid to the differentiation between national economies according to the levels of development ICT. Differences between countries in the level of access to in-formation and communication technologies and their use actively negotiated in the framework of the international community. Studies of ICT show significant differences and regional disparities in the development of ICT.

Keywords: information, communication, technology, development, differentiation, economy

Постановка проблемы. Новейшие трансформации, происходящие на всех уровнях экономических отношений в условиях интенсификации глобализации, представляют собой сложную эволюцию экономических систем. Переход к расширению информационного производства и реализации информационной продукции и услуг определяет место и перспективы страны в мировой экономике, обеспечивает ее технологическую независимость, повышает конкурентоспособность, что, в сою очередь, обусловливает актуальность формирования и развития информационного рынка и обостряет проблему информационного обеспечения современного этапа развития экономики.

Вопросы глобальных изменений, как в области информационных технологий, так и в самой мировой экономике является сферой научных интересов многих зарубежных и отечественных ученых, среди которых: А.И. Абдулаев, Д. Белл, Н. Винер, С.А. Дятлов, К.А. Данилишина, М.Кастельс, Т. Кун, Е. Майминас, В. Степин, Б.Ж. Тагаров, О. Тоффлер, Л.А.Тутов, К. Фримен К. Шеннон, А.Е. Шаститко и другие. В тоже время, особенного внимания заслуживают современные тенденции глобального информационно-технологического развития, что обуславливает актуальность данной проблематики.

Основная часть. Научно-технической революцией современности является глобальная информатизация. Информатизация является мощным катализатором

многих процессов общественного развития, в том числе создание и внедрение инноваций, новых социальных и энергетических технологий, а также развития науки, образования и культуры. Именно это фундаментальное свойство информатизации и обусловливает ее особую роль в процессах развития современной цивилизации, выдвигает ее на первый план в области национальной и международной политики современного мира.

Отметим, что в современном мировом пространстве владения новыми информационными технологиями, эффективное встраивание каждой национальной экономики в глобальную информационно-коммуникационную систему является условием ее процветания, равноправного участия в мировом сообществе. В тоже время, для практической реализации ее потенциала в обществе должны быть созданы необходимые условия и разрешены достаточно серьезные проблемы инструментально-технологического, организационно-правового и культурологического характера. Данное обстоятельство определяет актуальность исследования современных детерминантов глобального информационно-технологического развития в современном мировом сообществе.

Особенного внимания в контексте данного исследования заслуживают вопросы дифференциации национальных экономик в уровнях информационно-технологического развития. Если раньше существовал значительный разрыв в доступе к базовым услугам телефонной связи, то в настоящее время он значительно сократился, и ожидается, что в ближайшие несколько лет это сокращение продолжится. Вместо этого образовался разрыв в доступе к Интернету, и в частности в доступе к услугам широкополосной связи.

Рис.1. Число абонентов мобильной сотовой связи и пользователей Интернета в развитых и развивающихся

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странах, 2000–2013 годы (показатель распространения на 100 жителей) [1, c. 87]

Цифровой разрыв в технической мощности и качестве широкополосной связи в свою очередь ведет к возникновению разрыва между странами и регионами в тех масштабах, в каких граждане, компании, экономика и общество разных стран могут эффективно использовать последние инновации в сфере ИКТ и их приложения. Именно в развитых странах, согласно оценкам специалистов, отмечено наибольший уровень развития институтов информационно-технологического развития: институционального обеспечения, информационной инфраструктуры, интеллектуализация человеческого капитала, наличие благоприятных условий развития рынка и бизнеса в сфере ИКТ, прогресс в сфере знаний, технологий и изобретений. Низкие показатели по указанным индикаторам демонстрируют страны Центральной и Южной Азии и Африки.

Важно отметить, что дифференциация стран мирового хозяйства по показателям развития информатизации обусловлена не только наличием благоприятной среды для данного процесса, но и такими общественными институтами информационно-технологического развития, как готовность и способность общества использовать доступную инфраструктуру ИКТ и цифрового контента. Богатый опыт внедрения и использования развитыми странами мира информационно-коммуникационных технологий показал, что на современном этапе технологического развития они в значительной степени определяют эффективность организации коммерческой и производственной деятельности компаний. Благодаря сети Интернет, появились новые виды товаров и услуг, роль которых в мировом хозяйстве постоянно растет. Происходит стремительное развитие электронной коммерции, что способствует интенсификации международной торговли услугами, обеспечивая тем самым расширение участия стран в международном разделения труда.

Одним из наиболее ярких примеров может служить экспансия таких развивающихся стран как Бразилия, Индия и Китай в мировой рынок ИТ услуг: в условиях жесткой ценовой конкуренции компании из этих стран в течение последнего десятилетия неуклонно расширяют экспорт данного вида услуг преимущественно в развитые страны мира. По оценкам специалистов компании «McKinsey», лишь одно направление – доведение охвата мобильной широкополосной связью населения развивающихся стран до уровня развитых – обеспечит прибавку мирового валового национального продукта в пределах 300–420 млрд. долл. США. Это, в свою очередь, способно создать 10–14 млн. новых рабочих мест в таких областях, как производство электронного оборудования и приборов, а также оффшорных услугах и аутсорсинге (табл. 1).

Таблица 1. Прирост ВНП и новых рабочих мест в

развивающихся странах за счет повышения уровня распространения мобильной широкополосной связи [2]Страны и регионы Прирост ВНП, млрд. долл.

СШАПрирост новых рабочих мест, млн.

Азия 150-180 6,6-8,0

Африка 40-90 1,3-3,1

Центральная и Восточная Европа 60-80 0,9-1,3

Латинская Америка 50-70 1,1-1,7

Всего: 300-420 10-14

Различия между странами в уровне доступа к информационно-коммуникационным технологиям (ИКТ) и их использования, давно является проблемой, вызывающей серьезную обеспокоенность правительств и международного сообщества. Вопросы расширения использования ИКТ и преодоления цифрового разрыва в последние годы регулярно входят в порядок как саммитов развитых стран, так и Всемирных саммитов по развитию информационного общества (World Sum-mits on the Information Society), которые проходили под эгидой ООН в 2003 г. и 2005 г.

В рамках деятельности «Группы восьми» проблемы развития информационного общества регулярно поднимались на саммитах, начиная с 2000 г. в Окинаве. Важным результатом работы этого саммита стало принятие Хартии глобального информационного общества. В документе подчеркивалась необходимость реализация совместных усилий по преодолению «цифрового неравенства» как внутри стран, так и между странами. Хартия предусматривала создание Рабочей группы по возможностям использования цифровых технологий (Digital Opportunities Task Force) и определила основные ее задачи [3].

Дальнейшие шаги по решению проблемы преодоления «цифрового неравенства» между развитыми странами мира и развивающимися были предложены на саммите «восьмерки» в Генуе (2001г.). Был рассмотрен доклад Рабочей группы по возможностям использования цифровых технологий и принят документ, получивший название «Генуэзский план действий», в котором были изложены предложения по обеспечению устойчивого социально-экономического развития на базе расширения использования ИКТ [4].

Еще одним шагом к преодолению неровностей мирового информационного развития стал саммит в Хайлигендамме (2007), посвященный проблемам развития сектора ИКТ в развивающихся странах. На встрече были затронуты вопросы информационного развития стран Африки и необходимость совершенствования механизма экспертных оценок, разработанных для этих стран Африки (African Peer Review Mechanism, APRM), одним из важнейших элементов которого является использование ИКТ


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при формировании системы экономического регулирования, в том числе при борьбе с коррупцией [6].

Риторика саммита в Хайлигендамме была поддержана на встрече стран-лидеров «Группы восьми» в 2009 в Аквиле. В декларации, принято по итогам ее работы, была отмечена необходимость совершенствования систем управления в странах Африки; сокращение цифрового разрыва в развивающихся странах в контексте Окинавской хартии и Генуэзского плана действий; расширение инвестиций в сектор ИКТ, как одного из необходимых условий для преодоления экономического кризиса и стимулирования инновационной активности в мировой экономике.

Результаты выполнения обязательств, принятых странами-членами «Группы восьми» по содействию преодоления «цифрового разрыва» в первом десятилетии XXI века, были подведены в 2009 г. в отчете Исследовательской группы Университета Торонто. Согласно этому исследованию, большинство стран способствовали информационно-технологическому развитию в странах Юга в ограниченном объеме. В начале нового десятилетия, на саммите в Довиле, 2011 (Франция), проблемы развития сектора ИКТ получили новое звучание. На новый уровень рассмотрения были вынесены проблемы защиты прав интеллектуальной собственности в сети Интернет; обеспечения безопасности и свободного доступа к Интернет-ресурсам; ключевой роли Интернета в экономическом и социальном развитии, в обеспечении конкурентоспособности и эффективности коммерческой деятельности.

В ходе исследования особенностей развития ИКТ в регионах и станах мира важно отметить результаты изучения процессов информатизации за 2011-2012 гг. специалистами специализированного подразделения ООН в области информационно-коммуникационных технологий – Международного союза электросвязи. Результатом исследования стал доклад «Измерение информационного общества 2013» (Measuring the In-formation Society 2013), содержащий рейтинг развития 157 стран в сфере ИКТ. Результаты расчета развития информационно-комуникационные технологий (The ICT Development Index, IDI) показывают, что во всем мире уровни развития ИКТ продолжают расти, поскольку практически во всех странах за период 2011–2012 гг. значения IDI возросли. Республика Корея и страны Северной Европы сохраняют свои позиции, возглавляя список стран [5].

Важно отметить, что практически две трети из 30 ведущих по IDI экономик – европейские, где совместная нормативно-правовая база и четкий набор приоритетных областей деятельности, целей и задач помогли странам превратиться в передовые информационные экономики. К числу 30 ведущих стран относятся также экономики с высоким уровнем доходов

из Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона (Австралия, Макао (Китай), Сингапур и Новая Зеландия), а также Соединенные Штаты Америки, Канада и Барбадос из региона Северной и Южной Америки.

Сравнение глобальных и региональных рейтингов ведущих пяти стран каждого региона еще сильнее подчеркивает существующие в мире различия в развитии ИКТ и региональные расхождения (таблица 2).

Таблица 2Ведущие экономик каждого региона и их место в

глобальном рейтинге IDI, 2012 [5, c.56].

Реги

онал

ьны

й ре

йтин

г ID

I

Европа

Мир

овой

рей

тинг

IDI

Азиатско-Тихоокеанский

регион

Мир

овой

рей

тинг

IDI

Северная и Южная Америка

Мир

овой

рей

тинг

IDI

СНГ

Мир

овой

рей

тинг

IDI

Африка

Мир

овой

рей

тинг

IDI

1 Швеция 2 Корея 1 США 17 Россия 40 Сейшельские острова

64

2 Ислан- дия

3 Гонконг, Китай 10 Канада 20 Беларусь 41 Маврикий 72

3 Дания 4 Австралия 11 Барбадос 29 Казах- стан

48 ЮАР 84

4 Финлян- дия

5 Япония 12 Уругвай 47 Азейбар- джан

61 Кабо-Верде 96

5 Норве- гия

6 Макао, Китай 14 Антигуа и Барбуда

49 Украина 68 Боствана 108

Выводы. Таким образом, глобальные процессы информационно-технологического развития является наиболее показательными интеграционными процессами, включающие развитие коммуникаций, использование космического пространства для передачи информации, рост глобальных информационных сетей, компьютеризации многих процессов жизнедеятельности человечества. Интернетизация и виртуализация стали ведущими формами существования глобальной информационной среды, под влиянием которых формируется современное сетевое общество. Эти формы не только открывают новые положительные горизонты для общества, но и ставят сложные проблемы, поскольку назревает опасность маргинализации духовных ценностей, преобразования процесса производства информации из инструмента развития производительных сил общества в его цель. В конце концов, глобализация современных информационных технологий качественно меняет место материально-энергетических компонентов в структуре общества. Резко возрастает информационная составляющая, открывает новые перспективы для реализации концепции устойчивого развития.

145

из Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона (Австралия, Макао (Китай), Сингапур и Новая Зеландия), а также Соединенные Штаты Америки, Канада и Барбадос из региона Северной и Южной Америки.

Сравнение глобальных и региональных рейтингов ведущих пяти стран каждого региона еще сильнее подчеркивает существующие в мире различия в развитии ИКТ и региональные расхождения (таблица 2).

Таблица 2Ведущие экономик каждого региона и их место в

глобальном рейтинге IDI, 2012 [5, c.56].

Реги

онал

ьны

й ре

йтин

г ID

I

Европа

Мир

овой

рей

тинг

IDI

Азиатско-Тихоокеанский

регион

Мир

овой

рей

тинг

IDI

Северная и Южная Америка

Мир

овой

рей

тинг

IDI

СНГ

Мир

овой

рей

тинг

IDI

Африка

Мир

овой

рей

тинг

IDI

1 Швеция 2 Корея 1 США 17 Россия 40 Сейшельские острова

64

2 Ислан- дия

3 Гонконг, Китай 10 Канада 20 Беларусь 41 Маврикий 72

3 Дания 4 Австралия 11 Барбадос 29 Казах- стан

48 ЮАР 84

4 Финлян- дия

5 Япония 12 Уругвай 47 Азейбар- джан

61 Кабо-Верде 96

5 Норве- гия

6 Макао, Китай 14 Антигуа и Барбуда

49 Украина 68 Боствана 108

Выводы. Таким образом, глобальные процессы информационно-технологического развития является наиболее показательными интеграционными процессами, включающие развитие коммуникаций, использование космического пространства для передачи информации, рост глобальных информационных сетей, компьютеризации многих процессов жизнедеятельности человечества. Интернетизация и виртуализация стали ведущими формами существования глобальной информационной среды, под влиянием которых формируется современное сетевое общество. Эти формы не только открывают новые положительные горизонты для общества, но и ставят сложные проблемы, поскольку назревает опасность маргинализации духовных ценностей, преобразования процесса производства информации из инструмента развития производительных сил общества в его цель. В конце концов, глобализация современных информационных технологий качественно меняет место материально-энергетических компонентов в структуре общества. Резко возрастает информационная составляющая, открывает новые перспективы для реализации концепции устойчивого развития.

Список использованных источников:

1. Глобальное партнерство в целях развития: стоящие перед нами задачи. Доклад Целевой группы по оценке прогресса в достижении Целей развития тысячилетия 2013 год. [Электронный ресурс]. - URL: (http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/mdg_gap/mdg_gap2013/mdg_report_2013_ru.pdf (дата обращения: 5.11.2014).

2. Кондратьев В. Перспективы. Сектор информационных технологий правит миром. McKin-sey analysis, 2003-2020 [Электронный ресурс]. - URL: http://www.perspective.info/print.php?ID=114058 (дата обращения: 15.02.2014).

3. The Digital Opportunities Task Force: The G8’s Effort to Bridge the Global Digital Divide. [Электронный ресурс]. - URL: http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2001genoa/dotforce1.html (дата обращения: 5.11.2014).

4. The Digital Opportuni-ties for All: Meeting the Challenge Report of the Digital Opportunity Task Force (DOT Force) including a proposal for a Genoa Plan of Action. [Электронный ресурс]. - URL: http://www.g8.fr/evian/english/navigation/g8_documents/archives_from_pre-vious_summits/genoa_summit_-_2001/report_of_the_digital_opportunity_task_force_including_a_proposal_for_a_genova_plan_of_action.html (дата обращения: 5.11.2014).

5. Measuring Information Society 2013. Interna-tional Telecommunication Union . [Электронный ресурс]. - URL: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/publications/mis2013/MIS2013_without_Annex_4.pdf (дата обращения: 5.11.2014).

6. The Role of the APRM in Strengthening Govern-ance in Africa: Opportunities & Constraints in Implementa-tion . [Электронный ресурс]. - URL: http://www.un.org/africa/osaa/reports/Overview%20APRM%20paper%20Dec%202007.pdf (дата обращения: 5.11.2014).


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aqtiuri sistemebis Teoriis principebi da stimulirebis

bazuri modelebidaviT gorgiZe, profesori

sulxan xuciSvili, profesorinana xaraZe, doqtoranti

Summary

Principles of Active systems theory and stimulation base models

Annotation: Article discuses main characters of the “Active system theory” which is the important direction in organization management theory. Organization systems are described by management structure, limitation model and functionality mechanisms. Functionality mechanism is considered as a sequence of management functions, from where stimulation “block” is chose for discussion. For two level, determined active systems is used stimulation base models and quantity of other models produced from them. In case of several elements (Elements make choices inde-pendently from each other), is raised the problem of syn-thesis of elements stimulation function.

Keywords: active system, active element, structure, limitation model, functionality mechanism, stimulation, base models.

reziume

ganxilulia organizaciuli marTvis Teoriis erT-erTi aqtualuri mimarTulebis „aqtiuri sistemebis Teoriis“ ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi. organizaciuli sistemebis aRwera xdeba marT-vis struqturis, SezRudvebis modelis da fun-qcionirebis meqanizmis saSualebiT. funqcion-irebis meqanizmi ganixileba rogorc marTvis funqciebis garkveuli Tanmimdevroba, romelT-agan gansaxilvelad gamoyofilia stimulirebis „.bloki“. ordoniani, determinirebuli aqti-uri sistemisTvis gamoyenebulia stimulirebis bazuri modelebi da maTgan warmoebuli sxva-dasxva modelebis simravle. mravali elementis SemTxvevaSi (elementebi arCevans akeTeben erT-maneTisgan damoukideblad), dasmulia elemen-tebis stimulirebis funqciis sinTezis amocana.

sakvanZo sitvebi: aqtiuri sistema, aqtiuri elementi, struqtura, SezRudvebis modeli, funqcionirebis meqanizmi, stimulireba, bazuri modelebi.

* * * * * * *

organizacia warmoadgens marTvis mravali donis mqone mraval-miznobriv sistemas. aseTi sistemebis kvlevebSi aSkarad SeimCneva mis-wrafeba, gamoiyenon sistemaTa Teoria da misi Sedegebi. cxadia, misaRebia organizaciis war-modgena sistemis saxiT, aqve SesaZlebelia davafiqsiroT garemos zemoqmedeba da gamovyoT masTan dakavSirebuli Sedegebic. mniSvnelo-vania organizaciis modelSi mravaldoniani struqturebis arseboba, romlebic unda aRi-weros sistemaTa Teoriis poziciebidan. or-ganizaciulma struqturam win unda wamoswios (warmoaCinos) organizaciis yvelaze mniSvnelo-vani maxasiaTeblebi, kerod:

1. organizacia rogorc urTierTdakavSire-buli qvesistemebis erToblioba, romelTac aqvT gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebamosileba;

2. organizacia rogorc qvesistemebis ier-arqia.

amitom organizaciis Teoriul-sistemuri modeli es sxva araferia, Tu ara marTvis mrav-aldoniani sistema. verc erTi arsebuli Teo-ria ver axerxebs damoukideblad aRweros or-ganizaciis saqmianoba, es SesaZlebelia mxolod sxvadasxva codnis gaerTianebiT.

aqtiuri sistemebis Teoriis zogadi principebi

mniSvnelovania ierarqiuli struqturis mqone organizaciul sistemebSi marTvis prob-lemebis gadawyveta. isini sakmaod rTulia, pir-vel rigSi imis gamo, rom saqme gvaqvs organiza-ciaSi momuSave adamianebTan da maT jgufebTan. aseT jgufebs gaaCniaT sakmaod aqtiuri miz-anmimarTuli qcevebi. aqtiuri qcevebis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT winaswar ganWvriton marTvis organos mmarTve-li zemoqmedeba (parametri), aseve sxva elemen-tebis qmedebebi da gaiTvaliswinos isini Tavisi strategiebis arCevis dros, raTa miaRwios mis-Tvis sasurvel miznebs.

aqtiurobas warmoadgens elementebis mier informaciis Segnebuli damaxinjeba Tavis Sesa-Zleblobebze, mosalodnel arCevanze, moTxovne-bze, miznebze, saqmianobis efeqturobis da in-teresebis damokidebulobis gansazRvrisas da a.S. aRniSnuli Tvisebebis formalizaciis prob-

147

lemam, wina planze wamoswia cnebebi: „aqtiuri elementi“ da „aqtiuri sistema“ (opganizaciuli sistema, sadac marTvis obieqtebi aqtiuri el-ementebia). Teorias safuZveli Caeyara moskovis marTvis problemebis institutSi v. burkovis mier, 60-ani wlebis bolos. Teorias mimdevrebi gauCndnen bevr qveyanaSi da maT Soris saqarT-veloSic. Camoyalibda aqtiuri sistemebis kv-levebiT dainteresebuli jgufi ivane gorgiZis xelmZRvanelobiT.

aqtiuri sistemebis Teoriis amocanebia: efeqturi sameurneo meqanizmis da misi Se-madgenlebis (marTvis mravaldoniani struq-turebi, dagegmvis procedurebi, stimulirebis sistema, kontrolis da kordinaciis meqanizme-bis da a.S) damuSaveba da kvleva. sistemuri analizis principebidan gamomdinare nebismieri sistema moicema misi Semadgenlebis, struq-turis da funqciebis saSualebiT. analogiurad aqtiuri sistemebis aRwerisas SeiZleba gamovy-oT sami ZiriTadi Semadgeneli modeli: marTvis struqturis aRwera, dasaSveb mdgomareobaTa simravle da funqcionirebis meqanizmi.

ordoniani organizaciuli sistemebi gamoirCeva struqturuli sqemebis simartiviT (ix. sqema 1), rac mniSvnelovnad aadvilebs maT gamokvlevas. sqemaze moyvanilia ordoniani or-ganizaciuli sistemis maraos tipis struqturis magaliTi. gansakuTrebulad avRniSnoT ori qve-sistema: centri da garemo. danarCen qvesiste-mebs vuwodoT elementebi. centri warmoadgens organizaciis mmarTvel organos, da miiswrafis uzrunvelyos misi efeqturi funqcionireba ama Tu im gadawyvetilebebis miRebiT.

garemo ganisazRvreba bunebisa da sxva qvesistemebis mdgomareobiT, romlebic war-moadgenen ganxilulTan mimarTebaSi gare faqtorebs. da bolos, struqturis Tvi-Teuli elementi aRiwereba cvladebis na-krebiT. magaliTad SeiZleba TiToeuli i-ri elementisTvis yi = (yi1, yi2, ... yimi) ganvsaz-RvroT veqtori, sadac yij warmoadgens i-ri elementis j-ur maCvenebels da afiq-sirebs elementis mdgomareobas (arCevans).

(1)sadac Yi- elementis dasaSvebi mdgomare-

obebis simravlea. ordoniani sistemebi floben organizaci-

uli sistemisTvis maxasiaTebel mniSvnelovan Tvisebebs, esenia: ierarqiuli struqtura, cen-tris moqmedebis prioriteti, sistemis element-Ta gansxvavebuli miznebi da am miznebis ganxor-cielebisTvis qmedebebis Tavisufleba, element-Ta urTierTdamokidebulebis, elementebis da centrisTvis sistemis Sesaxeb sxvadasxvagvari informirebulobis arseboba da sxva. Tanac or-

doniani organizaciuli sistemebi ganixileba, rogorc sxva ufro rTuli sistemebis ZiriTadi „samSeneblo bloki“.

sqema 1. ordoniani organizaciuli sis-temis struqturuli sqema.

ordoniani organizaciuli sistemis funqcionirebis meqanizmis

maxasiaTeblebis analizi

organizaciuli sistemebis funqcionirebis meqanizmis qveS gagebulia wesebis (procedure-bi, funqciebi) nakrebi, romlebic funqcionire-bis procesSi reglementirebas uweven centrisa da elementebis moqmedebebs. funqcionire-bis meqanizmis aRwera moyvanilia misi Semadgeneli nawilebis aRweriT (ix. sqema 2).

sqema 2. funqcionirebis meqanizmis dekompo-

zicia marTvis funqciebad.


148

organizaciuli meqanizmis Semadgenel nawilebad ganixileba: sistemisa (centri) da misi elementebis miznis funqciebi, funqcion-irebis meqanizmis SezRudva, dagegmvis kanoni, stimulirebis meqanizmebi, analizis da Sefase-bebis sistemebi, kordinacia, funqcionirebis procesSi miRebuli centrisa da elementebis moqmedebebis Tanmimdevroba. agreTve elemen-tebze informaciis misaRebad centris mier gamoyenebuli monacemebis formirebis pro-cedurebi. aseTi warmodgena garkveul wilad eTanxmeba realur sistemaSi gamoyenebul organ-izaciuli meqanizmis Semadgenlebis gamoyofasa da klasifikacias. funqcionirebis meqanizme-bis Semadgeneli „blokebis“ (nawilebi) ufro dawvrilebiT analizs da kvlevebs eZRvneba mTe-li rigi naSromebi. ufro metic am problema-tikiT dakavebulia aqtiuri sistemebis Teoriis calkeuli qvemimarTulebebi. Cven ganvixilavT materialuri stimulirebis zogierT sakiTxs, kerZod stimulirebis SesaZlo procedurebs ordoniani bazuri modelisTvis (stimulirebis bazur modelebs) da stimulirebis funqciis sinTezis amocanas proeqtebis marTvaSi.

organizaciuli sistemis bazuri modeli

organizaciul sistemas, romelic Sedgeba erTi mmarTveli organosagan - centri, da erTi samarTavi subieqtisagan - elementisgan, Tanac funqcionireba xdeba sruli informirebulobis pirobebSi arsebul Sida da gare parametrebze, uwodeben aqtiuri sistemis bazur models. Tavis mxriv centri da elementi floben aqtiurobis Tvisebebs. [ 1,2,4 ].

elementis strategias warmoadgens misi arCe-

vani dasaSvebi moqmedebebis simravli-dan elementis moqmedeba SesaZloa iyos gamomuSavebuli saaTebis raodenoba, warmoebu-li produqciis raodenoba da ase Semdeg. dasaS-vebi moqmedebebis simravle Tavis mxriv war-moadgens alternativebis nakrebs, romelTagan elementi akeTebs Tavis arCevans, magaliTad, sa-muSao drois SesaZlo xangrZlivobis diapazoni.

vTqvaT centris strategias warmoadgens

stimulirebis funqciis formireba,

romelic ekuTvnis dasaSveb M M

simravles. moqmedebis SerCeva elementisgan moiTxovs C(y) xarjebs da moaqvs centrisTvis H(y) Semosavali. organizaciuli sistemis monawileebis (centri da elementi) interesi asaxulia maTi miznis funqciebiT, romlebsac avRniSnavT: f(y) da Ф(y) -iT. isini elementisTvis warmoadgenen sxvaobas stimulirebasa da danaxarjebs Soris

(2)xolo centrisTvis warmoadgens Semosavals

elementis saqmianobidan (pirveli rigis stimu-lirebis amocana)

(3)

an sxvaobas Semosavalsa da centris danaxar-jebs stimulirebaze - jildo gacemuli elemen-tisaTvis (meore rigis stimulirebis amocana, an kontraqtebis Teoriis determinirebuli amoca-na): [ 2,3 ]

(4)

stimulirebis meqanizmi ewodeba centris gad-awyvetilebebis miRebis wess, elementis stimu-lirebis mimarT. stimulirebis meqanizmi Tavis mxriv moicavs stimulirebis sistemas, romelic ganisazRvreba stimulirebis fumqciiT. stimu-lirebis ZiriTadi idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom stimulirebis sistemis varirebiT, centrs Seu-Zlia elements aRuZras survili, airCios esa Tu is moqmedeba. radgan centris miznis fun-qcia damokidebulia elementis mier SerCeul moqmedebebze, amitom sistemis stimulirebis efeqturobad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, centris miz-nis funqciis maqsimaluri an minimaluri mniS-vneloba, gansazRvruli elementis mdgomareo-bis (arCevanis) simravleze. aqedan gamomdinare, stimulirebis amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Seiqmnas stimulirebis optimaluri sistema, e.i. stimulirebis sistema, romelsac aqvs maqsi-maluri efeqturoba.

stimulirebis bazuri sistemebi

aqtiuri sistemebis TeoriaSi stimulirebis bazuri sistemebi ganixileba ordo-niani sis-temis bazuri modelisTvis da aRniSnavs cen-tris mier elementisTvis ganxorcielebul ma-terialuri anazRaurebis martiv procedurebs [ 2, 3 ].

149

1. naxtomismagvari stimulirebis sisteme-bi, (C-tipis), xasiaTdebian imiT, rom elementi iRebs mudmiv anazRaurebas (rogorc wesi maqsi-malurad SesaZlebels, an winaswar dadgenil sidides), im pirobiT, rom mis mier arCeuli qme-deba ar aris mocemulze naklebi da iRebs nu-lovan gasamrjelos Tu qmedebebi mocemulze naklebia

(5)

x∈ X parametrs SeiZleba vuwodoT gegma, davaleba, rekomendacia - is sasurveli el-ementisTvis (qmedeba, saqmianobis Sedegi da a.S) centris TvalsazrisiT. C-tipis stimu-lirebis sistemebis interpretacia, SeiZleba iyos rogorc fiqsirebuli jildo mocemuli Sedegis mixedviT.

nax. 1 naxtomismagvari stimulirebis sistema,

C-tipis stimulirebis sistemis Sesa-bamisi sidideebis indeqsireba movaxdinoT

„C“ sididiT. magaliTad M Mc -Ti avRniS-noT naxtomismagvari stimulirebis siste-mebis simravle. unda aRiniSnos, rom stimu-lirebis bazuri sistemebis umetesoba aris

parametruli, magaliTad klasi Mc⊆M M

2. stimulirebis kompensatoruli sistemebi (K tipis), xasiaTdeba imiT, rom elementis

danaxarjebis kompensacia xdeba im pirobiT, rom misi qmedebebi moTavsebulia garkveul diapazonSi, romelic mocemulia individu-aluri waxalisebis absolutur sidideze ar-sebuli SezRudvebiT:

┤ (6)

xdeba danaxarjebis kompensireba roca

da ar xdeba arCevanis waxaliseba zed-meti qmedebebis dros.

3. stimulirebis proporciuli sistemebi (LL - tipis), am sistemebs aerTianebs is, rom elementis anazRaureba pirdapir proporci-ulia misi arCevanis (gamomuSavebuli saaTeb-is raodenoba, gamoSvebuli produqciis moc-uloba da a.S) xolo anazRaurebis ganakveTi

α α≥0 ≥ warmoadgens proporciulobis koefi-

cients σL(y)= αy (7)ufro zogad SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebe-lia, rom anazRaurebis nawili ele-ments daeniSnos misi qmedebebisgan damoukideblad, anu proporciul stimu-lirebis sistemas SeiZleba hqnodes saxe

σL(y)= σ0+ αy (8) proporciuli stimulirebis sistemebis simravle avRniSnoT M ML-iT.

4. Semosavlebis gadanawilebaze dafuZvneb-uli stimulirebis sistemebi (DD-tipis). isini iyeneben Semdeg ideas: radganac centri moi-

cavs mTliani sistemis interesebs, amitom SesaZlebelia movaxdinoT

misi da mTliani organizaciuli sistemis saqmi-anobiT miRebuli Semosavlebis identificireba. amitom SesaZlebelia elementis stimulire-bas safuZvlad davudoT centris Semosavlebis sidide - elementi wavaxalisoT centris Se-mosavlebis garkveuli wiliT (magaliTad, mud-mivi sididiT)

sadac [ ]0;1ξ ∈ (9)mniSvnelovania ξ(y)- is cvalebadi sididis

SemTxvevebis kvleva. stimulirebis siste-mebi dafuZvnebuli Semosavlebis gadanawile-

baze avRniSnoT MD . kidev erTxel avRniSnoT, rom C, K, L, DD

tipis stimulirebis sistemebi arian para-metruli, anu konkretuli naxtomiseburi stimulirebis sistemis gansazRvrisTvis sak-marisia (x,c) wyvilis mocema; konkretuli kompensatoruli stimulirebis sistema cal-saxad ganisazRvreba elementebis danaxar-jebis funqciiT (da SeiZleba x sididiTac


150

(gegma)); konkretuli stimulirebis propor-ciuli sistemis gansazRvrisTvis sakmarisia

anazRaurebis α ganakveTis mocema; xolo Semosavlebis gadanawilebaze dafuZnebuli stimulirebis sistemis gansazRvrisTvis sak-marisia ξ normativis mocema. CamoTvlili stimulirebis sistemebi martivia da war-moadgenen garkveul „konstruqtors“ elemen-tebisa, romelTa gamoyenebiT SeiZleba ava-goT ufro rTuli stimulirebis (magaliTad

QLLtipis, QD tipis, Q+L) sistemebi. aseTi konstruirebisTvis aucilebelia ganisazRv-ros operaciebi stimulirebis bazur siste-mebze. erTelementiani determinirebuli or-ganizaciuli sistemisTvis SeiZleba Semovi-fargloT operaciebis sami tipiT.

operaciebis pirveli tipi - aris gadasvla stimulirebis „kvazi“ sistemebze. am dros jil-do aris nulis toli yvelgan garda im qmede-bebisa romlebic emTxveva davalebas (gegmas).

operaciebis meore tipi - es aris SesaZlo moqmedebebis (arCevanis) simravlis dayofa ram-denime qvesimravled da maTze sxvadasxva stimu-lirebis bazuri sistemebis gamoyeneba.

mesame saxis operaciebi - warmoadgenen ori stimulirebis sistemis algebrul jams (es SesaZlebelia imitom, rom stimulireba Sedis monawileTa miznis funqciaSi rogorc aditiuri Semadgeneli). aseTi wesiT miRebul sistemebs vuwodebT jamur stimulirebis sistemas da aRiniSneba sawyisi sistemebis„

jamiT“, magaliTad C+L. ase rom naxtomise-buri, kompensatoruli, proporciuli da Se-mosavlis gadanawilebaze dafuZvnebuli sis-temebi da maTze sami SesaZlo operacia saSu-alebas iZleva movaxdinoT sxvadasxva saxis stimulirebis bazuri modelebis generireba.

stimulirebis meqanizmebi proeqtebis marTvaSi

proeqtebis marTvis damaxasiaTebel gansa-kuTrebulebas warmoadgens sxvadasxva aqtiuri elementebis arseboba da maTi saqmianobis Se-degebis urTierT-damokidebuleba. kerZod, es damokidebuleba SeiZleba gamomJRavndes imaSi, rom elementebis danaxarjebi ganisazRvreba ara marto sakuTari arCevaniT, aramed sxva el-ementis qmedebebiTac. aseTi struqturebisTvis ganvixiloT optimaluri stimulirebis sistemis sinTezis amocana.

ganixileba mravalelementiani determin-irebuli, ordoniani aqtiuri sistema (as), romelic Sedgeba centrisa da n aqtiuri el-ementisgan (ae). ae-is strategiaa moqmedebebis arCeva, xolo centris strategiaa - stimu-lirebis funqciis daniSvna elementisTvis,

roca jildo damokidebulia elementebis qmedebebze.

avRniSnoT i-uri ae-is arCevani (mdgomareoba).

Aaqtiuri elementebis simrav-lea.

aqtiuri elementis moq-medebebis veqtoria.

as-is monawileTa interesi da arCevani gamoisaxeba maTi miznis funqciebiT.

Ф(σ,y) - centris miznis funqcia, Tavis mxriv warmoadgens mis H(y) Semosavlebisa da ae-Tvis gadaxdili V(y) jamuri jildos sxvaobas.

sadac σi(y) – aris i-uri ae-is stimulire-bis funqcia, σσ(y)=(σ1(y),σ2(y),…σn(y)). i-uri ae-is miznis fi(σi,y) funqcia Tavis mxriv warmoadgens sxvaobas, centridan miRebul stimulirebasa da ci(y) danaxarjebs Soris.

(10)

(11)

avRniSnoT, rom i-uri ae-is individualuri

jildo da individualuri danaxarjebi yi arCevanis dros zogadad damokidebulia yve-la ae-is arCevanze (Zlier dakavSirebuli ae-bi araseparabeluri danaxarjebiT).

miviRoT as-is funqcionirebis Semdegi wesi centrisTvis da ae-Tvis strategiis arCevanze gadawyvetilebis miRebis momentisTvis (Sesa-bamisad stimulirebis funqciebi da arCevani) cnobilia miznis funqciebi da arCevanis dasaS-vebi simravle as-is yvela monawilisTvis. cen-tri flobs pirveli svlis uflebas, irCevs stimulirebis funqciebs da atyobinebs aqtiur elementebs, ris Semdeg igi irCevs moqmedebebs, akeTebs arCevans, romelic axdenen miznobrivi funqciis maqsimizacias.

as-is parametrebis mimarT SemoviRoT Semdegi

151

daSvevebi:А.1. stimulirebis funqciebi uban-uban uwy-

vetia da iRebs arauaryofiT mniSvnelobebsА.2. centris Semosavlebis funqcia uwyve-

tia yvela cvladis mimarT da aRwevs maqsi-mums as-is aranulovani arCevanis dros.

avRniSnoT M-iT - stimulirebis sisteme-bis simravle, romlebic akmayofileben А.1. daSvebas, p(σ)-Ti ki ae-is wonasworuli strategiebis simravle (TamaSis amoxsneb-is simravle), stimulirebis sistemis dros. (wonasworobis tipi jer ar fiqsirdeba, er-TaderTi daSveba aris is, rom ae-bi irCeven TavianT strategias erTdroulad da erT-maneTisgan damoukideblad. maT ar aqvT saSu-aleba gacvalon damatebiTi informaciebi da sargeblobebi (interesebi)).

aseve rogorc erT elementian as-Si, stimu-lirebis garantirebuli efeqturoba warmoad-gens centris miznis funqciis minimalur mniS-vnelobas Sesabamisi TamaSis amoxsnebis simrav-leze.

(12)

stimulirebis funqciis optimaluri sinTezis amocana mdgomareobs, iseTi stimulirebis σ* sistemis ZiebaSi, romelsac maqsimaluri efeqturoba gaaCnia

(13)

damtkicebulia, rom kerZo SemTxvevaSi, roca ae - bi damoukidebelia (jildo da danaxarje-bi TiToeuli maTganisTvis separabeluria, anu damokidebulia mxolod mis sakuTar moqmedebe-bze), maSin optimalurad gvevlineba kvazikom-pensirebadi stimulirebis sistema: [2,4]

(14)

sadac δi-ragind mcire mkacrad dadebiTi mudmivebia. xolo optimaluri arCevani y* realizebuli stimulirebis sistemis mier,

warmoadgens Semdegi amocanis amoxsnas:

(15) Y

daskvna

aqtiuri sistemebis Teoria warmoadgens or-ganizaciuli marTvis Teoriis ganviTarebis erT-erT Tanamedrove mimarTulebas. is ierar-qiuli TamaSebis TeoriasTan erTad warmate-biT wyvets gansxvavebuli profilis organi-zaciuli sistemebSi, marTvisa da modelirebis sxvadasxva amocanebs. maT Soris mniSvnelovania stimulirebis procedurebis kvleva proeqtebis marTvis sistemebSi. interesi am mimarTulebiT ganpirobebulia imiT, rom proeqtebis marTvaSi ar arsebobs stimulirebis specifikaze sistema-turi da konstruqciuli warmodgena. es niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs motivaciis da stimulirebis efeqturi da dasabuTebuli procedurebi re-alur proeqtebSi. G


1. Бурков В.Н., Новиков Д.А. Теория активных си-стем: состояние и перспективы. – М.:Синтег, 1999.

2. Новиков Д.А. Стимулирование в организацион-ных системах. – М.: Синтег, 2003

3. Бурков В.Н., Новиков Д.А. Как управлять проек-тами. – М.: Синтег, 1997.

4. Губко М.В., Новиков Д.А. Теория игр в управле-нии организационными системами. –М.: Синтег, 2002.

5. Караваев А.П. Модели и методы управления составом активных систем. – М.: ИПУРАН, 2003.

6. Новиков Д.А. Управление проектами: организа-ционные механизмы. – М.: ПМСОФТ,2007.

7. Матвеев А.А., Новиков Д.А., Цветков А.В. Мо-дели и методы управления портфелями проектов. – М.: ПМСОФТ, 2005.


152

AAaxali wignebi:recenzia:

nikoloz CixlaZis monografiaze „Sromis gaazrebis

marTlmadidebluri da ekonomikuri sakiTxebi”

gamoica akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis da quTaisis universitetis profe-soris, ekonomikisa da Teologiis doqtoris, nikoloz CixlaZis mravalmxriv saintereso mon-ografia „Sromis gaazrebis marTlmadidebluri da ekonomikuri sakiTxebi” (red. prof. p. koRu-aSvili. quTaisi, awsu gamomcemloba, - 132 gv.).

warmodgenili naSromi ekonomikis Ziriadi principebis, kerZod ki Sromisa da SromiTi urTierTobebis marTlmadidebluri swavlebis prizmaSi gatarebis erTgvari mcdelobaa.

saqarTveloSi istoriulad Camoyalibebuli TviTmyofadi erovnuli tradicia SromasTan, sakuTrebasTan, ganaTlebis miRebasTan, simdid-ris dagrovebasTan damokidebulebaSi, materi-aluri, sulieri da zneobrivi kriteriumebis Serwymas efuZneboda.

nebismieri sazogadoeba moZraobis, mate-rialuri warmoebis, gareSe warmoudgenelia. swored warmoebis procesSi iqmneba materi-aluri dovlaTi adamianTa moTxovnilebebis da-sakmayofileblad, rac sazogadoebis arsebobis safuZvelia. sabazro sistemaSi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba yovelTvis ganixileba SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi, anu sazoga-doebis mravalferovani moTxovnilebebis maqsi-maluri dakmayofilebis mizniT ekonomika awyde-ba optimaluri arCevanis problemas.

niSandoblivia aRiniSnos, rom kaTolicizmis da protestantizmisagan gansxvavebiT, marTlma-dideblobas ar dauarsebia sakuTari „polite-konomia”, romlis msgavsic daaarsebs kaTolikur evropaSi („samarTliani fasi”, „mogebis dasaSvebi norma”, vaWrobis reglamentacia.

marTlmadideblobaSi umTavresia sulier-eba, adamianis sulieri samyaro da miswrafe-bebi. marTlmadidebluri eTika, upirvelesad ayalibebs „Semusvril guls” da amdenad yo-velgvari garegnuli SinaganiT ganisazRvreba, sulieri gansazRvravs xorciels. maradiuli ki droebiTs. marTlmadidebluri Sromis eTikis centraluri nervi aris sulisa da xorcis Sesatyvisobis aRdgena da rogorc prof. s. bul-gakovi aRniSnavs, Sromis eTika, saboloo jamSi aris sakiTxi sulieri sawyisebis meufebisa mate-rialurze.

Sroma, SromiTi saqmianoba pirvelyovlisa, uflis mcnebebis Sesrulebaa rogorc Zveli, ise axali aRTqmis mixedviT. macxovarma erT-erT ZiriTad mcnebad Sroma dautova kacobriobas -

jer rogorc SemoqmedebiTi misia, xolo cod-viTi dacemis Semdeg, rogorc erTgvari reJimi codvis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.

Zveli aRTqmiseuli mcnebiT Sroma sasiam-ovnoa, siyvaruliT xorcSesxmuli saqmianobaa (dab. 1:28), xolo codviT dacemis Semdeg arsebo-bisaTvis aucilebeli qmedeba (dab. 3:19). es aris aranebayoflobiTi, mZime Sroma, romelic did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs da ar iZleva moralur kmayofilebas. Tumca aseT Sromas Tavisi aRmz-rdelobiTi unariT mainc moaqvs sulieri sarge-beli da SeiZleba miiRos SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTi.

Sroma kacobriobis arsebobis safuZvelia. yovladwminda RvTismSobeli, iosebi da ieso nazareTSi Cveulebrivi, Sromismoyvare adami-anTa cxovrebiT cxovrobdnen. macxovris siyrme da bavSvoba Cveulebrivi ebraeli mozardisagan arafriT gansxvavdeboda. iesos uyvarda Tavisi xalxi, kultura da wmindanebi, uyvarda ubralo adamianebi, romelTac TviTon da misi mSoblebi ganekuTvneboda.

Sromis egzistencianurma aucileblobam asaxva hpova RmerTis erT-erT pirvel mcne-baSi mamakacisa da dedakacis mimarT: „akurTxa RmerTma isini da uTxra: inayofiereT da imrav-leT, aavseT dedamiwa, daeufleT mas, epatroneT zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, yovel cxovels, rac ki dedamiwaze daxoxavs” (dab. 1:28). bunebis daufleba, razec motanil striqonebSia miniS-nebuli, mxolod Sromis gamoyenebis Sedegad aris SesaZlebeli.

codviT dacemam Secvala damokidebuleba adamiansa da bunebas Soris. sawyis periodSi buneba iolad emorCileboda adamians. es iyo faqtobrivad erTianoba, mTlianoba. adamianis RvTisagan gandgomam sasiamovno Sroma Secvala bunebasTan bZoliT da mtruli damokidebule-biT.

naSromis pirvel TavSi ganxilulia Sromis marTlmadidebluri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebi. Sroma, igive “simdidris mama” (uiliam peti), aris fizikuri da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis xarjva saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis procesSi, samewarmeo unari ki, gansakuTrebuli resursi, romelic gergilianobas, moxerxebulobas, gan-sakuTrebuli ekonomikuri aRqmis unars ukavS-irdeba. mewarme gamodis yvela resursis Serw-ymis iniciatorad da dadebiTi katalizatoris rols asrulebs sawarmoo procesebSi.

ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom adamiani simbolu-

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radaa resursebis mflobeli, romelsac mas RmerTi uZRvnis, anu adamianis amqveynad mov-lineba droebiTad aqcevs miwaze mis sakuTre-basac. amdenad, miwisa da kapitalis mesakuTre faqtobrivad aris simboluri mmarTveli, me-nejeri marTvis uflebiT. Sesabamisad, saWiroa gaazreba imisa, rom RmrTisagan naboZebi simdid-ris mmarTvels upirvelesad RvTis winaSe ekis-reba pasuxismgebloba.

ekonomikur urTierTobebSi mewarme mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalaa saboloo Sedegis – mogeb-is misaRebad, eweva biznesTan dakavSirebul mTel risks da novatoricaa Seitanos period-uli koreqtireba axali saxeobis saqonlis, te-qnologiebis dasanergad da a.S.

naSromis pirvel TavSi avtori ganixilavs Zveli da axali aRTqmis damokidebulebas ada-mianis RvTivsaTno Sromisadmi, profesiebs da profesiul urTierTobebs wminda werilSi, pa-tiosani Sromis rols materialuri dovlaTis formirebisa da eris sulieri ganmtkicebis sakiTxSi. avtori xazs usvams, rom uflisagan ukurTxebeli Sromis Sedegi yovelTvis savala-loa, fuWia da mouxmarebeli uRvTo mSromeli-saTvis. winaswarmetyvel miqias piriT ufali aseT „mSromelebs” mkacrad afrTxilebs: „SeWam da ver gaZRebi; SimSili geqneba mucelSi; gada-malav, magram ver SeinarCuneb; rasac SeinarCu-neb, maxvils mivcem. daTesav da ver moimki; zeTs gamoxdi da ver gaipoxebi; Rvinos dawurav da ver Sesvam” (miq. 6:14-15).

ekonomikur urTierTobebTan da saxel-dobr, SromasTan mimarTebiT mniSvnelovania im adreqristianuli yofisa da ganviTarebis faqtorebis ganzogadeba, riTac ukeT SevicnobT realur yofas da warmodgenas SeviqmniT momav-alze. amis Sesaxeb moTxrobilia naSromis meore TavSi.

pirvelqristianTa yofis Seswavla mravalmxriv sainteresoa, rac gansakuTrebulad ikveTeba or wyaroSi - „didaqesa” da „mociqul-Ta saqmeSi”. “didaqe” („moZRvreba Tormeti mo-ciqulisa”) adreqristianuli Zeglia, romelic uflis mowafeTa avtorobiT pativdebul Sromas warmoadgens.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs adreqristianuli krebulis (Temis) menejment-Si gundurobis sakiTxi. am periodisaTvis “iz-rdeboda RvTis sityva da Zalze mravldeboda mowafeTa ricxvi ierusalimSi” (saq. 7:7). pawia iudeisturi seqta, romelic Tavisi warmoSobi-sas qveynierebam TiTqmis ver SeamCnia, sakuTar Tavs aRiqvams rogorc „marils queyanisa” da „na-Tels soflisa”, rogorc wyaros axali naTlisa, romelic mowodebulia, gananaTlos da ixsnas adamianebi.

krebuls saerTo qoneba gaaCnda. qonebis er-

Tianoba ar emorCileboda raime gansakuTrebul wess, aramed iyo nebayoflobiTi, romelsac asuldgmulebda Zmuri siyvaruli da moraluri erToba. saerTo qoneba Zmurad ganiyofoda saWi-roebis mixedviT. es iyo kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze grandiozuli urTierTdax-marebis sazogadoeba saerTo salaroTi.

pirvelqristianTa miwieri moRvaweoba gamoix-ateba qmediT urTierTTanadgomisa da yvelas mimarT zrunvaSi, materialursa da sulierze erTnairad zrunvaSi. “didaqeSi” Sroma SeiZle-ba ramdenime kuTxiT ganvixiloT: RvTivsaTno Sroma, rogorc qristianis yofis aucilebeli piroba, Sroma ganSorebuli sicruisagan, Sromis nayofis msxverplad gaReba uflisa da moyvasis mimarT, anu mowyalebis gacema. ufals ar uyvars sxvis kmayofaze mcxovrebi, uqnara da zarmaci adamiani, TviT mociqulTa CaTvliT.

naSromis mesame Tavi eZRvneba wmindanTa da saeklesio moRvaweTa Sromisadmi damokide-bulebas. aq ganxilulia udides wmindanTa - wm. pavles, wm. ioane oqropiris, wm. grigol RvTismetyvelis, wm.grigol dioloRosis, wm. basili didis, wm. paisi mTawmindelis, wm. io-ane kronStatdelis, wm. serafim sarovelis, wm. egnate brianCaninovis, wm. nikoloz serbis damokidebuleba Sromisadmi.

aseve did qarTvel wmindanTa da saeklesio moRvaweTa - wm. grigol xanZTelis, wm. anton Wyondidelis, wm. keTilmsaxuri mefe Tamaris, wm. aleqsi SuSanias, wm.ilia marTlis, wm. gr-igol feraZis, wm. gabriel episkoposis mimarTe-ba SromiTi saqmianobisadmi. Tavis bolo nawilSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriar-qis, ilia meoris Sexedulebebi Sromisadmi.

vinc ar Sromobs, is arc aris qristiani-gvas-wavlis marTlomadidebloba. avtori atarebs azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom marTlmadideblobis mTa-vari Tezaa „iloce da iSrome”. Sromis saxareba aris erTgvari mowodeba yvela qristianis mima-rT, ganurCevlad misi socialuri an qonebrivi mdgomareobisa. mxolod patiosani, RvTivsaTno saqmianobis (Sromis) Sedegad sazrdos mopoveba aris qristianuli SromiTi moralis qvakuTxedi.

avtori eyrdnoba mravalferovan ekonomikur da saRvTismetyvelo wyaroebsa da internet-resursebs. naSromi Seicavs vrcel anotaciebs inglisur, rusul da ukrainul enebze.

migvaCnia, rom prof. n. CixlaZis monografia kidev erTi kargi SenaZenia rogorc ekonomi-kuri, ise saRvTismetyvelo wreebisaTvis.

aleqsasndre siWinavaekonomikis doqtori, stu-s profesori.


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Рациональное ведение хозяйства с учетом экономических интересов общества и экологических факторов является актуальной проблемой современности. Эта проблема выдвигает на передный план задачи защиты окружающей среды.

По просвестительной программе «Экономика» в ВУЗ-ах страны введен учебный курс «Экономика природопользования».

Обеспечение учебниками и учебными пособиями студентов всегда явилось первоочередной заботой департамента инжинерной экономики факультета бизнес-инженеринга Грузинского технического университета. Недавно ведущий ученый этого департамента, доктор экономических наук, профессор Пармен Бегович Лемонджава опубликовал книгу «Краткий курс лекциий и семинаров по экономике природопользования».�

Научным интересом профессора Лемонджава П.Б. является исследование проблем природопользования и защиты окружающей среды. Грузинская экономическая литература насчитивает более двадцати трудов, посвящёнными им этой важней проблеме современности, в том числе 5 монографии. Проф. Лемонджава П.Б. ведёт курс экономики природопользования в ВУЗ-ах Грузии. Опубликованный им «Краткий курс лекции и семинаров природопользования» основывается на богатый опыт исследовательской и педагогической работы автора. В создание данного учебного пособия автору ценную помощь оказал учебник, опубликованный под редакцией профессора Московского государственного университете им. М.В.Ломоносова Папенова К.В. Согласие на использование материалов данного учебника в своём труде, профессором Лемонджава П.Б. получен официально, и копия этого документа прилогается к книге.

В книге проф. Лемонджава П.Б. «Краткий курс лекции и семинаров по экономике природопользования» в соответствии с программой учебного курса (силабуса) рассмотренны следующие 15 тем:

1. Предмет,задачи и содержание курса Экономики природопользования;

2. Социально-эколого-эконмическая ситуация и природопользование;

3. Взаимодействие объективного и субъективного факторов развития;

4. Взаимосвязь между природой,неселением и производством;

5. Модели взаимосвязей между природой,населением,производством и институциональными структурами;

6. Природопользование и международные отношения:глобализация,монреальский и киотский протокол;

7. Экономическая и экологическая безопасность:альтернатива всеобщности рынка;

8. Экологическая оценка;9. Риски и экологические страхование;10. Государственная экологическая экспертиза;11. Экологический аудит и ущерб природы;12. Оцека природных ресурсов и формы платежей

за их использование;13. Платы за загрязнение окружающей среды;14. Система экологического менеджмента;15. Эффективность использования природных

ресурсов;В первой теме «Предмет,задачи и содержание

курса экономики природопользования» автор доказывает важность изучаемой проблемы, объясняет сущность экономики природопользования а также государственно-социально-экологическую значимость изучаемой проблемы. В остальных выше перечисленных главах автор внимательно рассматривает и понятно для читателя излагает все програмные вопросы, а именно такие как характеристика социально-экономической ситуации, сущность и основные понятия экологии, влияние живых организмов на окружающую среду, охарактеризованный экологические факторы и их взаимодействие, обоснованно их значение. Автор уделяет должное внимание особенностьям экономики природопользования; Подчёркнуто, что оно связующее звено в социально-эколого-экономической системе.

На должном научном уровне представленны модели взаимосвязей между природой,населением,производством и институциональными структурами.автор рассматривает проблемы природопользования в условиях глобализации,уделяет внимание особенностьям экологической безопасности,оцененны экологические риски для здоровья человека,последствия загрязнение воздушного пространства и водного басейна. Объяснена сущность экологического страхования и охарактеризованны их риски, изложены принципы государственной экологической экспертизы и её функции,значение экологического аудита.

В книге должное место отводится вопросам реализации экологических приоритетов в экономике.Автор показывает важность и механизм платежей за загрязнение окружающей среды,уделяет внимание вопросам экологической политики,разъясняет сущность и задачи системы экологического менеджмента даёт критерии и методы определения эффективности использования природных ресурсов и

О проблемах природопльзованияВалерий Кириа-Профессор

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природоохранной деятельности.Книга проф. Лемонджава П.Б. »Краткий

курс лекцийи семинаров по экономике природопользования» может оказать полезную помощ лекторам, читающим данный курс и ведущим семинарские занятия по данной дисциплине, а также русскоязычным студентам и широкому кругу читателей, которые интересуются проблемами защиты окружающей среды и природопользования. К книге прилагается силабус учебного курса.

В тексте часто используется термин “международные отношения” . Считаем, что следуем акцентировать на международные экономические отношения, что видимо и подразумевает автор.

Несотря на то,что в книге встречаются отдельные несоответствия редакционного характера, в целом читается интересно, напечатанна на должном полиграфическом уровне и заслуживает положительную оценку.

Считаем необходимым рекомендовать автору издать данную книгу на грузинском языке, в целях обеспечения студентов этого сектора обучения учебником на родном языке.


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saredaqcio moTxovnebi:

JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statia unda moicavdes mecnieruli kvlevis axal Sedegebs biznessa da inJineriis Semdeg Teoriul da gamoyenebiT sferoebSi:

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ganaTavsebs internetSi _ eleqtronul JurnalSi.

statiebis miiReba qarTul, rusul, inglisur, germanul da frangul enebze qveyndeba origi-nalis enaze.

statiis gaformebis wesi

• statiis moculoba unda Seadgendes araumetes 15 gverdisa da statias Tan unda daerTos: • reziume qarTul da ucxour enaze – teqstis dasawyisSi (reziume unda Seicavdes aranakleb

100-150 sityvas), gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxa – teqstis bolos. • qarTuli teqstisTvis gamoiyeneT qarTul Srifti ��AcadNusx, • xolo inglisuri da rusuli teqstebis Srifti _ Times New Roman. • Sriftis zoma 12, intervali 1,5, yvela kididan daSoreba iyos 2 sm. • statiis TavSi moaTavseT Semdegi informacia: avtoris (Tanaavtoris) saxeli, gvari, akademi-

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