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HOME A GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICE AND THE SAFE USE OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES

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Page 1

REMEDIAL TIMBER TREATMENT IN

BUILDINGS

A GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICE AND

THE SAFE USEOF WOOD PRESERVATIVES

Organisations which have beenconsulted in the preparation of

Remedial timber treatment in buildings

Association of County Councils

Association of District Councils

Association of Metropolitan Authorities

British Wood Preserving and

Damp-proofing Association

Building Research Establishment

Building Societies Association

Confederation of Britisb Industy

Convention of Scottish LocalAuthorities

Department of the Environment

Department of Trade and Industty

Health & Safety Executive

Institute of Wood Science

Institution of Environmental Health

0ffice 73

Institute of Building Control

London Hazards Centre

Nation wide Association of Preserving

Specialists

Property Services Agency

Royal Institute of British Architects

Royal Institute of Chartered

surveyors

Transporl and General Workers Union

Union of Construction, Allied Trades

and Technicians

Acknowledgement is given to

Elvendon Press for the professional

re-drafting of the text

FOREWORDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. i v. v

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..vi

HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..vi

1ASSESSING THE NEED FOR REMEDIAL WORK

AND CHOOSING THE RIGHT TREATMENT

Essential approachPreliminary information

DEALING WlTH FUNGAL ATTACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...2

Detailed assessment of’ building conditionLocation of sources of moistureInspection skillsAssessing the extent of timber decayIdentifying sound timbers at risk from future decayDry rot assessment

TAKING ACTlON AGAINST FUNGAL DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...6

Types of fungicide products and their usesTackling dry rotTreatment of timber in infected masonryContaining dry rot in wallsDealing with infected soil or rubble

DEALING WlTH INSECT ATTACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...9

Assessing the damage or risk of damageTreatment with wood preservativesHot air treatment

IDENTIFYING FUNGAL DAMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l2

How fungi damage woodTypes of fungal decay

lDENTIFYlNG lNSECT DAMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l3

How insects damage woodTypes of insect

USING WOOD PRESERVATIVES: THE ESSENTIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...14

2USING PESTICIDE PRODUCTS SAFELY AND REPONSIBLY

ESSENTIAL POINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l5

WarningWhat is a pesticide?

APPROVING AND REVIEWING PESTICIDE PRODUCTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,16

ApprovalReview

UNDERSTANDING THE PRODUCT LABEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...17

Product name and HSE numberRestriction of use phraseRisk phrases

KEY POINTS

Name and concentration of active ingredientsDirections for usePrecautionsHazard warning symbolsOther sectionsApprovals phrase

checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l9

3SAFE AND RESPOSIBLE TIMBER TREATMENT

TRAINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2o

PLANNING & PREPARATloN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2l

Transport of wood preservativesStorage of wood preservatives

PROTECTING THE PUBLIC AND THE ENVIRONMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...22

Notifying occupantsSpecial precautions and evacuation proceduresWarning noticesFish, pets and batsWatercoursesWater tanksSoil

PROTECTING OPERATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...24

Access, exits and ventilationProtective clothing and equipmentMaintenance of clothing and equipmentFire, electrical and explosion risksSafe electrical workFirst aidDust, fibres etcSupply of fresh water

WORKING WITH WOOD PRESERVATIVES..., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...27

CHECK LIS~ THE MAIN POINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...30

CLEANING UP AND DISPOSAL OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...30

Safety precautions after treatmentDisposal of wood preservatives

DEALING WlTH SPILLAGES AND FIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..3l

Be preparedIn case of fireIn case of spillageWarning

FIRST AID ON SITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...32The risksIf people become unwellWhen medical help arrives

GLOSSARY OF TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..U

REFERENCE SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...35

lNDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...36

FOREWORD

as Pesticides and are, bV definition, designed to kill

environment. It is therefore Government policy, one which I am

sure is widely supported, that the amounts of all pesticides used should be

limited to the minimum necessary for effective pest control compatible with

the protection of human health and the environment. So that they should

never be used where they are not needed. If people read this guide and act

on the advice that it contains, they will make a valuable contribution

towards putting this policy into practice. Surveyors, in particular, take on

an important responsibility whenever they decide that wood preservatives

should be used. This guide sets out the points that they need to consider

when coming to a decision and, in those cases where wood preservative

use is necessary, it explains what safe use involves.

The guide is aimed at professionals. But it is also designed to be read by

interested members of the public. To back this up, we shall soon publish

a free leaflet for home owners and DIY enthusiasts. It will tell them about

this guide and highlight the points that they need to consider when deciding

whether wood preservative use in their home really is necessary to treat a

problem, and if so, how it can be carried out as safely as possible.

FOREWORD

timbers when selling a house has tended to encour-

age their precautionary use although good preventative maintenance can

reduce the need for them.

Detailed guidance on when wood preservatives should be used, and on

their responsible handling, is available in a range of publications. This

document brings the information together in a single publication. The

guidance in it is the result of co-operation between Government, the wood

preservation industry and a wide range of other organisations concerned

with the remedial treatment of timber. It will help to raise the level of

knowledge of all aspects of wood preservation and will serve to strengthen

the protection of professional operators, the general public and the

environment.

Remedial timber treatment in buildings is a significant contribution to

occupational and consumer health and safety. It sets the handling of wood

preservatives in buildings in context, emphasizing not only the legal

requirements for their control under the Food and Environment Protection

Act 1985, but also those of other important pieces of health and safety

legislation such as the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 and the

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988. I welcome the

publication of this document and feel confident that it will play a key role

in improving health and safety awareness in this important area.

INTRODUCTION

This guide, produced by a working party chaired by the Health and Safety

Executive, provides important advice to professionals involved in the use

of pesticide products in remedial timber treatment. It is aimed at the full

gamut of remedial treatment specialists, specifiers and supervisors, ranging

from architects and builders to surveyors and local authority officers.

It explains in a clear-cut way processes involved in the responsible,

environmentally-conscious use of wood preservatives, and emphasises

important safety issues. It reflects the Government’s first principle in

approving the use of pesticides, that the amounts used should be limited

to the minimum necessary for the effective control of pests compatible with

the protection of human health and the environment.

It will heIp specifiers less experienced in timber preservation work to

understand and monitor the activities of specialist remedial contractors; and

for the more experienced, the information will encourage responsible and

efficient use of wood preservatives, if such use is appropriate.

The guide has been produced in consultation with the professional and

regulatory organisations listed on page ii, to whom we extend thanks for

their valuable input. The Department of the Environment had the text

professionally re-drafted under contract.

HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE

Chapter 1 advises you how to assess fungal or insect problems affecting

timber and how to select the right treatment. You should not decide to use

wood preservatives, or any other type of treatment, until you have followed

the steps set out in this chapter.

Chapter 2 describes how wood preservatives and other pesticides are

approved for use, and what statutory conditions you must comply with.

Chapter 3 advises you how to use wood preservatives safely if you have

decided - after following the steps set out in chapter one - that they are

necessary. It also advises what action can be taken if people become ill when

working with wood preservatives.

The text in this guide has been set out to present the important safety and

technical procedures involved in remedial treatment in logical ‘work order’

to ensure that all professionals and operatives can make informed decisions

and carry out work effectively and with the least possible risks to themselves,

the public and the environment.

This is not an authoritative

guide to the law. You must

ensure that you are famlllar

with any statutory require-

ments. Some of the most im-

portant requirements, and

sources of advice, are high-

lighted in the text of the guide,

and in the further reading list

on page 35.

ASSESSING THE NEED FOR REMEDIAL WORK AND CHOOSING

THE RIGHT TREATMENT

ESSENTIAL APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 The single most important question that must be asked by any surveyor

is: Is there any need to use wood preservatives to

control and stop timber decay?

2 The surveyor must make a positive well-informed decision, based on

carefuI assessment of timber. (’The surveyor’ refers to whichever

person - eg a structural surveyor or a remedial treatment specialist - is

responsible for the advice that a particular remedial treatment should

be undertaken. If a surveyor does not have the specialist training and

experience necessary to identify problems affecting wood and the

appropriate treatment, they should consider the need to seek expert

advice before reaching a decision.) They must always seek to solve

timber problems by construction methods (such as repairs and replace-

ment) where economically viable, before considering the use of wood

preservatives.

3 An informed and responsible decision must be based on a step-by-step

approach to assessment. Wood preservatives can play an important

role in controlling or preventing decay and reducing other undesirable

effects of fungi in buildings. In some situations their use will be

necessary. But only when a genuine need for timber treatment has

been established should remedial work be carried out, with reference

to legislation including the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health

(COSHH) Regulations 1988, the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974

(HSW Act) and the Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986 (COPR).

P RELIMINARY INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 Before carrying out a detailed assessment

gather information on these points:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Details of any available records

timber problems on the site,

on site, the surveyor must

concerning previous

and details of any

treatments which may have been carried out.

If there has been previous fungal or insect damage, get

any available details of the extent of the attack, the type

of timber affected and its position.

Find out if there is any evidence of fungal or insect

atmck in adjoining properties which might spread into

the main property being assessed.

Identify the type of construction. For example: solid/

suspended floors; solid/cavity walls; timber frame.

5

Based on these findings, decide what the extent of the subsequent

detailed damage assessment should be.

The following information concerning derailed surveys and selection

of treatments has been arranged in two general sections: one dealing

with fungal attack; the other with insect infestations. The HSE booklet

Evaluation and inspection of buildings and structures (see page 35)safety when carrying out

ATTACK

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

gives advice on occupational health and

surveys.

DEALING -WITH FUNGAL

D ETAILED ASSESSMENT OF BUILDING CONDITION . . . . .

6 After gathering preliminary information, the surveyor must assess the

causes and significance of timber damage carefully, then decide the

safest and most effective way to deal with it. Fungal decay of timber

only occurs when timber becomes damp, and will only continue if the

timber remains damp.

1 2

8

4

EXTERNAL FAULTS - 1

TYPICAL BUILDING FAULTS TO LOOK FOR 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

5 6

DEFECTIVE OR MISSING ROOF TILES OR SLATES; DEFECTIVEFLASHINGS AROUND CHIMNEYS

DAMAGED/BLOCKED/ lNADEQUATE GUTTERS, VALLEY GUTTERS

DEFECTIVE F IAT ROOF MEMBRANE

DAMAGED/BLOCKED 00WNPIPES

DAMP-PROOF COURSE BRIDGED BY SOIL LEVEL

AIR BRICKS FOR SUB-FLOOR VENTILATION INADEQUATE IN SIZE ORNUMBER

RENDERING CRACKED OR DETACHED

WINDOW OR DOORFRAMES WITH CRACKED OR FIAKING COATING

7 The surveyor will therefore, in effect, decide whether timber problems

can be cured by construction methods aimed at restoring dry conditions

(ie engineering solutions), and whether the use of wood preservatives

is necessary in conjunction with this.

8 It should always be the surveyor’s primary aim to seek engineering

solutions to fungal damage problems. The additional use of wood

preservatives should be considered as a temporary protection only if

construction methods are unlikely to dry timbers within a reasonable

- and desirable - time.

9 The quick-reference chart at the end of this chapter gives useful

guidance about identification of fungi.

10 Detailed inspection should cover these main points:

- location of sources of moisture;

- assessing the extent of timber decay; and

- identifying sound timbers at risk from future decay

These points are covered in the next sections.

1

3

4; 6 5

2

INTERNAL SURVEY- TYPICAL AREAS OF TIMBER DECAY

3

4

5

6

7

8

ROOF TIMBERS BELOW MISSING/DAMAGED TILES OR AROUND FAULTYFIASHINGS

JOISTS/RAFIER ENDS, WALL PLATES ADJACENT TO DEFECTIVE EXTERNALGUTTERING, VALLEY GUTTERS OR PARAPET GUTTERS

JOISTS OR DECKING BELOW DEFECTIVE FLAT ROOF MEMBRANES

BEARING ENDS OF JOISTS, LINTELS, WALL PLATES IN SOLID WALLSADJACENT TO DEFECTIVE DOWNPIPES

SOLE PLATES, JOIST ENDS, SKIRTINGS ADJACENT TO BRIDGED DAMP-PROOFCOURSE OR INADEQUATE RAINWATER DRAINAGE

FLOORING JOISTS IN POORLY VENTILATED SUB-FLOORS

TIMBER LINTELS ADJACENT TO DEFECTIVE RENDERING

JOINERY WHERE SURFACE COATING HAS CRACKED OR FLAKED

LIMATION OF SOURCES OF MOISTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 Ingress of moisture into buildings is the main cause of damp timber and,

therefore, fungal attack. The surveyor must examine the whole

building rather than just those parts obviously affected by damp.

12 Moisture ingress is a result of lack of maintenance or inherently bad

building design. Typical problem areas are:

- Defective rainwater goods;

- Poorly ventilated roof spaces or suspended floors:

- Defective damp proof courses or pointing;

Condensation-

Inadequate ventilation

Leakage - missing or

damaged tiles, sinkings

or flashings - blocked

or damaged rainwater

goods

13 These causes of damp are Pairly obvious. However, serious timber

problems can be caused by more subtle failures in the building fabric,

and detailed surveys must only be carried out by a qualified surveyor

who has had appropriate professional training in identifying building

faults. If there has been significant fungal or insect damage to structural

timbers, the surveyor must call in a qualified structural engineer during

the derailed survey stage.

INSPECTION SKILLS

14 Identifylng building faults

which can lead to significant

internal dampness is a complex

subject. Surveyors may refer

to detailed expert guidance in

House inspection for dampness,

published by the Building Re-

search Establishment, and

Dampness in buildings pub-

lished by Butterworths (see

page 35).

ASSESSING THE EXTENT OF TIMBER DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 If there are no records about previous fungal attack the surveyor must

carry out a full inspection of timbers. In particular, there must be a

careful search for dry rot, which may not leave obvious signs on the

surface of exposed timber. The inspection should identify:

- Timbers near particular points of moisture ingress.

- Where timber is embedded in masonry.

- Decay-softened timber, found by probing.

- Timbers in poorly-ventilated voids.

16 The extent to which removal of coverings such as floorboards, skirting

boards and plaster is justified to expose timbers or provide access to

voids must depend on the degree of risk to particular timbers. For

example, where timbers are close to significant moisture sources, or

where timber moisture contents exceed 20 per cent, further investiga-

tion can be justified.

IDENTFYING SOUND TIMBERS AT RISK FROM FUTURE DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 The moisture contents of timbers not significantly affected by decay

should be checked with a moisture meter. A meter of the type which

measures the electrical conductivity across a two-pronged probe

pushed into the wood, or a capacitance meter, is adequate for this type

of survey work. This can be supplemented by a longer hammer-probe

for larger section timbers. If the building is of lightweight construction

and dampness is localised, there is normally little risk of future

problems, provided the original source of dampness is cured. In

heavier construction, drying times will be longer and additional

measures will be needed. Moisture content of timber in buildings will

vary somewhat throughout the year, tending to be highest in unheated

areas during winter months. The surveyor should take such variations

into account when making the assessment.

18 In cases of dry rot, sound timbers near clamp infected areas should be

regarded as at future risk, as should sound timber in poorly ventilated

voids such as cellars.

DRY ROT ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19 In any fungal attack survey it is important to establish whether dry rot

& present. If dry rot exists but is not diagnosed it can spread more

rapidly than wet rot as it can grow through both timber and masonry.

Rapid restoration of dry conditions is therefore extremely important.

20 The surveyor must carefully examine specific areas or causes of

potential attack, including:

Basement or ground floor construction which lacks a

damp proof course and is poorly ventilated.

21

22

23

24

- Plumbing leaks on, or under, wood flooring.

Wall panelling, door frames, window frames with

shutter boxes, panelled heads and aprons.

Timber built into walls which have been plastered

over or otherwise concealed, for example, with wood

lintels or bonding timbers.

Below parapet gutters.

Lath and plaster lining on outer walls.

The extent of these investigations will depend largely on the surveyor’s

skill and experience, They may involve selective removal of areas of

plaster, masonry or timber coverings. The surveyor should aim to map

the likely ‘worst case’ extent of a dry rot attack, basing the assessment

on the presence of decayed timber and visible fungal growth.

The full extent of a dry rot attack must be established and dealt with

before any other general refurbishment stints. In larger buildings a

‘phased’ approach to detailed surveys and structural considerations

rnay be more practical.

TAKING ACTION AGAINST FUNGAL DECAY

The surveyor must first seek to control and remove fungal attack by

practical construction methods. The use of wood preservatives -if they

are needed - should be seen as a holding operation to control decay

until dry conditions (with moisture contents below 20 per cent) are

restored.

In particular, the surveyor must specific that remedial works achieve the

following:

(a)

(b)

(c)

Eliminate damp conditions and their causes. This

requires accurate identification of moisture sources,

building repairs and the establishment of good venti-

lation in all voids containing timbers - even if they

appear to be sound at the time of inspection. Localised

dampness in buildings can often be cleared by tempo-

rarily increasing the output of heating systems, or by

using de-humidifiers.

Follow normal good practice of removing all sections

of decayed timber. But this action is not essential if

timber is non-structural, or if it can be dried rapidly. If

a section must be removed, it should be cut away

300 mm beyond the furthest spread of decay.

Replace timber affected by fungal decay with natu-

rally durable timber, timber which has been pre-

treated with preservatives, or with materials such as

steel or concrete.

Peziza ( a plaster fungus)

looks serious, but re-

quires no treatment,

aparti from removing the

cause of dampness.

Correct identification

and seiection of reme-

diai treatment requires

spaciaiist skiiis.

(d) Cut joists away from wet walls in persistently damp

conditions and resupport them out of contact with the

damp masonry - eg on steel joist hangers, on metal

beams located on masonry supports, or on new

sleeper walls provided with clamp proof courses. Wet

masonry around embedded timber beams can be

opened up to allow a temporary solution where radid

drying can be achievecl, with a clamp proof course

inserted on the bearing surf ace of the masonry.

(e) Where timbers of insufficient natural durability are

likely to remain damp for more than a few weeks, but

where drying can eventually be achieved, localised

application of penetrating wood preservatives can be

used to give temporary protection.

Treatment must not be extended to timbers unless they are clearly at

risk of future decay, Timbers which can be driecl rapidly to below 20

percent moisture content, and which are unlikely to get damp again,

require no further chemical action.

TYPES OF FUn NGICIDE PRODUCTS AND THEIR USES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26 There are four types of fungicicie products:

Liquid timber preservatives

27 These may be based on either volatile organic solvents such as white

spirit, or on solvent-water emulsions. They can be applied by brush

or spray - clepending on their conditions of approval - but produce only

shallow penetration of timber surfaces. This provides only limitec

protection against reinfection.

28

29

30

31

32

If injection into drilled openings is needed to achieve the more

penetrating fungicidal action needed when dealing with timbers which

will stay damp for some time, only organic solvent-based products

should be used.

Injection treatments can be particularly useful in protecting sections of

timber likely to take some time to dry - for example, beams embedded

in damp masonry. Surface brushing provides only limited protection.

Liquids for masonry treatment

Fungicidal fluids for treatment against dry rot in masonry are usually

water-based. Large scale wall saturation can leave a surface coating of

salts and fungicide, and will add to the total drying time of the building;

and for these reasons this form of treatment should be avoided

whenever possible. (See section on dry rot treatment below. )

Paste treatments

Paste treatments are based on emulsions containing non-volatile

solvents. Their thicker consistency means that they can be applied by

palette knife or caulking gun at much higher application rates than

liquid preservatives and penetrate deeper into timber.

Preservative plugs

If timbers are very damp, solid plugs or sticks of water-soluble

fungicides can be inserted into drilled holes, allowing chemicals to

diffuse into the wet wood. Preservative plugs are commonly used in

external timber exposed to the weather, such as wooden window

frames.

TACKLING DRY ROT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33 In addition to following the guidelines already discussed, special

treatment tactics may be needed to control and remove dry rot fungus

because of its ability to spread rapidly through both timber and

masonry.

34 Three other measures may be necessary for controlling dry rot:

treatment of timber in infected masonry; containing dry rot in walls; and

dealing with infected soil or rubble.

TREATMENT OF TIMBER IN INFECTED MASONRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35 Sound but damp timbers embedded in an area infected with dry rot can

act as a food reservoir for the fungus if wet conditions continue, or

return after a period of drying.

36 The following action is advisable:

(a) Remove or isolate damp timbers from potential sources

of infection eg infected masonry or soil.

(b)

(c)

Remove non-essential timber, such as fixing blocks,

from walls.

Apply fungicidal pastes or liquids to the timbers at their

point of contact with infected masonry as a holding

operation while timber drying takes place.

CONTAINING DRY ROT IN WALLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37 Even after careful assessment, dry rot hidden in undetected timber

embedded in damp masonry can spread outwards into building fabric.

Once masonry is dried, the risk of further spread is removed, as long

as moisture does not return.

38 Timbers in contact with apparently uninfected masonry maybe judged

to be at temporary risk during drying as a result of potential spread of

dry rot from adjacent infected masonry. In this case the most effective

protections are physical isolation (such as re-supporting members on

metal hangers), or application of fungicidal paste or injected liquid to

the timber at the point of contact with the masonry. Only when neither

of these measures are practical should fungicidal fluids be injected into

the masonry to provide a tempera-y barrier between infected areas of

masonry and damp or poorly ventilated timbers.

DEALING WITH INFECTED SOIL OR RUBBLE...,., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39 Infected material such as timber, cardboard and paper under sus-

pended timber ground floors must be removed. Surface spraying of the

oversite with fungicide will not prevent spread of dry rot from infected

timber remaining in or on the sub-floor.

DEALING-WITH INSECT ATTACK .

ASSESSING THE DAMAGE. OR RISK OF DAMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

41

Damp conditions and bad building maintenance are rarely primary

causes of insect infestation. Although they can be relevant, it is more

important to establish accurate identification of insect species and the

extent of infestation: this will result in efficient and minimal use of

pesticide products if they are necessary. The quick-reference chart at

the end of this chapter gives useful guidance on the identification of

insect types.

The survey must deal with three essential questions:

(a)

(b)

(c)

Is the infestation of a type which will cause, or

spread to cause significant damage?

Is the insect infestation active or extinct?

Is there a measurable risk of future damage?

42

43

If there is evidence of infestation but no positive confirmation of current

activity, the decision to apply wood preservatives must be based on the

surveyor’s professional judgment. If there is no evidence of current or

past activity, he must use his judgment to identify any specific risk of

future attack and decide whether this is sufficient to justify the use of

wood preservatives. (paragraph 48 sets out the basis for reaching a

decision.)

In general insect attack must be assessed in two ways:

(a) Visual inspection of timber

This will reveal recent insect exit holes and, in the case of house

longhorn beetle, surface bulges overlying tunnel systems. The

surveyor must attempt to establish whether the attacks are extinct - and

if they are, treatment is not necessary. Freshly made exit holes and bore

dust indicate recent infestation - though it is sometimes difficult to

discover if it is still active. Systematic probing of timber with a sharp,

pointed instrument will reveal the extent of tunneling.

The amount of sapwood present can be significant: if the proportion

of sapwood is high the extent of infestation may be higher than usual.

Some insects - such as the bark

borer beetle (holes illustrated

here) cause damage which need

no remediai treatment. But it

can be mistaken for the com-

mon furniture beetie, whose

damage does need treatment.

Correct identification requires

specialist knowiedge.

HOT AIR TREATMENT

45 In some uropaan countries, heated

air is blown into a void containing infested

timbers to raise the temperature above

5°C, which is fatal to beetles. This method

is rarely used in Britain. However, should

the practice become more common in the

future, surveyors must note that hot air

should never be blown into any part of a

building containing furniture, fittings, elec-

trical, gas or plumbing servlces which might

be damaged by heat; or if there is any risk

of structural systems ‘moving’ during the

heat treatment process.

This is achieved by examining the size of exit holes, and characteristics

of the bore dust, and relating this to the species of timber attacked.

The discovery of beetle larvae - usually quite rare - is a particularly

accurate indicator of an active infestation, and enables accurate species

identification.

TREATMENT WITH WOOD PRESERVATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44 There area number of techniques which can be used to ensure effective

and safe use of wood preservatives against insect infestations. In

particular:(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

For severe active infestations of common furniture

beetle, a penetrating liquid or paste formulation should

be used. The same method should be used if there is

any evidence of house longhorn beetle or deathwatch

beetle.

For less severe infestations, less penetrating formula-

tions such as emulsions may be used.

Where deathwatch beetle has attacked the dense

heartwood of structural timber such as oak, the extent

of organic solvent-based treatment must match the

degree of infestation. If the attack is widespread,

penetrating treatments such as pastes or injected

solvent-based formulations must be applied to all

affected timbers.

If the attack is

applied 300 mm

infestation.

localised, treatment need only be

beyond the perimeter of the area of

IDENTIFYING FUNGAL DAMAGE

HOW FUNGI DAMAGE WOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fungi spread by airborne spores which germinate on damp wood.

Timbers with a moisture content of less than 20 per cent are effectively

immune from attack. After germination, a fine, spreading growth of

hair-like filaments travels into the wood. This growth - known as a

mycelium - produces enzymes which decay the wood.

Decaying timber can show symptoms such as cracking, shrinkage,

coarse strands or other types of surface growths, such as spore-bearing

fruit-bodies.

The speed and extent of fungal attack is often related to the nature of

the wood itself: sapwood is more susceptible to damage than heart-

wood .

TYPES OF FUNGAL DECAY

Wet rots Wet rot is a term which covers most fungi that damage wood. The term covers so-called brown and white rots. The former attacks the cellulose component of wood,the latter lignin and cellulose.

f Common brown Coniophora puteana (cellar Symptoms of brown rot

rot fungi fungus)Paxillus panuoides - Cross cracking, forming

Fibroporia vaillantii (white cuboidal fragments

pore, or mine fungus) - Brown wood coloration

Common white Phellinus contiguus Symptoms of white rot

rot fungi Donkioporia expansa - Wood becomes fibrousAsterostrorna spp - Bleaching

Dry rot The term dry rot refers to a specific brown rot fungus, Serpu/a /acrymans. Like wetrot, it can only flourish in damp timber but is less Iikely to be found in very wet timber.

Dry rot is particularly dangerous as it can tolerate the alkaline conditions found inolder masonry, plaster and pointing. It has unusually thick fungal strands whichconduct moisture and nutrient, feeding growth which can lead to the formation offruit-bodies.

symptoms of - Wood becomes less dense

dry rot - Wood surface crumbles if touched- Dull brown wood coloration- On drying, wood surface shrinks and cracks into cuboidal

blocks, typically 1-2 cm across.- Grey or white strands up to 8 mm thick- Silky white cushion of surface-growing strands in damp, dark

places- Thick silver-grey skin, patched with lilac or yellow in drier

places- Pancake-shaped fruiting growths with rust red, rough, often

ridged surfaces- Spores often cover surfaces and look like rust-red dust

[THE FIRST FOUR SYMPTOMS MAY ALSO BE SEEN IN WET ROT ATTACKS. ACCURATEIDENTIFICATION OF DRY ROT OFTEN REQUIRES SPECIALIST KNOWLEDGE ANDEXPERIENCE.]

Soft rot This rot causes superficial decay on very wet external timber and is not significant,except as an indicator of generally damp conditions which might lead to theestablishment of serious rots.

Blue stain Certain fungi cause a blue-black discoloration of timber in service. Blue stain isnot significantly damaging but, like soft rot, indicates conditions which mightlead to serious rots.

Typical life cycles

for fungi and wood

boring insects are

shown overleaf

IDENTIFYING INSECT DAMAGE

HOW INSECTS DAMAGE WOOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Trees from which building timber is taken can be attacked by a large

number of insect types while still growing, or after being felled. But

these insects cause no significant damage and few can survive for long

in timber once it has been sawn and dried.

Timber used in construction - even if it remains dry - can only be

attacked by certain beetles. Their eggs are laid on timber surfaces, or

in cracks. They hatch, producing larvae which tunnel into the wood,

feeding on cellulose and other wood components.

After at least one year, the larvae develop into adult beetles which

abandon the wood, leaving behind characteristic exit holes.

TYPES OF INSECT

Beetles which attack Anobium punctatum (common Attacks mainly softwoods, some hardwoods

dry wood furniture beetle, or woodworm) Prefers damp conditionsTypically found in roofs and suspended groundfloorsUsually killed by central heating

Lyctus brunneus (powder post Common in some hardwood timbers

beetle) installed up to 10 years beforeSoftwood timbers immune

/+y/otrupes baju/us (house Found only in parts of north Surreylonghorn beetle) Usually attacks softwood

Building Regulations require that preserva-tive pre-treatment be undertaken for newroof timbers to be used in certain designatedlocal authority areas.

Beetles which attack Xestobium rufovillosum Usually found in old structural hardwoodsdamp, slightly decayed (deathwatch beetle) Associated with damp conditions, fungal

wood decay

Insects which attack Pentarthrum huttoni ordamp, very decayed wood Euophryum confine (wood boring

weevils)

Nacerdes me/anura (wharf borer)

Forest insects which leave Scolytid and Platypodid sppdefects in timber (pinhole borer or ambrosia beetle)

Urocerus and Sirex spp (woodwasp) Wood wasps, jewel beetles and forest

longhorn beetles can survive for several/3uprestid spp (jewel beetle) months in drv building timber but die out,Cerambycid spp (forest longhorn without leaving surviving larvae.

beetle)

Insects which attack bark Ernobius me//is (common barkborer)

Note: This is only a quick-reference chart. Sources of detailed guidance on identifying andcontrolling insect or fungal damage are listed in the reference section on page 35.

46

47

48

USING WOOD PRESERVATIVES: THE ESSENTIALS

All pesticides are designed to kill or control living organisms. They can

be applied safely provided the user complies with all the conditions of

use.

Avoid unnecessary use, to minimise the risk to people and the

environment.

Do not use a wood preservative unless it is judged necessary to halt an

attack now or in the future. Use only a product approved for that

specific purpose. The decision to use a wood preservative should be

based on detailed evidence. In particular:

The insect species identified (it may be harmless).

Its habits. For example, the type of timber it attacks.

The type, and amount, of susceptible timber (such as

sapwood) present.

The age of the timbers.

Any previous constructional or chemical treatments

carried out.

Any inherent dampness problems, and the practical

prospects of correcting them.

The accessibility of timbers, should future treatment

be needed.

USING PESTICIDE PRODUCTS SAFELY AND RESPONSIBLY

ESSENTIAL POINTS

WARNING

50 Failure to use an approved pesticide product in accord-

ance with the Iabelled conditions of approval, or the sale,

supply, storage, use and advertisement of a non-approved

pesticide product are both offences under COPR, the detailed

Regulations made under the Food and Environment Protec

tion Act (FEPA). All pesticides must be approved Jointly by

ministers from six government departments before they can

be advertisedd, sold, supplied, stored or used. The govern-

ment departments involved are: Ministry of Agriculture,

Fisheries and Food, Department of Employment, Department

of the Environment, Department of Health, Scottish OffIce

and Welsh Office.

WHAT IS A PESTICIDE ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51 According to FEPA, a pesticide is “any substance, preparation or or-

ganism prepared or used for destroying any pest. ” The pesticide is the

active ingredient within a formulation which enables the product to

control the pest. In wood preservative products used in buildings, the

active ingredient is usually present in relatively small concentrations.

The bulk of the formulation is normally the carrier, often a volatile

solvent.

APPROVING AND REVIEWING PESTICIDE PRODUCTS

APPROVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

52

53

54

55

56

57

Pesticide products approved under COPR are subject to scientific

scrutiny by the Government and its independent scientific advisers, the

Advisory Committee on Pesticides. This involves the evaluation of

factors such as the formulation, rates of application, and whether

products are to be used by amateurs or professionals for in situ

remedial treatment, or for industrial pre-treatment.

The key aim of the approvals process is to ensure that if the pesticide

product is used responsibly there will be no significant risk to the user,

the public or the environment.

Wood preservatives account for a small proportion of the pesticides

currently used in the UK. However, they must be used in accordance

with their conditions of approval, and disposed of in a safe way, or

serious legal and other consequences may result.

The approvals process is operated jointly by the Health and Safety

Executive (HSE) which is responsible for non-agricultural products,

and the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) which is

responsible for agricultural products. They act on behalf of the six

approving government departments. When an approval is granted, a

series of approval conditions are stipulated. As part of this process, the

departments also stipulate the wording of the precautionary phrases on

the product’s instruction label to ensure its safe, efficient use.

The manufacturer must, by law, comply with any changes required by

the approving departments.

When the product evaluation has been completed, a Notice of

Approval and Schedule is issued. This legal document constitutes

formal approval for the sale, supply, storage, use and advertisement of

the pesticide product.

R E V I E W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58 Under COPR, all active ingredients of pesticide products are subject to

a periodic scientific review process. This can lead to approved

59

60

61

62

Example label

pesticides being withdrawn from the market, or result in new condi-

tions of use being set by approving departments.

Typically, the review process aims first to identify deficiencies in an

existing body of data held by the registration department (HSE or

MAFF); and secondly to carry out user, consumer and environmental

risk assessments to current standards. After this assessment, the

Advisory Committee on Pesticides may recommend to approving

departments any changes in the use of the pesticide under review.

UNDERSTANDING THE PRODUCT LABEL

Anyone involved in supervising or carrying out remedial work must,

by law, ensure that they use pesticide products correctly. The first step

is to read and understand the label instructions and be aware of the

requirements of the Consents. Having done so, the products must then

be used strictly as directed.

The label instructions - that is, the conditions of use - are highly

detailed. An example label is shown below, with explanatory notes

overleaf.

The key references which will be found on the labels of all approved

pesticide products are also listed overleaf. These must be read carefully

and acted upon.

PREMIUM PEST DESTROYERFOR USE ONLY AS A WOOO PRESERVATIVE.

FLAMMABLE.

IRRITATING TO EYES AND SKIN.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE - Dilute 1 part of Premium Pest Destroyer with19 parts water then apply at a rate of 1 Mre of product per 2,5 squaremetres of surface by brush

PRECAUTIONS -WASH SPLASHES from skin or eyes Immediately,WASH HANDS AND EXPOSED SKIN before meals and after useKEEP AWAY FROM FOOD, DRINK AND ANIMAL FEEDING STUFFSKEEP IN ORIGINAL CONTAINER, hghtly closed, In a safe placeKEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN

CONTAINS:ACTIVE INGREDIENT A X%w/w (M g/litre)ACTIVE INGREDIENT B Y% w/w (N g/litre)

This product IS approved under The Control of Pesticides Regulations1986 for use as directed. HSE No. 0000Use only In accordance with the directions on the label

R a m s a u G W i l s o n L t d . ~HADDING;ON HOUSE,1 SCOll RD,NEWTOWN,MEARNSHIRE CME CU2Tel’ (123) 4567890

CONTAINS: 25 LITRESBATCH No. XXXX

IRRITANT

STATUTORY CONDITIONS RELATING TO USEFOR USE ONLY AS A WOOD PRESERVATIVE,FOR PROFESSIONAL USEApply at a rate of 1 Iitre of product per 25 square metres of wood surface,The (COSHH) Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988 may apply to the useof this product at work.FOR USE ONLY BY PROFESSIONAL OPERATORSFLAMMABLE, AVOID naked flames and hot surfaces,Engmeermg control of operator exposure must be used where reasonably practicable m addltlonto the following Items of personal protectwe equipmentWEAR SUITABLE PROTECTIVE CLOTHING (COVERALLS) AND SYNTHETIC RUBBER/PVCGLOVES when usingAVOID EXCESSIVE CONTAMINATION OF COVERALLS AND LAUNDER REGULARLY,However, engmeermg controls may replace personal protective equipment if aCOSHH assessment

shows they provide an equal or higher standard of protection.

WHEN USING DO NOT EAT, DRINK OR SMOKEDO NOT APPLY TO SURFACES on which food IS stored, prepared or eaten,REMOVE OR COVER ALL FOODSTUFFS before application,

AVOIO ALL CONTACT WITH PLANT LIFEDANGEROUS TO FISH AND OTHER AQUATIC LIFE. Do not contaminate watercourses or ground,UNPROTECTED PERSONS AND ANIMALS SHOULD BE KEPT AWAY FROM TREATED AREASFOR 48 HOURS OR UNTIL SURFACES ARE ORYTHIS MATERIAL AND ITS CONTAINER must be disposed of in a safe wayALL BATS ARE PROTECTED UNOER THE WILDLIFE AND COUNTRYSIDE ACT 1981, BEFORETREATING ANY STRUCTURE USED BY BATS, THE NATURE CONSERVANCY COUNCIL SHOULDBE CONSULTED

READ ALL PRECAUTIONS BEFORE USE (HSE No. 0000)

Ramsay & Wilson LtdHADDINGTON HOUSE, 1 SCOTT RD, NEWTOWN, MEARNSHIRE CME CU2

Telephone: (123) 4567890

PRODUCT NAME AND HSE NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The product name will appear on the product label, as will the HSE

number for the product. The latter confirms that the product has been

approved under COPR.

RESTRICTION OF USE PHRASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The label must carry a restriction of use phrase, such as: FOR USE ONLY

AS A WOOD PRESERVATIVE. It is an offence to ignore the restriction.

R ISK PHRASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

When necessary, labels of approved products carry a phrase, such as

FLAMMABLE or IRRITATING TO EYES AND SKIN. These hazards will

have been scientifically assessed by the Advisory Committee on

Pesticides and warn what might happen if the product is used

carelessly.

NAME AND CONCENTRATION OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The label of an approved pesticide product will carry details of both the

name and the concentration of all active ingredients, by % w/w or %

w/w and g/litre.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

This section of the label will explain how the pesticide product should

be applied - for example, by spray or brush. It will also state the

required rate of application - for example, one litre per

four square metres of wood surface.

If the product is labelled as a concentrate for dilution, the

directions will state the exact rate of dilution - such as one

part of concentrate to ten parts of water. The user must

follow these instructions exactly.

PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The label will carry details of precautions to be taken before, during and

after use of the pesticide product. These precautions are designed to

ensure the safety of the user, the public and the environment.

This section also contains, when appropriate, specific guidance on

what protective clothing or equipment must be used, and gives the

general advice on action to be taken if the user comes into direct contact

with the product, such as through splashing or inhalation of fumes. The

label will refer to the fact that the COSHH Regulations 1988 may apply

to the use of the product at work, and highlight those conditions of use

which have statutory force under COPR.

H A R M F U L

C O R R O S I V E

TOXIC

Pesticide formulations may be

ciassified accordin to one of the

exampies shown here - the ciassi-

fication of flammabie does not have

a symboi. Certain pesticides have

no classification and as such do

not need to carry a symboi.

H I G H L Y F L A M M A B L E

HAZARD WARNING sYM BOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appropriate warning symbols must appear on the label, and these must

correspond with any risk phrase, such as IRRITANT or HARMFUL.

Examples of these symbols are shown on these pages.

O THER SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The name and address of the company marketing the pesticide product

must be shown, with details of pack size and - in the case of products

with classifications such as HARMFUL, IRRITANT or FLAMMABLE - a

batch number.

APPROVALS PHRASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The labels of non-agricultural pesticide products approved under

COPR carry the following statement:

“This product is approved under the Control of Pesticides

Regulations 1986 for use as directed. HSE No 0000. ”

It should be emphasised that any non-agricultural product without an

HSE number is non-approved and must not be used, sold, stored,

supplied or advertised.

63 (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

IR R I T A N T

KEY POINTS~ CHECK LIST

Make sure that an approved pesticide is being used,

Do not use a multi-purpose product if a specific

product is available to treat the problem you have

identified. Remember: there is no such thing as a

‘safe’ pesticide. All are designed to kill or control living

organisms - but they can be used safely by complying

with their conditions of use.

Read every part of the label carefully.

Take all precautions listed in the instructions.

Use protective clothing or equipment as directed.

If the product needs to be diluted, do so carefully and

precisely.

Keep up-to-date with product approvals by consulting

Pesticides 1991 (and subsequent annual editions),

and the Pesticides register.

Read the Consents in Pesticides 1991 (and subsequent

annual editions) to ensure compliance with the

standard conditions which apply to all pesticide

products.

Identify any need to comply with other legislation.

(see page 35 for details of publications)

SAFE AND RESPONSIBLE TIMBER TREATMENT

64

65

66

67

68

If, after assessment of the risk to the property, it is considered necessary

to use wood preservatives in remedial timber treatments, work must be

planned and carried out in a way which minimises risks to workers, the

public and the environment.

There are legal requirements embodied in the Health and Safety at

Work etc Act 1974, the Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986 (COPR)

and the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regula-

tions 1988.

The following guide to on-site remedial work reviews important

precautions which must be taken to ensure the safe use of wood

preservatives in timber treatment. However, the guide is not compre-

hensive and those involved in organizing, supervising or carrying out

remedial work must, by law, familiarise themselves with all relevant

standards and regulations.

The guidance is set out in typical site work order and includes:

TRAINING, PLANNING & PREPARATION, WORKING WITH

WOOD PRESERVATIVES, CLEANING UP AND DISPOSAL OF

WOOD PRESERVATIVES.

TRAINING

Before any remedial work can start, there is a legal requirement (in

particular Section 2 of the Health & Safety at Work etc Act 1974;

Regulation 12 of COSHH; and the general Consents relating to the

storage and use of pesticides under COPR) that supervisors and

operatives must be adequately and properly trained in remedial

treatment and, as a minimum requirement, understand and deal with

the following:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Recognise situations before, during and after treat-

ment when the use of wood preservatives might pose

a risk to operatives, other site workers, the public or

the environment.

Implement safety procedures which ensure that wood

preservatives are used safely at all times. These

include the safe transport, storage, handling, applica-

tion and disposal of wood preservatives.

Select the most appropriate wood preservatives and

use them strictly according to their labelled instruc-

tions. This will ensure that the products are used

responsibly and correctly.

Identify the potential effects of exposure to the wood

preservatives and be able to deal with any emergency.

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

In particular, know how to provide first aid and

recognise when and how to seek specialist help.

Identify any risks in working in confined spaces.

Identify and practice appropriate personal hygiene,

Select and use appropriate protective clothing and

equipment when needed, and ensure it is well main-

tained. Any need for protective clothing or equipment

will be specified on the instruction label of the wood

preservative product to be used.

Identify the relevant legal requirements which apply to

the storage, use and disposal of wood preservatives.

PLANNING AND PREPARATION

69 The potential risks of using wood preservatives can be safely controlled

if supervisors and operatives organise the remedial work in a way

which systematically eliminates or minimises known risks.

70 The following safety measures - in typical work order - must be

implemented before timber treatment starts:

TRANSPORT OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

71 Drivers transporting wood preservatives to and from site must clearly

understand the nature of the products and know their responsibilities

under the relevant regulations, In particular, they should note that:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Only the amount of wood preservative required to

carry out the remedial work should be transported to

the worksite.

Wood preservatives should not be carried in the same

compartment as the driver or passengers, if reasonably

practicable.

Any wood preservative containers must be made safe

and secure from damage or spillage.

An effective fire extinguisher must be to hand.

The vehicle must be locked in the driver’s absence.

S T O R A G E OF WOOD Preservatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

72 It is essential that proper arrangements are made for the safe and secure

storage of wood preservatives. The storage of pesticides and hazardous

materials is covered by various pieces of legislation including the

Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986 (COPR). Guidance on the

73

storage of wood preservatives in buildings is given in HSE Guidance

Note CS19 (see page 35). See also paragraphs 111 to 113.

For smaller stores of wood preservatives, or stores used on site during

timber treatment, the following measures must be taken:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

PROTECTING THE PUBLIC AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Wood preservatives must be stored with security and

spill-containment in mind, using chests, bins, vaults or

cabinets which meet the requirements set out in HSE

Guidance Note CS19.

The store must be lockable and safe from damage by

impact. It must also be able to contain any possible

amount of leakage or spillage.

The store must be capable of resisting significant

damage from fire for at least 30 minutes.

The store must not be sited near offices, any type of

foodstore or food processing area, or in a residential

property directly accessible from the property receiv-

ing remedial treatment.

The store’s contents must be easily accessible to a

person standing just outside it.

Pesticide storage warning signs must be displayed.

74 Unless appropriate safety measures are taken in advance, the public or

site workers may risk exposure to wood preservatives - including any

solvents used - when timber treatment is carried out. To eliminate or

minimise this risk, the following precautions must be taken.

NOTIFYING OCCUPANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75 The owner/occupier of the property to be treated must receive in

writing -

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

before work starts - the following information:

An outline of the method of treatment to be used.

Details of the wood preservatives to be applied.

The potential risks of the treatment to the public, the

contractor and the environment.

Precautions to be taken by the contractor before,

during and after treatment.

Precautions which must be taken by the occupier after

treatment has been completed, including details of

adequate ventilation and the minimum property re-

entry time after work stops (see Cleaning Up and

disposal of wood preservatives, page 30).

76 If potential risks extend to owners/occupiersof adjoining or nearby

properties, they must be given identical information.

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS AND EVACUATION PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

77

78

79

80

81

If treatment is to be carried out in occupied buildings, it will be

necessary to evacuate and isolate the affected areas in advance. Access

during the treatment and for a period afterwards should be limited to

operatives with suitable personal protective equipment. For most

treatments, re-entry should not be recommended before a minimum of

48 hours - in some cases longer.

Special precautions will be needed for people with respiratory prob-

lems, or for the very old and very young. Specialist advice should be

sought from the medical practitioner responsible for occupants before

work starts.

When wood preservatives are to be used in flats, semi-detached or

terraced houses, it may be necessary to evacuate adjoining properties

if there is potential exposure to occupants.

The supervisor must check whether other occupants of the building,

or in nearby properties, suffer from respiratory conditions or allergies

which might be triggered as a result of remedial work being under-

taken,

If, despite all safeguards, a potential health risk remains and evacuation

is impossible, the supervisor must seek non-pesticidal alternatives for

remedial work.

W ARNING NOTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82 Notices must be clearly posted around the worksite warning that

chemicals are in use, and prohibiting smoking, eating or drinking in

treatment areas. These notices should be displayed before, during and

after treatment.

FISH, PETS AND BATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

83 Certain wood preservatives are harmful to fish and other pets. Check

the product’s instruction label for specific warnings. In any case, it is

generally advisable to remove fish, fish tanks and pets from the

property being treated.

84 Bats are protected by law. If remedial work is planned, the supervisor

must establish whether there is evidence that bats use the area which

is to be treated, If there is, he must notify the local office of English

Nature (or Scottish or Welsh equivalent) that remedial work is planned

- and should allow reasonable time for it to offer advice.

W ATERCOURSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

85 Great care must be taken to avoid contamination of watercourses as

even small quantities of concentrated or diluted wood preservatives,

including seepage from contaminated material, packaging or contain-

ers or from treated surfaces, can cause serious damage to aquatic life.

WATER TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

86

87

Water storage tanks in, or near, the worksite must be sealed tightly with

plastic sheeting or similar impervious material, then overlaid with a dust

sheet before remedial work starts. Refer for specific guidance to the

instruction labels of wood preservatives to be used.

Pipes made of metal or plastic must be protected from contact with

wood preservatives, to avoid contamination or degradation of the pipes

by acids or organic materials including solvents

SOIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

88

89

90

91

If soil is contaminated by a spillage of wood preservative, or water

contaminated by chemicals, the local waste disposal authority and the

National Rivers Authority (in Scotland, the local River Purification

Board) must be informed.

PROTECTING OPERATIVES

Under the COSHH Regulations, employers must ensure that

treatment operatives, and others who may be affected, are

from exposure to hazardous substances.

The first step is to make certain the correct wood preservativ

are selected, and used strictly in accordance with their

labelled instructions. This subject is covered in detail in

paragraphs 49 to 63.

This highly important measure must be supported by

attention to detail covering three broad areas (covered

below): ensuring safe access, exits and ventilation of worksites;

the provision of protective clothing and equipment; minimis-

ing the risk of fire or explosion.

ACCESS. EXITS AND VENTILATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

92 A safe working environment and means of access and exit must be

provided for all operatives. In particular:

(a) Roof spaces and attics with fragile floor coverings must

be fitted with suitable boarding.

(b) If there is a risk of falling more than 2 m, a stable

working platform with guardrail and toe boards should

be provided across the area to be worked.

(c) If wood preservatives are to be applied in a confined

space, such as a loft or between floors, a safe working

environment must be created which provides good

ventilation and minimal risk from fumes or fire.

(d) If injection techniques are to be used, effective

splash back guards must be used to prevent accidental

skin contact with chemicals.

PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

93 Engineering controls, such as provision of good ventilation and safe

systems of work, must be used to prevent or at least minimise exposure

to hazardous substances. If these controls cannot prevent absorption

of a chemical through the skin or by inhalation during handling and

application, it will be necessary to provide suitable protective clothing

and, if needed, respiratory protective equipment.

94 If a COSHH assessment demonstrates the need for personal protective

clothing and equipment, the requirements may include:

(a) A coverall complete with hood, such as a laminated

disposable coverall with elasticated wrists and ankles.

In some situations protective helmets may also be

necessary.

(b) Protective anti-slip and chemical resistant footwear.

Leather shoes or synthetic trainers should not be worn

when applying wood preservatives.

(c) Impervious gauntlets made of material such as viton,

neoprene, nitrile rubber or PVC should be worn,

preferably with separate cotton liners. Seek the manu-

Pacturer’s advice,

(d) Suitable respiratory protective equipment (RPE) will

be required if a COSHH assessment, or pesticide

product label, identifies a need. This should be

capable of providing the protection needed, and be

properly fitted. If filters or canisters are used with RPE,

they must be replaced at intervals recommended by

their manufacturer’s instructions. The HSE booklet

Respiratoy protective equipment -a practical guide for

users gives advice in these areas (see page 35).

(e) Face masks, goggles or visors should be worn when

appropriate. Check the pesticide product label for

specific advice.

MAINTENANCE OF CLOTHING AND EquIpment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

95 Protective equipment must be maintained in good working order, It

should be cleaned regularly and stored separately from personal

clothing and effects in a clean, well ventilated, secure locker. Respira-

tory protective equipment should be cleaned and disinfected before use.

F IRE , ELECTRICAL AND EXPLOSION RISKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

96

97

Solvents associated with many wood preservatives are often flammable.

The risks are highest during handling, application and drying. They

increase when the product is being used in a confined space -

particularly if the timbers to be treated are made of highly absorbent

material such as fibre board which might retain the solvents.

It is vital that appropriate measures are taken at all times to minimise risk

of fire. In particular:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

The labels on all wood preservatives should be read

carefully and note taken of any fire risk and necessary

safety precautions.

Effective, readily accessible fire extinguishers must be

kept on site. They should be of the dry powder or

carbon dioxide type and must be rmintained strictly in

accordance with manufacturers’ instructions, as

required by BS 5306 Part 3.

Electrical circuits in the remedial treatment area must be

isolated, typically by removal of fuses. If necessary a

qualified electrician should remove circuits temporar-

ily. Current must not be restored for at least 36 hours

after all remedial work has been completed.

Wires, cable ends and junction boxes must be protected

from contact with wood preservatives, using polythene

sheeting or sealants such as mastic putty.

Remedial treatment electrical equipment must be cor-

rectly earthed and, when possible, extra safety devices

such as earth leakage circuit breakers or residual

current devices used. The use of double insulated or

reduced voltage equipment operating from a mains

transformer outside the area being treated is

recommended.

All electrical wiring and equipment used by remedial

contractors must be checked by a competent profes-

sional at appropriate intervals. Defective equipment

must be repaired or replaced immediately.

SAFE ELECTRICAL WORK

98 Advice about the safest

way to isolate electric cur-

rent in the remedial work

area should always be sought

from a fully qualified electri-

cian, or tim the local elec-

tricity company.

(g)

(h)

(i)

Care must be taken to ensure that electric and gas fires,

cookers, oil heaters, open fires and solid fuel heaters

are extinguished and cold before treatment starts.

After work has been completed, these appliances

should not be used again for at least 36 hours.

All naked lights, such as pilot lights, must be switched

off before remedial treatment starts, and left off for at

least 36 hours after all work is completed.

Care must be taken to avoid damaging gas pipes - for

example, by drilling. The local gas board should be

consulted if pipes need to be disconnected.

FIRST AID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

99 The supervisor must be able to act swiftly and effectively should

accidents and emergencies occur on site. This subject is covered in

paragraphs 114 to 118.

DUST , FIBRES ETC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100 Dust, glass and asbestos fibres, mould spores, micro-organisms and dirt

in the air caused by preparatory work on the treatment site can cause

skin and respiratory problems. The COSHH Regulations require the

control of exposure to dust preferably by a dustless method such as a

Type H vacuum cleaner.

SUPPLY OF FRESH WATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

101

102

103

Fresh, clean running water and washing facilities must be made

available on or near the site so hands and skin can be washed

immediately after work shifts, or before eating, drinking or smoking,

and following accidental exposure, such as by splashing. Eye-wash

facilities must also be available.

WORKING WITH WOOD PRESERVATIVES

After initial planning and preparation has been completed, the supervisor

must ensure that operatives apply wood preservatives intelligently and

safely. Particular attention must be paid to the application rates stated

on product instruction labels, and chemicals must only be applied to

the specific areas of timber or masonry to be treated. Careless,

unnecessary treatment of adjacent areas, or fittings, must be avoided.

There are a number of ‘good practice’ points that must be followed. In

particular:

(a) Use a wood preservative approved for the specific

problem identified in the property. Where such a

specific product is available, do not use multi-purpose

products, or mixtures of products, to tackle problems

that are neither evident nor likely.

Good ventilation should be maintained throughout

the treatment period.

Wood preservatives should, if possible, not be poured

or diluted in a confined space or near the general

public. Any spills must be treated using an absorbent

material such as sand, and the spill area washed with

detergent.

Wood preservative containers into which a diluted

product is poured must be clearly labelled, to distin-

guish them from containers holding the concentrate.

The work must be organised so that operatives do not

have to crawl over any areas already treated.

Brushes or spray nozzles must be kept as far away from

operatives’ bodies and faces as possible

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

If a COSHH assessment reveals that protective clothing

and equipment is necessary, the supervisor must

ensure that appropriate items are used, even if they

may be uncomfortable - for example, in very hot or

humid working conditions.

There must be no smoking, eating or drinking in

treatment areas when work is being carried out.

Clothing heavily contaminated with wood preserva-

tives must be replaced promptly and cleaned.

Should a fire occur, the supervisor or contractor must

call the fire brigade, even if the fire appears to have

CHECK LIST: THE MAIN POINTS

104 Before remedial work starts, make sure that the following safety

measures are in place on the worksite:

(a) Warning notices have been posted.

(b) Owners/occupiers, neighbors and all site workers

have been told that timber treatment is about to start,

and how work is to be carried out - and people

evacuated if necessary.

(c) Water tanks have been sealed.

(d) Electricity circuits have been disconnected.

(e) Heating and cooking appliances on or near the

worksite have been shut off.

(f) Pets and fish have been removed to a safe place

(g) Washing and first-aid facilities are readily to hand.

CLEANING UP AND DISPOSAL OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AFTER TREATMENT.....................................................................

105 The protection of the public, site workers and the environment after

timber treatment is completed is of paramount importance. Safety

measures must remain in force until treated areas are dry and

substantially free of volatile vapours.

106 The treated area(s) must be ventilated to the open air where practica-

ble. Occupants and others should be warned not to re-enter the treated

area for at least 48 hours, or until treated surfaces are dry - whichever

is the longer period. Refer to the product label for guidance. Warning

signs should be posted at entrances, timed and dated to show when

remedial work was completed, and state when it will be safe tore-enter.

107 In addition to the measures referred to in paragraphs 69 to 101, covering

matters such as ventilation and disconnection of electricity, supervisors

must ensure the following procedures are followed:

(a) Remedial operatives must take a bath or shower after

completion of each day’s work, and wash before

eating, drinking or smoking.

(b) Contaminated clothing should be removed and cleaned

thoroughly with detergent and water.

(c) All contaminated equipment should be cleaned and

carefully stored.

(d) If solvent-based products have been used, carpets

should not be re-laid until the solvent has evaporated.

(e) Electrical circuits, power units, heating and cooking

appliances in the treatment area must remain shut off

until all risk of fire or explosion has passed - at least

36 hours.

(f) Smoking must be prohibited in or near any area which

has been treated with wood preservatives.

D ISPOSAL OF WOOD PRESERVATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

108

109

110

Wood preservatives or contaminated water must not be poured away

into drains or watercourses, or allowed to seep into them. If there is

an accidental spillage, the local waste disposal authority and the

National Rivers Authority (or local River Purification Board in Scotland)

must be informed immediately.

Unused concentrates, diluted solutions and empty containers must be

removed from the site and stored safely or returned to a central depot

for re-use, or collection and correct disposal. The local waste disposal

authority will advise cm how to dispose of unwanted surplus pesticides

and containers. They must never be left for householders or others to

clear up.

From April 1992 all producers or holders of waste will be under a

statutory duty (the duty of care) to take all reasonable measures to

prevent its illegal or unsafe treatment or disposal.

DEALING WITH SPILLAGES AND FIRE

BE PREPARED

111 Accidents may cause spillages or fire. Therefore, super-

visors must prepare themselves to deal with these emergen-

cies before work starts. In particular, they must:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Keep a list of local emergency services phone numbers,

both on site and at the contractor’s headquarters or local

depot.

Keep details of all wood preservatives and other flamma-

ble or toxic materials to be used on site. Details should

include chemical formulations of individual wood pm.

servetives their quantities and details of the product

name and HSE number. Again, there must be one up-to

date list on site and a duplicate et the contractor’s

heedquarters or local depot.

Keep stocks of absorbent material, such as send and

earth, available.

Ensure that access to the site is always kept clear so

emergency services can take rapid action.

112 Having prepared for potential spill or fire emergencies, there are a

number of actions which can be taken should they occur.

IN CASE OF FIRE..................................................................................................................

(a) Call in the fire brigade straight away if the fire cannot

be extinguished immediately. The fire brigade should

be called even if a fire appears to be fully extinguished.

(b) Cut off the electricity supply to the worksite.

(c) When the fire brigade arrives, give details of the

preservative products, and quantities, involved in the

fire.

IN CASE OF SPILLAGE........................................................................................................

(a)

(b)

(c)

WARNING . . . . . . . .

Prevent it entering sewers or watercourses by clam-

ming it with earth, sand or other heavy absorbent

material. Sawdust is not suitable.

If the spillage, m-water used to extinguish a fire, enters

a watercourse, the supervisor must inform the National

Rivers Authority (or the relevant River Purification

Board in Scotland). In addition, depending on the

scale of the incident, he may need to inform the police,

fire brigade, waste disposal authority and the Health

and Safety Executive.

If the spillage, or water used to extinguish a fire, enters

a sewer the supervisor must inform the same authori-

ties listed in the paragraph above, including, in Scot-

land, the relevant regional council drainage depart-

ment. In addition, he must contact the control room

of the local water services company.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

113 The supervisor must consult the waste disposal authority and the

supplier of pesticide products involved in spillage or fire before

attempting to reclaim or dispose of it. This proviso applies to any

materials used to dam or soak up spillages and any damaged

containers, ash or chemical-contaminated debris.

FIRST AID ON SITE

THE RISKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

114 Careless contact with wood preservatives can cause ill health, either

through short-term exposure to higher concentrations of some prod-

ucts, or longer-term exposure to lower concentrations of others,

WHEN MEDICAL HELPARRIVES

118 It is vital that the doctor

or ambulance crew who deal

with the casualty be given full

details about the pesticide

products being used, and any

advice already received. The

relevant product labels or

supplier’s health and safety

data sheet will provide the

necessary information.

115 The product’s label instructions will explain if there is a specific health

hazard. There are three ways in which wood preservatives, or other

pesticides, can be absorbed by the body:

Inhalation of fumes or spray mist;

Through the skin;

Swallowing. This can happen, for example, if an

operative eats, drinks, smokes or puts his fingers in

his mouth without washing his hands and face first.

IF PEOPLE BECOME UNWELL...........................................................................................................................................

First aid

116 There are a number of basic first-aid steps that can be taken if an

operative appears to become unwell while working - though they

should not be regarded as complete medical treatment.

117 Some or all of these steps can be taken:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

Take the affected operative to an airy place well away

from the work site.

Call in competent medical assistance, such as a doctor

or ambulance, as necessary.

While help is arriving, carefully remove any clothing

from the operative which has been contaminated by

wood preservatives.

Wash any contaminated skin with clean water; and if

eyes have been affected, continue washing them for

ten minutes.

Cover the operative with a blanket, but take care not

to overheat him.

If the operative is unconscious, lay him on his side with

his face down. Make sure his tongue is in a normal

position. Remove anything in his mouth, such as food

or dentures.

If the operative’s breathing slows significantly, or

stops, roll him onto his back, make sure his mouth and

nose are clear and loosen any tight clothing around

the neck.

Tilt the head back and start mouth-to-mouth resusci-

tation. If the mouth is contaminated with pesticide

product, do not use this form of resuscitation. Instead,

try external heart massage.

If the operative suffers convulsions, use gentle

restraint and lie him on his side in the recovery position

once the convulsions have stopped.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

COVERALL

GLOVES

HOOD

OPERATIVE(OR OPERATOR)

PRODUCTAPPROVAL

PROTECTIVE

RESPIRATORYPROTECTIVE

EQUIPMENT (RPE)

SUBSTANCE

A protective garment, or combination of garments, offering These terms are taken from

no less protection than a single garment, close fitting at theneck

(a)

(b)

(c)

and wrist which; THE SAFE USE OF PESTICIDES

covers the whole body and all clothing other than thatFOR NON-AGRICULTURAL

which is covered by a hood, face-shield, suitable eyeprotection, respiratory protective equipment, footwear PURPOSES - APPROVED CODEand gloves, and which minimises thermal stress to theoperative (operator) when worn; OF PRACTICE, the Health andwhen required to be worn in connection with the useof a pesticide in the form of a granule or dust, has all Safety Commission 1991.

its internal pockets covered and has its sleeves over thetops of gloves being worn;is white or of a colour which produces a clearlynoticeable contrast if contaminated with pesticide

Protective gloves not less than 300 mm in length measuredfrom the tip of the second finger to the edge of the cuff

A hat or other covering to the head so designed as to protectthe forehead, back and sides of the head and neck fromcontamination by pesticide in the circumstances in which itis being used

Includes an employee or a self-employed person and issometimes used to refer to the person carrying out theapplication of pesticides or an activity directly related to suchwork such as loading a sprayer for another operative(operator)

Approval given under the Food and Environment ProtectionAct 1985 for each pesticide product, to which certainconditions are attached

Means made of a material or substance which impedes thepassage of pesticide such that a wearer is protected fromcontamination in the normal circumstances of use

Any respirator or breathing apparatus of a type approved by,or conforming to a standard approved by, the Health andSafety Executive

Any natural or artificial substance, whether in solid or liquidform or in the form of a gas or vapour (including micro-organisms)