B U I L T P O L I T I C S

Matthew Arndt

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(Student Signature) (Date)

Cultural ImmunityDesign Thesis Submitted to the

Department of Architecture and Landscape Architectureof North Dakota State University

By

Matthew B. Arndt

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of

Master of Architecture

Primary Thesis advisor

Thesis Committee Chair

September 2009Fargo, North Dakota

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Abstract

Sense our built environment is not immune to the globalization of knowledge and culture what do we do as a society to keep its identity? Symbolism of a

certin identity must seek out and inform the architecture of our civic buildings. Buildings for the people should be about the people and not a popular trend

or prescription.

Table of Contents5 Abstract

6 Problem Statement

7 Statement Of Intent

9 Proposal

11 User/ Client

12 Major Project Elements

18 Research

30 Case Studies

42 Historical Context

48 Goals

50 Site Analysis

61 Program

63 Process

70 Drawings

84 Personal Info

87 References

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The Problem Statement:

In terms of site specific construction how can political architecture respond to the widespread advancement of a globalistic attitude?

Statement of Intent

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Statement of Intent:

Typology:A civic building headquarters that houses foreign and domestic ambassadors.

Statement of ClaimA population of people have built an environment and attempted to respond to its surroundings for thousands of years. These dwellings that succeed and are now the mainstream “popular” types of construct are now in question in our society by those who take our built environment seriously.

PremiseToday American society has popular beliefs in how there environments should be built. These buildings make up identity of the place where people are located.

Association with place is how people identify where they are. Experiencing one place from another and how human politics have influenced the creation or idea of a place.

A sense that one place is unique even though it is still in the global fabric can pre-serve its identity. The fact that a monolithic building type could be associated throughout much of the world would crush any sort of cultural immunity.

By identifying what evidence and political influence helps identify a place we can respond to the site.

Conclusion Globalization actually has many pros along with all of its cons. As a world pow-er the United States of America needs to emphasis all that it can do, but be sensitive towards what it destroys in our world. This project seeks out what is so wrong with the loss of culture that we are experiencing in our world today and uses politics as the backbone of influence. If we are to take action in our built environment we will influ-ence the direction of people and use globalization to our benefit.

Project Justification Local communities, cultures, and countries are now following the current trend to construct the new and sought after building or architecture with the rise of glo-balization. The fear that globalization brings is that when humans are only thinking in one current or popular way that knowledge and creativity will decrease. So by creating this place it will exemplify a mode of building that is only specific to one site, but exposed to an international venue.

Proposal

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The Proposal Walking down Barcelona’s famous street “la Rambla” I move north from the statue of Columbus and as I walk I come across a Subway, Burger King, KFC, and Mcdonalds restaurant all within a few blocks. Wow, how convenient I can now walk in and read the English menu and order a half pound burger just like I do in Fargo, North Dakota, isn’t that peachy?

Architecture is learned through experiences and this is the root experience of how I began opening my eyes to the now ever more advancing trend of globaliza-tion. Reading more on globalization it is also defined on “westernization” or even “Americanization”. The American economic, political, military, social, and our way of life has become a model to other countries who are trying to develop. Now, this is a generalization and of course America is debatable on how powerful it actually is, but the fact is that there has never been a more powerful country on the earth then what is today called the United States of America in terms of power, influence, and technology. Why, however, has the U.S. grown into a superpower especially in the past 100 years? This question is not meant to be answered in one question, but at the foun-dation of human needs there is food, water, and surplus. It is unfathomable that a country would survive without these core resources, and the U.S. has an abundance of this in what is know as the grain belt.

With the globe becoming more and more populated and with urban centers filling up there will be a need for more technology and production of agricultural products. Investment in a place that will be the capital of agriculture in the U.S. and serve as an embassy to other nations would propel humankind and quality of life into the distant future. It is inhumane that there should be hunger in the world as there is often a surplus of food production in other countries. The fact that political lines can bound one country from being a supplier to there own people is wrong. What if there was a place where countries could come and solve world hunger by not only discussing, but also educating.

If Americans can step up to the plate and help other countries to gain knowl-edge and self-reliance then the spread of globalized knowledge will be positive instead of the negative terminology of “Americanization”. Globalization can then possibly occur only on the field of knowledge that is need based and humankind can be saved, if only a little, from the monolithic development of people.

User /Client Description Setting up a Agriculture capitol/ headquarters needs to have a site where agri-culture is not only the main industry, but where agriculture is studied and researched everyday. For this I have chosen a site just south of the USDA Facilities in Ames, IA.

Also, being located on a rail line where a large quantity of grain is taken and sold on the grain market in Chicago, IL. This is significant because it could establish rail transportation for people visiting this site. However, on a day to day basis there would be a need for vehicles which would require around 200- 250 parking spaces.

The Clients name is the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). This is an organization that currently meets in Rome, Italy and has its head-qourters there.

“FAO is also a source of knowledge and information. We help developing countries and countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fisheries practices and ensure good nutrition for all. Since our founding in 1945, we have fo-cused special attention on developing rural areas, home to 70 percent of the world’s poor and hungry people.” (“about FAO”, http://www.fao.org/about/en/, 1/12/10)

This client is international and is large in scale in regards to a buearcracy. They have a budget of approximatly 950 million dollars in which most of the money is contrib-uted by UN members.

Lastly, this client seeks to solve hunger and agricluture issues as there only purpose. Makeing information avallible and catering to 3rd world countries is its mission.

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Major Project Elements This place is where foreign peoples alongside a diplomatic program can dis-tribute practices and knowledge with the hopes that knowledge will help other countries become more self sufficient.

The spaces needed:

A “capitol” or politically minded building that houses diplomacy and meetings. This will have a two fold program with were people will stay and sleep along with the actual pace where they attend meetings. This construction will need to accomidate the people who are perminate on the site and the people who are temporary.

Outdoor space that is largely already existing will need to accommodate a variety of crops and animals that will be used for demonstration.

Site

Ames

Barilla America

Bell

Suza Holdings

Union Pacific RR

Site

City

Lim

its

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Project Emphasis To set up a independent entity that seeks to cure hunger in the world. A po-litical center for this to take place in the heart of agriculture research and develop-ment.

1-This project seeks out and confronts the politics behind architecture. How a can a place inform an architecture that also has a greater underlying symbolic meaning?

2- Identity of a place that becomes iconic. Is there an architecture that speaks of an iconic place or is it based on popular notions or political significance?

4- How can Architecture further meet the needs of an agriculture program in a stan-dard or new way of thinking?

5- How can borders be diminished and a organization can use politics and econom-ics to help those in need.

Plan For Proceeding Direction for Research:1) Find the importance of the site and overall relevance to program.2) Does politics and space making become in the meaning in the design of a place?3) Philosophy of globalization in the 21st century and its direction in the future.4) Benefits of agriculture that the U.S. has developed and its potential in the future.5) Construction of places with importunateness when dealing with foreign ambassa-dors.

Direction for design methodology1) Development of research and climaxing with the idea of a parti or artifact. A base point from which the project can move further with a meaningful intention.2) Using maps and other diagrams of political centers along with photos to under-stand the arrangement of spaces.3) Using a site visit to obtain not only documentation, but to converse with people who currently use the site.

Direction of Project Documentation1) Using pictures, graphics, sketches to communicate without words to transfer infor-mation.2) Periodically analyze what is important and save in a file whether physical or virtual.3) Citing all sources and using correct procedures in securing their identity.

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Previous Studio Experience 2nd year-

Fall 2006..................................................Joan Vorderbruggen Tea House Row House Mountain Dwelling Spring 2007.............................................Darryl Booker Dance Studio Montessouri School

3rd year-

Fall 2007..................................................Cindy Urness Center for Excellence Cranbrook Academy Addition Spring 2008..............................................Steve Martens Childrens Museum Mix- Use Fargo

4th year-

Fall 2008..................................................Bakr Mourad Aly Ahmed Athena Tower- High Rise Spring 2009.............................................Stephen Wischer Train Station- Barcelona Studio

5th year-

Fall 2009..................................................Milton Yergens Developing Downtown Fargo Spring 2010.............................................Regin Schwaen Thesis

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Intro

Politics and Architecture in our society have had a relationship that extends throughout known history. Whether it is a nation, state, society, or in-dividual how a building is specifically put together will speak of an entities reputation. Symbolism, im-agery, vision, stance, power, and other like words are what people associate with political architec-ture. Taking a deeper look into the experience of political architecture is all about what an entity (i.e. Nation) wants to say about its culture, ideology, principals, ethics and values.

From this political architecture humans could define itself and with the globalization culture that has been ever so spreading in the 21st century we as a society have the opportunity to define one-self. For the sake of being more organized I have broke my research into a few categories in which the ideas can be focused to directly influence the resulting architecture.

In Regards to politics-

The United States of America is or debatable is the most powerful nation that has ever existed in the history of the world. This prolific statement of course is meant to be controversial, however being a United States citizen we are directly responsible for not only effecting our own present and future, but the entire world.

The U.S.A. is a republic in which it leaders are elected to run and make decisions for the mass (closely related to a democracy form of govern-ing). Being we have about 300 million or so citizens this means that there is a lot of responsibility that these citizens be well represented. It is crucial that the citizens of the country and the politicians that are elected think of our influence not only domesti-cally, but also internationally.

Research

When a senator in Washington D.C. makes a choice to vote on a bill he or she is using there political obligation, ethics, and values to form a change. With this said, politics is the means for a person to gain power and achieve goals that ben-efit the people. “All ideologies provide an interpre-tation of the present and a view of a desired future. The anticipated future is invariably portrayed as materially better then the present and is attainable within a single lifetime.” (Baradat, 1991)

It is human nature that one will strive or want more out of their life and the quality of live(s). Our ideology is often categorized so that a mass amount can influence the choice that are being made (our political parties are a result) Politics at its essence wants to persuade, influence, and ulti-mately change current practices or statues in our society. According to the form of government this can be limited and sometimes impossible for one to person to make a noticeable

This brings up the issue that political standards that are the norm in one government will differ in a government where those standards are ques-tioned or opposed. The world that we live in to day has many emerging countries besides the U.S.A. that have substantially different governments. Why would this happen? Is it a question of a culture, so-ciology, or a fad that seems popular.

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An exert from the book: A Novelist Approach to Politics, brings up a interesting point about the Scandinavian countries Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. “When you visit, it actually feels very socialist there. Some would argue that this social re-sponsibility arouse out of the extreme winters, where not looking out for a neighbor could be deadly, and the Nordic countries do seem to share a belief that community responsibility should be extended and applied to the country as a whole.” (Van Belle & Mash, 2007)

Stated above is a reason, but this is not enough to generalize a people and there culture, because culture is constantly changing and mor-phing our world around us. This is especially true when analyzing our world that we live in today, be-cause of the ease of communication. Our sense, our understanding of issues, our proximity to knowl-edge has never been as accessible as it is today. This challenges our proximity to different as-pects in the world today. We look at foreign people now on a video camera streamed on a computer and there is no distance between them and us. Therefore politics is effected by what is happening around the globe. Our leaders our politicians will no longer be immune to what is happening around the world. The United Nations is a council that ac-tually finds its headquarters in New York and seats people who try to make humanitarian choices about the world that we live in.

In Regards to Globalization

With many different countries all over the world one would assume that different political and government systems would vary drastically. This was definitely true as there was literally thou-sands of languages throughout the world at one time and many different traditions and cultures that people followed. However, with the advance-ment of technology our world is becoming smaller.

We are losing our languages and customs that are associated with the cultures.

It is now the norm that businesses conduct work day-to-day all across the globe. This would be defined as globalization of economics. Howev-er, this can be translated to all areas in our life such as education, language, currency, travel, etc.

“Globalization isn’t new. Trade, capital flows, and immigration flourished in the years before World War I, but globalization collapsed between the wars, and recovered only slowly thereafter. In-deed, it was not until the 1980s that capital flows would return to levels that prevailed prior to WWI. But over the past 20 years or so, economic integra-tion has soared. Trade, measured in relation to world income, has nearly doubled to 18 percent form 10 percent at the dawn of WWI. At the same time, capital flows as a percentage of world income has soared to nearly 20 percent from under 10 percent in the early part of the twentieth century. Nearly 10 percent of the worlds population has migrated from one country to another.” (Weinstein, 2005)

The world that we live in today is the most changing dynamic time in history. It is easy to say that today a 15 year old who is living in New York most likely has more in common with a 15 year old in Tokyo, rather then a 30 year old from New York. The age gap is to large and to much knowledge and technology has changed between the two generations.

The point of this being that there are now gen-eration differences rather then cultural differences throughout the world. Globalization is removing distance, language, cultural, and even traditional norms from people and making the world one na-tion. Globalization is the influx of people wanting to become more knowledgeable, more cultured.

Because of this we directly influence how our

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choices are made. As stated above about the 15 year old having more in common this is a quote from the book A Novel Approach to Politics, “And related to that (political culture) are agents of po-litical socialization- or those from whom the group learns the political culture- which can include schools, parents, the media, friends, religious lead-er, etc.” (Van Belle & Mash, pg. 315, 2007)

Society has these influences and they are known as trends almost like a popularity contest. It can be seen in the form of fashion of clothes when showing any skin before the 1920s was normal to the Victoria Secret models now seen on cable T. V. Our society follows these trends and therefore our values are affected. These values are directly transparent in the way that we vote and elect our leaders.

In another discussion from the book: A Novel Approach to Politics, a portion on what is seen on TV exposes the politics behind what we see in the media. “One only has to look at the arguments in the United States over teaching evolution to see that the political power of the religious right and so-cial conservatives is far more prevalent in U.S. cul-ture than it is in New Zealand broadcast TV. That surely explains why you get some maughty words and an occasional glimpse of naughty bits on New Zealand broadcast TV but not on the U.S. networks.” (Van Belle & Mash, 2007) This exemplifies the char-acter of culture in relation to how it forms political decisions with censorship.

Our politics, however, could be argued that it is the furthest entity of our culture to become glo-balistic. With many forms of government and many forms of how people can voice there opinion (or not voice it) our world is like a mystery soup where its origins are hardly traceable and hard to shallow. It can be difficult at times for people of other na-tions to look at a nation and see why they make certain choices or why they morph they way they

do.

Discussion of the choices of people outside of our nation brings up the issue of what a nation actually is and how it differs from the state. In the book Political ideologies, it is stated that “nation is a group of people consisting of culture, language, and a sense of union” and the “state being made of four parts: people, territory, government, and sovereignty.” (Baradat, 1991) (pg.2) A nation is much more of a classification of a group of people and a state is the physical statues that a group of people attribute to themselves and how they rep-resent themselves.

We must understand that the state of many nations is most likely different then the nations that might exist under its flag. This can be exemplified by California’s mostly liberal stance versus Texas’s manly conservative stance. The two would be very different countries if they were separate, but be-cause they are under the same flag we represent a wide spectrum of people in the U.S.A. Likewise there are many different forms of government in the world ranging from socialism to monarchy.

However, the politics of these governments are the same. It is realized that popular beliefs and values are how choices are made. Whether the choices are made by the people, a few people, or just one person, they are directly effected by mainstream popularity. This in turn relates to glo-balization because our popularity and trends are now linked to a world that watches the same news, listen to the same music, gain knowledge from the same books, etc.

It is not the government nor the politics that are at fault of being globalized, but the informa-tion or mainstream culture that is associated with a globalists attitude.

When people are fed the same information and

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being to think and value the same things there will always be a rebellion, but not for long. Mainstream attitudes are accepted throughout the world with third world countries taking the backseat. It is diffi-cult to spread the media when people do not have internet, TV, or cell phone connection

This is not to state that a world becoming more globalized in its thinking and actions is bad. Many countries are helping third world countries with there economies and government. There are education, food, health and many other opera-tions that seek out places who need it.

There is also the sense that knowledge can be translated faster and there are less boundaries in which it has to pass for people to access it. It is convenient that we can now educate students in 3rd world countries that would not otherwise be able to access that sort of information.

The globalization that is happening is chop-ping down the obstacles that have been there so long for opportunity to happen in the world. There can even be architects who cross borders to build for other countries. The creation of the Executive wing of the New Zealand Parliament is an example of this.

In 1964 a British architect named Sir Basil Spence came to New Zealand while giving a talk about a cathedral he had just completed. The current Prime Minister asked him what sort of build-ing he would recommend for the executive wing according to its site. This eventually led the Spence to design a building and send it back to the gov-ernment. However, once this happened it opened pandoras box because New Zealand’s architects believe that a building for the county should be de-signed by someone from the country. However in 1961 the ministry of works Architectural division was given that task to build the project and “it agreed that an architect of international standing’ should

advise.”

After all was said and done they consulted with Spence for most of the design, but when it came to production they had to eliminate Spen-ce from the project in order to keep peace within the architecture and political community in New Zealand. At the end of the project it was quoted by Spence, “ I provided a germ of an idea” and emphasized that he didn’t want to be held respon-sible for the final building. (Skinner 2007)

This was a building in the 1960s that had the implications of how a globalist stance can some-times not work. People have pride in the country, there culture, and government and when they are compressed or revoked, it leads to unrest. There is a sense of nationalism (France is not a excluded from this either) in countries where citizens want to see there country succeed and for there to be an ultimate higher standard of living. It would not be acceptable for a Architect from Britain to create the new executive Wing for the New Zealand Par-liament, even if it was a better design.

This is only one case, but at its essence there is the issue that if a country can sustain itself and be a competitive player in the world then other coun-tries will respect and ultimately view such country as “powerful.” The sense of power is debatable but it is an important factor in the global climate of politics. When there are countries who have trouble with there government stability, health, natural disas-ters, etc. Countries who have the “power” have an ethic responsibility to look after the people of that country.

In Regards to Agriculture

“Today, less then a dozen nations produce ample food for their own people, approximately 50 nations are essentially food self-sufficient, and the

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rest (or nearly 120 nations) are dependent on out-side food sources.” (Finley & Price, 1994) The world that we live in today is at a time were technology and science have developed enough to where as politics is the only reason why agriculture cannot thrive in foreign countries. Board-ers are to blame for other countries not being able to produce food and other agriculture by-products for their country. The United States is a world leader in the science and technology of agriculture and its aligned fields. We can now produce more then just food with our agriculture which is helping the domestic production of goods in the U.S. By using our crops for things like ethanol or plastic bottles we are now using our agriculture to its maximum potential. While using our crops for numerous other ac-tivities, “Petroleum geologists project about 40 years of oil and natural gas resources for the world. The United States have 50-100 years of coal reserves.” (Pimentel 2008) This is why our agriculture is becom-ing more and more valuable in our world. If there are renewable resources that are being used for everyday energy needs instead of nonrenewable then we will secure our existence into the future.

This, however, is common knowledge for most people who study agriculture. It has been known for some time now that oil, coal, and other petro-leum based resources will run out.

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In Conclusion

Our world that we live in today will not exist in twenty years! No, this is preposterous even if there are speculative scientists or ancient sources who say there are (many whom I have found through research and have chosen to leave out) Our world however has a certain amounts of resources and how those resources are used, developed or un-developed will correlate to the politics of whoever has the most power. The fact that there is already billions of dol-lars spent every year on technology and research dealing with Agriculture speaks of its importance in our society. If there were to ever be a time where a country or a people existence of that nation would cease to exist. It is absolutely vital if the human population grows into the future that our agricul-ture and its practices respond to that growth.

Our resources which where taken for grant-ed during the industrial revolution are in the past 30 years become the platform for many political re-forms. It is a statement to the world when a coun-try can step up and take responsibility for its ac-tions. When doing everyday necessities becomes a question or a problem will then people step up and take responsibility?

Political boundaries are the identity in which many people cannot reserve certain human needs. When a country the problem of not being able to sustain its population with food, it cannot survive. There must be food, water, and knowledge in ev-ery country so the inhabitants can form a nation of prosperity.

What if we take these politics and form a group that has not affiliation other then represent-ing the people and there good? What if there was a place where their meetings, findings, research, and policies would look past current day political borders and solve agricultures issues? There is a need in the world for a entity other then the U.N.

Summary

or G8 conferences that will take agriculture and its power and put it to test.

Our seed companies who produce different genetics and distribute this resource could now become more powerful then the ever so large oil barons of the world. All industries of agriculture will continue to become more and more important with technology advancing and propelling the possibilities of our crops. Our agriculture commu-nity that has its heart in the grain belt of America could eventually become just as important politi-cally as Washington D.C. Importance of humans relationship within its self has defined our world over and over again. When reading history books about leaders from the Pharaohs, Caesars, Napoleon, Hitler, or Obama power is the world that comes to mind. This pow-er is the essence in which people weather right or wrong will follow. Having an ethic, unethical, or de-fine reason to govern is not the sort of power which is brought apon in this research. It is the power to directly affect a persons culture and there identity in the now globalized world that we live in today.

If there is to knowledge that is spread with the blink of an eye, if our technology will continue to advance exponentially so should our politics. Ag-riculture is only one answer to help people remain identifiable and sustainable into the future.

My interests in the project through the re-search is to seek out how the politics of agriculture will fit in the, now evermore increasing, globalized world.

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Physical Characteristics: Located on an 18-acre site on the East side of Manhattan, it is an international zone be-longing to all Member States. Composed of four buildings: the General Assembly building, the Visitors Center, Secretariat building, and the Dag Hammarskjold Library. The Scretariat building being the largest with 39 floors and office accommodation for 3,400 employees.

United Nations HeadquartersLocation: Manhattan, Ny, Ny, USAArchitect: Team Project headed by Wallace Harrison in-cluding Sven Markelius, Le Corbusier, Vladimir Bo-diansky, Ssu-ch’eng Liang, Oscar Niemeyer, Guy Soileux, Nikolai Bassov, abramovitz, Ernest Cormi-er, Ernest Weismann, Matthew Nowicki.

Research Findings: This case when looking into highly symbolistic, political, and powerful archi-tecture has little in common with other venues because of its modernity. Many of the worlds capital buildings are built with a traditional roman/greek classic. However, the headquarters is very differ-ent in that it puts a modernist/ minimalist approach to architecture in the develop-ment of a “World Capital”. The development of this headquar-ters is extremely controversial with such a high power team of world renowned ar-chitects. Also, the city of New York had a few people in power that ultimately made this project happen with an investment of 18 million dollars just to make the site more assessable for an average of 40,000 people who will visit the site in a day. The United Nations even has its own security force, fire department and postal admin-istration. Another important feature of this building is the space that is included pro-jected nations to join the U.N. At the time of construction there were only about half of the current 162 members of the U.N. With this growth there has been many more buildings added on, but the main 4 buildings that were constructed in the 1950s are still the primary buildings be-ing used. Proposed renovation was brought

up in 2000, but the 1 billion estimated con-struction costs have not been approved yet.

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Sec

Conclusion: This building has great modern de-sign, but that is what was to be expect-ed. Through the readings it is more of a political statement of the building that makes it a success. Wallace Harrison was the “head” architect and had to put up with a lot of economical, social, and ego-tistic problems. However, his vision of an architecture that will be for the better of society, a humanitarian effort to bring the world together in one place and solve problems was always on his mind and guided his choices. With this building complete this area of Manhattan has boomed and it has been a positive impact on New York and makes Harrison a great humanitarian and architect. There have even been build-ings surrounding the UN that have trans-lated the vernacular into there design.

Analysis: The three original and fourth building that was added during the 1960s are made of Steel and Reinforced concrete. With this structure it is amazing how they have the general assemble cladded in con-crete with very few windows and the secre-tariat build being 39 stories with a curtain wall on its east/ west side and marble on its north/ south. This leads to 3 very different massing schemes. There is the high rise which in plan is a rectangle but in elevation very tall and fat if you look from the river or from the west, but skinny from north/south. The relationships that these three masses creates is a beautiful courtyard that serves well for the thousands of occupants. The geometry of these buildings is ex-tremely simple, but the form informs the func-tion of the assemble building in that it is an auditorium that houses all the delegates of the U.N. With very little repetitive motions from building to building, but on individual build-ings it is almost all repetitive in there mate-rial and system choices being either glass, marble, stone, or concrete. What is so great though is that it doesn’t have the symmetry of a group of buildings. Yes, the buildings them-selves are basically symmetrical (except the general assembly) but this was designed as a site in whole, not just one or two buildings. Lastly this campus or series of build-ings is arranged so that it can be a secure and iconic group of buildings with space for public art. It is the modernists reaction to what a capital series of buildings should be.

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Scottish Parliment

Physical Characteristics: The site is located at the bottom of the Royal Mile in Edinburgh’s Old Town, op-posite the Royal Palace at Holyrood. The building site is 5 acres in size and has space for 128 representatives and a parliament space.

Location: Edinbourgh, ScotlandArchitect: Enric Miralles & Benedetta Tagliabue

Research Findings: Starting construction in 2000 this contemporary building is the first place where parliament will meet in Scotland in 300 years. The competition was won in 1998 by Enric Miralles and Bennedetta Ta-gliabue two Spanish architects. The complex will incorporate a Debating Chamber building, four tower buildings containing committee rooms, briefing rooms and staff offices, the MSP building, the Cannongate buildings, a Media building and a large skylight Foyer. Also, the Queensberry House, a 17th cen-tury building located on the site is being refurbished with a library in its basement. The basic design is around a leaf and makes the building seem as if it is a flower growing out of the ground. The parliament is of Scotland and therefore directly coming from Scottish soil. In 1707 Scotland joined with England to form Great Britain, but in 2005 and with a price tag of $757 million this building was com-pleted. It has sense then won the RIBA Stirling Prize and continues to serve the government of Scotland.

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Analysis: The primary structure of this grand assembly of buildings is site and pre-cast con-crete. There were some features that were done off the site and then assembled on site. However, the largest of the buildings is a steel frame that is cladded in concrete panels, to fit in with its context. With the use of many “leaf” framed skylights in many of the transition spaces the towers have a unique use of light. The debating chamber also has a great sense of light because it is column free and has curtain walls which flood the space with natu-ral light. Also, the light in the MSP offices is interesting because these are precast units that have wood slats covering there exterior, but the diffused light would make sitting in these spaces more comfortable. From the light it could be seen that the massing is rather simple for this site, but then arrangement makes for interesting connections and arrangement of spaces. This leads to the geometry of the building in that it is primary an organic form in which many curves and direct paths are instituted instead of a “grid” type plan. An interesting feature moving from the form of this composition would be it re-petitive movements of the towers, but there unique floor plans and asymmetry. This composition basically shows how a large place that has a lot of function and uses can still be humble even thought it has social significance.

Conclusion: To my surprise this building has a rhythm and a poetics to it that is very con-sistent upon taking a deeper look into its architecture. What happens in this build-ing is there is there are very intentional spaces that inform the form of the build-ing. This is definitely one of the most icon-ic buildings to where form actually does follow the direct function of the space. It would be extremely hard to imag-ine this building as anything other then a parliament building because how inten-tional the design is. From a brewery site to what it is now this building has literally dug itself into the Scottish Government.

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Cathedral of the ResurrectionLocation: Every, FranceArchitect: Mario Botta

Physical Characteristics: This Cathedral is located at Place des Droits de l’ Homme et du Citoyen, Evry, France and was built in 1995 by the swiss architect Mario Botta. The Top of the building has in it planted twenty four lime trees as a symbol of life.

Research- This Cathedral has been chosen as a case study because of its language of hierarchy and symbolism. The building cost 13 Million Euros and the area of the building is 1,600 sq. m. The height of the chapel is 34m (111ft) and the cylinder is 38m (125ft) diameter. With these dimensions it may seem small or misleading when looking at pho-tos to the place. There are very few slates Views, however are not especially that important, but Botta has created a great viewpoint on the roof by having building patrons follow a path of trees that lead up to the conservation deck.

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Analysis-Being made of reinforced concrete clad with red bricks this structure is dynamic in how it can make openings. The light is especially important on how it pours through the cylindrical form that has been chopped off diagonally. The total composition of the building complex looks at hierarchy of the site and establishes the chapel as the most important. Then the resident tower and supporting spaces wrap around a courtyard to make a total facility. The path that is taken to the site has been well thought out along with the build-ings orientation in dealing with light. Views immediately surrounding the site are not all that impressive, but the total composition of the city of Every is, so Botta places a lookout on top of the building, This building can be seen as highly subtractive. It feels like a brick shell has been created then chopped off at a diagonal. Then transparent materials and steel struc-ture was added to fill in the voids of the building to make it weather tight. The masonry detail is one of the main features that makes this building great. It has many different patterns and is not scared of being bolt with its huge walls. Lastly the flow or the path that this Cathedral sits on is creates a frame for the building from a distance and gives the chapel its importance even before you are inside the space.

Conclusion- The cathedral at Evry is a case study that emphasises a clear and consise defini-tion of symbolism that is seen in most religous architecture. Not unlike civic architecture, religous architecture seeks out to do more with its building then just a functional space. When looking into other cathe-drals or churches this one stood out be-cause of its simplisity and because of its use of light. It would almost seem as if you would need to be at this place for a couple of hours just to notice all the suddle details in openings, masry, and niches all which try to suddly fit into the overall architecture.

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Historical Context:

Historic context when dealing with politics, civ-ic Architecture, and symbolistic Architecture would be like comparing apples to apples. Architecture built for the public (civic) just will not happen unless it is scrutinized by symbolism and using the building as a synonym. Our built environment is one in which human experience one place and then compare it to another. What is important though is how this architecture can take from past forms of civic archi-tecture and make it of the place and of the specific purpose. Agriculture is defined as the “industry of producing food through plants and animals.” (Finley & Price) It is important to site the history of agricul-ture, and political organization.

Agriculture is a basic entity of life, but what is the history of this well known staple of society? According to White (1943) proposed that humans evolved in the following three major stages (1) sav-agery- hunter-gatherers living on wild foods; (2) barbarianism-early agriculture and pastoral societ-ies; and (3) civilization- development of engines and intensive use of fossil energy to produce food and necessities.” (Pimental, 2008)

In the beginning of human history it is viewed that people greatly valued the importance of food because it is what kept them alive. “There are many drawings of cows and several small horses on a painted cave in lascaux, France.” (Pimental, 2008) People would have celebrations over successful harvests and many religions even worship certain animals or plants that provide food. People of this time depended on themselves to accumulate food and a thing such as a store or supermarket would ne a dream.

A study that was conducted in Ghana in a small village named Agogo, shows that types of crops compared to its proximity to the village. Labor intensive crops like maize, cocoyams, and cassava were all planted close within 1 mile. In contrast oth-er crops that like cocoa, which is almost self sustain-ing, was planted within 12 miles. (Grigg, 1995) Be-

cause of geographic restrictions people would flurish in regions where it was easier to produce food.

Basically humans started to gather and hunt food and when they could do this together they be-came more successful and therefore able to have more surplus. This surplus most likely helped them through ruff times and to keep there small com-munity alive. Next when that community refined its knowledge on how to farm and domesticate animals then it gained even more surplus. This lead up to the industrial revolution where now machines have taken the majority of the hard labor that agri-culture used to require.

From this beginning we now have the im-pact of the industrial revolution in which machines brought about the need for less people and more production In the ancient society of Egypt it is re-searched that 95% of the populations energy went to the production of food, however today in the U.S. it is around 19% in which a smaller percentage actu-ally comes from physical human labor. (Pimentel, 2008) The rest of the population is then relying on others to produce there source of food. Our society today literally has little information and means of how there food is processed.

Today the amount of research and technol-ogy that has been invested into agriculture is enor-mous and very advanced. However, a report by the World Health Organization reports there are 3.7 billion who are malnourished. This is the largest in history, and signals a serious food problem now and certainly for the future. Since 1984, food production, especially cereal grain production, has been de-clining per capita because of growing numbers of people, shortage of energy in agricultural crop pro-duction (e.g. Fertilizers), and shortages of freshwater. (Pimental, 2008, Preface xvii)

Why would there be shortages of food? Would a society which has technology and the science behind agriculture let people go hungry? What is the actual intention of this question is to

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point out that there are huge surpluses in food in some regions of the world where as there are some regions who have the potential do not have the ca-pability to produce food. Another alarming report is from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and it reports that 99.9% of all food (calories) comes from the land, but when so much cropland is needed, soil is being lost because of erosion that is 10-30 times faster then stainability. Therefore more crop yields decrease, or more fertilizers or pesticides are needed. (Pimental, 2008) As a society we farm very intensely today and because of it our land cannot keep up with the pro-duction.

Also, we must think of the impacts that ag-riculture has on the environment. From the once grassy plains of the Midwest to the now griddle landscape of fields or the destruction of rainforests to plant crops in their place, humans have a huge impact on the ecology. In the United States approx-imately 750,000 species of plants and animals are apart of the natural environment. (Pimental, 2008) This ecology can be very sensitive and when it is lost can take years if ever to restore. In terms of Politics

“A cite’s political iconography therefore de-velops in two stages: in the first, specific political sys-tems are allocated to the urban forms they employ, and the second, these urban forms one political connotation associated with them can be used as deliberate symbols.” (Sonne, 2003, pp. 30) Basically there is a group of people, they want there opinion to be heard or there is a issue that needs to be addressed then they label themselves based on there beliefs. People cannon exist without a fraction of the people making decisions and rep-resenting the needs of the people in order for there to be a cultivation a better life. Establishing a place where all these issues can be heard and discussed is how political archi-

Historical Context:

tecture started. The pharaohs up to Obama have all had buildings which represent the power, views, and image of the entity that they lead. Importance of these spaces whether exterior or interior is a vi-sion. This is how a group of people want others to view them. It is almost like the professional suit that people wear to job interviews. The image that is expelled from this architec-ture can differ from nation to nation or business to business, but all the same the face of that entity is portrayed to anyone who sees it. It is the reputa-tion of a people in which most people not only care about, but are willing to die for. In the eagerness for many countries to strive for that ultimate image or for the new ultra popu-lar design famous architects are often employed. Most of the time they are not of the place and they come up with a image or an iconic building that will end of being the place it represents image. When, however, the architect isn’t from the place and is only responding to a popular scheme. The fraction of this argument is that architects can learn of a place and sense they are of another place can react to the site, politics, culture, and region in a new and unique way that might offer an experience even closer to what the client wanted. So, the argument can somewhat be resolved by stating that an architect must know a site, its peo-ple, its culture, its region, its climate, and all other elements that make a building composition come to life.

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In terms of Ames, IA

Ames, Iowa was named in honor of Oakes Ames, a congressman from Massachusetts with rail-road interests. The name was proposed by industri-alist and railroad magnate, John I. Blair, a friend and colleague of Mr. Ames.

The first business in Ames, begun in the sum-mer of 1865, was operated out of the railroad de-pot. Land for an agricultural college was secured by Story County citizens in 1859. This became Iowa Agricultural College and Experimental Farm that of-ficially opened in 1869. (ames historical society)

This is the offical start to the agriculture scene in Ames, IA. This area was settled because of its land, however, Ames sense the beginning as been known as a contributor to the science and technol-ogy growth inside of agriculture.

The first official class entered at Ames in 1869, and the first class (24 men and 2 women) graduated in 1872. Iowa State was and is a leader in agricul-ture, engineering, extension, home economics, and created the nation’s first state veterinary medicine school in 1879.

In 1959, the college was officially renamed Iowa State University of Science and Technology. The focus on technology has led directly to many research patents and inventions including the first binary computer (the ABC), Maytag blue cheese, the round hay baler, and many more.

Beginning with a small number of students and Old Main, Iowa State University now has ap-proximately 27,000 students and over 100 buildings with world class programs in agriculture, technology, science, and art.(University Archives, Iowa State University Library, 2009)

Ames is a city in Iowa which actually has a large part of its own population being students,

Historical Context:

which makes the area more populated nine months out of the year.

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With any sort of project in the early stages it is im-portant to set some goals that will not only guide, but influence what will be accomplished with this project. After exhaustive research, critiques, and ultimately a formal presentation hopefully there will be something that will validate all the work that goes with a thesis. There are three ways in how I can see these goals and then how to accompish them will be up for discovery and determination.

First dealing with academic goals this is some-what untraditional, but it is not to recieve the highest grade or impress the judges, but to present a project in the end that others can learn from. Whether in the future someone was at the presentation or when read-ing this manuel they will understand in depth a little more about how architecture can be implemented into our lives.

That said a little more specifically I plan on using resources such as professors and in the field people to guide decisions that are made. Come into contact with a person who deals with politics, or a facilities op-erator at some sort of government ajency.

These are the sort of people who can pour the foun-dation of a solid and bulletproof program and day to day needs. Next academically I plan on not stopping the re-search process. Using the library to find more sources of information will only strengthen this program.

Next professionally it is important to see how this sort of thesis could carry me into the real world. Doing studies on firms or clients that use civic architecture ev-eryday interest me and it would be smart to use them as potiential resources.

Not only consulting other professionals, but con-sulting other students and engaging in conversation on the topic and where it could head and what it could be. It is important for me that this project be looked on with respect and with a certin sense of depth.

Personally, I am not going to create an archi-

Goalstecture that is traditional follows some sort of rules or expec-tations. But, a architecture that speeks of the function and responds through the experience in the building. I view architecture as the study of the built environ-ment just as any other science will study its subject. It must be disected and handled with the upmost diliberate ex-pression and conclusion. Not to say that that this architec-ture will solve the worlds problems because that is impossi-ble, it is to say that the understanding of this building should be clear, consise, and ultimatly achieve a level of simplisity.

With this philosphy I also believe that organization will be crucial and ultimatly be the most important goal of this project. Documentation, drawing, sketching, modeling, and experiamenting with archiecture will be a everyday task.

One rather aggresive goal that I am going to try to implement into my project is weekly sketch and narrative. This will just be an idea, topic, or experience that I have developed during the week. I feel as if this will then cate-gorize where I am at and then I can use it and move on the next week and try to make every week another exploration into something new. Then near the end bringing thies nar-ritives and sketches together will form the conclusion of my project.

I think that in conclusion my goals are not just to work hard and come out with a traditional high level of work, but it should be a vigirous exploration into many options and then concluding on what I feel is the best architecture.

Lastly I think that it will be important to not forget where I have come from in this process. Trying to remem-ber the basics and neccessites of this project instead of being caught up with details that are irrelivant.

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Site Analysis:

Qualitative Analysis Narrative- Starting from the north side of Iowa and driv-ing south bound on interstate 35, it would easily be stated that there is not too much going on. The traffic is not overwhelming and the repetition of farm land which seems to extend to the end of the earth might put you to sleep. The only features that break up your views are the occasional stream and the site of a small town or village exit off the interstate. This is farm country where the main and only reason why people are here is because of the land. Then about two and a half hours south of the Minnesota/ Iowa border I come across a signs sig-naling “Ames Iowa” next three exits ahead. Then there is a rather large green sign that states USDA veterinary center, next exit. My destination is not through this exit so I pass by the large facility that houses all sorts of animals, I can even see a bison. Then what really will wake a person up from the drive is the first overpass bridge and for once I am lifted off the ground level and can see further into the distance and experience a view of Iowa that seems like a map. There is the specific grid in which the field are plotted out the east and the city of Ames which breaks out from the grid and there are a lot more trees, streets, and other city features. As I turn off on highway 30 exit to drive west bound I find that Ames, Iowa is not a huge city, but seems as if it has many features that would make it a local hub community. There is nothing especially grand about the sprawl that is happening on this south border of the city, just as if I was in any mid- sized town in the Midwest. Driving a little more then two miles I take the Iowa State exit north then take a left on Mortenson drive to eventually get to my brothers apartment. This is the south end of campus and I can see a few hints of a typical college campus such a huge dor-mitory complex and then again I hit another field with a barn and more animals. On this trip there is no underlying reason to notice anything, but it is very evident to a newcom-er that Ames, Iowa is all about these animals and it looks like there is a farm in the city limits. Then after picking up my brother we drive

onto the Iowa state Campus. Being an exception-ally well laid out campus I find that the immense brick buildings and large facilities make it seem as if I have just left the country and in the city. With all the old buildings that are established on the campus there are many new buildings that surround it exteri-or and it is obvious that this is a rather large institution that has a comprehensive campus all in one loca-tion. Then once again on the north side of campus we run into a large barn that has horses and is titled “equestrian building”. This is very intersting again to me becuase we are on a tradition campus with the engineering building, the army ROTC, the athletic complex, then a traditional old barn that has muddy yards where there are horses. Moving from the campus we go to eat in what is knowen as the downtown area of Ames. This is the typical midwest “downtown” with the large storefront windows and brick construction (things an architecture enthusist picks up on). Then as we eat we are distracted by the trains that are passing by the downtown. Then as we leave we are stopped by a train and I notice there is a old train depo in the downtown. This is were the narritive ends, but these are my main memories/ impressions of Ames, Iowa when I visited my brother on the day that he gradu-ated from Iowa State University. I really have limited experiences in Ames besides for a few visits, but it really has interesting areas of the city that give it a historical foundation. Whether it be the old down-town or the campus which has many older buildings it really does seem to respect what has been there. Another impression is the agricluture that is sprinkled through the city. Throughout my narritive it is obvious that the animals that I saw really stuck and as of all the fields the overpass on the interstate bring them into a context. From a first person point of view this seems like a college town that has a lot of agricuture influence that is landlocked in the middle of Iowa.

Site Analysis:

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Site Analysis:

The Corn Belt of the U.S.

Regional Map

Road Map- Including counties

(www.iowa-maps.org)

(Google Earth)

Site Analysis:

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Site Analysis:

County map-This historic map is important because it shows the grid system that is prevalent here and throughout the U.S. which is known as the Jeffersonian grid. The land waa settled mainy through the homestead act in which 160 acres which is a quarter of a 640 acre section ( section= 1x1 mile). From there a township is made up of a 6x6 grid of sec-tions in which every township had a meeting center. A township would be therefore 23,040 acres in which there are usually around 16 townships in a county. Story county, IA would therefore be 368,640 acres and would have be broken into 2,304 quarter sections.

(Ames Historical Society)

I-35 In

ters

tate

Union Pacific RR

Site Analysis:

Barilla America

Bell

Suza Holdings

Union Pacific RR

Site

City

Lim

its

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Site Analysis:

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Latitude: +42.03472 (42°02’04.992”N)Longitude: -93.61972 (93°37’10.992”W)

Site Analysis:

Sun Diagram

Average Precipitation

Average Cloudy Days

Average Wind Speed

This is a rail map of the U.S. in which Chicago is the hub of the U.S. This is a result in the importance that chicago developed early in the history of the U.S. in transporting Agriculture to the Stock Exchang and foriegn trading.

Site Analysis:

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Program:

Headquarters for the advancement of Agriculural practices:

Primary spaces: Grand Committee room: Space for 190 delegates.................................................6,840 sq. ft. Space for 80 guests.............................................................800 sq. ft.

Gallery Space..............................................................................2,500 sq. ft.

Meeting Rooms: Meeting rooms 6 @ 200 sq. ft...........................................1,200 sq. ft.

Supporting Spaces 21,000 sq. ft. x .4 =..............................................................8,400 sq. ft.

Secondary spaces Lodging space 150 rooms @ 150sq. ft. ...............................................................22,500 sq. ft.

Lobby.............................................................................................1,000 sq. ft. Supporting Spaces 23,500 sq. ft. x .4.................................................................9,400 sq. ft.

Total.............................................................................................. 52,640sq. ft.

Program

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Process

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Process

THE PLOW- One of the strongest metaphors that could be related throughout the process is the idea of a plow. This object transformed our prairies at one time and now will transform the people who experience this building. When the problems and issues are exposed in the building there is the plowing experience into a new realm that will be the literal mission of the building and the architecture.

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Hang- After analyzing the plow then comes the field and the act of harvesting. Not unlike the collection of ambassadors who will be meeting at this complex the building must be planted and harvested. So, this model exibits hanging compartments where the ambassadors would stay and then would leave. Like apples being picked these units would leave very little impact on the site only the pillars that support the cables.

Process

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Combination-

This model exibits the plow, the hanging units in a more refined fashon and is the last model that was built before the final production of this project. Basically the plow is the meeting space, then the units would be cargo units that are 8’x8’x40’ in demen-sion. They would be under a temporary tarp and surrounded by temporary walk-ways.

Process

Combination-

The procession of the building would be that it would fill full of units during the fall when crops from the field are harvested and then the meetings would take place in the building. When the meetings are done then the units would leave and could be used by the UN for whatever projects that they need.

This building is ment to question the impor-tance of our civic architecture today. Are they a true representation of what they stand for? Does designing with politics rath-er then tradition, as a basis, mean more in the outcome? Can the architecture literally tell users and the public what it is that they stand for in the experience of the building?

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Drawings Ames, Iowa I-35

Railroad

Barilla

Site

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Basement

First Floor

Units- retrofitted with a bump out to accomidate sleep and bathing

Atrium

Offices

Meeting 1

Meeting 2

Entry

Bomb Shelter

Bomb Shelter

HVAC

Handicap Accessable Entry

Train Station

Drawings

Atrium

Grand Assembly

Balcony- public viewing

Cafeteria

Train Station

Second Floor

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Entry

Section- summer

Section- assembly session

Drawings

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Units Unloading- When the Units arrive at the site they would be unloaded and pushed into the building on the structural track. A hydralic system is what lifts them up and then wheels are put on the top so that they can be pushed into the building and into there spot. There would be a total of 96 units in which each unit will be able to fit 2 ambassador apartments, for a total of 192 apartments.

Drawings

Units loading- As the rendering shows the Units would be pushed into the building and then a “bump out portion” would be pushed out in each of the units so that the bed would be accessible and make for more room in each apartment. Also there would be ties hanging from the structure that would secure the walkways as they are assembled after the units are pushed into the structure.

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Units Assembled- This rendering shows the building as it would be on the inside as the units, walkways, and roof tarp are completely assembled. This would be completed over the plowed ground that now exisits and could be used for dem-onstrations for the ambassadors. However, it would only be semi- heated, but the apartments would have thier own HVAC system to keep them warm.

Drawings

Unit 1

Unit 2

HVAC

wet wall

Rollers

“Bump-out”

Truss

Cargo Container 8’x 8’x 40’

Shipping Container- These units are standard shipping units that circulate around the world and are extremely strong and versitle. Trains, Ships, and even Semi- Trucks are able to transport these units which would make them highly valuable for the UN FAO. In 2009 the FAO had an approximate 2,000 projects all around the globe and these units would be proposed to be transported to the locations in hopes of a sustainable effort.

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Entry Atrium- This space would be where the people who first enter from a car would meet ambassadors who are staying in the units would interact. There would be space for exhibitions and demonstrations that are crucial to this build-ings success.

Drawings

Grand Assembly- This space shows how earth and grass is pushed up on the sun shades and the “plow” gesture dominates the northwest wall in contrast. There would be enough desks for 200 ambassadors and 150 public viewers.

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Summer- Showing the field planted with corn

Drawings

Winter- Showing the building as it would be from the interstate if you were looking at the Barilla Factory.

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Contact Info:

37770 hwy 109Winnebago, MN 56098

(507) 676-0003

matthew.arndt.1@gmail.com

Hometown:Winnebago, Minnesota

Quote about NDSU:“The red river valley is one of the flattest landscapes on earth” qoute from the main ave. bridge

Personal Information: ThanksI would like to write a special thanks to all my classmates,

teachers, and others who have helped in the development and process of this thesis. To my classmates Fernando Bales,

Mitch Dressel, Mike Stuven, Chis Legat, Mike Vetter, Jon Thomas, Jenn Whitney, Mathias Fitzer, Jamie Walter, Tom Adametz, Jon Holten, Micah Dietz, Kevin Zachman, and

Alex Engle.

My thesis instructor Regin and thesis advisor Mark Barnhouse.

Also, to my parents Marian and Kevin who support me in many ventures.

And lastly my boss Jim Caleandro who has inspired many interesting debates and conversations on issues of politics

and ethics.

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Presentation Reference ListAmes Historical Society, 2009, http://www.ameshistoricalsociety.org/index.html

Baradat, Leon P., 1991, Political Ideologies, Their Orgins and Impact, Engle-wood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice- Hall, Inc.

Cappellato, Gabriele, 2003, Light and Gravity, Munich, Berlin, London, New York, Prestel Verlag

Chung, Kwang- young, 2000, Pro Architect, Korea, Archiworld co., Ltd.

Finley, Eddy & Price, Robert, 1994, International Agriculture, Albany, NY, Delmar Publishers

Grigg, David, 1995. An Introduction to Agriclutural Geography, New York, NY, Routledge

Newhouse, Victoris, 1989, Wallace K. Harrison, Architect, New York, NY, Rizzouli International Publications, Inc.

Pimentel, David & Marcia, 2008, Food, Energy, and Society, third edition, Boca Roton, FL, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group

Rowe, G. Peter, 1997, “Civic Realism”, Cambridge, Massachusetts, The MIT Press

Sonne, Wolfgang, 2003, Representing the State, New York, NY, Prestel Publishing

Skinner, Robin, 2007, “The Beehive, A difficult Collaboration”, The Politics of Mak-ing: Critical Studies in Architectural Hmanities, Abingdon, UK, Routledge

Swenarton, Mark, 2007, Introduction: The Politics of Making Critques: Critical Stud-ies in Architectural Humanities, Abingdon, UK, Routledge

Galfetti, Gustavo Gili, 1991, Botta, Barcelona, Spain, Ingoprint

Van Belle, Douglas, 2007, A., A Novel Approach to Politics: Introducing Political Science Through Media and Popular Culture, Washington, D.C., CQ Press

Weinstein, Micheal M., 2005, Globalization, New York, NY, 2005, Columbia Univer-sity Press

Zanish-Belcher, Tanya, 2006, Iowa State University History, University Archives, Iowa State University Library, http://www.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/exhibits/150/index.html