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Business Analysis Project Session 6Evaluating Strategies Andre Samuel

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Page 1: Business Analysis Project - Samuel Learningsamuellearning.org/bus_ana_proj/Session6_Evaluating_Strategies.pdf · will grow by 5% per year and/or new product will achieve a given sales

Business Analysis ProjectSession 6‐ Evaluating Strategies

Andre Samuel

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This Session

• Success Criteria for evaluating Strategic Options:• Suitability• Acceptability• Feasibility

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Evaluating your Strategic Options

• Logic and evidence are paramount in choosing between possible options

• Rational and fact‐based analysis of the options will deliver the strategy most likely to be successful

• Therefore the content of strategy options needs to be evaluated for their contribution to the organization

• This evaluation must be done using defined Success Criteria

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Suitability, Acceptability, Feasibility (SAF)

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Suitability 

• Suitability is concerned with assessing which proposed strategies address the key opportunities and threats an organisation faces, through an understanding of the strategic position of an organisation.

• It is concerned with the overall rationale of the strategy:• Does it exploit the opportunities in the environment  and avoid the threats?

• Does it capitalise on the organisation’s strengths and  strategic capabilities and avoid or remedy the weaknesses?

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Suitability of strategic options in relation to strategic position (1)

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Suitability of strategic options in relation to strategic position

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Some examples of suitability

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Some examples of suitability

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Suitability – screening techniques

There are several useful techniques:• Ranking• Using scenarios• Screening for competitive advantage• Decision trees• Life cycle analysis

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Decision Trees

• Assess strategic options against a list of key factors• Options are eliminated and the preferred option emerges

• Method of prioritizing options • Provide structured view of different options and investigate possible outcomes of choosing each option

• They take into account estimated risks and rewards associated with each possible course of action

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Decision Trees

• Draw the tree with all possible alternative decisions and outcomes.

• Insert a payoff at the end of each branch – the monetary consequences (sales revenues).

• Insert a probability (uncertainty) at each branch of a chance node.

• Roll back (combine the first three steps by simple arithmetic) in order to calculate EMVs (expected monetary values)

• Summarise the optimal path by determining the best alternative and then consider the non‐monetary aspects of the problem

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The life cycle/portfolio matrix

Source: Arthur D. Little

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Acceptability 

• Acceptability is concerned with whether the expected performance outcomes of a proposed strategy meet the expectations of stakeholders

• There are three key aspects of acceptability ‐ the ‘3 R’s’:

• Risk.• Return.• Reactions (of stakeholders).

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Risk• Risk concerns the extent to which the outcomes of a strategy can be predicted.

• Risk can be assessed using:Sensitivity analysis.Financial ratios – gearing ratios and liquidity ratios

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Sensitivity Analysis

• Sometimes referred to as What IF analysis• It allows each of the important assumptions underlying a particular strategy to questioned and challenged

• It will test HOW sensitive the predicted outcome (e.g. profit) is to each of these assumptions

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• For example assumptions may be market demand will grow by 5% per year and/or new product will achieve a given sales level

• Sensitivity analysis asks WHAT would be the effect on performance i.e. profitability of variations on these assumptions

• So if market demand grew by 5% or by as much as 10% would either of these extremes alter the decision to pursue that strategy?

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Example from Lab Session‐ Effect on PerformanceAssumptions: 1. Sales increase by 2%‐ 2000, 4%‐ 2001 and 5%‐ 2002 2. Cost of Sales increase by 2% each year

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Return• Returns are the financial benefits which stakeholders are expected to receive from a strategy.

• Different approaches to assessing return: Financial analysis‐ ROCE, Payback Period, Discounted Cash 

flow, Net Present Value (NPV) Shareholder value analysis‐ Total shareholder return, 

Economic Value Added Cost–benefit analysis.‐ see CBA Template

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Payback Period

• Simplest financial measure• Divide the initial costs by the net cash flow per year• It is the length of time required to recover the project’s initial capital charges and expenses

• The longer the payback period the riskier the project

• Does not account for factors of time value of money

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YEAR NET CASH INFLOW/(OUTFLOW)

CUMULATIVEFLOW

BALANCE

0 (53,627.00) ‐ (53,627.00)

1 42,055.00 42,055.00 (11572.00)

2 15,525.00 57,580.00 3953.00

3 8278.00 65,858.00 12,231.00

4 8727.00 74,585.00 20,958.005 7989.00 82,574.00 28,974.00

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Assessing profitability‐ Payback Period

• The payback period occurs in year 2• If cash flows evenly throughout year 2• Payback period is 1 years 9 months

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Discounting

• Uses a discounted cash flow to alleviate the problem of taking into account the time value of money

• Discount Factor 1

Where ‘i’ is the interest rate used

(1 + i)^n

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What is Present Value 

• If $100.00 is received today and invested for an annual net return of 10%, that $100.00 should be worth $110.00 after one year

• Put another way, $110.00 received in one year’s time is equivalent to receiving only $100.00 TODAY

• Effectively discounting future cash flows back to TODAY’S value

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Present Value Table

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Net Present Value• Think of an abandoned suitcase containing money.• If the amount of cash is positive you will pick it up• If the suitcase contains ‘negative cash’ which would diminish your wealth you will leave it alone

• NPV simply states how much money is in the suitcase and whether it is positive or negative

• NPV technique involves estimating the cash flows associated with an investment, discounting those cash flows received or paid in the future and deducting the cost of the initial investment

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Assessing profitability‐ Discounted Cash Flows

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Measures of shareholder value

Table 11.6  Measures of shareholder value

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Reaction of stakeholders

• Stakeholder mapping and the power/interest matrix can be used to:• understand the political context of strategies.• understand the political agenda.• gauge the likely reaction of stakeholders to  specific 

strategies.

• If key stakeholders find a strategy to be unacceptable then it is likely to fail

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Summary‐ Criteria for Acceptability

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Feasibility 

• Feasibility is concerned with whether a strategy could work in practice i.e. whether an organisation has the capabilities to deliver a strategy

Two key questions:• Do the resources and competences currently exist to implement the strategy effectively?• If not, can they be obtained?

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Financial feasibility

Need to consider:• The funding required.• Cash flow analysis and forecasting.• Financial strategies needed for the different ‘phases’ of the 

life cycle of a business.

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Financial strategy and the business life cycle

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People and skills 

Three questions arise: • Do people in the organisation currently have the competences to deliver a proposed strategy? 

• Are the systems to support those people fit for the strategy? 

• If not, can the competences be obtained or developed?

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People and skills 

Critical issues that need to be considered:• Work organisation – will this need to change?• Rewards – are the incentives appropriate?• Relationships – will people interact differently?• Training and development – are current  systems appropriate?• Staffing – are the levels and skills of the staff  appropriate?

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Integrating resources

• The success of a strategy depends on the management of many resource areas, for example:• people,• finance, • physical resources, • information,• technology and• resources provided by suppliers and partners.

• It is essential to integrate resources – inside the organisation and in the wider value network.