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BULLETINof the

FLORIDA STATE MUSEUMBiological Sciences

Volume 22 1977 Number 3

FISHES OF THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON

AND ADJACENT WATERS, FLORIDA

R. GRANT GILMORE, JR.

IS 4 5 6

*SM> ; f 5 S "I £9 8 1

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA GAINESVILLE

Numbers of the BULLETIN OF THE FL0RIDA STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES,are published at irregular intervals. Volumes contain about 300 pages and are not necessarilycompleted in any one calendar year.

OLIVER L. AUSTIN, jR ., EditorRHODA J. RYBAK, Managing Editor

Consultants for this issue:C. RICHARD ROBINS

FRANKLIN F. SNELSON, JR.

Communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publications and all manuscriptsshould be addressed to: Managing Editor, Bulletin; Florida State Museum; University of Florida;Gainesville, Florida 32611.

This public document was promulgated at an annual cost of $2,088.99 or$2.088 per copy. It makes available to libraries, scholars, and all interestedpersons the results of researches in the natural sciences, emphasizing thecircum-Caribbean region.

Publication date: July 21, 1977 Price: $2.10

FISHES OF THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOONAND ADJACENT WATERS, FLORIDA

R. GRANT GILMORE, JR.1

SYNOPSIS: A qualitative analysis of the ichthyofauna of east central Florida including theIndian River lagoon, its tributaries, and the adjacent continental shelf has accumulated recordsfor 609 species. These species are listed in tabular form, including biotopic distribution andrelative abundance. It is predicted that 704 species should eventually be collected from thisarea. The transitional nature of the Indian River ichthyofauna is emphasized, as tropical Carib-bean and warm temperate Carolinian faunas overlap considerably within the Cape Canaveralarea. Recorded as new range extensions into this area are 135 fishes, mostly of tropical origin.

A physical description of the region is also given with a brief discussion of geology, watersalinities, and temperature.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 101ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. .. 104MATERIALS AND METHODS . 104DESCRIPTION OF THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON AND VICINITY 106REGIONAL BIOTOPES AND AssocIATED FISHES 114DISCUSSION . 120LITERATURE CITED . 122

INTRODUCTION

Although the fishes of the Indian River region of east central Florida (Fig.1) belong to the relatively well known Western Atlantic shore fish fauna, themarine and estuarine species of the Indian River have never been studied indetail. No comprehensive list, based on actual capture records, of the fishesthat occur here has been published.

The Indian River is a narrow estuarine lagoon system extending fromPonce de Leon Inlet in Volusia County south to Jupiter Inlet in Palm BeachCounty (Fig. 1). It lies within the zone of overlap between two well knownfaunal regimes (i.e. the warm temperate Carolinian and the tropical Carib-bean). To the north of the region, Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928), Fowler(1945), Struhsaker (1969), Dahlberg (1971), and others have made major

'The author is Fisheries Biologist, Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc., Fort Pierce, Florida 33450. This is Science ContributionNo. 67 from the Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc.

GILMORE, R. GRANT. 1977. Fishes of the Indian River Lagoon and Adjacent Waters, Florida.Bull. Florida State Mus., Biol. Sci. 22(3):101-148.

Ponce do Leon Inlit

SmyrnaBeach ~

Titu'Illte

It6 *and N2., ' ' Cape Canaveral

COC.8

I E

Canove Beach

Melbourne

AT

LA

NT

IC

I Sebastian *lot

Creek

o'

OC

EA

NVero Rlomar BeachBeach ,

* Fort Plerce Inlet

Jensen

ua SLLucie Inlet

, Hote Sound

.Lolahat .'River'

Jupiter iniet

FIGURE 1.-The Indian River lagoon and associated waters.

1977 GILMORE: INDIAN RIVER FISHES 103

ichthyofaunal reviews of the coastal waters of the southeastern United States.McLane (1955) and Tagatz (1967) have made extensive surveys of the fishesof the St. johns River, including theestuarine portions. Southeast of the IndianRiver region, B6hlke and Chaplin (1968) surveyed the fishes of the Bahamas.The tropical fish fauna south of the Indian River lagoon has been thoroughlyreported on by Herrema (1974), Starck (1968), and Longley and Hildebrand(1941). These workers made extensive fish surveys in Palm Beach and Browardcounties, the Florida Keys, and Dry Tortugas, respectively.

The first major study of the fishes in the Indian River lagoon was con-ducted by Evermann and Bean (1897). They listed 106 species found in theIndian River lagoon and its inlets, but their report concentrated on species ofcommercial value and they procured most of their records in local fish houseswhere precise locality data are frequently lacking.

Not until 1957-1959 was another ichthyological study made within theIndian River lagoon. During this time V.G. Springer (1960) made severalcollections in the St. Lucie Inlet area (Fig. 1). His report contains a list of 62species as well as temperature and salinity data. Gunter and Hall (1963) alsomade fish collections in the St. Lucie River estuary during the same timeperiod, primarily to assess the effect of freshwater release from the St. LucieCanal on the local fish fauna. They took seasonal temperature and salinitydata with the 83 fish species they collected. From 1960 to 1965 Christensen(1965) made a qualitative seasonal survey of the fishes found in the JupiterInlet area and associated freshwater tributaries at the extreme southern endof the Indian River (Fig. 1). This was the most extensive survey to date in theIndian River region and presents data on 276 species, a number of which aretropical fishes not previously recorded as far north as Jupiter.

All of the Indian River regional collections above combine to give a totalof 286 species for the lagoon system.

From 1933 to 1935 the trawler R/V LAUNCH 58 made offshore collec-tions on the continental shelf adjacent to the Indian River lagoon (Andersonand Gehringer 1965). Their less than 94 trawling hours produced quantitativetrawl data on 64 species. From 1956 to 1957 and 1961 to 1964 the R/VSILVER BAY, R/V COMBAT, and R/V PELICAN made 421 trawl stationsin this region. The 105 species these three vessels collected here were com-piled in a publication by Bullis and Thompson (1965). Anderson and Geh-ringer (1965) published a report covering 134 species in both the offshore andinshore fishery in the Cape Canaveral area and reviewed the previous con-tinental shelf collections made by the aforementioned research vessels.Stewart Springer (1963) published an account of sharks from data taken inan offshore shark fishery based in Salerno, near Stuart, Martin County (17species). Futch and Dwinell (1977) recently completed a nearshore ichthyo-fauna survey off Hutchinson Island including seasonality notes for 75 fishspecies.

104 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM Vol. 22, No. 3

All of the continental shelf collections recorded approximately 210 fishspecies for the area.

The combined total of fishes reported in the literature from the IndianRiver lagoon and adjacent continental shelf is 454 species. Although Briggs(1958) did not collect here, he lists some 453 species that should range throughthe region. The 453 species Briggs reported is coincidental and are not nec-essarily the same reported by previous authors.

The intent of the current investigation is to fill in the gaps left by the abovepapers and make an updated assessment of the Indian River region ichthyo-fauna together with a regional physical description.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study was initiated under the direction of Robert Gore who helped in various aspectsof the fish survey. During this period (1971 to 1975) LaVergne Williams, George Kulczycki,Wayne Magley, and many others at Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc., helped with field collec-tions. Williams and Jon Dodrill collected most of the sharks, remoras, mackerels, and billfishes.Robert Avent collected many continental shelf fishes during the R/V GOSNOLD cruises.Robert Jones made several invaluable observations and collections during lock-out dives fromthe JOHNSON-SEA-LINK submersible.

The State Department of Natural Resources and the captain and crew of the R/V HERNANCORTEZ kindly donated fishes collected from that vessel. George Kulczycki and David Mookmade a number of these cruises for the Harbor Branch Foundation.

Carter R. Gilbert of the Florida State Museum, Gainesville, aided with specimen identifi-cations, recent taxonomic changes, and kindly accepted the Harbor Branch Foundation collec-tions. Richard Robins of the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences made helpfultaxonomic suggestions on the initial faunal lists and reviewed the final manuscript. Stephen Ross,Victor Springer, C.E. Dawson, Andrew Leslie, Walter Courtenay, Hector Harima, and LabbishChao verified fish identifications m their respective areas of interest.

The late Robert Harrington of the Florida State Department of Health Entomological Re-search Laboratory at Vero Beach kindly discussed new records of fishes he had collected in thisregion and gave insight into past ecological conditions here. David Kirtley, Nat Eiseman, andDavid K. Young of the Foundation read and made suggestions on descriptive portions of themanuscript. Robert Jones painstakingly reviewed the manuscript in its entirety and madehelpful suggestions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In November 1971 fish collections began in the Indian River lagoon for the Harbor BranchFoundation as part of a field study program to assess qualitatively the estuarine and marinefauna. By the end of 1975 over 1,000 collections had been made at 376 stations in the IndianRiver lagoon, its freshwater tributaries, and nearshore Atlantic reefs along 157 coastal milesextending from New Smyrna Beach to Jupiter Inlet (Fig. 2).

During the fall of 1973 offshore trawl stations, using the R/V GOSNOLD, were establishedas part of the Indian River study. Beginning in April 1974 fishes were also taken by a FloridaState Department of Natural Resources vessel, the R/V HERNAN CORTEZ, operating in theAtlantic off Cape Canaveral. The DNR kindly made these specimens available to the IndianRiver study. The two vessels together accounted for 129 offshore staqons (Fig. 2).

As collecting techniques centered around juvenile fish populations in shallow water grassflats and mangrove habitats, small mesh (3 to 6.4 mm) beach seines 3 to 67 m in length were usedextensively. We also used 2-m cast nets, crab traps, wire fish traps, SCUBA gear, dip nets, 185-mgill nets, 3' and 7' otter trawls, and fish toxicants.

Fishes collected on the inshore Atlantic reefs and in Jupiter Inlet were all collected with theaid of diving gear, dip nets, spear guns, and quinal(line, rotenone, or Chemfish.


The sharks were collected prmcipally from the surf zone or waters less than 600 m from thebeach with either'a suiface or bottom set longline or conventional fishing gear. Because of therelatively large hook size employed, the longline was selective for larger species of sharks. Mostofthe smaller specimens were taken with conventional fishing gear.

Offshore surface collections of pelagic bony fish species were made with dip nets and con-ventional fishing gear. LaVergne Williams made a relatively concentrated fishing effort (10

New . Ponce de Leon Inlet

Sm¥rnas 2406Beach f

.Cape Conaveral

20Om3Om o

12m oio

00:o0

O 0 0 -2*Si

O 8 080 10 0

8*bantlan O 00

0 0%0 0. O0

o 0o0

0000

Fort Pierce i. ~~0 ~~ a

St. Lucie : . 8 10 80: 0River ~~ 0 00

00 0.

\0 00Juplt.r o oo

FIGURE 2.-Collecting stations in the Indian River lagoon (solid dots),and continental shelf (open circles). The northern most groupingrepresents the R/ V HERNAN CORTEZ cruises and the remamderare R/V GOSNOLD collections. Of the 129 continental shelf sta-tions, 76% are otter trawls and the other dip nets and dredges (Nov.1973 to Sept. 1974).


fishing hours per week) from 1970 to 1973 by surface trolling east of Sebastian Inlet in depthsof 50 to 200 m. He kept accurate records of size and location of offshore catches of game fishthat were included in this survey.

Salinities were recorded with a temperature compensated Goldberg refractometer that canbe read to 0.5 ppt. Bottom type (dominant vegetatiu, etc.), shore type, tidal state, weatherconditions, water visibility, and sea state were also noted,at each station.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON AND VICINITY

GEOGRAPHY.-As Evermann and Bean (1897) noted, the term "river" is amisnomer. The Indian River region encompasses a shallow estuarine lagoonextending for 253 km (157 mi) from latitude 29°05'N to 26°58'N (Fig. 2).The northern terminus for this region is at Ponce de Leon Inlet in VolusiaCounty and the southern at Jupiter Inlet in Palm Beach County (Fig. 1). Thewidth of the lagoon varies from a few meters at the Jupiter Narrows and thesouth bridge at New Smyrna Beach to 8.9 km (5.5 mi) north of Titusville. Thenarrow strip of land east of the lagoon is a barrier island cut by five artificialinlets of varying size and depth, all maintained by the Army Corps of En-gineers: Ponce de Leon (previously known as Mosquito Inlet), Sebastian, FortPierce, St. Lucie, and jupiter. The land on the east bank at Cape Canaveral isthe most extensive with a large peninsula, Merritt Island, dividing the IndianRiver lagoon on the west from the Banana River lagoon to the east (Fig. 1).The average depth is approximately 1.5 m with the maximum occurring indredged channels and harbors. The Intracoastal Waterway is dredged to anaverage depth of 3.7 m north of Ft. P.ierce and to 3.1 m from Ft. Pierce southto Jupiter. This dredged channel has an average width of 30 m. A ship lockat Cape Canaveral connects the Banana River lagoon with the AtlanticOcean, but the locks opening depends on daily boat traffic.

The Indian River lagoon north of Titusville is separated on the east bankfrom the Mosquito Lagoon by a narrow strip of land that is dissected by anopen canal (i.e. the Haulover Canal). The northern end of the Banana Riveris separated from the Mosquito Lagoon only by a shallow marsh with waterscoming within 0.8 km of a direct connection between the two.

Along the west bank of the Indian River lagoon a system of relict sanddunes rises up to 24 m in height. Beyond these dunes, coastal lowlands andmarshes extend up to 96.7 km inland.

DRAINAGE-A number of small, low-gradient rivers, creeks, and canals flowinto the Indian River lagoon (Fig. 1). The most extensive proximate watershedis the St. johns marsh 11 to 16 km west of the lagoon. The surface waters ofthis marsh flow north into the St. Johns River rather than into the IndianRiver lagoon. The St. Lucie River drains 1165 sq km (450 sq mi) in St. Lucieand Martin counties (Gunter and Hall 1963). This river and associated canalsystem discharge freshwater overflow from Lake Okeechobee and marshesbetween the lake and the coast to St. Lucie Inlet. According to Christensen(1965) the extensive marshes east of Lake Okeechobee feed into the Loxa-


hatchee River (draining 855 sq km or 330 sq mi) which opens at Jupiter Inlet.The rivers and freshwater canals all have locks that are opened or closed de-pending on climatic conditions and associated water levels farther inland.The times of opening and amounts of fresh water released from these canalsvary.

GEOLOGY.-The barrier island on the east bank and the lowlands andmarshes of the west bank for several kilometers inland are of Pleistocene age,primarily the Anastasia Formation, which consists of coquina shell marl withvarying amounts of quartz sand (Cook 1945). The formation was depositedby multiple marine invasions over the St. Johns drainage basin west of the ·Indian River region. Farther south and out of the study area, the AnastasiaFormation intergrades into the more calcareous Miami Oolite Formation.

The lithified Anastasia coquina forms rock bluffs at the river's edge atMelbourne, Eau Gallie, and at the south end of Merritt Island on both sidesof the Indian River lagoon in Brevard County. These same rock formationsoccur in the intertidal zone on the Atlantic side at various locations from PalmBeach County northward to central Brevard County. Extensive submergedAtlantic reef formations run from north of Sebastian Inlet south to JupiterInlet, both near shore and out to the 110 m isobath. The deeper reef ledgesmay have reliefs as high as 10 m, but are more commonly in the 0.5 to 1.5 mrange, at least on the inshore reefs. In the lagoon itself, either by dredgingor by natural erosion, the coquina rock in the Intracoastal Waterway innorthern St. Lucie County has been undercut along the edge of the waterwayto form a small, 0.5 to 1.0 m high ledge that shelters numerous invertebrateand fish species.

SALINITY-The salinity of the Indian River lagoon, because of its estuarinenature, varies up and down the coast, depending on rainfall, freshwaterdrainage systems (i.e. how often canal locks are opened), evaporation, andaccess to the Atlantic Ocean (Table 1).

The natural system of fresh and marine water exchange within the north-ern half of the Indian River has undergone many recent changes. The canalconnecting Mosquito Lagoon and the Indian River lagoon north of Titusville,the Canaveral Locks (completed 1965), Sebastian Inlet (dredged in 1921), Ft.Pierce Inlet (dredged in 1921), numerous mosquito impoundments (see mos-quito impoundment section below), 19 bridges and causeways, and manyartificial freshwater flood canals draining marshes and agricultural land westof the lagoon have caused major changes in the lagoon hydrography and,quite likely, species distribution. Prior to these changes in the northern sectionof the lagoon, the only inlet south of Ponce de Leon was a small shallowephemeral inlet (Indian River Inlet) 3.5 km north of the present Ft. PierceInlet. Because of its shallow depths (Evermann and Bean 1897) the waterexchange that did take place must have been localized. This inlet was 154km south of the northern end of the lagoon (Sebastian Inlet is now 111 kmsouth).

TABLE 1.-SALINITY.AND TEMPERATURE RANGES FOR THE INDIAN AND BANANA RIVER LAGOONAL SYSTEMS.108

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Salinity Temp.Stations Date N Range 0/00 R x N Range ('C.) R -X

Brevard Co.Haulover Canall Jan. 1968- ? 27.0-38.0 (11.0) 32.5 ? 11.0-30.0 (19.0) 22.7

May 1975Haulover Canal° Jan. 1974- ? 22.0-42.0 (20.0) 20.0 ? 11.0-32.5 (21.5) 21.5

May 1975Indian R. Jan. 1968- ? 20.0-37.5 (17.5) 30.2 ? 11.0-30.0 (19.0) 22.7Titusville' May 1971Indian R. Nov. 1971- ? 21.0-34.0 (13.0) 29.1 ? 17.0-37.9 (20.9) 25.7Titusville, Aug. 1972

Indian R. Jan. 1968- ? 18.8-36.6 (17.8) 25.8 ? 12.0-30.0 (18.0) 22.7Cocoa' May 1971Banana R. Jan. 1968- ? 9.344.5 (25.2) 21.8 ? ?40.0 22.2S.R. 520' May 1971Indian R. Jan. 1968- ? 11.6-34.0 (22.4) 22.3 ? 12.0-30.0 (18:0) 23.3Melbournet May 1971Indian R. Jan. 1968- ' ? 11.6-37.2 (25.6) 25.1 ? 14.0-29.0 (15.0) 22.212.9 km N. of May 1971Sebastian Inlet'Indian R. I)ec. 1971- (138) 16.0-35.0 (19.0) 28.6 (137) 15.0-29.0 (14.0) 24.01.6 km N. of Nov. 1972Sebastian Inlef

Indian River Co.Indian R. Dec. 1971 (140) 4.0-36.0 (32.0) 22.9 (137) 13.0-29.0 (16.0) 23.5Wabass03Indian R. Dec. 1971- (137) 6.042.0 (26.0) 22.5 (137) 16.0-300 (14.0) 24.1Vero Beachs Nov. 1972

St. Lucie Co.

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109Indian R. Dec. 1971- (704) 18.5-37.0 (18.5) 29.8 (704) 13.0-31.0 (18.0) 24.3HBF Lab, Sept. 1973

Indian R. Dec. 1971- (100) 16.0-36.0 (20.0) 31.0 (98) 17.0-30.0 (13.0) 24.7N. Bridge Aug. 1972Rt. AIA'

Indian R. Dec. 1971- (122) 29.0-36.0 (70) 25.1 (122) 17.0-30.0 (13.0) 22.1S. Bridge Jan. 1973Ft. Pierce'

Indian R. Jan. 1971. (142) 18.046.0 (18.0) 30.0 (137) 14.0-29.5 (15.5) 23.43-6 km S. of S. Feb. 1973Bridge. Ft.Pieree3

Martin Co.Mouth of St. Jan. 1957- (55) 0.15-32.8 (30.6) 10.7 (112) 14.4-30.9 (16.5) 23.3Lucie River & Jan. 1959Indian R. atSewall Pt.4

Palm Beach Co.Jupiter Inlets July 1960- (29) 16.5-37.5 (21.0) 31.8 (31) 20.5-36.0 (15.5) 27.5

Jan. 1965Mouth of C-18 July 1960 (4) 1.5-30.2 (28.7) 15.5 (4) 22.0-32.5 (los) 27.5Canal S. ForkLoxahatchee R.'

'Crizzel (1968-1971)'Neven and Lasater (1971), Lasater and Carey (1972)'Coreet W. (1971-1973), Wilcox and Mook (1972-1973)'Gunter and Hall (1963)'Christensen (1965)"Young (1975)


Even after inlets were dug, Ponce de Leon, Sebastian, Ft. Pierce, St.Lucie, and Jupiter inlets were not dredged:regularly, and all were frequentlyclosed by sand deposition from parallel (southerly) inshore ocean currents.Christensen (1965) notes that from 1942 to 1947 Jupiter Inlet was closed andthe Indian River lagoon in this area became fresh. During this same periodSebastian Inlet also closed. By comparison the salinity range ih Jupiter Inletfrom 1960 to 1965 was 16.5 to 37.5 0/00 with a mean of 31.8 0/00 (see Table1). Thus when the inlets were closed little estuarine discharge was possible.When this occurs salinities can change considerably depending on theweather. Turbulent fall and winter storms that send ocean waters across thebarrier islands forming small temporary inlets often counter this situation. Itmay therefore be presumed that these changing conditions led to extremes ofsalinity range that, when combined with a greater variation in temperature inthe northern section of the lagoon, might have a profound influence on faunaldiversity, at least seasonally.

In comparison the regular maintenance of seven inlets and locks and theactive control of freshwater runoff today has allowed tidal influence tomoderate the annual salinity range of the Indian River in the vicinity of theinlets. The average mean annual salinity for the entire river is 25.6 0/00(based on data from Table 1). This value is relatively high but is not surprising,as tides apparently influence much of the lagoon south of Sebastian Inlet.North of Sebastian Inlet evaporation and freshwater runoff begin to affectsalinity to a greater degree with wind-driven water movements becomingmore predominant. Major freshwater influence occurs locally near the mouthsof the St. Lucie and Loxahatchee rivers. The mean annual salinity for muchof the river, excluding the two major river mouths, should be closer to 270/00. The recorded annual salinity range is least at the Haulover Canal andin the lagoon at Ft. Pierce Inlet where higher salinities are normally found.The mean annual salinity range for all stations combined is 20.9 0/00 (19.60/00 excluding the mouths of the St. Lucie and Loxahatchee Rivers).

Table 1 shows that major freshwater sources may lower wet season (May -October) lagoon salinities considerably at Wabasso, Vero Beach, North Bridgeat Ft. Pierce, and at St. Lucie Inlet. At Stuart in Martin County, the St.Lucie River and the St. Lucie Flood Control Canal empty into the Atlanticthrough St. Lucie Inlet. Here, especially when the locks of the St. Lucie Canalare opened, salinity may drop markedly, for example from 23.0 to 0.2 0/00 inless than 24 hours (seasonal range of 0.15 to 32.8 0/00; Gunter and Hall 1963V. Springer 1960).

TEMPERATURE-Because of the shallow average depth of the Indian Riverlagoon, air temperature variations appear to be most effective in controllingwater temperature and, therefore, the fish distribution within the lagoon. Themean annual air temperature at New Smyrna Beach is 1.6°C lower than atJupiter (Thomas 1970). The range in annual air temperatures is greater in


the New Smyrna Beach Ponce de Leon Inlet area than at Cape Canaveraland so on as one proceeds farther south, although summer air temperatures(June-August) are relatively homogeneous for the entire lagoon. The fishfauna must therefore adjust its distribution according to the resultant riverwater temperatures (Table 1).

The lowest water temperature recorded for this region was 8.0°C fromthe lagoon in northern Brevard County, whereas Christensen (1965) neverrecorded a water temperature below 20.0° C in the lagoon at Jupiter Narrows.Occasional periods of very low air temperatures (e.g. January to February,1957-1958) to 0.0°C as far south as Stuart bring water temperatures down to alethal low (14.4°C) for fishes of tropical and subtropical affinities (e.g. Mega-bps atlantica, Elops saums, Centropomus undecimalis and several gerreids;Gunter and Hall 1963).

Atlantic Ocean surface and bottom water temperatures taken adjacent tothe coast over the 3 to 10 m isobaths show a trend similar to the air tempera-tures (Table 2). The low winter temperatures ranged lower in the northernsection increasing the annual temperature range substantially over that forthe Jupiter Inlet area.

Taylor and Stewart (1958) described an interesting temperature phe-nomenon caused by upwellings in this part of Florida. During the summermonths, July and August specifically, an annual inshore decrease in watertemperatures often occurs along the east coast from Fernandina Beach toWest Palm Beach, with the most dramatic drop occurring around DaytonaBeach and Cape Canaveral. Readings made in the Canova Beach area, Bre-vard County, 34 km north of Sebastian Inlet, during 1946-57 showed a tem-perature drop that persisted through July and August, from 26.7° in June to22.3°C in July, well below the average surface temperatures taken there in1956. Summer upwellings are also common in the St. Lucie area (S. Springer1963). Harbor Branch personnel observed an unusually low surface seawatertemperature of 22.0°C in August 1972 at Sebastian Inlet (flood tide, salinity of35.5 0/00).

Table 2 reveals that at a bottom depth between 30 and 150 m the watertemperature is lower during July and August than during the othir monthsof the year.

The seaward influence of these cold water upwellings is uncertain, but adecline in the fishing associated with this phenomenon has been reported bycommercial and sport fishermen. The associated decline in fishing has beenobserved out to a depth of 40 m (6.4 to 33.6 km offshore) and has been blamedfor fish kills (S. Springer 1963).

Studies have not yet been conducted to see what effect this upwellingof cold water might have on the inshore reef fish fauna, which has definitetropical affinities (see Atlantic reef biotope section below). Christensen(1965) noted this cold water upwelling in June and August at Jupiter and saw

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TABLE 2,-REGIONAL SURFACE (S) AND BOTrOM (B) SEAWATER TEMPERATURE ('C) FOR THE CONTINENTAL SHELF (FROM CLARK et al. 1970)

LongitudeLatitude

and Date 80°40' 80°30' 80°20' 80°10' 80°00' 79°59(s) (b) (s) (b) (s) (b) (s) (b) (s) (b)

29°00'

Depth (m) (20) (21) (32)

May 23.5 23.0 23.0 22.0 24.0 19.0July-August 26.5 23.0 27.0 22.0 27.5 20.0October 23.5 24.0 24.0 24.0 26.0 25.0Jan.-Feb. 15.0 14.0 18.0 15.0 21.0 17.0

28°30'Depth (m) (15) (22) (60) (150)May 24.5 23.0 24.5 22.0 25.0 19.0 26.0 16.0July-August 27.0 23.0 26.0 18.0 26.5 15.0 27.0 11.0October 25.0 24.0 26.5 25.0 27.0 25.0 27.0 19.0Jan.-Feb. 16.0 15.5 20.0 17.0 22.0 18.0 22.0 16.0

28°00'

Depth (th) (17) (23) (33) (66)

May 23.4 23.0 24.0 22.0 24.5 20.0 25.0 17.0July-August 26.0 24.0 27.0 22.0 27.5 17.0 28.0 13.0October 24.5 24.0 26.0 25.0 26.5 25.0 27.0 16.0Jan.-Feb. 17.0 17.0 19.0 17.0 21.0 18.0 22.0 18.5

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Depth (m) (31) (72) (310)May 24.0 21.0 25.0 18.0 26.0 16.0July-August 28.0 21.0 29.0 14.0 29.0 13.0October 25.5 25.0 26.0 18.0 27.0 11.0Jan.-Feb, 21.0 20.0 23.0 20.5 24.0 21.027°00'Depth (m) (40) (340)May 26.0 20.0 26.0 16.0July-August 29.0 16.0 29.0 13.0October 26.0 24.0 27.0 11.0Jan.-Feb. 23.0 22.0 24.0 22.0


indications of "temporary distress in some shore fishes," but he did not see"winter kill" as Gunter and Hall (1963) noted for low winter temperaturesin the St. Lucie area.

REGIONAL BIOTOPES AND AssocIATED FISHES

FRESHWATER TRIBUTARIES AND CANALS.-The major freshwater rivers,

streams, and canals that feed into the Indian River lagoon fall into this bio-tope. Where stream vegetation has not been disturbed by man, such plants asPanicum, and Typha form a dense shore cover. A variable quantity of sub-merged plants such as Elodea densa and Hydrilla verticillata and a surfacecover of Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia straitioites or Pontederia lanceolata alsooccur. The dominant plant depends on stream flow, substratum; and otherphysical variables. All streams in this part of Florida have shallow gradientsand currents are generally moderate to sluggish, depending on rainfall orfloodgate manipulation. The water level and flow rate may increase whena lock holding back significant amounts of stored water is opened.

Table 3 shows that 110 fish species have been collected from this biotope.Of these fishes 59 (54%) are euryhaline and are also found in brackish tomarine waters either in the Indian River lagoon or in the Atlantic Ocean(e. g. gerreids, cyprinodontids, poeciliids, and centropomids). Therefore pri-mary freshwater fishes form a minority of the freshwater fauna. Kushlan andLodge (1974) found this to be the predominate characteristic of the SouthFlorida freshwater ichthyofauna. Several less common euryhaline tropicalforms have also been collected in this biotope (e. g. Gobiomorus dormitor,Awaous taiasica, Oostethus lineatus, and Pomadasys crocro).

CANAL AND RIVER MOUTHS.-This biotope is characterized by a wide

salinity range (0.0-33.0 0/00; mean salinity 15.0 0/00) relative to adjacentmarine and fresh-water biotopes (Table 1). The predominant bottom type issand-mud. Halophilic species are lacking, and where natural shore vegetationhas not been destroyed Rhizophora and Spartina are gradually replaced byTaxodium andT!/pha. The water quality varies considerably with tide cycles,but is generally turbid with organic detrital material, tannin, and suspendedsediments.

These waters are truly estuarine and the fish fauna consists of a euryhalinespecies group (109 species) with marine affinities (Table 3).

Local commercial and sport fishing interests claim that a large drop insalinity within a short period of time, such as occurs periodically when locksare opened in the St. Lucie Estuary, may limit the number of marine invadersinto the estuary and reduce their fish catches. Contrary to the opinion oflocal spoit fishermen, Gunter and Hall (1963) stated that the "5t. LucieEstuary is characterized as an area of high production of a wide variety ofsport and food fishes, a condition which has developed and been enhanced by


periodic discharges of fresh water and nutrient materials" (from the St. LucieCanal). They found that the largest collections of Mug{4 Breuoortia, Micro-pogon, Menidia, and Anchoa mitchilli occurred during or after freshwaterreleases from the St. Lucie canal. On the other hand, they noted that Trachi-notus and small lutjanids left the estuary when very low salinities were -prevalent. Stenohaline marine fishes would be those most likely to be affectedby freshwater discharge. In the sport fishing category this would includemost of the lutjanids, serranids, and scombrids; the latter two are pre-dominantly fished on the continental shelf. Many of the inshore sport andgame fishes (i.e. centropomids, elopids, sparids, and sciaenids) in this area areeuryhaline and would theoretically be little affected by salinity changes.

MosQUITo IMPOUNDMENTS.-The mangroves Rhizophom mangle, Auicen-nia nitida, Laguncularia racemosa, and Conocatpus erectus are the most domi-nant and conspicuous shoreline vegetation throughout the Indian River la-goon. A recent development in this region that has greatly affected themangrove community is the extensive impoundment of many acres of tidalmangrove stands (Provost 1959, 1967). Dikes were built around high marshvegetation to stop tidal movement of water from the lagoon te the intertidalzone. This prevented the salt marsh mosquitos (i.e. Ae(les sollicitans and A.taeniorhynchus) from laying their eggs in the intertidal sediments. In most in-stances an effort was made to impound only high marsh vegetation (ie. Aui-cennia rather than Rhizophora). Tidal movement of detrital material from theimpounded vegetation to lagoon waters has been precluded over thousands ofacres throughout the Indian River region. In some cases water levels in theimpoundments covered the pneumatophores of Auicennia nitida and the proproot lenticles of Rhizophora mangle, thus killing many acres of mature treesin St. Lucie and Indian River counties. The ecological value of the mangrovecommunity to an estuary has been the subject of many recent studies. Odumand Heald (1972) showed a significant contribution from mangroves to theprimary productivity of the estuary. Remnant and recent mangrove growthcan be found on the lagoon side of the impoundments, but their contributionto the lagoon ecosystem is undetermined.

In general the impoundment ichthyofauna consists of only 26 species, butlarge numbers of individuals. This response is considered typical of eco-systems such as the impoundments that are under stress. The salinity regimeand the amount and type of vegetative growth, of each impoundment can bevery different, and the capacity to support a diverse fish fauna will depend onsuch variables. In some impoundments salinity varies considerably (0-41 0/00)depending on rainfall, evaporation, ground water, artesian flooding, and thesalinity of the water pumped into the impoundment from the lagoon. Thefishes found consistently in these areas are generally euryhaline and capableof living on the food resources available (e.g. Gambusia affinis, Poecilialatipinna, Lucania part)a, and Cyprinodon variegatus).


Although the total ecological effect of impounding is unknown, the cur-rent fish faunas of both the impoundments and the Indian River lagoon canbe compared (Table 3). All the 26 species collected from mosquito impound-ments also occur in the Indian River lagoon, but this is only 7.3% of the 359species recorded from the unimpounded waters of the Indian River lagoon(Table 3).

Harrington and Harrington (1961) gave an account of the feeding habitsof 16 larvivorous fish species in the salt marsh-mangrove community beforeimpoundment in St. Lucie and Indian River counties. Of these species 12 stilloccur in the impoundments while 4 have been found only in the lagoon.Provost (1967), in referring to unpublished data taken by Harrington, noteda decrease after impounding in fish species that prior to impounding livedin the mangrove community but spawned elsewhere (e.g. Megalops, Centro-pomus, Eucinostomus, and Diapterus). A similar decrease was noted in herbi-vorous fishes. Nonlarvivorous species were reduced from 34% of the totalmangrove fish community to 5% after impoundment, while predators onmosquito larvae comprised the remaining 95%.

OPEN SAND BoTroM.-Most of the lagoon bottom is fine sand-shell mixture.Generally a fine anaerobic mud ooze lies next to the inshore mangroves anda very fine silt layer over the exposed bottom in the Intracoastal Waterway.The salinities over these sand Rats away from freshwater tributaries rangebetween 18.0 and 37.0 0/00 (mean approximately 30 0/00, Table 1).

On or over this bottom type 121 fishes commonly occur. Of these thebothids, triglids, dactyloscopids, and synodontids have been found here con-sistently. The other fishes recorded here make feeding forays or migrationsthat bring them out over an open bottom from a more sheltered lagoonhabitat (i.e. lagoon reefs and grass flats).

MANGROVE MARSH.-Where mangroves have not been impounded (seeabove) or where recent intertidal mangrove growth has occurred, a prominentvegetative shore cover has formed. The prop root system of Rhizophora andadjacent waters have been observed to have an associate fish fauna. Of the84 species recorded from this biotope, many species appear to be resident(e.g. Blennius nicholsi, Gobiesox strumosus, and Bathygobius soporator) whileothers seek refuge among the prop roots as larvae and juveniles (e.g. Cen-tropristes philadelphica and Epinephelus itiara).

SPERMATOPHYTE GRASS FLATS.-Lagoon Rats (depths of less than 2 m)near shore support heavy to moderate growths of the marine spermatophytesSgringodium filifor,ne, Haldoule wrightii, Ruppia maritima, and Thalassiatestudinum. The 7'halassia beds are generally isolated and are apparently notfound north of Melbourne. Sgringodium is dominant in the lagoon as farnorth as Mosquito Lagoon. Halodule is found throughout the lagoon and is thenext most abundant grass. Ruppia is relatively uncommon in the lagoon


compared to the other seagrasses, but it has been found at Sebastian Inletand the mouth of the St. Lucie River near St. Lucie Inlet. It has also beennoted in several freshwater lakes in the vicinity and as far north as the Haul-over Canal. Halophyla baillonis is found in the lagoon but is rare and associ-ates with the more common spermatophyte species (Halodule and Thalassia).

During late summer and fall large amounts of fleshy algae (e. g. Graci-laria foliifera and Acanthophora spicifera) accumulate in the grass beds.During this period filamentous epiphytic algal growth on the spermatophytegrasses can be considerable. The actual contribution of algae to the primaryproductivity of this biotope is undetermined.

Salinities here are identical to those discussed in the previous open sandbottom bi6tope.

In the grass flats 208 fish species have been collected (Table 3). Thisbiotope harbors the richest fish fauna in the Indian River lagoon. Of thesespecies, 181 (87%) are found here primarily as juveniles (e.g. serranids, lut-janids, sciaenids, and pomadasyids). The prominent role the grass flat biotopeplays as a nursery for the local fishes is obvious.

LAGOON REEFS.-This biotope may consist of artificial (wrecks, pilings) ornatural relief above the lagoon bottom. The submerged rock ledges cut in theIntracoastal Waterway (depths 3 to 5 m) show a relief up to 1.5 m and supporta gorgonian coral growth.

In this biotope 90 fishes have been collected, of which 51 (67%) areconsidered primary reef fishes (e. g. chaetodontids, pomacentrids, poma-dasyids).

INLETS.-All five inlets and Port Canaveral have granite rock jetties extend-ing seaward. The inlets are kept open to boat traffic by periodic maintenancedredging. Prior to dredging, the inlets were ephemeral and when open werevery shallow. All typically have a shallow (2-4.5 m depth) sand bottom. Tidalcurrents are generally swift with a 3.1 kt average ebb tide velocity recordedfrom midstream in Ft. Pierce Inlet. The salinity range in the inlets is generallynot so great as that further up or down the river or in the back estuary(Table 1). This obviously depends on the amount of freshwater input from thehinterland plus the fact that those inlets associated with substantial riversystems such as St. Lucie and Jupiter inlets have the larger salinity ranges.

Of the 275 fish species recorded from the inlets (Table 3) 129 (4796) arenormally associated with the inshore Atlantic reefs and occur around inletjetties from Sebastian Inlet south. Those fishes that make periodic migrationsfrom the lagoon to the Atlantic or vice versa are also occasionally foundassociated with the jetties. These fishes are either maturing and leaving thelagoon nursery grounds for adult feeding grounds offshore (e. g. serranids) orare making temporary offshore spawning migrations (e.g. sciaenids). Manylarval and juvenile fishes enter the lagoon through these inlets.


CONTINENTAL SHELF

SURF-ZONE-SAND/SHELL BoTroM.-This biotope is characterized by asand shell bottom and is continuously under the influence of wave turbulence.The shallow sub-littoral (less than 2 m depth) and littoral zones are includedin this region. Besides the surf, a major limiting factor is the lack of coverover the sand substratum. This becomes apparent when the surf zone reeffauna is compared with this open sand bottom fauna (see below). Little orno macroscopic attached vegetation grows here, but many burrowing inverte-brates do occur (e.g. Emertia, Donax).

Because of the limiting nature of this biotope only 78 fish species havebeen found here to date (Table 3). Although roving carnivores (jacks, mack-erels, ladyfish, bluefish) and planktivores (herrings, anchovies) may occur inthe surf zone, the dominant fishes are bottom feeding carnivores (catfishes,lizardfishes, croakers, threadfins, and pompanos) that feed on the burrowinginvertebrate fauna.

SURF ZONE REEF.-Coquina rock forms a protective littoral and sub-littoral surf zone reef at the various localities given in the regional physicaldescription section of this paper. This rock structure may support the·growthof sabellariid worm colonies and the protection afforded may result in anincrease in fish species in the surf zone. Although some of these inshorerock ledges just south of Cape Canaveral disappear from year to year withthe shifting of sand masses along the surf zone, the larger reefs appear to bepermanent.

The predominant sabellariid reef builder in this area is Phragmatopomalapidosa, which may settle on old worm colonies, pier pilings, and other man-made structures, or on the coquina rock formations. All of these reefs areexposed to some extent at low tide and all give a 1 to 2.5 m relief above thebottom, providing cover for fishes.

The surf zone reef fish fauna is dominated by individuals capable ofthriving in this turbulent high energy zone (Table 3). Although 105 fish specieshave been found to associate with these reefs, they are numerically dominatedby two demersal species, Labrisomus nuchipinnis and Blennius cristatus andthree semi-demersal species, Diplodus holbrooki, Anisotremus uirginicus, andHaemulon parrai. Most of the other fishes that occasionally occur on the surfzone reef are primary reef fishes that are commoner on the deeper (over 2 m)coquina reefs offshore.

OFFSHORE REEFS.-Extensive lithified coquina and other types of 6rganic

reefs parallel the shore beginning on the average 100 to 300 m out. Theseinshore reefs run north of Sebastian Inlet for at least 48 km and south beyondJupiter Inlet. The shallow water reefs show a relief from 0.5 to 3 m abovethe bottom and are in 2 to 7 m of water. Similar formations occur in 10-13 m,20-23 m, 33-40 m, 60-80 m, and 100-110 m depths. A maximum relief of 10to 20 m has been recorded on the deeper reefs. The inshore reefs have a


definite seaward slope to the reef top with the low end seaward, and they mayhave multiple ledges running parallel to shore. The reef ledges are erodedextensively into elaborate interconnecting caves. This provides abundantshelter for many primary reef fishes (i.e., pomadasyids, chaetodontids, poma-centrids, serranids, labrids) and supports a popular and highly productivecommercial/sports fishery (Moe 1963) for snappers (mostly Lutianus cam-pechanus and Rhomboplites aurombens) and groupers (mostly Epinephelusmorio and MI/cteroperca microlepis).

Very little coral grows on these shallow reefs, except for small coralla ofOculina and isolated spots of siderastraeid and montastraeid corals. Deeperreefs in depths around 30 m have a more proliferousgrowth of Oculina corals.The shallow reefs south of Sebastian Inlet support an abundant algal growth(Sargassum, etc.) throughout the year. Many of the juvenile fishes associatedwith the reef school or hide amid this prolific algal growth (e.g. Bairdiellasanctaeluciae and many pomadasyid juveniles). Gorgonians, sponges, andascidians also live amid the algae.

The water clarity in summer gives 5 to 6 m visibility on a good day. Therest of the year periodic northeast or southeast strong winds (10-25 kts) keepthe water over the reefs turbid and turbulent, and observations or collectionsare difficult. Nearshore water turbidity decreases farther south as the con-tiriental shelf narrows, water depths increase, and the axis of the FloridaCurrent comes closer to the coast. During calm weather the water visibilityin jupiter Inlet at flood tide is between 5 and 10 m.

From the nearshore reefr (3 to 7 m depth; Table 3) 223 fish species havebeen recorded, of which 191 (86%) are Caribbean reef fishes. Because ofcollecting difficulties, this reef fauna has not been assessed completely and isprobably richer than indicated.

The seasonality of the tropical representatives of this nearshore reef fishfauna is speculative. Several dives made on the Pepper Park reef (3.2 kmnorth of Ft. Pierce Inlet) in January and February indicated that at least46 of these tropical fishes may remain on the reef throughout the year. Farthernorth the tropicals might well make a seaward migration to deeper reefswhere the seasonal temperature change is not so dramatic (see Table 2), butthe offshore reef fish fauna (depths over 10 m) has not been investigated on aseasonal basis.

BENTHIC-OPEN SHELF.-This biotope is an open plain of sand and shellextending several meters or kilometers between reef lines. The predominanceof shell or sand varies. Dredges have occasionally brought up large bottomsamples consisting of the scallop Aquipecten irradians. In certain locations theelam Chione also made up a large portion of the shell hash bottom. Near theseaward edge of the shelf (to depths of 200 m) a fine sand-mud bottom pre-dominates. The temperature patterns for this biotope are given in Table 2.The current patterns are basically unknown for this shelf zone, but apparently


variable eddies leaving the Florida Current may change with season and winddirection.

The fish fauna of the open shelf collected to date consists of 171 species(Table 3). Pleuronectiform fishes, ophidids, and triglids dominate this biotope.Other species adapted to an open bottom existence such as ogcocephalids andrajiids are commonly found here. Several groups appear on the open shelfin seasonal spawning aggregations (e.g. sciaenids). Some families characteristicof the reef environment have representatives on the open bottom as well(e.g. Hemipteronotus nouacula, Labridae; Diplectrum formosum, D. radiale,Centropristis ocgurus, Serranidae).

NERITIC ZONE.-This biotope consists of the open waters above the benthichabitats. The Florida Current plays an important role in determining thephysical character of this biotope. Occasional weed lines of floating Sar-gassum sp. may be seen at the interface between the Florida Current andcoastal waters. Many fishes (e.g. coryphaenids and carangids) associate withthis weed line and other floating debris that may afford food and shelter.

Of the 177 species that occur here the sharks, mackerels, tunas, jacks,billfishes, herrings, and anchovies dominate this biotope. Large north-southseasonal migrations of dolphin (Coryphaena), mackerels (Scomberomorous),tunas (Euthgnnus),and billfishes occur in the neritic shelf region adjacent tothe Indian River lagoon. A population of sailfish, Istiophorus platyptelim,overwinters annually off Jupiter Island from St. Lucie Inlet south. Mugilcephalus, M curema, Brecoortia smithi, B. tgrannus, and numerous sciaenidsmake seasonal migrations from the lagoon out into neritic waters to spawn.

Many juvenile fishes are transported by the Florida Current into theneritic zone of this region from South Florida and the Caribbean. This is acontinual source of recruitment for the local representatives of the tropicalfish fauna.

DISCUSSION

Briggs (1958) estimates that the total fish population of Florida consistsof 1,120 species, including those found at depths below 200 m. Of these 453are considered to range over the Indian River region (continental shelf andestuary). Harbor Branch Foundation collections and the combined recordsof other collections from the Indian River region have established that atleast 609 species of fishes occur in the Indian River lagoon, its freshwatertributaries, and the adjacent continental shelf at depths less than 200 m. Ofthese 135 were not previously recorded from this region (Table 3). Of thespecies in Briggs' list 95 have not yet been collected in the Indian River re-gion but are known to range both north and south of here. If the 95 additionalspecies from Briggs' list are added to the current regional total, at least 704species should eventually be collected or identified.


The richness of this fauna appears to be directly affected by water tem-perature moderation and recruitment via the Florida Current, moderate in-shore salinities, and the transitional zoogeographic setting of the study area.The Indian River region encompasses several biotopes, all of which affectthe distribution and composition of the local fish fauna. The study area isbroad (latitude 27°00'-29°00'N) and includes nearly all of the aquatic fishcommunities in east Florida (lacustrine biotopes were omitted). The fishdistribution is further complicated by its transitional nature, as the warm-temperate Carolinian and the tropical Caribbean fish faunas overlap consid-erably here; 28% of the fish fauna is considered tropical, 22% are warm-temperate, and 50% are eurythermic tropicals and continental species havinga wide distribution both north and south of this region. Nine fishes (1.8%) areendemic to Florida and 10 (2%) are exotic freshwater tropicals introduced andbreeding here.

Tropical Caribbean fishes on inshore reefs are apparently not foundthroughout the year north of Sebastian Inlet, yet observations indicate apermanent population from Sebastian south. Of the 39 tropical species thatChristensen (1965:248) lists as new to the Jupiter area 35 (9096) are foundthroughout the year on shallow nearshore reefs (depths under 10 m) or in theIndian River lagoon at least as far north as Sebastian Inlet, 109.7 km northof Jupiter Inlet. A total of 152 tropical fishes (27% of the total fauna) rangeat least to latitude 28°00'N and apparently have a permanent populationwithin this region either on shallow reefs or farther out on the continentalshelf and in the Indian River lagoon. This extends the northern limit ofpermanent shallow water tropical fish populations northward 100 km fromJupiter Inlet.

The current continental shelf and the lagoon collections show that waterdepth has much to do with northerly distribution of permanent tropical fishpopulations. North of Sebastian this warm water fish fauna is found fartherout on the shelf in deeper waters. At depths between 20 and 70 m the bottomtemperature range is narrow (less than 8.0°C, see Table 2). The Florida Cur-rent apparently.has much to do with this temperature moderation and therock reefs in these areas should act as a haven for tropical and eurythermictropical fish faunas. The open shelf fauna within this depth range was sampledduring this survey and is heterogenous in it faunal affinities, but euythermictropicals and tropical fishes (i. e. Gymnothorax nigromarginatus, Centropristisphiladelphicus, S!/acium papillosum, Otophidium omostigmum, and Lepophi-dium feannae) are common in these samples. The reef fish fauna in thesedeeper waters needs to be investigated.

Many benthic, Carolinian, continental shelf species penetrate into theIndian River region, and a few Carolinian estuarine species are found at NewSmyrna Beach and occasionally stray to the southern reaches of the lagoon(e.g. Alosa sapidissima and Breuoortia tyrannus). The successful penetra-


tion of either Carolinian or Caribbean species may depend on recruitmentoccurring during successive or alternating cold and warm winters. The transi-tional character of the lagoon fish fauna is obvious as fishes found in grassbeds adjacent to St. Lucie Inlet are never qualitatively or quantitativelyrepresentative of a similar grass bed (both dominated by Sgringodium) over160 km north in Mosquito Lagoon or the Indian River lagoon.

Of the 110 fishes recorded from freshwater tributaries, 59 (54%) wereeuryhaline, secondary freshwater species or marine invaders from tropicalfamilies or genera; 51 (46%) primary freshwater species were mostly warm-temperate fishes that have migrated down the peninsula (Kushlan and Lodge1974).

It may be concluded that the fish fauna of the Indian River region isa diverse assemblage dominated by tropicals and eurythermic tropicals. Thesefishes originated in the Caribbean faunal province and apparently came intothe region via the Florida Current. Warm-temperate Carolinian fishes aremore commonly found in the open bottom continental shelf biotope and in theprimary freshwater fish families. Distribution of the Carolinian species mustbe explained by adult migration, with some aid from larval fishes transportedvia southbound counter-currents of the Florida Current and other inshorewater mass movements.

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Springer, V. G. 1960. Ichthyological surveys of the lower St. Lucie and Indian Rivers, Floridaeast coast. (Unpublished) Fla. St. Bd. Conserv. Mar. Lab. Rept. No. 60-19: 1-20, Appendix 1.

Starek, W. A., II. 1968. A list of fishes of.Alligator Reef, Florida with comments on the nature ofthe Florida reef fish fauna, Undersea Biol., 1(1):4-40.

Struhsaker, P. 1969. Demersal fish resources:,composition, distribution and commercial potentialof the continental shelf stocks off southeastern Uriited States. Fish. Indust. Res., 4(7):261-300.

Tagatz, M. E. 1967. Fishes of the St. Johns River, Florida. Quart. Jour. Fla. Acad. Sci. 30(1): 25-50.Taylor, C. B., and H. B. Stewart, jr. 1958. Summer upwelling along the east coast of F16rida. Jour.

Geophys. Res. 64(1): 33-40 p.Thomas, T. M. 1970. A detailed analysis of climatological and hydrological records of south

Florida with reference to man's influence upon ecosystem evolution. Tech. Rept. 70-2 toU. S. Natl. Park Serv. Univ. Miami Rosenstiel School Mar. Atmos. Sci., 89 p., 12 Tables,32 figs.

Wilcox, J· R., and D. Mook. 1972-1973. Harbor Branch.Foundation field records,Young, D. K. 1975. Harbor Branch Foundation Field Records. (Unpublished).

TABLE 3.-BIOTOPE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SHALLOW WATER FISH FAUNA (DEPTHS LESS THAN 200 M) FROM THE INDIAN RIVER LAGOON AND ADJACENT

WATERS. FISH RECORDS BASED ON OBSERVATIONS ONLY AND THOSE THAT HAvE NOT BEEN COLLECTED NOR,OBSERVED ARE FOLLOWED WITH1977

GILM

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ES 125

0, AND NC RESPECTIVELY. QUESTIONABLE RECORDS ARE FOLLOWED BY P. PREVIOUS SURVEYS.ARE CODED NUMERICALLY. BIOTOPE KEY: N =

NERITIC; B= BENTHIC-OPEN SHELF; R= OFFSHORE REEFS; SR= SURF ZONE REEF; SS= SURF ZONE-SAND/SHELL B6TroM; I = INLETs; GF =

GRASSFLATS; MAN=MANGROVES; SB=OPEN SAND BOTTOM; LR= LAGooN REEFS; CRM = CANAL AND RIVER MOUTHS; FTC = FRESHwATERTRIBUTARIES AND CANALS; MI= MOSQUITO IMPOUNDMENTS. FisH ABUNDANCE CATEGORIES (STARCK 1968): U =UNKNOWN; R =RARE; 0=

OCCASIONAL; F= FREQUENT; C =COMMON; A = ABUNDANT.

PREVIOUS°SPECIES SURVEYS N B R SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC MI

BranchiostomidaeBranchiostoma uirginiae 13 U OB. sp. NR U

OrectolobidaeGinglgmostoma cirratum 6 0 0 F O 0 R R

RhincodontidaeRhincodon 4/pus O NR R

OdontaspididaeOdontaspis taurus 7,6 0 0

AlopiidaeAlopias superciliosus NC 11

LamnidaeCarcharodon carcharias NC 6

00

WIsums oxyrinchus 6

ScyliorhinidaeGateus arae NC 8,7 U USc!/tiorhinus retifer 0 6

' Previous surveys and new records: NR = a fish not previously recorded from the study area, 1 = Evermann and Bean (1897), 2 = V. Springer (1980), 3 -Gunter and Hall(1963), 4 = Christensen (1965), 5= Powell et al., 1972),6= S. Springer (1960, 63, 66), 7 =Anderson and Gehringer (1965), 8=Bullis and Thompson (1965), 9=Harringtonand Harrington (1961), 10- Courtenay (1972). 11= Bigelow and Schroeder (1948), 12 =Daly (1970), 13=Cory and Pierce (1967), 14 = Briggs (1958), 15 = Harrington,R. H., ichthyological collection, Florida State Entomological Research Laboratory. Vero Beach, Florida, 16 = Dahlberg (1970), 17 = Moe.(1963), 18 = Bailey et al., (1970),19 = Stewart Springer, pers. comm., 20 = Unpublished R/ V Silver Bay station data compiled by Paul Struhsaker of the National Marine Fisheries Service, 21 = Relyea (1975)

TABLE 3 (CONTINUED) 126 B

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Vol. 22, No. 3

PREVIOUS'SPECIES SURVEYS N B R SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FI'C MI

CarcharhinidaeAprionodon isodon 6 0 0Carcharhinus acronotus 6 F O 0C. altimus 6 0 0C falciformis 7,6 FC leucas 6 F U O U F F F F U F FC limbatus 4 C C O F C U U U U UC. longimanw NR FC. maculipinnis 12 0 UC. milberti 7,6,1 CUUFOC obscurus 6 F UC springeri 19 U UGateocerdo curvieri 6 F FMustelus canis 4 0 UM. norrisi.NC 8 UNegaprion bret>irostris 8,7,6 CO 00 0

0 00 00

Rhizoprionodon termenocae 7,1 FSphymidae

Sphyma lewini 6 F OS. mokarran 6 F 0S. tiburo 7,4,1 0 FFOS. z!/gaena NC 7,6,1 R

SqualidaeSqualis acanthias NC,? 1 US. sp. NC 7 U

PristidaePristis pectinata 4,1 R R RP. perotteti NC,? 11 R R

RhinobatidaeRhinobatos lentiginosus 4 R R R

Torpedinidae

1977 G

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IAN R

IYE

R FISH

ES 127

Narcine brasi[iensis 8,5 ,4 F C FTorpedo nobiliana NC 8,7 U

RajidaeRal eglanteria 8,7 C OR. garmani NC 8 RR. texana NC 8 U

DasyatidaeDas!/atis americana 7 RD. sayi 8,7 ,1 F FD. sabina 7,4,3,2,1 C C F C F FD. centroum 7 F F OGgmrium'mictura 8,7,1 R R R

MyliobatidaeAetobatus nannari 8,7,4 FF FM!/liobatis fremincillet 7,4 0 URhinoptera bonasus 7

MobulidaeManta birostris 0 NR

CO CHO

Mobuta h!/postoma NC 11Acipenseridae

Acipenser breuirostrum NC 1 U ULepisosteidae

Ikpisosteus osseus NR 0 0 OCL. platyrhincus 4,3 0 AL. spatula NC ? 1 U U

AmiidaeAmia calva 4

ElopidaeElop s saurus 9,5.4,32,1 0 OOFFF F

U 04

Megalops atlantica 9,5,4,1 F 000FO F CAlbulidae

Albula culpes 5,4 0 0 0 0

TABLE 3 (CONTINUED)128

BULLETIN

FLOR

IDA STATE M

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Vol. 22, N

o. 3

PREVIOUS°SPECIES SURVEYS NBR SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC MI

AnguillidaeAnguilla rostrata 5,4,2,1 U O 0 F

XenocongridaeChlopsts bicotor

MuraenidaeAnarchias Imshiae 8Enchelycore nigricans 5

0

CO

C

Gymnothorax funebris 5,4 F FG. moringa 5,4 C CG. nigromarginatus NRG. vicinus 4 0

OC

CC

=C

004

OY

CO

Muraena miliaris NRMuraena retifera 5 0 , 0

MuraenesocidaeHoplunnis macrurus 8 0

CongridaeAriosoma impressa NR U UUCongrina ./Zava NR UParaconger caudilimbatus NR U

OphichthidaeAhlia egmentis 5,4 UBascanichthys scuticaris NC 4 U UB. teres 4 ULetharchus velifer 4 UMyrichthgs acuminatus 5,4 U U UMyrophis punctatus 5,42 0 F F F F FM!/striophis intertinctus NC 8 UOphichthus ocellatus 8,7,5 FGordiichthys springeri NC 14 U

Clupeidae

1977 G

ILMO

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IAN R

IVE

R FISH

ES 129

Alosa sat)idissim.a NC,? 1 U0Breuoortia smithi 16,8,7,5,

4,3,2,B. Monnus 16,7,5,4,2,1 0

00 >C

D<

00

DO

CD

<<

0<

00

D< 00

B. smithi x B. twannus 16 0

0<

000

D<

2<

<

U<

0

2< 0003Dorosoma cepedianum 4,3 C

D. petenense NC 5,4,32 UEtrumeus teres NC 8,7 UHarengula clupeola 4 UH. humemlis 5,4 UH. iaguana 8,7,5,4,3 A A A Alenkinsia sp. NC 4 UOpiathonema oglinum 8,7,5,4,1 A A A

>n

>> >cc

Sardinella anchovia 8,7,5,4 A AA

EngraulidaeAnchoa cubana 4 C C CA. hepsetus 7,4,3 A AAO

0<0

A. lampromenia 4 0 0A. l!/olepis 5,42 0A. mitchilli 7,5,4,3,2,1 A AAAAA AO

A. nasum 12 A A A A A AAnchoviella pedasciata NC 12 UEngraulis estat,quae NC 12 UE. eurystole NC 12 U U

ArgentinidaeArgentina mus NE,? 8 UA. stewarti NR U

nce

no

oc

CC

CGlossanodon pygmagus NR U

SynodontidaeSaurida normani 8S. caribbaea NRSgnodus intennedius 7s. foetens 7 ,5 ,4 ,32 CC CC 0S. poe!/i NRS. saurus NRTrachinocephalus mgops 8,7 0 0

TABLE 3 (CONTINUED). 130 B

ULLE

TIN FLO

RID

A S

TATE M

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Vol. 22, No. 3

PREVIOUS'SPECIES SURVEYS N B R SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM Frc MI

ChlorophthalmidaeChlorophthalmus agassizi 7 U

CyprinidaeNotemigonus crysoleucas 4,3 CNotropis maculatus 4,3 CN. petersoni NC 4 0

CatostomidaeErim!/zon sucetta 4,1 C

IctaluridaeMalums catus NE 3,2 UL natalis NC 4 UI. nebulosus 4 0 CI. punctatus NC 3 UNotums gyrinus NC 4 U

ClariidaeClarias batrac/ms NR C

AriidaeAriusfelis 8,7,5,4,3,2,1 C ·C C C C C C CBagre marinus 8,7,5,4,3,1 C C C C C C C

BatrachoididaeOpsanus.tau NR U C CPorichthys plectrodon 7 C

GobiesocidaeGobiesox strumosus 5,42,1 C C

AntennariidaeAntennanus paucimdiatus NR UA. scaber 4 0 0 0 0

eDo

OA. radiosus NC 8,7 UHistrio histrio 8,7,4 F O

Chaunacidae1977

GILM

OR

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N R

IVE

R FISH

ES 131

Chaunax pictus NC 8 UOgcocephalidae

Halieutichth!/s aculeatus 8,7Ogcocephalus nasutus 80. radiatus 80. uespertilio 7O. sp. NR0. sp. NR

000(

00

0*7

0

GadidaeEnchelyopus cimbrius NRUrophgcia j?oridanus 8U. regius 8,7U tenuis NR

OphidiidaeLkpophidium cervinum 8 FL. Mannae NR FL. sp. 7 UOphidion holbrooki 8,7 C0. gragi 8,7 FO. sp. nov. 8 U0. selenops NR ROgilbia cayorum 5,4 C C C COtophidium omostigmum NR CParophidion schmidti NC 4 URissola marginata NC 7 U

CarapidaeCarapus bermudensis NR R

ExocoetidaeCgpselums heterums 7,5 0 0 0Parexocoetus brachypterus 7Prognichthys gibbifrons NC 7,5,4

0 000

HemiramphidaeEuleptorhamphus velox NR

TABLE 3 (CONTINUED) 132 B

ULLE

TIN FLO

RID

A S

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Vol. 22, No. 3

PREVIOUS'SPECIES SURVEYS N B R SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC MI

E. viridis NC 8Hemiramphus bmsiliensts 7H. balao NC 8,7Hyporhamphus unifasciatus 7,5 ,4 , 1 C C CH. sp. NR C C C

BelonidaeAblennes hians 7Platgbelone argalus NRStrongglura marina 5,4,1 R R RS. notata 5,4 A A AA

40>

>O

HO

OO

CO

C0

<<

04

00

S. timucu 2 A A A

M<

<0

4Tylosurus acus 7 0 0T crocodilus 4 F F

CyprinodontidaeCypdnodon variegatus 15,9,5,3,1 000 0 AFloridichthys carpio 21,5 FF F RFundulus chrysotus 5,4,1F. cingulatus NC 4F. confluentus 15,9,4,3 0 0

0 2000 00

00

F. grandis 9 ,5,4 , 1 CC C CF. heteroclitus NC 21 UF. lineolatus NC 4,1F. seminotis NC 4,3F. simils 9,5,1 OFC C COFlordanella floridae 4,3,1 R CLeptolucania ommata NC 15,1 ULucania goodei 4,3 CL. paroa 9,5,1 CC C FOCRioutus mannoratus NC 15,9 R R R

PoeciliidaeGambusia affints 15,9,5,4 0 0 CAA

1977 G

ILMO

RE

: IND

IAN R

IVE

R FIS

HE

S

1333,2,1

Heterandria fonnosa 15,5 ,4 ,3 ,2 CPoecilla lotipinna 15 ,9 ,4 ,2 , 1 Ccc CAAPoecilia (latipinna x celifem) Ne 10 UXiphophorus cariatus NC 10 UX. hellen x X. cariatus NC 10 UX. maculatus NC 10 UX. maculatus x X. hellen NC 10 U 'X. maculatus x X. cariatus NC 10 U

AtherinidaeAllanetta harringtonensis 5,4Labidesthes sicculus 5,4,1 CMembras martinica 7,5,3 0 OOF CMenidia beryllina

9,5,4,32,1 0 F C

C

00

0

05

<0

0'0

0<

0

m UOU

M. peninsulae 9,5,4,32,1 0 OCC C OC

PolymixiidaePolymixia lowei NC 8,7 U

FistulariidaeFistularia tabacaria 8,7,5,4,2 U R R R

CentriscidaeMacrorhamphosus scolopax 8 U

SyngnathidaeCori'thoichth!/s albirostris NR R RC brach!/cephalus NR RHippocampus erectus 8,4,3 C C CCH. reidi 4 RH. zostera€ 4 0Oostethus lineatus 4 0Syngnathus dunckeri 4 R RSyngnathus floridae 4,3,2 U 0S. fuscus 4 U RS. louisianae 5,4,32,1 F C CCS. pelagicus NR F

TABLE 3 (CONTINUED). 134 B

ULLE

TIN FLO

RID

A S

TATE M

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M

Vol. 22, No. 3

PREVIOUS'SPECIES SURVEYS NBR SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC MI

S. scot)elli 5.4.32,1 0 OCC CCS. springeri NR 0

ScorpaenidaeNeomerinthe hemingwagi NR RPontinus longispinis 7 UScorpaena agassizi NR FS. brasi[iensis 8,7 ,5 ,4 , 1 C C C 0 CS. calcaram 8,7 CS. dispar NR RS. grandicomis 4,3 F F F FS. plumien 5,4 C C CC CSetarches guentheri NC 8 U

TriglidaeBellator brachychir 5 R R RB. egretta NC 8B. militam 8,7Peristedion miniatum NRPeristedion sp. 1Prionotus alatus NRP. carolinus NC 8,7P. evolans NC 8,7 , 1 uuuP. martis NR

0.!

10

0O

OC

CO

CC

OC

H

P. ophryas NRP. Toseus 8.7P. scitulus 8,5 ,4 C C UP. salmonicolor 8,7,5 U UP. tribulus 4,3,1 C C U

CentropomidaeCentropomus pectinatus 5,4,2 0 0 CCC. undecimalis 9,5,4,3,2,1 0 0 C C C C C C CC

SerranidaeAnthias sp. NC 7

1977 G

ILMO

RE

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IAN R

IVE

R FISH

ES 135

Centropriatis oc!/urus 8,7,5 CC philadelphica 8,7,5,4 C OC. striata 8,7,5,4 C

0000

000

0

=4

00

c n

on

on

C 000

0

00

040 0

00

0

Diplectrum bit>ittatum 4 0D. formosum 8,7,4 C 0 0Epinephelus drummondhagi NRE. fulcus NC 5 U UE. itaiara 5,4,2,1 C C CCF CE, morio 4 C C CCF CE. nigritus NR 0 0E. niveatus 7E. striatus NR 0 0Hemanthias uivanus 8 FH. sp. NE 7HI/poplectrus gemma NRH. nigricans NRH. puella NRH, unicolor 4 0 0Lioproponm eukrines NRMycteroperca bonaci 5,4 0 0M.microtepis 5,4 C C O CM. phenax NR 0 0Akea mexicana NR RPlectranthias garrupellus NR UPronotogrammus aureorubens NR USerraniculus pumilio NC 8 U USerranus baldwini 4 U U US. notospilus 8 U US. phoebe 8,7 C CS. subligarius 5 C C 0 0

GrammistidaeR!/pticus bistrlispinus NR C CR. maculatus 4 C C 0 0R. saponaceus 5 0 UR. subbifrenatus NR F


BU

LLET

IN FLO

RID

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TATE M

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Vol. 22, No. 3

PREVIOUS°SPECIES SURVEYS NBR SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC MI

CentrarchidaeElassoma exergindet 4,1 UEnneacanthus gloriosus 4,3 FE. obesus NC, ? 1 ULepomis gulosus 4,1 CL. macrochims 5,4,3,2,1 CCL. marginatus 4,3 0L. microlophus 4,3 CL. punctatus 4,1 CMicropterus salmoides 4,1 C CPomoxis nigromaculatus 3,2 U U

PercidaeEtheostomafusiforme 4,1 C

PriacanthidaePriacanthus arenatus NRPristigengs alta 8

ApogonidaeApogon binotatus NR

nono On

A. maculatus 5,4

0 00

00

0

00

0A. planifrons NRA. pseudomaculatus 5,4Astropogon puncticulatus NR CA. steliatus 5,4 0 CPhaeoptqx conklini 5 C OP. pigmentaria NC 5 U U

BranchiostegidaeCaulolatilus c!/anops NR CLopholatilus chamaeleonticeps NR C

PomatomidaePomatomus saltatrix 8,7,5,4,2,1 C C C 00 0

RachycentridaeRach!/centron canadum 7,5 F

1977 G

ILMO

RE

: IND

IAN R

IVE

R FISH

ES 137

EcheneidaeEcheneis naucrates 7,5 C CE. neucratoides NR C CRemora brachyptera NRR. osteochir NRR. remom 1

Ue'=

00%

OU

U

Remorina aibescens NRCarangidae

Alectis crinitus NC 8,5 0Caranx bartholomaei 7,4 C C C CC. crysos 8,7 ,4 , 1 ccccC. hippos 8,7 ,5 ,4 ,3 , C C C C cccc CF

2,1C. btus 4,3 eCCC COO OU

U

0 ecC. ruber 8,5,4 CCCC FR R

Chloroscombrus chrysurus 8,7,5,4,3,1 C C C C CC C CDecapterus punctatus 7,4 C CElagatis bipinnulata 4 ROligoptites'saurus 4,3,1 C C C C C CcccSe/ar crumenopthalums NC 8,7,4 U USelene setapinnis 8,7,3,1 F F F F F FFFS. comer 8,5,4,3,2,1 C C C C C CccSeriola dumerili 7 CS. nuoliana 4 UTrachinotus carolinus 8,7,5,4,3,1 CCO RT. falcatus 5,4,3,1 CcCCC OT. goodei 5,4,1 FTrachurus lathami 8,7 U

CoryphaenidaeCorgphaena equisetis NR RC. hippurus 8,7,5,4 C C 0 0 R

LutjanidaeLu#anus analis 42 C C ccc CL. apodus 5 ,4 ,2 , 1 C C Ccc C

TABLE 3 (CONTINUED).138

BU

LLETIN

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IDA S

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Vol. 22,

No. 3


L. campechanus 17 F CL. c!/anopterus 4 F F FL. griseus 5,4,3,2,1 C C Ccc CCCFLiocu 4 C C Ccc CL. mahogoni NR FF FL. s!/nagris 5,4,3,2,1 C C CCO COc!/urus chrgsums 4 C C F F CPristipomoides aquitonaris NR URhomboplites aurombens 8,7 C C C

LobotidaeLobotes surinamensis 7,4,1 0 0 0 0

GerreidaeDiapterus auratus 5,4,3,2,1 C A AACD. plumien 9,5,4,2 C F FFFEucinostomus argenteus 8.5.452 Ccc C C C A ACCE. gula 5,4,3,2,1 ccc C C C A AC

0

OA

OU

DD

UU

OU

OA

OH

MA

SC

CE. hauana 4 UE lefrogi 4

<4<<0000

4

E. pseudogula 4Gerres cinereus 4 0 C C C C 0 0

PomadasyidaeAnisotremus surinamensis 5,4,1 AA. uirginicus 5,4 A FHaemulon album NRH. aurolineatum 8,5,4 C FH. carbonarium NRH. chrysargyreum 4 R

pnonon

m

0000

>>

H. flavolineatum 4 RH macrostomum 4,1H. melanumm NR

Haemulon parrai 5,4,2 C C CccH. plumien 7,4 C C CCO O

1977 G

ILMO

RE

: IND

IAN R

IVE

R FISH

ES 139

H. sciurus 4 0 0 0Orthopristis chrysoptera 7,5,4,3,2,1 Ccc C 0Pomadasys crocro NR (15) R

SparidaeArchosargus probatocephalus 5,4 ,3 ,2 , 1 C O C C C C CA. rhomboidalis 5,4 0Calamus arctifrons 4C. batonado NR

00

00

0<

U

4

0000

000

0<

Diplodus argenteus 4

0 00000 0

0 00<

D. holbrooki 5,1 0 0Lagodon rhomboides 8,7,5,4 0 OAACFO

3,2,1Stenotomus chrysops 7 0 0 0

SciaenidaeBairdiella chrysura 7,5,4,3,2 C 0 0 0B. sanctaeluciae 18 CCgnoscion nebulosus 8,7,5,4, OCO

0

0000

*C

00

0

0

0

C. nothus 7,5 0 00

00

0

r# 0

00

0C. regolis 8,7 ,5 ,4 0 0 0 00

3,2Equetus acuminatus 8,5,4 C C C OE. lanceolatus 7 UE. umbrosus 5,4 C COLarimus fasciatus 8,7Leiostomus xanthurus 8,7,5,4, 0 0 0

3,2,1Menticirrhus americanus 7,5,3,1M. littoralis ' 5,4M. saxatilis 8,7,5,4,2

UOUO

Micropogon undulatus 8,7,5,4 R3,2,1

Odontoscion dentex NR C CPogonias cromis 8,7,5,4 0 F F 0 0 0 0

3,2,1

TABLE 3 (CONTINUE[))140

BU

LLETIN

FLOR

IDA S

TATE M

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Vol. 22,

No. 3

PREVIOUS®SPECIES SURVEYS NBR SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FTC MI

Sciaenops ocellata 5,4,3,2,1 C FFFFFFFStellifer lanceolatus 7,5,4,32 R R AR RUmbrina coroides 5,4 F F F

MullidaeMullus auratus 7 C UPieudupeneus maculatus 8,7,5,4 C 0 0 0

PempheridaePempheris schomburgki NR 0

KyphosidaeKgphosus incisor 8,7,4 FF FR

00

0

0

K. sectatrix 8,7 ,5 ,4 F F F REphippidae

Chaetodipterusfaber 8,7,5,4,3,2,1 0 FF COOOCOChaetodontidae

Chaetodon aga 8 CC capistratus 4 R RC. ocellatus 4 R RC. sedentarius NR RHolacanthus bennudensis NR CC C

00

00

H. ciliaris 5,4 F FH. tricolor 0 NR R RPomacanthus arcuatus 4 C C CP. part, 5 C C

Cichlidae (all introduced)Heinichromis bimaculatus NC 10 UTilapia melanopleum NC 10 UT, mossambica NC 10 U

PomacentridaeAbudefdufsaxatilis 8,5,4,3,2 F C C F

A. taurus 4 F FChromis enchrysurus NR 0

0<

MU

OU

<

00

0<

OU

,AO

UU

004

DO

DA

OU

1977 G

ILMO

RE

: IND

IAN R

IVE

R FISH

ES 141

Microspathodon chrysums NRPomacentrus dorsopunicans 4 FP. leucostictus 5,4

00

00

00

0

00

00

HO

UD

AO

U

"<

P. partitus 5P.variabilis 5,4 C

0000

0

0

00

LabridaeBodianus rufus NRDoratonotus megalepis 5,4 0Halichoeres beth!/philus - 8H. biuittatus 5,4 C FH. caudalis NRH. maculipinna 5 C C OH. poegi 8,5 F FH. Tadiatus NR F FHemipteronotus novacula NR

00

00

0

0

=0

00

2

Lachnolaimus marimus NRThalassoma bifasciatum NR C

ScaridaeCryptotomus roseus 4Nicholsina usta 5,4,1 RScarus coelestinus NR FS. coeruteus NRS. croicensis NC 4S. guacamaia 4 FS. meniopterus NR USparisoma chrysopterum 4 F FS. radians 4S. rubripinne 4 C C

MugilidaeAgonostomus monticola NR R R RMugil cephalus 9,5,4 FF F AAA AAA

3,2,1M. curema 7,5 ,4 , F F F A A A A AAA

3,2,1

00


BU

LLETIN

FLOR

IDA S

TATE M

USEU

M

Vol. 22, No. 3

PREVIOUS°SPECIES SURVEYS NBR SR SS I GF MAN SB LR CRM FrC MI

SphyraenidaeSph!/raena barracuda 8,5,4,3 A C C CccCCCS. borealis 8,4 F F F F F F FS. guachancho NR F F F F O

PolynemidaePolydactylus octonemus NC 5,2 U UP. oligodon NR U UP oirginicus NC 5 U U

OpistognathidaeOpistognathus macrognathus NC 15, NR U U0. whitehurm NR FOsp. 5,2 U0. sp NR U

PercophididaeBembrops anatirostria NR UB. gobioides NR U

DactyloscopidaeDactyloscopus crossotus 4 F F FD. tridigitatus 4D. sp - NR UD. sp. NR UGittellus gregae 5,4 Fd rubrocinctus 4 F

D2D

24

000

G. sp. 2Uranoscopidae

Astroscopus !/-graeum 7,5,4 0 000 00Kathetostoma albigutta 8,7 0

ClinidaeEnneanectes altivells NRE. pectoralis NR

Labrisomus gobio NRL. nuchipinnis 5,4 R

OUOU

0

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00

=0

H

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20

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00

1977 G

ILMO

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: IND

IAN R

IVER FISH

ES 143

Malacoctenus macropus 5M. triangulatus 5 0

=000"

00

Paractinus fasciatus 4 R RP. nigripinnis 5,4Starksia ocellata NR

BlenniidaeBlennius cristatus 5,4 CBlennius marmoreus 5,4B. nicholsi 5,4,2 F O 0

000"0

0

00

Chasmodes bosquianus NR 0C saburrae 5,1 0 0Entomacrodus nigricans NR RR RHypteurochilus aequipinnis 4 0 0H.bennudensis 5 0 0H. geminatus 5 0Hypsoblennius sp. NC 7 U U

CallionymidaeCallionymus pauciradiatus NC 4

EleotridaeDonnitator maculatus 9,5,4,2Eleotris pisonis 5

00

000

Erotelis smaragdus 4 0 0Gobiomorus dormitor 4

0000 .0

GobiidaeAwaous talasica 15Bath!/gobius curacao 5 0B. soporator 5 ,4,3 ,2 , 1 Ccc C CCoryphopterus dicrus NR 0C glaucofraenum 4 C OEvermannichthys spongicola NR REt>orthodus /gricus 9,5,4,1 UU U UGnatholepis thompsoni NR UGobioides broussoneti 5,4,3 U U UU


BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE M

USEUM

Vol. 22, No. 3


Gobionellus boleosoma 5,4,3,2,1 C 0 COG. gracillimus NC 5,3 U U UC. hastatus NC 5,3 U U UUC. oceanicus 2 F F FG. schufeldti NR UC. smaragdus 5,42 F CC. stigmaturus 4,1Gobiosoma bosci 5,4,3,2,1 CFG. ginsburgi NE 4 U

CA

MO

D

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0

00

G. macrodon NR U

0

00

G. oceanops NRG. robt,stum 5,4,2 F 0 0Lophogobius cypnnoides 5,4,2 FFOOFFCLgthrypnus nesiotes NRMicrogobius guloms 5,4 ,2, 1 COCCCFM. microlepis NC 4 UM. thalassinus NR 0Risor ruberVaricus n.sp.

MicrodesmidaeCerdale Foridana 4

AcanthuridaeAcanthurus bahianus 54 r r FA. chimrgus 5,4 CC FA. coeru/elm NR 0 0 F

TrichiuridaeTrichiurus lepturus 8,7,4,3 0 0 OFCFCCF

ScombridaeAcanthocybium solanderi 7

00

0

Auxis thazard NR

Euthynnus alletteratus 7 C F

1977 G

ILMO

RE

: IND

IAN R

IVE

R FISH

ES 145

E. pelamis NRScomber japonicus NC 7Scomberomorus catalla 7 F F OS. maculatus 8,7,5,1 F F FF F O

0000

=504

0

00

00

nco

n

S. regalis 577:unnus albacares NRT. atlanticus NR

XiphudaeXiphias gladius 7

IstiophoridaeIstiophorus platypterus NRMakaira nigricans NRTetrapterus albidus NR

StromateidaeNomeus gronocii 4Pepritus alepidotus NC 8,7

00

0

P. triacanthus NC 8,7,5Psenes cyanophrys 8,4

BothidaeAnclopsetta quadrocellata NC 8,7 UBothus ocellatus 8,4 C 0 0B. robinsi NR C 0 0Citharichthys arcti~rons 8,7 0 R RC. arenaceus 4 UC. macrops 8,7 ,5,4 ,3 00 0C. spitopterus 7,5,4,32,1 C C COCgclopsetta chittendeni NC 8C. fimbriata 8Eng!/ophrys senta NREtropus crossotus 7,5 ,3 0 0

000*!

16-)

CO

C

0

E. nmosus 8Monotene antil/arum NRM. sessilicauda NRParalichthys albigutta 8,7,5,4,2 CC C C


BU

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TATE M

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Vol. 22, No. 3


P. dentatus 7,5 F FF F FP. lethostigma 8,7,4,1 F F F F FP. oblongus NC 7. UP. squamilentus 8,7,5,4 F FF FFScophthalmus aquosus NC 7 USyacium gunteri NR 0S micrurum NC 4 0 U US. papillosum 8 A

PleuronectidaePoeciliopsetta beani NR

SoleidaeAchirus lineatus 5,4,3,2,1 0 C C C CGymnachirus melas 7

00000

o.no

o

Trinectes maculatus 7,5,32 0000Cynoglossidae

S!,mphurus cioitatus NRS. diomedianus 8S. minor NRS. plagiusa 8,7,5,4,3,2,1 C C CS. urospilus NR

BalistidaeAluterus heudenti NC 4A. scheepfi 7,4 0A. smptus 4 R R

7

000'Z

lpO

C00=

0 M

Balistes capriscus 8 ,5 ,4 FB. vetula NRCanthidermis maculatus NRC Suffa men 4Cantherhines pullus NR RMonacanthus ciliatus 8,5,4 F FF F

M. hispidus 8,7,5,4 C C F C C CC 1977 G

ILMO

RE

: IND

IAN R

IVE

R FISH

ES 147

M. setifer 8,4 0M. tuckeri NR R

OstraciidaeLimtophrys quadricomis 8,7,4 RL. trigonus 7,5,4,2 0

00

050

0050

0 0

0

M 00

0000

MOO

L. triqueter NR 0 CTetraondontidae

Canthigaster rostrata NRLagocephalus laevigatus NRSphoeroides dorsalis 8S. maculatus NC 3,1 U U U U US. nephelus 5,4,3.2 CCO C C

00 0=

S. spengleri 8,5,4,1 C 0 CCS. testudineus 5,4,3,2,1 C C C C

DiodontidaeChilomycterus antennatus NC 5 UC. schoepfi 8,7,5,4,3,2,1 C C C C CDiodon histrix NC 1 FD. holacanthus 4 U

MolidaeMola mola NR R

TOTAL SPECIES 177 171 223 105 78 275 208 84 121 90 109 110 26Total Continental Shelf 478

Total Indian River Lagoon 381and Tributaries

Combined Species 609New Records 135

Contributions to the BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM, BIOLOGICAL SCI-ENCES SERIES, may be in any field of biology. Manuscripts dealing with natural history ofsystematic problems involving the southeastern United States or the New World tropics aresolicited especially. Manuscripts should be of medium length-circa 35 to 200 pages (10,500-16,000 words). Examination for suitability is made by an Editorial Board.

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