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TRANSCRIPT
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Factors Effecting Active
Mode Choice inTransportation
Shaunna Kay Burbidge
University of California, Santa Barbara
Department of Geography
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Transportation Trends
The Average American spends over433 hours per year, the equivalent of
55 eight hour work days, in their car(Mackett 2003)
The car population is now increasing
five times faster that the humanpopulation (USDOT 1997)
Between 1977 & 1995 the number of
trips the average American took onfoot dropped by 21% (Active LivingNetwork 2003)
Of trips one mile or less,approximately 70% are made byautomobile (Killingsworth 2001)
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Public Health Trends
In 2004 the World Health Organization(WHO) recognized excess weight as
one of the top five health problems indeveloped nations (NIEHS 2004)
Over 130 million Americans are
overweight (64%) 60 million areObese (30%) (USDOH 2004)
These conditions are known to cause heart disease, diabetes,cardio vascular disease, stroke, asthma, cancer, and depression(Blair and Powell 1994)
In the near future obesity will pass smoking as the number onepreventable killer of Americans (WHO 2004)
In 2000 the medical costs attributed to inactivity and obesity totaledover $117 billion dollars (The Funders Network 2003)
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The Connection
Over 200,000 deaths per year (25% of allchronic disease deaths) are attributed to lack
of physical activity (Blair and Powell 2004) Moderate daily physical activity reduces the
risk of heart disease, keeps weight undercontrol, and improves blood cholesterol (AHA
2003)
As little as 30 minutes of physical activity perday can lead to drastic improvements inhealth. (Surgeon Generals recommendation)
Over $76 billion dollars per year in directmedical costs could be saved if all physicallyinactive people met current standards for
regular moderate physical activity (Frank andEngelke 2001)
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Active Transportation
Walking Almost everyone is capable of walking.
It doesnt cost a thing except calories and time
Men who walked at a moderate intensity for atleast 30 minutes per day reduced their risk of
coronary heart disease (Morris & Hardman1997)
Biking More than 42 million Americans own
bicycles and yet currently less than 1% oftrips are made by bike (NIEHS 2004)
People who bike at least 40 km per weekcut their risk of heart disease in half (Dora1999)
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Deterrents to Active Travel
Personal External- Factors effecting mode choice in a personalway that are hard to modify (ex. Disabilities or handicaps)
Personal Internal- Factors effecting mode choice that arecontrollable by policy or persuasion (ex. Attitudes, opinions, or
values held by individuals)
Environmental External- Environmental factors that are not easily
controlled by policy or persuasion (ex. Topography, climate, anddistance)
Environmental Internal- Environmental factors that can becontrolled by policy and persuasion (ex. Community design,densities, mixed uses, etc.)
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Personal Internal
Travel Time
People tend to rule out active modes dueto time constraints
Personal SafetyIf people dont feel safe walking/bikingthey wont
Quality Facilities and Destinations
Destinations and adequate infrastructureare key- If there is nowhere to go, and no
paths to use, active travel will not happen
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Environmental External
TopographyVaried Topography = More Work
Climate90% of individuals consider poor weather adeterrent to walking or biking
DistanceThe most frequently sited reason for nottraveling actively
Thresholds for Active ModesWalking = 1.5 miles Biking = 6 miles
Average Distances for Active ModesWalking = 0.5 miles Biking = 2 miles
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Environmental Internal
Zoning
Separates land uses and isoften blamed for sprawl
Infrastructure Design
Residential Density
Higher Densities promote
active travel
Mixed Uses
Living closer to various
activities encourages activetravel
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Preliminary Questions
Are people really as inactive as other studies claim?
What types of trips are people most likely to take using active means?
What factors play a role in influencing the decision to travel actively?
What kinds of people are most likely to travel actively?
Data Source
Sample of 1505 individuals either living or working in Centre County, PA
CentreSim 2 day fully annotated activity diaries
Patten and Goulias, (2004) provide complete details on the data collection
Research Questions
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Activity Levels of this Sample
Level 1- Extremely active individuals that schedule daily exercise
and walk or bike frequently (1.2%)
Level 2-Active individuals that schedule exercise intermittentlyand walk or bike regularly (3%)
Level 3- Moderately active individuals that dont schedule exercisebut walk or bike occasionally (6.4%)
Level 4- Inactive individuals who are generally sedentary and rarely walk
or bike (89.4%)
Level 5- Captive Sedentary individuals who cannot be active due topersonal or physical limitations (not defined in this research)
Only 6.65% of the individuals studied made any trips using an active mode
5 Taxonomies of Physical Activity
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Trip Purpose for Mode Choice
44.40%11.00%1.90%0.00%0.00%21.30%1.80%To Other Mode
0.00%2.20%1.90%0.00%0.00%0.40%4.10%Visiting
33.30%24.60%17.30%33.33%7.10%4.10%12.60%Recreation
0.00%1.80%1.90%0.00%0.00%0.20%3.50%Errands
0.00%0.20%1.00%0.00%0.00%0.00%0.20%Delivery
0.00%1.00%1.00%0.00%0.00%0.40%7.30%Escort
0.00%0.80%1.00%0.00%0.00%0.60%1.10%Appointment
2.80%0.20%0.00%0.00%0.00%0.20%0.90%Medical
0.00%0.80%0.00%0.00%0.00%0.60%0.30%Refreshment
0.00%5.90%3.80%33.33%14.30%0.40%5.00%Dining
0.00%3.30%0.00%0.00%0.00%1.40%13.00%Shopping
2.80%10.90%17.30%33.33%28.60%5.80%27.80%Return Home
0.00%4.90%8.70%0.00%0.00%19.50%1.30%From School
0.00%3.70%9.60%0.00%21.40%4.10%6.50%From Work
0.00%0.00%0.00%0.00%0.20%0.00%0.00%Other School
11.10%2.50%1.00%0.00%0.00%2.90%2.10%Other Work
2.80%10.90%19.20%0.00%0.00%33.10%1.7.0%To School
2.80%15.20%14.40%0.00%28.6%4.60%10.80%To Work
OtherWalk/
Jog
BicycleMotor-cycleTaxiBusAuto.
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Mode Choice for Trip Purpose
4.00%42.40%0.40%0.00%0.00%19.40%34.80%To Other Mode
0.00%9.30%0.40%0.00%0.00%0.40%89.80%Visiting
0.60%26.90%1.00%0.10%0.10%1.10%70.30%Recreation
0.00%8.90%0.50%0.00%0.00%0.20%90.30%Errands
0.00%12.90%3.20%0.00%0.00%0.00%83.90%Delivery
0.00%2.70%0.10%0.00%0.00%0.30%96.90%Escort
0.00%11.90%0.70%0.00%0.00%2.20%85.20%Appointment
1.00%5.20%0.00%0.00%0.00%1.00%92.80%Medical
0.00%30.80%0.00%0.20%0.00%5.80%63.50%Refreshment
0.00%18.70%0.60%0.00%0.30%0.30%79.90%Dining
0.00%4.70%0.00%0.00%0.00%0.50%94.80%Shopping
0.00%7.00%0.60%0.00%0.10%0.90%91.30%Return Home
0.00%29.30%2.60%0.00%0.00%27.60%40.50%From School
0.00%9.60%1.30%0.00%0.40%2.60%86.20%From Work
0.00%33.30%0.00%0.00%0.00%33.30%33.30%Other School
1.40%17.70%0.30%0.0%0.00%4.90%75.70%Other Work
0.20%38.70%3.50%0.00%0.00%27.60%30.10%To School
0.10%21.00%1.00%0.00%0.30%1.50%76.20%To Work
OtherWalk/JogBicycleMotorcycleTaxiBusAutomobile
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Factors Effecting Mode Choice
Age
Mean age for active travelers is threeyears younger than the generalpopulation-mode age is 29 yearsyounger
For all cases age proved to be asignificant factor for mode choice (atthe .01 level)
2238.538.63All Active
223938.93Walk
222934.9Bike
ModeMedianMean
25.000.010.100.300.66All
Active
100.010.100.300.59Walk
25.000.100.500.752.01Bike
MaxMinModeMedianMean
Distance
Threshold distance:
Walk = 1.43 Miles (1.5)Bike = 5.78 Miles (6.0)
Average Distance:Walk = 0.59 (0.5)
Bike = 2.01 (2.0)
Distance was significant in determiningmode choice (R2 = 0.96)
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Latent Cluster Analysis
Generally Younger (Between 20 & 40)
College Educated24.9% BD, 17.0% MD, 12.2% Ph.D.
Not Divorced, Separated or Widowed
Small Households70.5% < 3 people in the home
Higher Income
57% > $50,000 & 12.3% > $100,000
Multiple Vehicles
65.28% had two or more automobiles
Driving Ability
86.5% have a valid drivers license
What Does an Active Traveler
Look Like?
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Transportation allows individuals the opportunity to increasephysical activity and promote an active lifestyle
There are numerous deterrents to active transportation andsome can be controlled through planning and design
Active mode choice is impacted by trip purpose with activemodes most likely being utilized for recreation and travel towork and school
Age and distance both have a significant effect on active modechoice
Active travelers generally share multiple demographic
characteristics
Conclusions
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Questions & Comments