Buildings and Grid Integration

Prof. Thomas M. Jahns Dr. Burak OzpineciUW - Madison ORNL

jahns@engr.wisc.edu ozpinecib@ornl.gov

1st Southeast Solar SummitOctober 24, 2007

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Outline

• Introduction

• Role of Buildings in US Energy Strategy

• Integration of Solar into Future Buildings

• Grid Distributed Energy Resource Issues

• Conclusions

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The Center forPower Electronics Systems (CPES)

76 Industry Partners

Virginia Tech

Universityof Wisconsin

Madison

RensselaerPolytechnic

Institute

Universityof Puerto Rico

Mayaguez

NorthCarolina A&T State

University

Virginia Tech

A National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center

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CPES Research Objectives

Seek major advances in power electronics technology using integration as a key technique to achieve major improvements in:

– Performance/quality

– Reliability

– Cost

Integrated Power Electronics Module (IPEM)

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CPES Research Directions

• Distributed Modular Control

Power Semicond.Devices

Integrated Packaging

• Modular Phase-Leg Inverter

• Giant Magnetoresistive Current Sensors• Integrated Pilot Current Sensors

• Embedded Power

• IGBT/Rectifier w/ Pilot Sensors

Control

IPEM

Power Converter

Sensors

N-drift

P-P-body

P+N+

Schottky contact

C

IGBT

N-drift

n+p-body

p+n+

A

MPS Rectifier

K

Schottkycontact

Collector short

EG

p+-n diode

deep-p+

N-drift

P-P-body

P+N+

Schottky contact

C

IGBT

N-drift

n+p-body

p+n+

A

MPS Rectifier

K

Schottkycontact

Collector short

EG

p+-n diode

deep-p+

Multi-disciplinary Research Addresses Wide Range of IPEM Issues Multi-disciplinary Research Addresses Wide Range of IPEM Issues

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Power Electronics Integration

PresentStatus

HigherIntegration

A major CPES objective is to develop IPEM technology for integrating power electronics with load or source

A major CPES objective is to develop IPEM technology for A major CPES objective is to develop IPEM technology for integrating power electronics with load or sourceintegrating power electronics with load or source

IncreaseReliability

ReduceCost

MotorDrive

Silicon Devices

GHz Linear Regulator

Processor Core Die

Ceramic Capacitors

InductorsMHz

Switching Regulator

Controller

Improve Performance

ReduceSize

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Impact of Buildings on US Energy Usage and GHG Emissions

US Electricity Consumption

US Total Energy Usage US Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Source: US EPA

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Zero-Energy Buildings

Solar Power Must Play Important Role in Achieving Goal of Net Zero-Energy Buildings

Solar Power Must Play Important Role in Achieving Goal of Net Zero-Energy Buildings

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Building Systems and Subsystems

• Lighting• Heating• Air-conditioning• Cooking• Refrigeration• Laundry• Air quality• Water purification• Water heating• Data services• Entertainment• Plug-In Hybrid Veh.• Combined heating

and power (CHP)

• Solar PV• Wind power• Fuel cells• Electrical storage

• Electrical power system architecture

• Power/energy management

• Emergency power

Buildings Are Complicated Energy Systems!Buildings Are Complicated Energy Systems!

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BuildingElectrical System

Configurations

• Alternative electrical system configurations will be investigated– Baseline 60 Hz

– High-frequency AC (300 to 500 Hz)

– DC

• “Best” system to meet future needs not clearly identified

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Building Electrical System Power Management

Power SystemManagement

• Power management algorithms will play key role in achieving high energy efficiency

• High performance requires all sources and loads to be controllable

• Algorithms must handle dynamic changes imposed by both loads and sources, incl. solar

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Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles

PowerConverterInterface

BuildingElectricalSystem

• Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (PHEVs) represent opportunity for significant additional energy storage in future buildings

– Opportunities for using vehicle battery as local energy storage for building electrical system requires careful evaluation

– Demands imposed by vehicle, building, and grid must be balanced in any power management algorithm

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Solar PV Modular Interface Converters

• Integration of power converter directly into PV panels represents one promising approach to simplifying PV grid interface

• Requires compact power electronics that is inexpensive and highly reliable in harsh thermal environments

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Conventional Utility

Power Plant(~1000 MW)

Transmission Line (~100 mi)

DistributionSubstation

DistributionTransformer

DistributionLine (~10 mi)

Power Plant(~1000 MW)

Transmission Line (~100 mi)

Enhanced Distribution

Distributed Resources Including Solar and Wind Have Major Impact on Grid

Distributed Resources Including Solar and Wind Have Major Impact on Grid

Impact of Distributed Sources on Grid

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Microgrid Concept

Smart Switch• Seamless separation• Automatic re-synchronizing

Microgrid

Combination of Local Sources and Loads in Single or Multiple Buildings Form Microgrid

Combination of Local Sources and Loads in Single or Multiple Buildings Form Microgrid

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Prospective Benefits of Microgrid-Based Distribution System

• Reduce need for new transmission lines using DER and local energy storage for peak shaving

• Opportunity to improve power system reliability by means of intentional islanding

• Provides basis for new protection and safety strategies using smart switches

• Provides means for minimizing electrical energy cost for customers by managing local sources based on current pricing

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Impact of Distributed Energy Resources on Grid Reliability

Digital Systems

Stand-aloneSteam Generation

1900 1950 2000

Year

LightsMotors

Electricity Reliability(in “9”s)

109876543210

(3 ms/yr)

(30 ms/yr)

(0.3 sec/yr)

(3 sec/yr)

(30 sec/yr)

(5 min/yr)

(1 hr/yr)

(9 hr/yr)

(3-4 day/yr)

(1 mo/yr)

Interconnected Central Station Generation

DER-basedDistribution System

Robust G&T

Local Reliability

Solar Provides Opportunity to Enhance Grid System Reliability in DER Configurations

Solar Provides Opportunity to Enhance Grid System Reliability in DER Configurations

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New Energy Technology Development

• R&D issues include grid stabilization with large-scale PV power generation, wind power stabilization, and electric energy storage

Source: NEDO, Japan

CPES Demonstration Sustainable Building at UW-Madison

• Building to be located at UW West Madison Agricultural Research Station

• Planned size of building is approx. 20,000 sq. ft.• Building to be available for testing of other sustainable

building technology such as electrical system living lab• Expected start date for building construction is 2009

West MadisonResearch Sta.

CPES Sustainable Building Testbedat Virginia Tech

Server

DC Distribution: ~ 300 V DC

Battery

DC-DCCharger /Discharger

Inverter / RectifierRectifier

60 HzGrid

SolarWind

EntertainmentSystem DPS

Plug-inHybrid

Car

Advanced Electronic Lighting

Smart Appliances

Charger /Discharger

HVACHVAC

DC-DC48 V DC Distribution

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Conclusions

• Long-term success of solar PV requires addressing system-level issues in addition to cell development– Deserves to be integral part of coordinated energy R&D

program pursued at federal level

• Buildings provide a natural and attractive environment for tackling PV system issues– Target development of net “zero energy” buildings

• Significant R&D content will benefit from active partnership of national labs, industry, and academia

Major cooperative effort will be required to raisepriority of sustainable buildings in DOE R&D plans Major cooperative effort will be required to raise

priority of sustainable buildings in DOE R&D plans