bush & whittaker 1991. krakatau: colonization patterns and
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Bush & Whittaker 1991. Krakatau: Colonization patterns and hierarchies. Journal of Biogeography 18: 341-356.
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three types of vegetation changes
1. phenological changes – beside at individual level (flowering, leavesunfolding etc) present in periodical emergence and dissaperaing of therophytes and geophytes in the plant community. Beside seasonal, it canbe in yearly cycles (deserts)
2 i i f i f i b h2. primary successions – formation of community on substratum wherethere was no vegetation before. Taking place during long time period.
3. secondary successions – all non-phenological changes occuring inalready existing ecosystems. Mostly of much higher intensity (speciesturnover). They are triggered by partial changes in the ecosystem(successions on abandoned fields….).
PRIMARY SUCCESSIONS
Beginning (composition of pioneer species) will be influenced by substratum (type of parent rock, type of soil…)
Light – nutrient ratio
TYPES OF SUCCESSION:Progresive – increase in number of species and structural complexity
Regresive – decrease in number of species and structural complexity (e.g. as a consequence of nutrients leaching from soil)
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TIME
Primary vs. secundary successions
Hydroseres vs. Xeroseres (hydrarch vs. xerarch primary s.) –depending whether it is on dry or moisture substratum
Autogenous successions vs. Alogenous s. – caused by organisms itself (shading; detritus production; cycle of water and nutrients) or by outer(shading; detritus production; cycle of water and nutrients), or by outer factors (e.g. climatic cnages)
Progresive s. vs. Regresive s.
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Succession ends with community in which all species are present in all developmental phases – climax community
In such community species composition remain unchanged during longer time period
d i ilib idynamic equilibrium
Climax community – in balance with dominant environemntal factors on habitat, where the species are in mutual dynamical balance
MONOCLIMAX HYPOTHESIS
POLYCLIMAX H.
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Methods
1. On same area – repeated measures
a) Permanent plots) “ fb) “exclosure” – e.g. control of grazing intensity
c) Remote sensingd) Hystorical data
2. Comparison of areas
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Clements approachEgler calls it “relay floristics”
Egler proposed IFC (InitialEgler proposed IFC (Initial floristic composition) model –(most of the species are present all the time, but their dominance is changing)
Grime (1977, 1979) – disturbance, stres, competition (CSR) – their intensitywill determine succession pathway
Tilman (1985, 1988) – “resource-ratio hypotheses” – presume that particularspecies is superior competitor under certain ratio of resources (usually lightand nutrients). )There are two key elements:
• Interspecific competition for resources• Way of ensuring limited resource on longer term
Huston and Smith …….
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Shallow soil on dolomite or steep limestone
Deeper soil on limestone
Seslerietum kalnikensisInitial stage on rock
Erico-Ostryetum Calamagrosti-Abietetum Piceetum croaticum montanumPermanent forest based on prevailing climate and topography
Fagetum croaticum
montanum abietetosumZonal forest
Atropetum bella-donae
Telekietum speciosae
Clearcuts
Bromo-Plantaginetum Arnico-NardetumMowing / grazing
Poljoprivredna kulturaagriculture
Horvat 1962: Vegetacija planina zapadne Hrvatske
Poljoprivredna kulturaagriculture
Festuco-AgrostetumAlchemillo-TrisetetumAbandoned fields
Bromo-Plantaginetum Arnico-NardetumNutrient reduction
Top five changes for Croatia
Area (ha) Land cover 1990 Land cover 2000
33318 324 Transitional woodland shrub 311 Broad-leaved forest
27259 311 Broad-leaved forest 324 Transitional woodland shrub
8210 243 Land principally occupied by agriculture, with significant areas of natural vegetation 211 Non-irrigated arable land
3771 231 Pastures 242 Complex cultivation patterns
3174 231 Pastures 324 Transitional woodland shrub3174 231 Pastures 324 Transitional woodland-shrub
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http://corine.azo.hr/corine/hr#sthash.ck5mBbpf.dpbs
http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/corine-land-cover-3
http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/PivotApp/pivot.aspx?pivotid=501
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Analyses of vegetation dynamics
PP Vransko jezeroPP Telašćica
Comparison of vegetation/habitat maps p g / p1967‐2010 (scale ≤ 1:50000)
Sviličić, M., 2013. Master thesis, PMF, Zagreb
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“Landscape ecology”: what is it?
Landscape ecology is the study of spatial variation in landscapes at a variety of
http://www.landscape-ecology.org/
Landscape ecology is the study of spatial variation in landscapes at a variety of scales. It includes the biophysical and societal causes and consequences of landscape heterogeneity. Above all, it is broadly interdisciplinary.
The conceptual and theoretical core of landscape ecology links natural sciences with related human disciplines. Landscape ecology can be portrayed by several of its core themes:
the spatial pattern or structure of landscapes, ranging from wilderness to cities,g gthe relationship between pattern and process in landscapes,the relationship of human activity to landscape pattern, process and change,the effect of scale and disturbance on the landscape.
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http://link.springer.com/journal/10980
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Species poor grassland
Restoration – grassland example
Species rich grasslandAgricultural area shrubland
Increase of protection
Increase of productivity
cultivation Grazing decreases
SUCCESSION
re-establishment Shrub removal
Class -etea Querco-Fagetea
Phytocoenological systematics
Order -etalia Fagetalia
Alliance -ion Aremonio-Fagion
Association -etum Omphalodo-Fagetum
Sub-association
-etosum Omphalodo-Fagetum subas. galietosum odorati
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EUROPE
UPPSALA
RUSSIA
ZÜRICH – MONTPELLIER
RELEVÉ - method
- Josias Braun-Blanquet (1928) – “Pflanzensoziologie”
Synonims:- SIGMA (Station Internationale de Geobotanique Mediterraneene et Alpine)- Brain-Blanquet- Zurich-Montpellier (Z-M) school
- Cover estimate (Braun-Blanquet; Domin-Krajina; Daubenmire)
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Cover estimates
Braun-Blanquet Domin-Krajina Daubenmire
Class Cover(%) Class Cover(%) Class Cover(%)
5 75 – 100 10 100 6 95 – 100
4 50 – 75 9 75 – 99 5 75 – 95
3 25 – 50 8 50 – 75 4 50 – 75
2 5 – 25 7 33 – 50 3 25 – 50
1 1 – 5 6 25 – 33 2 5 - 25
+ < 1 5 10 – 25 1 0 – 5
r << 1 4 5 – 10
3 1 – 5
2 < 1
1 << 1
+ <<< 1
sociability
5 – growing in large, almost pure stands4 – g. in small colonies or forming large carpets3 – forming small patches or cushions2 – f. clumps or dense groups1 – growing silitarily
frequency
V – species in 80 – 100 % relevesIV – species in 60 – 80 % relevesIII – species in 40 – 60 % relevesII – species in 20 – 40 % relevesI – species in 0 – 20 % relevessp. 3.2
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Minimal sampling area
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y=log(x)*(6,96777)+(-2,5989)
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broj
vrs
ta
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
površina
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Vegetation type Min. area (m2)
Rainforest 1000 – 50 000
T t f tTemperate forests:
“tree layer” 200 – 500
“ground layer” 20 – 200
Dry temperate grasslands 50 – 100
heaths 10 – 25
Wet grasslands 5 – 10
Mosses and lichens 0,1 - 4