building services safety methods
TRANSCRIPT
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SAFETY MEASURES
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WHAT IS A STANDARD ?
A standard is an agreed, repeatable way of doing something.
It is a published document that contains a technical
specification or other precise criteria designed to be used
consistently as a rule, guideline, or definition. Standards help
to make life simpler and to increase the reliability and the
effectiveness of many goods and services we use. Standards
are created by bringing together the experience and expertise
of all interested parties such as the producers, sellers, buyers,
users and of a particular material, product, process or service.
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GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
The various sources of electricity are :
Solar power
Wind power
Tidal power
Thermal energy
Nuclear energy
Hydroelectric energy
Gas turbine
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Solar energy
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity,
either directly using photovoltaic cells (PV), or indirectly
using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use
lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of
sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cell converts light
into electric current using the photoelectric effect.
Solar power plant
In North America
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SAFETY FEATURES
All solar electric panels should have durable connectors on
the module. The connectors should be sturdy, and the
method of attaching the wire should be simple, yet provide
a secure connection. Most modules have sealed junction boxes to protect the
connections. So before buying a solar electric panel, look at
the junction box and see if it is easy to make the connections. A switch or circuit breaker as part of a combiner box should
be installed to isolate the PV array during maintenance.
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circuit breakers are normally installed to isolate each load.
Fuses are used to protect any current carrying conductor.
Fuses and cables in the array circuit should be sized to carry
the maximum current that could be produced by short-term
"cloud focusing" of the sunlight--up to 1.5 times the short
circuit current at 1,000 w/m2 irradiance.
Slow-blow fuses or PV breakers are recommended. Only
fuses rated for dc current should be used. (Auto-motive
fuses should not be used.)
All metal in a solar panel array should be grounded to help
protect the array against lightning surges, and The
negative conductor is also grounded .
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wind power
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind intomechanical power . A generator converts this mechanical
power into electricity to power homes, businesses, and
schools.Top 10 countries by nameplate wind power capacity (2010)
Country Wind power capacity (MW)
China 44,733
United States 40,180
Germany 27,215
Spain 20,676
India 13,066
Italy 5,797
France 5,660
United Kingdom 5,204
Canada 4,008
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Safety features
Dual disc brakes When the turbine control system detects
any fault condition such as excess wind or a grid power loss,
the disc braking system activates, shutting the turbine down
completely until the control system instructs the brakes torelease and the turbine to re-start.
Aerodynamic stalling Advanced blade designs that shed
wind in excessive wind conditions in order to protect theturbine from damage.
Advanced computer control system Each turbine is
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controlled by an on board computer system and the proprietary
software application which manages all operational aspects of theturbine such as power output (select units), cut-in, cut-out, fault
detection and pneumatic braking.
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Tidal power
It can be extracted from Moon-gravity-powered tides by
locating a water turbine in a tidal current, or by building
impoundment pond dams that admit-or-release water through
a turbine. The turbine can turn an electrical generator, or a gascompressor, that can then store energy until needed.
In order for this to work well, you need large increases in tides.
An increase of at least 16 feet between low tide to high tide isneeded.
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Thermal power
. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbinewhich drives an electrical generator which then generates
electricity.
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on.
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Safety features
Mechanical safety valve/system
Process alarm operator action.
Safety instrumented control system.
Burner management system.
Mitigation devices.
Turbine protection.
Interlock and protection devices.
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NUCLEAR POWERThis energy is made by fusion or fission .
It is produced in the reactor of a nuclear power station.The energy turns water into steam, which drives a turbine that powers a generator
. Nuclear power produces lots of energy and can be made to power major cities.
This energy, unlike other sources, produces lots of radioactive waste. If that waste
gets released, it could cause devastation to a large area. In addition, it warms itswaste water, so some fish, such as trout, cannot live in warm water.
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Safety Objectives
Nuclear power plants are designed with two principal safety objectives in mind:
1. To contain fission products to prevent offsite health effects.
2. To ensure that heat generated by the reactor, including heat generated by the
decay of fission products after reactor shutdown, is removed.
The defence-in-depth approach ensures that any release of hazardous amounts of
radioactive materials will be extremely unlikely.
This approach uses three barriers to prevent the release of fission products from thereactor core to the environment. These consist of:
1. Fuel rods (fuel pellet and fuel cladding)
2. Reactor vessel and primary coolant system
3. Containment
The first barrier designed to prevent an inadvertent release of radioactive material
from the reactor core is the nuclear fuel rod itself.
During normal operations, about 99 percent of all fission products remain trapped
within the fuel's structure very near the point at which they were generated by
fission.
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The first barrier designed to prevent an inadvertent release of radioactive
material from the reactor core is the nuclear fuel rod itself.
During normal operations, about 99 percent of all fission products remain
trapped within the fuel's structure very near the point at which they weregenerated by fission.
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Hydroelectric power
Hydroelectric energy is produced when water falls from a high place to a low
place.
A hydroelectric power station contains a turbine driven by falling water from a
dam.
The turbine drives the generator.
This form of energy produces little pollution; in addition, it does not ruin the
water. The water still can be used for other purposes.
Hydroelectric power does not cost any more than fossil fuels.
Another advantage is that there are a lot of lakes or rivers where a dam can be
built to produce energy.
Another disadvantage is that when a dam is built, a huge area is flooded to make
a lake, so the water displaces the people and animals living there.
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SUBSTATION
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution
system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform
any of several other important functions. Electric power may flow through several
substations between generating plant and consumer, and its voltage may change in
several steps.
Substations may be owned and operated by a transmission or generation electrical
utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer.
A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high
transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two
different transmission voltages. The word substation comes from the days before the
distribution system became a grid
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Elements of a substation
A:Primary power lines' side B:Secondary power lines' side1.Primary power lines 2.Ground wire 3.Overhead lines 4.Transformer for
measurement of electric voltage 5.Disconnect switch 6.Circuit breaker 7.Current
transformer 8.Lightning arrester 9.Main transformer 10.Control building
11.Security fence 12.Secondary power lines
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MATERIALS USED IN A SUB-STATION
Poles are generally constructed with IRON(galvanized), CAST IRON ,CEMENT.
SILICA GEL GRATER is connected to conservated tank or transformed tank
where oil is stored.
The oil stored in tanks releases moisture , this creates short circuit to prevent
this
SILICA GEL GRATER is used.
Lightning arresters (LAS) are provided to avoid short circuit from lightning andthunders.
Oil sacred breakers
Vaccum type breakers
Relays
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SAFETY MEASURES
Sprinkler system is provided
Sand buckets are used
Fire stations should be constructed if the substation capacity is high.
A gap of 20ft is provided between the machines.
Alarm panels are provided.
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SUBSTATION SAFETY FEATURES
The installation should be carried out in accordance with approved drawings.
Phase-to-phase and phase to earth clearances are provided as required.
All equipment's are efficiently earthed and properly connected to the required
number of earth electrodes.The required ground clearance to live terminals should be provided.
Suitable fencing should be provided with gate with lockable arrangements.
The required number of caution boards, fire fighting equipment's, operating rods,
rubber mats, should be kept in sub station.
In case of indoor sub station, sufficient ventilation and draining arrangements
should be made.All cable trenches should be provided with non-inflammable covers.
Free accessibility should be provided for all equipments for normal operation.
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All name plates should be fixed and the equipment's should be fully painted.
All construction materials and temporary connections should be removed.
Oil-level, bus bar tightness, transformer tap position, should be in order.
Earth pipe troughs and cover slabs are provided for earth electrodes/ earth pits and
the neutral and LA earth pits should be marked for easy identification.Earth electrodes should be of GI pipes CI pipes or copper plates. For earth
connections, brass bolts and nuts with lead washers are provided in the pipe/plates
Earth pipe troughs and oil sumps/pits are free from rubbish and dirt and stone jelly
and the earth connections should be visible and easily accessible.
HT and LT panels are switch gears are all vermin and damp proof and all unused
openings or holds should be blocked properly.
h h b b h ld h h d
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The earth busbars should have tight connections and corrosionfree joint surfaces.Operating handle of protective device should be provided at anaccessible height from ground.Adequate headroom should be available in the transformerroom for easy topping up of oil, maintenance etc.Safety devices, horizontal and vertical barriers, busbarcovers/shrouds, automatic safety shutters/doors interlock,
handle interlock should be safe and reliable in operation of allpanels and cubicles.Clearances in the front, rear and the sides of the main HV, MVand sub switch boards should be adequate.
The switches should operate freely.Insulators should be free from cracks, should be clean.In transformers, there should not be any oil leak.
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Connections to bushing in transformers for tightness and good contact.
Bushings should be free from cracks and should be clean.
Accessories of transformers like breathers, vent pipe, Buchholz relay should be in
order.
Connections to gas relay in transformers should be in order.
Oil and winding temperature should be set for specific requirements in transformers.
In case of cable cellars, adequate arrangements to pump out water that has entered
due to seepage or other reasons.
All incoming and outgoing circuits of HV and MV panels should be clearly labeled for
identifications.
No cable should be damaged.
There should be adequate clearance around the equipment installed.
Cable terminations should be proper.
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LIST OF STANDARDS
IS NO: 8270(PART 1: 1976)
1885 (PART 16/SEC3) 1967
(PART 17): 1979
TITLE: Guide for preparation
of diagrams, chartsand tables for electrotechnology: part 1
definitions andclassifications.
Electro technicalvocabulary: lighting,section 3 lamps and
auxiliary apparatus. Switch gear and
control gear.
(PART 32) 1993 El t i l bl
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(PART 32): 1993
(PART 78): 1993
12032
(PART 6 ): 1987
(PART 7 ): 1987
(2) 7752 (PART 1);1975
Electrical cables
Generation,transmission anddistribution of electricity-General
Graphical symbols fordiagrams in the field ofelectro technology.
Protection andconversion of electrical
energy. Switchgear , control
gear and protectivedevices.
Guide for improvementof power factor inconsumer installation:Part 1 low and mediumsupply voltages.
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3) 5216
(PART 1):1982
(PART 2): 1982
(4) 10118 (PART 2): 1982
(5) 1646 :1997
Recommendations onsafety procedures andpractices in electrical work.
General
Life saving techniques
Code of practice forselection, installation andmaintenance of switchgearand control gear: Part 2selection.
Code of practice for firesafety buildings(general):Electrical installations
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(6) 732:1989
1255:1983
(7)13947:1993
(8)2148:1981
(9)5578:1985
Code of practice forelectrical wiringinstallations.
Code of practice forinstallation andmaintenance of power
cables (up to and including33 kV rating)
Specification for lowvoltage switch gear andcontrol gear.
Specification for flame
proof enclosures ofelectrical apparatus.
Guide for marking ofinsulated conductors.
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(10) 1777:1978
2206
(part 1):1984
(part 2):1976 3287:1965
3528:1966
4012:1967
4013:1967
Industrial luminaire withmetal reflectors (1 R)
Flame proof electriclighting fittings.
Well glass and bulk headtypes(1R)
Fittings using glass tubes.
Industrial lighting fittingswith plastic reflectors.
Water proof electriclighting fittings
Specification for watertightelectric lighting fittings.
Dust-tight electric lightingfittings
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5077:1969 10322 (par 5/sec 5): 1987
(11) 8828:1996
13947
(part 1):1993
(Part 2 ):1993
(Part 3) : 1993
Decorative lighting out fits. Luminaires: part 5 particular
requirements, section 5 floodlights.
Electrical accessories-circuitbreakers for over current
protection for household andsimilar installations
Specification for low voltageswitch gear and control gear.
General rules
Circuit breakers
Switches, disconnectors,
swich disconnectors and fusecombination units
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(part 4/sec 1): 1993
(part 5/ sec 1):1993
(12) 3961
(part 1): 1967
(part 2): 1967
(part 3): 1968
Contactors and motor-starters sec 1 electro-technical contactors andmotor starters
Control circuit devices andswitching elements, sec 1
electro-technical controlcircuit devices.
Recommended currentratings for cables
Paper insulated ledsheathed cables.
PVC insulated and PVCsheathed heavy dutycables.
Rubber insulated cables
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(13) 2086:1993
13703 (part 1): 1993
(14) 2672:1996
4347:1967
6665:1972
8030:1976
Specification for carriersand basis used in re wireable type electrical fusesfor voltages up to 650V
LV fuses for voltages notexceeding 1000V ac or
1500 dc : part 1 generalrequirements
Code of practice for librarylighting
Code for practice forhospital lighting.
Code of practice forindustrial lighting
Specification for luminairesfor hospitals
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(15) 732:1989
(16) 4648 : 1968
(17) 900: 1992
(18) 2412 : 19975
(19) 2667 : 1988
3419 : 1989
9537
Code of practice for electricalwiring installations (3 R)
Guide for electrical layout inresidential buildings.
Code of practice forinstallation and maintenance
of induction motors.(2 R) Link clips for electrical wiring(1 R)
Fittings for rigid steel conduitsfor electrical wiring (1 R)
Fittings for rigid non metallicconduits (2 R)
Conduits for electricalinstallations
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(part 1) : 1980 (part 2) : 1981
(part 3) : 1983
14772 : 2000
(20) 1913 (part 1) : 1978
(21) 1258 : 1987
(22) 148 : 1978
General requirements Rigid steel conduits
Rigid plain conduits ofinsulating materials
Specification for accessoriesfor house hold and similar
fixed electrical installations General and safety
requirements for luminaires :part 1 tubular florescentlamps (2 R)
Bayonet lamp holders (3 R)
Tungsten filament general
service electrical lamps (3 R)
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1534 (part 1) : 1977
1569 : 1976
2215 : 1983
2418
(part 1) : 1977
Ballasts for florescentlamps : part 1 for switchstart circuits (2 R)
Capacitors for usingtubular florescent highpressure mercury and low
pressure sodium vapourdischarge lamp circuit. (1R)
Specification for startersfor florescent lamps (3 R)
Specification for tubular
florescent lamps forgeneral lighting service
Requirements and tests (1R)
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(part 2) : 1977
(part 3) : 1977
(part 4) : 1977
3323 : 1980
3324 : 1982
9900
(part 1) : 1981
Standard lamp data sheets (1R)
Dimensions of G5 and G13ic-pin caps (1 R)
Go and no-go gauges for G5and G13 ic-pins caps (1 R)
Bi-pin lamp holders for tubularflorescent lamps (1 R)
Holders for starters for tubularflorescent lamps (1 R)
Basic environmental testingprocedures for electronic andelectrical Items
General
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(part 2) : 1981 (part 3) : 1981
(part 4) : 1981
(23) 374:1979
(24) 3043 : 1987
(25) 8623 (part 1): 1993
(26) 10028 (part 2) : 1981
Cold test Dry heat test
Damp test (steady state)
Electric ceiling type fans andregulators (3 R)
Code of practice for earthing
Specification for low voltageswitch gear and control gearassembles. Part 1requirements for type testedand partially type testedassemblies (1 R)
Code of practice for selection,
installation, maintenance oftransformers : part 2installation
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11353 : 1985
(27) 309 : 1989
Guide for uniform
system of marking
and identification ofconductors and
apparatus terminals
Code of practice for
protection ofbuildings and allied
structures against
lighting (2 R)