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CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

3.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM3.1Introduction & Function3.2Active Fire Protection System

3.2.1 Fire Detection System and Alarm Devices 3.2.1.1 Heat Detector 3.2.1.2 Smoke Detector3.2.1.3 Fire Break Glass Call Point3.2.1.4 Fire Alarm Bell3.2.1.5 Fireman’s Switch3.2.1.6 Voice communicator

3.2.2 Fire Control System

3.2.2.1 Fire Control Room3.2.2.2 Fire Sprinkler System 3.2.2.3 Dry Riser System3.2.2.4 Wet Riser System3.2.2.5 Hose Reel System3.2.2.6 Fire Hydrant System3.2.2.7 Portable Fire Extinguisher

3.3Passive Fire Protection System

3.3.1 Fire Roller Shutter3.3.2 Fire Door3.3.3 Fire Escape3.3.4 Emergency Lighting and Signage3.3.5 Smoke Curtain3.3.6 Fire Extinguisher

4.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

4.1Introduction & Function4.2Window Air Conditioning System4.3Split Air Conditioning System4.4Centralized Air Conditioning System4.5Packaged Air Conditioning System4.6Components

4.6.1 Refrigerant Cycle 4.6.1.1 Water Tanks 4.6.1.2 Cooling Tower4.6.1.3 Chillers

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4.6.1.4 Control Unit4.6.1.5 Water Pump Sets

4.6.2 Air Cycle

4.6.2.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU)4.6.2.2 Air Filter4.6.2.3 Blower Fan4.6.2.4 Ductwork and Diffusers4.6.2.5 Fan Coil Units ( F.C.U. )

5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 5.1Introduction & Function5.2Supply Ventilation System5.3Exhaust Ventilation System5.4Balanced / Combined Ventilation System 5.5Components of Ventilation System

5.5.1 Fan5.5.2 Filter5.5.3 Ductworks5.5.4 Damper5.5.5 Diffusers

6.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

6.1Introduction & Function6.2Elevator

6.2.1 Traction Elevator6.2.2 Hydraulic Elevator6.2.3 Climbing Elevator 6.2.4 Pneumatic Elevator 6.2.5 Passenger Lift6.2.6 Service Lift

7.0 PROPOSAL OF SYSTEMS 7.1Fire Protection System

7.1.1 Active Fire Protection System 7.1.2 Passive Fire Protection System

7.2Air Conditioning System7.3Mechanical Ventilation System7.4Mechanical Transportation System

8.0 SUMMARY9.0 REFERENCES

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1.0INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING Site Location The centre for the elderly is located in Old Klang Road, Selangor, surrounded by housing estates, apartments, religious facilities and low rise commercials. It has a normal range of community facilities around it. The topography of the site is almost level which consider appropriate to the elderly. Building Brief Usage : Centre for the Elderly Building Siting : Setbacks as per authority requirements ( where applicable )Building Height : 2 StoreysApproximate Floor Area : 800 s.q.m.Facilties : 1) Recreational Space 2) Meditation Space 3) Dining & Kitchen 4) Communal Play Room 5) Physiotherapy Room 6) Clinical & Healthcare 7) Communal Reading Pax : 20+/-

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2.0LITERATURE REVIEW

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

The purpose of the protection is to safe guard human lives, presence material assets and save the environment from devastation. Fire engulfs homes made out of wood easily, but heavy timber can resist fairly. Steel on the other hand, is non-combustible. But its malleable properties makes it expand and shrink fast under change of temperatures. During fire, steel will expand fast due to heat contributing to the collapsed structures, walls can also be damaged by the quick expansion of steel framing. Concrete is a fire resistant material, perfect for modern structures to counter damage caused by fires. But its porous properties will sustain damage and lose its strength under large fire. Masonry on the other hand is made up of dense clay burned in fire. It provides one of the best resistant to heat and will retain its structural integrity. Glass and plastics on the other hand is vulnerable in fire and get damaged easily.

The different type of fire protection system used are due to the scale and also the typology of the building. Fire protection system can be categorized into two classifications: active fire protection and passive fire protection.

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Air Conditioning System is a cooling system designed to give proper ventilation to a specific environment. ACMV System maybe a customized air conditioning system installed in any industrial, commercial or household setup. Air-conditioners can be easily found anywhere ranging from houses, restaurants, hotels offices, hospitals, factories, office, toilets and etc. Most of the buildings and houses in Malaysia have installed air-conditioning system to maintain thermal comfort users in the building between 19 and 23 degrees Celsius to stay comfort indoor. The air conditioning system is responsible in controlling the amount of cool air going in to specific venue and provide fresh air in an area like balanced distribution of oxygen, proper level of air humidity as well as elimination of high thermic environment, air impurities and other floating bacteria. Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air to more comfortable conditions. Air conditioning system controls 4 different aspects that contribute to thermal comfort in buildings:

-Air Temperature

-Air humidity

-Air movement

-Air purity

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MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

Ventilation is the introduction of outside air into a space. The general purpose of ventilation in buildings is to provide healthy air for breathing by both diluting and removing the pollutants from the air. Ventilation that is aided by mechanical devices are known as mechanical ventilation system. Mechanical fans can drive mechanical ventilation. Fans can either be installed directly to windows or walls or in air ducts for supplying or exhausting air.

The type of mechanical ventilation system used depends on the climate. This is due to pressurization and humidity factors. In warm and humid climates like Malaysia, infiltration may need to be minimized or prevented to reduce interstitial condensation (occurs when warm, moist air from inside a building penetrates a wall, roof or floor and meets a cold surface).

Depending on the function of the space and the usage, the type of system is carefully picked. If it is of heavy usage, a larger scale of mechanism is used and vice versa. The selection of systems should be proportional to the usage to increase the efficiency and to reduce the cost of installation.

MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Mechanical transportation are energy-using services of people and goods which needs the designer’s attention at the earliest stages of building design. These transportations are outlined and designed to create smooth access between buildings from floor to floor. Its energy consumption are usually low but much electrical power requirements are great for short periods. Furthermore, it is important for every mechanical transportations to acknowledge to the UBBL provided by the authority. Therefore, other important services such as provisional access for disabled people, fire protections, means of escape and maintenance could be integrated into the systems.

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3.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

3.1 Introduction & Function

Fire protection system involves the study of the behaviour, compartmentalisation, suppression and investigation of fire and its related emergencies, as well as the research and development, production, testing and application of mitigating systems. As mentioned before that it comprises of 2 categorisation, active fire protection and passive fire protection.

Active fire protection system is simply the method or the procedure of preventing a building from fire burning by using either manual or automatic operated fire mechanical system such as fire alarms, detectors, hose reels, fire telecoms, sprinkler installation and etc.

Passive fire protection on the other hand delays the speed of the spreading of fire and also the combustion process and at the same time protecting the escape routes in order to prolong the time taken to escape. This system can be done by modifying and altering the architectural elements with fire resistant characteristics. Hence, planning is important and essential and fire safety factors must be a concern at the design stage of the building. The selection of materials, compartmentalization of building and installations of emergency guidance such as floor plans and signs are crucial for a safe evacuation.

Functions of fire protection system:

a) To increase the level of life safety or occupants within the building in the event of a fire.

b) To control the spread of harmful effects of fire.c) To elevate and protect the environment.d) To preserve material assets of existing building and surrounding building.

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3.2 Active Fire Protection System

Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be manually operated, or automated.

3.2.1 Fire Detection System & Alarm Devices

3.2.1.1 Heat Detector A heat detector, a fire alarm device designed to respond when the thermal energy of the fire that convects into the detector, increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. All heat detectors have this thermal lag. Heat detectors are used to help in the reduction of damaged property. It is triggered when temperature increases.

3.2.1.2 Smoke Detector A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. When smoke enters the plates of the detectors, it triggers the alarm by cutting off the current in between the plates.

3.2.1.3 Fire Break Glass Call Point A fire break glass call point is an active fire protection device, usually wall-mounted, that, when activated, initiates an alarm on a fire alarm system. In its simplest form, the user activates the alarm by breaking the glass and by pushing the contact point in the middle which completes a circuit, sending an alarm to the fire alarm control panel.

3.2.1.4 Fire Alarm Bell Fire alarm bells can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns.

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They can also be speaker strobes which sound an alarm, followed by a voice evacuation message which warns people inside the building not to use the elevators. Fire alarm sounders can be set to certain frequencies and different tones including low, medium and high, depending on the country and manufacturer of the device.

3.2.2 Fire Control System

3.2.2.1 Fire Sprinkler System A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system (water tank), providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. 

3.2.2.2 Dry Riser System Dry riser systems are a form of internal hydrant for fire fighters to use. They are normally dry and depended on the fire engine to pump water into the system. Dry riser system comprises a riser pipe with landing valves at each floor and to which canvas hose with nozzles can be connected to direct the water jet at the fire. Breeching inlets into which the fireman pumps water are provided at ground level and are connected to the bottom of the dry risers.

3.2.2.3 Wet Riser System Wet riser system is found in buildings with several floors. It is a vertical pipe installed in building for firefighting purposes. It is used to supply water when fire occurs. It is permanently charged with water from a pressurized supply to ensure that water would not run out when needed and fitted with landing valves with various floors. The need of a wet riser system is that fire department can quickly access to backup of water supplies to put out fires.

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3.2.2.4 Hose Reel System The hose reel system is intended for the occupants/firemen to use during early stages of fire and it comprises a hose reel pump. It is connected to the wet riser which is fully pressurized at all times for emergency usage. When it is used, the pressure of the pipe will drop below the field adjusted setting of the pressure switch. This will trigger the pump to come into operation automatically to provide a constant supply of water. It can deliver a large amount of water than conventional fire extinguisher, making it the key elements of saving lives and put out fire.

3.2.2.5 Fire Hydrant System A fire hydrant, also called fireplug, is a connection point by which firefighters can tap into a water supply. It is a component of active fire protection. Fire hydrant systems (also known as fire pumps, hydrant boosters, fire water pumps) are high pressure water pumps designed to increase the firefighting capacity of a building by boosting the pressure in the hydrant service when mains is not enough, or when tank fed.

3.2.2.6 Portable fire Extinguishers Portable fire extinguishers are active fire protective devices that is used to control small fire, the fire extinguishers are made to be portable, so that when the building is on fire and the main fire devices such as the hose reel are far and inaccessible from reach, a portable fire extinguisher will be of the best choice.

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3.3 Passive Fire Protection System

Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is an integral component of the three components of structural fire protection and fire safety in a building. PFP attempts to contain fires or slow the spread, through use of fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors (amongst other examples). PFP systems must comply with the associated Listing and approval use and compliance in order to provide the effectiveness expected by building codes.

3.3.1 Fire Roller Shutter Fire roller shutters or fire resistant shutters are one of the most effective methods of resisting the intense heat applied to one side of a large area door to the other without excessive distorting and without affecting the fire integrity of the door. In the event of a fire, any Fire resistant roller shutter that has been left in the open position is automatically closed by a thermally actuated thermal link mechanism. When the temperature of the fusible link reaches a pre-determined temperature, it activates to rapidly close the roller shutter.

3.3.2 Fire Rated Door Fire rated doors are usually built along the escape routes and fire escape stairs’ corridors to ensure safety while the occupants are escaping. It is used as part of a protection system to reduce the spread of fire and smoke between separate compartments of a structure. All fire rated doors must be installed with fire resistant fittings and hardware. (frames and joints)

3.3.3 Emergency Lightings An emergency light is a battery-backed lighting device that switches on automatically when a building experiences a power outage. Emergency lights are standard in new commercial and high occupancy residential buildings.

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3.3.4 Emergency Signage Emergency sign or fire escape sign usually read “KELUAR” which defines exit in Malaysia. It directs the path to a safe area, usually open area of fire staircases. It is often installed with emergency light within with neon green to provide clear visual guide for occupants during fire.

3.3.5 Fire Escape Stairs A fire escape stair is one of the means of emergency exits, usually at the back of the building separated by fire resistant walls. It provides a method of escape in the event of fire or other emergency that makes other stairwells inside a building inaccessible.

3.3.6 Fire Rated Walls A fire rated wall is a fire resistant barrier used to preclude the spread of fire for a rated period of time. Fire rated walls can be used to subdivide a building into separate fire areas and are constructed in accordance with the locally applicable building codes. They are typically continuous from a floor below to a floor or roof above or from one fire barrier wall to another fire barrier wall. These specialized walls are typically made up of drywall/gypsum board partitions with wood or metal framed studs.

3.3.7 Compartmentation Compartmentation is basically the implementation taken in order to segregate and designate specific spaces evenly and equally across the premises of a building to reduce the spreading of the fire from one point to another, most prominently by using fire rated walls. Spaces are for instance by which the M&E Services rooms are to be compartmentalized in order to reduce the spread of fire within the spaces.

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4.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

4.1 Introduction & Function

Malaysia has a tropical rainforest climate which being hot and humid throughout the year. Due to the moderate outdoor air quality caused by the industrial development, it has affected the indoor air quality as well. Thus, thermal comfort is one of the significant factors that affect the building design. Thermal comfort is defined as the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by the subjective evaluation. The application of air conditioning system in Malaysia is needed to achieve the optimal air temperature, air humidity and air cleanliness for the occupants.

Air Conditioning system served to produce and maintain a programmed internal environment, despite of external conditions and extract heat from a certain area to the surroundings. The equipment of air conditioning system includes facilities to control temperature, humidity, air cleanliness, air movement and heat radiation.

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4.2 Window Air Conditioning System

Window unit air conditioner is an expensive alternative to central system, which is only suitable for small room as they operate less efficient to the space. It is usually installed at window openings or wall.

Figure 4.2.1: Photo above shows the window air conditioning system

In this air conditioner all the components, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion valve or coil, evaporator and cooling coil are enclosed in a single box. This unit is fitted in a slot made in the wall of the room, or more commonly a window sill. There are two compartments for this windows air conditioner, the room side, which is also the cooling side and the outdoor side from where the heat absorbed by the room air is liberated to the atmosphere.

Figure 4.2.2: Schematic diagram of components in window conditoning system

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4.2.1 Refrigeration System of Window Unit Air Conditioner

The refrigeration system of the window air conditioner comprises of all the important parts of the refrigeration cycle. These include the compressor, condenser, expansion valve and the evaporator.

         

The compressor used in the window air conditioners is hermetically sealed type, which is portable one. The condenser is made up of copper tubing and it is cooled by the atmospheric air. It is covered with the fins to enable faster heat transfer rate from it. The capillary tubing made up of various rounds of the copper coil is used as the expansion valve in the window air conditioners. Before the capillary, there is a drier filter that filters the refrigerant and also removes the moisture particles, if present in the refrigerant.

         The evaporator is also made up of copper tubing of number of turns and is covered with the fins. The evaporator is also called as the cooling coil since the rooms air passes over it and gets cooled. Before the evaporator, there is air filter fitted in the front panel or front grill. As the room air is absorbed, it is first passed over the filter so that it gets filtered. The filtered air is then blown over the cooling coil and the chilled air is passed into the room. The refrigerant after leaving the cooling coil enters the accumulator where it is accumulated and then it is again sucked by the compressor for recirculation over the whole cycle.

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4.2.2 Components of window unit air conditioning system

Figure 4.2.3: Positioning of selected components in window unit air conditioner

1. Condenser fan: The condenser fan is the forced draft type of propeller fan that sucks the atmospheric air and blows it over the condenser. The hot refrigerant inside the condenser gives up the heat to the atmospheric air and its temperature reduces.

2. Fan motor: It has double shaft on one side of which the blower is fitted and on the other side the condenser fan is fitted. This makes the whole assembly of the blower, the condenser fan and the motor highly compact.

3. Blower: The blower sucks the air from the room which first passes over the air filter and gets filtered. The air then passes over the cooling coil and gets chilled. The blower then blows this filtered and chilled air, which passes through the supply air compartment inside the window air conditioner assembly. This air is then delivered into the room from the supply air grill of the front panel.

4.2.3 Control System of Window Unit Air Conditioner

There is control panel or the operating panel that carries various control buttons. This control panel can be easily accessed from the front panel of the window air conditioner.  The three important aspects that are to be controlled inside the window air conditioner:

Thermostat for controlling the room air temperature Air flow rate inside the room Direction of the air flow inside the room

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4.3 Split Air Conditioning System

Split unit air-conditioning system can be seen in operation at many residential buildings and are used for small rooms and halls, usually in places where window air conditioners cannot be installed. The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this unit you don’t have to make any slot in the wall of the room.

Figure 4.3.1: Split Air conditioner with an indoor unit and outdoor unit

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4.3.1 Outdoor Unit

The important components of the air conditioner for this unit are the compressor, condenser coil and also the expansion coil or capillary tubing. This unit is installed outside the room or office space which is to be cooled. The compressor is the maximum noise making part of the air conditioner, and since in the split air conditioner, it is located outside the room, the major noise is eliminated. In the outdoor unit there is a fan that blows air over the condenser thus cooling the compressed Freon gas in it. This gas passes through the expansion coil and gets converted into low pressure, low temperature partial gas and partial liquid Freon fluid.

Figure 4.3.2: Illustrated components of outdoor unit

4.3.1.1 Components of outdoor unit:

1. Compressor

The compressor is most important part of the any air conditioner. It compresses the refrigerant and increases its pressure before sending it to the condenser. The size of the compressor varies depending on the desired air conditioning load. In this domestic split air compressor, the motor used for driving the shaft is located inside the sealed unit and it is not visible externally. External power has to be supplied to the compressor, which is utilized for compressing the refrigerant and during this process lots of heat is generated in the compressor, which has to be removed by some means.

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2. Condenser

The condenser used in the outdoor unit of split air conditioners is the coiled copper tubing with one or more rows depending on the size of the air conditioning unit and the compressor. The high temperature and high pressure refrigerant from the compressor comes in the condenser where it has to produce the heat. The tubing is made up of copper since it rate of conduction of heat is high. Aluminium fins is covered on the condenser so that the heat from the refrigerant can be removed at faster rate.

3. Condenser cooling fan

The condenser cooling fan is an ordinary fan with three or four blades and is driven by a motor. It is located in front of the compressor and the condenser coil. As the blades of the fan rotate it absorbs the surrounding air from the open space and blows it over the compressor and the condenser with the aluminium fins thus cooling them. The hot air is thrown back to the open space and the circulation of air continues unhindered. In the long running process of pressurised and heating, the refrigerant in the compressor, heats produced could burnt the motor coils eventually breakdown the compressor of the whole AC system. Further, the refrigerant within the condenser coil has to be cooled so that after expansion its temperature become low enough to produce the cooling effect.

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4. Expansion valve

The expansion valve is usually a copper capillary tubing with several rounds of coils. In the split air conditioners, valve is used to operate electronically automatically. The high pressure and medium temperature refrigerant enters the expansion valve and leaves the condenser, where temperature and pressure to be dropped.

4.3.2 Indoor Unit

The indoor unit of the split air conditioner is a box type housing in which all important parts of the air conditioner are enclosed. It is the indoor unit that produces the cooling effect inside the room or the office. The indoor unit houses the evaporator coil or the cooling coil, a long blower and the filter. The most common type of the indoor unit is the wall mounted type and other types are like ceiling mounted and floor mounted are also used.

After passing from the expansion coil, the chilled Freon fluid enters the cooling coil. The blower sucks the hot, humid and filtered air from the room and it blows it over the cooling coil. As the air passes over cooling coil its temperature reduces drastically and also loses the excess moisture. The cool and dry air enters the room and maintains comfortable conditions of around 25-27 degree Celsius as per the requirements temperature inside a space.

Wall mounted indoor unit             Floor mounted indoor unit                     Cassette

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Figure 4.3.3: Illustrated components of outdoor unit

4.3.2.1 Components of indoor unit:

1. Evaporator coil or the cooling coil

The cooling coil is a copper coil made of number turns of the copper tubing with one or more rows depending on the capacity of the air conditioning system. The cooling coil is covered with the aluminium fins so that the maximum amount of heat can be transmit from the coil to the air inside the room at maximum level. The refrigerant from the tubing at very low temperature and very low pressure enters the cooling coil. The blower absorb the hot indoor air passes to the cooling coil, the air is being cooled and later on disperse back to the space.

After absorbing the heat from the room air, the temperature of the refrigerant inside the cooling coil becomes high and it flows back through the return copper tubing to the compressor inside the outdoor unit. The refrigerant tubing supplying the refrigerant from the outdoor unit to the indoor unit and that supplying the refrigerant from indoor unit to the outdoor unit are both covered with the insulation tape.

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2. Louvers or Fins

The cool air supplied by the blower is passed into the room through louvers. The louvers can be adjusted in different angle in which the air needs to be supplied into the. With louvers one easily change the direction in which the maximum amount of the cooled air has to be passed.

There are two types of louvers: horizontal and vertical. The horizontal louvers are connected to a small motor and the position can set by the remote control. Cold air is passed in a particular direction once position for the horizontal louvers is fixed or one can keep it in rotation mode so that the fresh air is supplied throughout the room. The vertical louvers are operated manually and one can easily change their position. The horizontal louvers control flow of air in upper and downward directions of the room, while vertical louvers control movement of air in left and right directions.

3. Air filter

Air filter is very important part of the indoor unit. It removes all the dirt particles from the room air and helps provide clean air to the room. The air filter in the wall mounted type of the indoor unit is placed just before the cooling coil. When the blower sucks the hot indoor air, it is will first pass through the air filter and then through the cooling coil thus after the air being cooled down it is more fresh and clean.

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4. Cooling fan or blower

Inside the indoor unit there is also a long blower that sucks the room air. It is an induced type of blower and while it sucks the unclean and hot air, it is passed over the cooling coil and the filter to remove heat and dust. The shaft of the blower rotates inside the bushes and it is connected to a small multiple speed motor, thus the speed of the blower can be changed. When the fan speed is changed with the remote it is the speed of the blower that changes.

4.3.2 Types of Split Unit Air Conditioning System

Split unit without outside air (ductless) Split unit with outside air (ducted) Variable refrigerant flow (VRF)

4.3.2.1 Split unit without outside air (ductless)

Ductless split system are no supply of fresh air to renew the existing indoor air. Thus, the existing indoor air is recycled and recirculated.  

Schematic diagram of ductless split system

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4.3.2.2 Split unit with outside air (ducted)

Ducted split system is used to deliver conditioned air into each room. The ducting pipes are usually concealed in ceiling. It has larger capacity as compared to ductless system.

Figure 4.3.4: Schematic diagram

4.3.2.3 Variable refrigerant flow (VRF)

Variable refrigerant flow is also known as a multi-split air conditioning system where one outdoor unit is connected to several indoor units. It uses refrigerant as the cooling medium. The term variable refrigerant flow refers to the ability of the system to control the amount of refrigerant flowing to the multiple evaporators (indoor units), enabling the use of many evaporators of differing capacities and configurations connected to a single condensing unit.

Figure 4.3.5: Schematic diagram of the variable refrigerant flow system

Types of variable refrigerant flow (VRF)

Master and slave system Zoned control units

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Variable refrigerant volume system

Master and Slave System

Master unit can be used to control the individual unit or all units at the same time while slave unit control itself only. It is suitable for single areas, single rooms or even multiple rooms with very similar heat gain.

Zoned Control Units

Each indoor unit has its own individual temperature controller and each unit functions as required to maintain the individual room temperature.

Variable refrigerant volume system

It is able to provide total versatility and each indoor unit may cool / heat independently of each other.

4.4 Centralized Air Conditioning System

Centralized air-conditioning system also called central air conditioning systems and are normally found in large buildings with multiple floors like hotels, hospitals and shopping malls, where high cooling loads are required so that all areas can be cooled completely.

Large compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and evaporator are kept in a large plant room, where all functions of a refrigeration system are performed. In consequence, a larger space is required to store all machineries which are several times larger than normal ones.

Figure 4.4.1: Diagram showing Centralized Air-conditioning System

Centralized air conditioning system consists of an air system, water system, central heating/cooling plant and a control system.

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4.4.1 Air System

Air system is sometimes be called the air-handling system. The function of an air system is to control indoor environment according to requirements.

Figure 4.4.2:

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4.4.2 Water System

The water system includes chilled and hot water systems, chilled and hot water pumps, condenser water system, and condenser water pumps

Figure 4.4.2: Diagram shows how cooling tower function in water

From the diagram above, it shows the chilled water is cooled in chillers and then is distributed to the cooling coils of various air-handling unites. The temperature of the chilled water leaving the coil increases after absorbing heat from the airstream, flowing over the coil. Chilled water is then returned to the chillers for re-cooling through the chilled water pumps. After the condenser water has been cooled in cooling tower, it flows back to the condenser of the chillers. The temperature of the condenser water again rises owing to absorption of the condensing heat from the refrigerant in the condenser. After that, the condenser water is pumped to the cooling towers by condenser water pumps.

Water system is actually:

-To transport chilled water and hot water from the central plant to the air-handling unites, fan-coil units, and fan powered boxes

-To transport the condenser water from the cooling tower, well water, or other sources to the condenser inside the central plant.

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4.5 Packaged Air Conditioning System

A packaged unit (PU) is a unitary, self-contained air conditioner which enclosed all the important in a casing. Packaged air conditioners are used for places with larger spaces compared to the split type. It functions similarly to the split air conditioners and are commonly used it places like restaurant event halls. Packaged air conditioners can be divided into two types:

-ones with water cooled condensers

-ones with air-cooled condensers.

Figure 4.4.3: Diagram shows rooftop packaged air conditioning system and its components

Those with water cooled condensers is cooled by using water. Water must always be supplied in this kind of system to maintain its function to cool the interior spaces of the building. Those with air cooled condensers is cooling using air from the atmosphere. The outdoor unit is kept at open spaces like terraces. This kind of system is more common than the water cooled type because is harder to maintain.

Packaged units can be classified according to their place of installation example: Rooftop packaged units, indoor packaged units and split packaged units.

Figure 4.4.4: Diagram above show the

typical

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installations of (A) Rooftop packaged units installation and (B) Split packaged units installation

4.5.1 Rooftop Packaged Units

Rooftop Packaged units is mounted on the roof of the conditioned space, it is usually enclosed in a weather proof outer casing. The mixture of outdoor air and recirculating air is often conditioned in the rooftop packaged unit and supplied to the conditioned space on the floors below

4.5.2 Indoor Packaged Units

It is usually installed in a fan room inside a building. A small or medium-size indoor packaged unit may sometimes be floor-mounted directly inside the conditioned space with or without connected ductwork.

4.5.3 Split Packaged Units

Split packaged units is also known as split system, which divide packaged unit into and indoor air handler and an outdoor condensing unit. Usually the outdoor unit is placed on the rooftop of the building. The refrigerant pipes is the connecting of indoor air and the outdoor condensing unit.

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Comparison between Window Air Conditioning System, Split Air Conditioning System, Centralized Air Conditioning System and Packaged Air Conditioning System.

Air Conditioning System Pros Cons

Window Air Conditioning System

Low noise output and high efficiency

Water drains from the unit to the exterior with no intervention needed

Can be placed either in windows or wall holes for easy installation

Requires a large hole in the wall if it is not installed at existing window opening

More of a hassle to remove and move to another room/location

Not all windows support air conditioners

Split Air Conditioning System

Low initial cost and low noise

Space efficiency as outdoor and indoor units are installed in different location

Each system is totally independent and has its own control of temperature

Impact on building aesthetics due too many outdoor units will spoil the appearance of the building.

Higher cost because of installation of both indoor and outdoor units.

Centralized Air Conditioning System

Barely hear the system running

Does not leave any visible signs in or around your home

Require added electricity to run compared to individual window units

Work until the temperature of the house reaches a designated level.

Packaged Air Conditioning System

The complete heating and cooling unit is assembled in a factory in a controlled environment.

All of the electronics controls and electrical motors are located outside in a harsh environment.

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4.6 Components of the System

4.6.1 Refrigerant cycle

Refrigerant cycle is a process to remove heat from low temperature to high temperature. The heat inside a room is transferred through the evaporator and removed to the outside air through a condenser.

Principles of Refrigeration

The main principle of refrigeration:

Liquids absorb heat when changed from liquid to gas Gases give off heat when changed from gas to liquid.

The refrigerant must be used frequently for an air conditioning system to operate with economy. Therefore, all air conditioners use the same cycle of compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation in a closed circuit. The same refrigerant is used to transfer the heat from one area to cool this area and to eliminate this heat in another area.

The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and then moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas.

The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to the outside air.

The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.

The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas.

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4.6.1.1 Water Tanks

Figure 4.6.1: Photo shows the water tank located on the rooftop

An air-conditioning (AC) make up tank is located at rooftop which is near to the cooling tower. This is to make up condenser water system if there any water loss due to cooling tower operation and maintenance or other reasons. The water from make-up tank is being supplied to the cooling tower basin by a centrifugal pump set.

Expansion tanks has been incorporated into the system as well to allow water expansion and contradiction due to changes in temperature. It is made up of Fiberglass Reinforced Polyester (FRP), and a PVC tubing for level indication and pipe connecting to the chilled water return pipe.

4.6.1.2 Cooling Tower

Figure 4.6.2: Photo shows penetratable walls of the cooling tower to allow air pass through

A cooling tower is an evaporative heat rejection device by fritter away heat to atmosphere and produce cooling to the rest of the water stream to a lower temperature.

Warm water from the heat source is pumped to the water distribution system at the top of the tower through existing holes in sprinkler. The water is distributed over evenly to

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the top of cooling tower. Water that is sprinkling out from the sprinkler is then going down to the bottom of cooling tower, while the air enters from the bottom to the next exit which is the top.

4.6.1.3 Chillers

Figure 4.6.3: Photo shows chiller located in the plant room

They are located in the chiller plant room, the chiller units are switched on during the day as the AC would be cut off during the night. The device helps removes heat from a liquid via absorption refrigeration cycle, it consists of evaporator, compressor and condenser, it also cooled down the water flow through pipes in buildings as well as cooling down the building.

4.6.1.4 Control Unit

Figure 4.6.4: Photo shows the control unit for building

The control for the chiller is automated which monitor and control the operation system of the condenser water pump, chilled water pump and cooling tower. Once the chiller are signalled, the motorized valve of cooling tower will be switched on, then the contact is activated. Once activation, the condenser water pump will start. Once the chiller detects a flow in the chilled water system, it will start automatically. The fan assembly for cooling tower will start and the water system will operate by regulate the compressor to full or partially load.

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4.6.1.5 Water Pump Sets

Figure 4.6.5: Photo shows water pump sets in the building

The water pump sets function as a pump to return warm chilled eater to chiller and it also pump water to every A.H.U room.

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4.6.2 Air Cycle

It is a process of distribution of treated air into a certain area that needs to be conditioned. The treated air is the air supply to the area is filtered through air cleaner to remove dust particles. Latent heat inside the room is eliminated and transferred to the medium at the Air Handling Unit (AHU). The medium to absorb the heat can be either air or water.  Distribution of air can be either through ducts or chilled water pipes and the heat inside the room is removed and provide the internal lower temperature and cooler air supply.

4.6.2.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU)

Figure 4.6.6: Cutaway drawing of Air Handling Unit

An air Handling unit, often abbreviate to AHU is a device used to re-condition and circulate air as part of a heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying, filtering and distributing. It uses a blower to remove air from the home, force it through a heat exchanger and distribute the conditioned air through a system of ducts back into the house. The walls of the AHU room are covered with aluminium grating as acoustic insulation to reduce noise pollution produced by the AHU machine. Control panel can be found inside AHU room to regulate every aspect of AHU which detect air flow rate using common control components including temperatures sensors, humidity sensors, sail switchers, motors and controllers.

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4.6.2.2 Air filter

Figure 4.6.7: Cutaway drawing of Air Handling Unit

Air filter is essential in order to provide clean dust-free air to the building occupants. The air filters are placed on the side of the AHU. The filters need to be replaced regularly to ensure proper function and maximize the system operation.

4.6.2.3 Blower fan

Figure4.6.8: Cutaway drawing of Air Handling Unit

The circulation of air is distributed by the blower in the unit. Blower fan is used especially to remove heat from the condenser. Its function is to propel the air for distribution inside the building.  A thermometer can be found inside the blower to control the fan to turn off until the room temperature raises again.

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4.6.2.4 Ductwork and Diffusers

Figure 4.6.9: Cutaway drawing of Air Handling Unit

Ductwork is the collective name for the air distribution used in HVAC system. It contain supply from an air handling unit to the terminal through diffusers. Both are to distribute the air from air handling units to the other rooms that need to be conditioned. The ductwork is usually concealed inside the ceiling. The diffuser is placed where the air to be released.

4.6.2.5 Fan Coil Units (F.C.U)

Figure 4.6.10: Cutaway drawing of Air Handling Unit

Fan coil units are provided to serves all lift and escalator lobbies and all tenants. Each of the FCU comprised of a filter, chilled water cooling coil and a double intel, double with centrifugal supply air fan, all of which are housed in insulated sheet metal housing from factory.

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5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

5.1 Introduction & Function

Mechanical ventilation system is used to circulate fresh air using mechanical devices such as ducts and fans rather than relying on airflow through small holes, cracks in a home’s wall, roof or windows. Fan assisted movement of air has largely superseded the unreliable natural system. Mechanical systems does the job of heating, cooling and maintaining the humidity of air within a space.

Functions of mechanical ventilation system:

e) To control indoor air quality by diluting and displacing indoor pollutantsf) Thermal comfort purposes to achieve desired indoor psychrometric conditionsg) Circulation of airh) Reduce air pollution when big openings are not encouraged for natural ventilationi) Controllable as it can be switch on or off depending on the situation or the user’s

needj) Maintain internal humidity of a space

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Types of ventilation system:

5.2 Supply Ventilation System

This ventilation system works by pressurization; it sucks outside air into the space, creating positive pressures and causing inside air to leak out through holes, cracks and openings or through ducts and vents. It is usually used to supply fresh air into one room or more.

Diagram 5.1 : Supply Ventilation System Airflow

Based on the diagram, air supply is located at a higher position at typically at the roof as the air has higher possibility of being regulated. Strong winds at higher positions will allow more airflow. A filter is installed right after the fresh air inlet so that air can be filtered before entering the internal rooms.

Supply ventilation systems are relatively simple and inexpensive to install. It works best in hot or mixed climates. As it works by pressurizing, they have a potential to cause moisture problems in cold climates.

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5.3 Exhaust Ventilation System

Exhaust ventilation works by depressurization; creating negative pressures in the interior by drawing the air inside, causing outside air to leak in through intentional passive vents such as holes, cracks and openings. It is usually used to extract waste air out of one or more rooms.

Diagram 5.3 : Exhaust Ventilation System Airflow

The diagram shows a centralized exhaust system located at the higher position typically the roof. As hot air rises, the exhaust hood can easily takes in used air from the spaces into a central component. It is then channel through a filter to trap the pollutants before discharging.

Exhaust ventilation systems are also relatively simple and inexpensive to install. It works best in cold climates by drawing moist air out the building, keeping the interior warm. As it does not temper with the air flowing in, it may also draw in pollutants.

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5.4 Balanced Ventilation System

Balanced ventilation system, or combined ventilation system, works by neither pressurization nor depressurization. The air exhaust equals to the amount of air supply, keeping the pressure balance inside and out. It is usually used to supply fresh air and exhaust air in and out of rooms by placing it at appropriate position.

Diagram 5.6 : Balance Ventilation System Airflow

Based on the diagram, air supply is located below the structure while the exhaust system is located in the roof. Fresh air flows in from below, regulate with the air as the hot air rises up to the exhaust. If not much waste air is generated, the supply and exhaust can be installed in separate rooms to regulate air from one space to the other. Both the systems have filter to keep the air flow clean.

Balance Ventilation system is expensive to install and operate. It works in all climate and can be configured to have different air handling system to optimize ventilation and temperature control. As it can be manually controlled, it increases the heating and cooling cost.

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Comparison between Supply, Exhaust and Balanced Ventilation System

Ventilation System Pros Cons

Supply

Relatively inexpensive and simple to install

Allow better control than exhaust systems

Minimize pollutants from outside living space

Prevent backdrafting of combustion gases from fireplaces and appliances

Allow filtering of pollen and dust in outdoor air

Allow dehumidification of outdoor air

Work well in hot or mixed climates.

Can cause moisture problems in cold climates

Will not temper or remove moisture from incoming air

Can increase heating and cooling costs

May require mixing of outdoor and indoor air to avoid drafts in cold weather.

Exhaust Relatively inexpensive and simple to install

Work well in cold climates.

Can draw pollutants into living space

Not appropriate for hot humid climates

Rely in part on random air leakage

Can increase heating and cooling costs

May require mixing of outdoor and indoor air to avoid drafts in cold weather

Can cause backdrafting in combustion appliances.

Balanced

Appropriate for all climates

Can cost more to install and operate than exhaust or supply systems

Will not temper or remove moisture from incoming air

Can increase heating and cooling costs.

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Components of Ventilation System

5.5.1 Fan

Provide motive power for air movement by imparting static energy or pressure and kinetic

energy or velocity.

Types of Fan

a) Cross-flow

Typically used throughout the HVAC and electronic industries. It produces an

even laminar airflow to keep components from overheating. It is ideal for

places with limited spaces.

b) Propeller

Sometimes known as screw propeller, it uses rotation to create a difference in

pressure on the front and rear side, thus creating a thus and suction force from

one side to the other.

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c) Axial flow

A type of compressor which increases the pressure of the air flowing through

it. The design of the propeller revolves around the fan blades. It is mainly used

in aircrafts, helicopters, and etc.

d) Centrifugal

Consist of a central shaft with a moving component to intake air at a right

angle. The air is then discharged perpendicularly. It creates more pressure

from a given volume, used in industrial objects such as leave blower and

hairdryer.

5.5.2 Filter

Used to remove suspended particles, contaminants and odours. The filter is installed at the inlet grille to prevent contaminated air from entering the internal space.

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5.5.3 Ductworks

To channel outside air towards the room or air from room outside.

a) Circular

b) Square

c) Rectangular

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5.5.4 Damper

In case of fire occurrence, it avoids the fire from spreading from one room to another. Usually placed at compartment wall.

5.5.5 Diffusers

It acts as an obstruction to create low velocity air flow into the room. This promotes the mixing of the new air with the room air while distributing the flow of air in the desired direction evenly.

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6.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

6.1 Introduction & Function

An elevator or a lift is a transportation device used to move goods or people vertically. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.

Elevators are usually considered a requirement in a buildings which accommodates the elderly people, hospitals or buildings over three stories. The minimum standards of elevator transportation services is to have one lift for every 4 stories with a maximum distance of 45m to the lift lobby. The standard estimated floor space and car capacities can be based on an area of 0.2m2 per person. There are 4 types of elevators:-

i) Geared Traction Elevators

ii) Hydraulic Elevators

iii) Climbing Elevators

iv) Pneumatic Elevator

6.2 Elevators

6.2.1 Geared Traction Elevators

Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. Geared machines uses gears to control mechanical movements of elevator cars by ‘rolling’ steel hoist over a drive sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by a high speed motor. These machines are usually the best option for basement or overhead traction use. These geared traction elevators normally work at speeds greater than 500 feet per minute (2.54 meters per second). The elevator is lifted by ropes, which pass over the wheel attached to the electric motor above the elevator shaft. It is used for mid and high-rise applications and have much faster speeds compared to the hydraulic elevators. The counterweight makes the elevator much more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the motor does not have to move as weight.

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Figure 6.1: Geared Traction Elevator components breakdown

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6.2.2 Hydraulic Elevator

A hydraulic elevators supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator up as an electric motor forces oiler another hydraulic fluid into the piston. Hydraulic elevators are usually used for low rise buildings (2-8 stories) and are usually suitable for goods lifting, hospitals and old folk’s home. Also, these elevators are known for its simple operation, relatively lower load imposed, lower structural cost, accurate leveling and smooth acceleration.

Figure 6.2: Hydraulic Elevator components breakdown

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6.2.3 Climbing Elevator

A climbing elevator is a self-ascending with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an electric or a combustion engine. These elevators are usually used in guyed masts or towers, in order to make easy access to parts of these constructions for maintenance.

Figure 6.3: Climbing Elevator in a construction site

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6.2.4 Pneumatic Elevator

By using simple principles of physics, pneumatic elevators has the difference in air pressure above and beneath the vacuum elevator cab literally transports you by air. It is the vacuum pumps or turbines that pull you up to the next Floor and the slow release of air pressure that floats you down.

Pneumatic Vacuum Elevators are easier to install, maintain, and operate than traditional elevators. They are especially ideal for existing homes due to their compact design because excavating a pit, and hoistway are not required. Air pressure above and beneath the elevator cab are the key to transporting.

FIgure 6.4: Pneumatic elevator in a residential setting

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3.5 Passenger Lift

A passenger lift has a completely enclosed lift car that travels vertically within a specially prepared lift shaft.

Passengers are transported between floors at quick speeds and the control systems are often most economical throughout the building. These lifts are extremely space efficient, therefore, having little building words, and also usually travel between floors at 0.6 meters per second.

3.6 Service Lift

Service lifts, also known as freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited, though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser.

Freight elevators are usually larger for carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight elevators may have manually operated door to prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, traction elevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight lifting. These elevators are specially constructed to withstand the rigors of heavy loads.

Fire OutbreakSmoke

DetectorsHeat

Detectors

Fire Alarm Control Panel

(1st STAGE)

Thorough Investigation of Source of

Fire

Activate Fire Alarm via Push

Button Switch for General Alarm

Water Based System

Non-Water Based System

Fire Control System

Fire Detection & Alarm System

Fire Hydrant

Hose Reel

Water Sprinkler

Powder Fire Extinguisher

Foam Fire Extinguisher

Activate Fire Alarm via the Manual Alarm

Call Point

(2nd STAGE)

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7.1PROPOSAL FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

7.1.1 Active Fire Protection System

Proposal for Active Fire Protection System Procedures in Elderly Care Centre

Active fire protection procedures are the systematic process taken in order to curb, detect and control fire in an event of a fire outbreak. The procedure of active fire protection is categorized into 2 classifications, i.e. fire protection detection and alarm system and fire control system.

Presence of fire confirmed

Source of fire detected

Fire Detection & Alarm System

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Ionization Smoke Detector

Figure 7.1.1.1: Image above shows a Smoke Detector (left) and the mechanism detail of a Smoke Detector (right)

In an ionization smoke detector, there is an ionization chamber with two plates. The battery will then send voltage to these plates, charging one of them positive and the other one negative. When smoke enters in between these plates it disrupts the ionization process between these two plates, cutting off the current between these two plates, hence triggering the alarm.

This type of smoke detector is chosen to be applied in the elderly care centre as it is sensitive and responds fast towards its surrounding. It is sensitive while sensing and detecting large particles of smoke. Hence, it does not respond to small particles of smoke and having said that, it is less prone to triggering false alarm. Its small size also ease instalment and ensures aesthetics rather than an obstructed item to the elderlies.

UBBL 1984, Part 8, Section 237: Fire alarms

(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguisher fire and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the tenth schedule to these by-laws.

UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies

(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

(2) Lift not opening into smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or phot-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

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Hallways & Corridors Compartmentalized space

Figure 7.1.1.2: Image above indicates the ground floor spaces where the smoke detectors are implemented (left) and on the first floor (right)

This smoke detector is proposed to be placed in the public common spaces such as the reception lobby and the corridor and also each compartmentalized individual spaces. The detectors are each placed in (1) individual and segregated spaces or (2) along the public hallway and corridors to ensure full coverage and sensitivity towards the presence of smoke within the premises of the elderly care centre. Also, the smoke detectors are also placed in front of the elevator at the lift lobbies.

Spaces without the use of smoke detectors are open spaces which are either semi enclosed (timber louvered walls) or open i.e. verendahs and balcony deck.

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Strobe Light

Figure 7.1.1.3: Image above shows a strobe light

Strobe lights are implemented alongside with all smoke detectors. The presence of strobe lights will raise awareness in regards to warning the elderlies in an event of an emergency. Combined alarm with sensor unit produces constant loud audible signals to alert visual impaired elderlies, whereas strobe light produces red light flashes to notify the hearing impaired elderlies. The more the amount of lights, the more efficient the warning system towards the elderlies is.

Due to the fact that the installation of strobe lights are implemented alongside all smoke detectors, hence basically each of the individual segregated spaces are covered with visual emergency warning and hence raising the efficiency of the fire emergency warning system within the elderly care centre.

Optical Heat Detector

Figure 7.1.1.4: Image above shows an Optical Heat Detector (top) and the mechanism detail of a Heat Detector (bottom)

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In an optical heat detector, the one main mechanism that serves to indicate the presence of heat is the thermistor which are installed in a way that it is partially sealed from the surrounding air. The thermistor which is sensitive to surrounding heat will detect the differences of increment and rise in temperature and hence will trigger the alarm once a maximum point of temperature is detected.

Figure 7.1.1.5: Image above shows the space within the ground floor where heat detectors are applied (left) and also within the first floor (bottom)

Optical heat detector is implemented at spaces which are prone to exposure of exerting heat and temperature, i.e. kitchen and M&E (Mechanical & Electrical Services Room). The optical heat detector is implemented as a safety precaution procedure in order to give alertness and warning if by any chance there is a rise in temperature indicating a possibility of a fire hazard occurring within the implemented spaces.

Also, the heat detectors work alongside with the smoke detector, indicating heat within the space and indicating the presence of a heat source which may possibly be of fire. The heat detectors are only placed in two spaces of the elderly care centre as these two spaces are

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Manual Alarm Call Point (Break Glass Alarm Call Point)

Figure 7.1.1.6: Image above shows a manual alarm call point (break glass alarm call point)

One of the many alarm triggers is a manual alarm call point which is also known as the break glass alarm call point.

Figure 7.1.1.7: Diagram above shows the location on where the manual alarm call points are implied within the ground floor (left) and the first floor (right) of the building.

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Within the premises of the elderly care centre, based on the given requirements, the manual alarm call points should be implemented at near all exits, doorways and also within the fire escape stairs and also in all areas of high risk such as the kitchen for example. Due the typology of the building being an elderly care centre, there is a certain limitation towards the occupants’ mobility and hence travel distance is being considered while placing these manual alarm call points. Having mention that, the travel distance for elderlies to reach a manual call point should not exceed 25 meters. Thus, all of the manual alarm call points have to be within reach at any time and not causing any sort of inconveniences to the elderlies.

The manual alarm call point are also placed at the stairs to easily allow users to trigger the call point in an event of an emergency.

Fire Control Panel

Figure 7.1.1.8: Image above shows a fire control panel

The fire alarm control panel is the system panel of a fire alarm system that integrates all fire detection and alarm system and coordinating it into one integrated system. It controls and receive information and data from all the sensors and detectors and also alarms designed to identify changes within the premises related to fire, monitors their functioning integrity and also provides for automatic control of equipment while preserving the need and function to transmit data needed to prepare the facility for fire emergency based on a programmed order. The panel is also a centre serving to supply electricity to activate any connected sensor, transmitter, control or relay.

UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 155: Fire mode of operation

(1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

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Figure 7.1.1.9: Diagram above indicates the location of the fire control panel i.e within the office situated within the ground floor of the elderly care centre

Within the premises of the elderly care centre, the fire control panel is located within the staff room which is the office. This is to ensure efficiency in regards to monitoring and responding to the situation in an event of a fire and also to avoid unnecessary disturbances by the occupants towards the fire control panel.

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Fire Alarm

Figure 7.1.1.10: Image above shows a fire alarm (top) & the mechanism of an electromagnetic fire alarm bell (bottom)

The alarm bell is a device that create loud alert sound. Its function by means of an electromagnet, consisting of coils of insulated wire wound round iron rods. Once the electric is applied, the current will flow through the coils. The rods will then become magnetic and attract a piece of iron attached to a clapper. Once the clapper hits the bell, it will create a repetitive loud ringing sound to alert the occupants of emergency.

UBBL 1984, Part 8, Section 237: Fire Alarms

(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

(2) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.

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Figure 7.1.1.11: Diagram above shows the location of the fire alarm that is located within the ground floor of the elderly care centre

In the elderly care centre, only one fire alarm is implemented as a fire alarm bell can produce a repetitive loud sound, and considering the fact that the elderly care centre’s scale is small, the sound can also definitely be heard from the first floor above, hence there is no need for additional alarms to be placed around the premises as one is sufficient. Having mentioning these, in order to maximize the sound produced by the fire alarm bell, it is positioned approximately in the middle of the centre, hence radiating sound throughout both sides of the premises.

Fire Control System

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Fire Sprinkler System

Figure 7.1.1.12: Image above shows a Recessed Pendant Sprinkler (left) and the mechanism detail of a Recessed Pendant Sprinkler (right)

This type of water sprinkler shoots water downwards from the ceiling and shoots out water in a circular motion. These types of sprinklers are much commonly used in almost any type of rooms or spaces that are accessible such as offices and reception lobby.

UBBL 1984, Part 8, Section 226: Automatic system for hazardous occupancy

Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character s to require automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

The recessed pendant sprinkler is implemented as due to the fact it is recessed, the connecting pipes and water conduits are hidden within the ceiling to avoid unattractive appearance, and having mentioned that, by implementing this system, the interior atmosphere would not be seemingly cramp with mechanical equipment and providing a suitable and comfortable living environment for the elderlies.

Also, these type of water sprinkler system units are proposed as it is automated in way that once it is triggered, it will function automatically to curb the fire, directly obtaining water from the main water storage tank (firefighting tank/water sprinkler tank). With a series of water sprinklers installed throughout the premises, spaces can be fully and efficiently sprayed with adequate water and a steady amount of strong pressure and flowrate to curb fire.

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Figure 7.1.1.13: Diagram above shows the location of the water sprinklers that are located within the ground floor and first floor of the elderly care centre

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Sprinkler Water Storage Tank

Figure 7.1.1.13: Image above shows a water sprinkler storage tank (left) and distribution of connecting pipes to recessed pendant sprinklers (right)

The water tank which works alongside the fire sprinkler system helps stores the water which caters to all existing water sprinklers within the premises of the elderly care centre. The water level indicates the level of water in the water tank to ensure there is enough capacity of water inside in case for emergency usage. During a fire emergency, when the water sprinklers are triggered, water will be transferred from the suction tank to the pumps and the pumps will pressurize the water to all sprinklers.

UBBL 1984, Part 8, Section 247: Water storage

(1) Water storage capacity and flow rate for firefighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

(2) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

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Figure 7.1.1.14: Diagram above shows the location of the water sprinkler tank that provides steady flowrate and constant supply of water to for the usage of the water sprinkler system

Within the compound of the elderly care centre, the storage tank is strategically placed behind the backyard of the premises. This is so due to the fact that the scale of the building is not big, hence it is not ideal to have a dedicated indoor space to accommodate such a large water tank. Also, due to the fact that the storage capacity is not as large as common ones as it is serving a small scaled public building, hence, placing it at the backyard is appropriate and common as it will not only save space within the interior but also at the same not consuming much outdoor space.

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Hose Reel System

Figure 7.1.1.15: Image above shows a typical fire hose reel

A typical fire hose reel consists of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose reels. These entire installation of a system is strategically located in a building in order to ensure proper coverage of water supply throughout the building in an event of an emergency in order to curb a fire. It is typically manually operated and activated by opening a valve while enabling water to flow into a hose that is typically 30 meters away. Provide a water jet of typically a minimum of 10 meters from the nozzle.

UBBL 1984, Part 8, Section 248: Marking on wet riser, etc.

(1) Wet risers, dry risers, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red.

(2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified.

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Figure 7.1.1.16: Diagram above indicates the location of the hose reel within the first floor and how it is centralized within the floor to ease accessibility and reachability

Within the premises of the elderly care centre, the hose reel is only placed on the first floor as the ground floor can have direct access to the water be it from the fire hydrant or the firefighting tank. The hose reel is only emphasized being placed at the first floor as it has a more inconvenient access to the fire hydrant and the water storage tank behind the compound. Also, within the first floor of the elderly care centre, the hose reel is placed strategically in the middle of the entire floor. This can ensure a proper and more efficient coverage of water during an event of emergency. By locating it in the middle of the centre, hence the hose can stretch far from the middle to the far end of the centre of the far front, hence ensuring a safer and wider coverage of water.

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Fire Hydrant System

 

Figure 7.1.1.17: Image above shows two typical Malaysian fire hydrant (top) and a detail component section of dry and wet barrel fire hydrant (bottom)

The fire hydrants allow firefighters to obtain steady and continuous water supply easily and efficiently in order to combat fire. The fire hydrant is usually installed in open areas surrounding a context in order to ensure convenience for firefighters to utilize the hydrant during emergency.

UBBL 1984, Part 8, Section 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire

(1) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 meters from the nearest point of fire brigade access.

(2) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.

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Figure 7.1.1.18: Image above shows the site plan of the elderly care centre and the location of the existing fire hydrant on site. Indicated is also the radius of coverage of the fire hydrant.

As for the fire hydrant on site, there is not a need to propose a new one as there is already an existing one present within the site, just some 30 metres away from the main entry of the site. It is located in front of another public building - Divine Life Society building, just two houses next to it. Hence, this shows that the location of the fire hydrant on site is within reach in order to cater to the needs of the elderly care centre in case of an event of a fire. The location of the existing fire hydrant also abide to these following requirements, (1) not more than 30m from the breeching inlet of building, (2) minimum 6m away from the building, (3) spaced not more than 91.5m apart along access road and (4) 6m minimum width of access road.

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Portable Fire Extinguishers

Figure 7.1.1.19: Image above shows a dry powder based fire extinguisher (left) and a foam based fire extinguisher (right)

Within the premises of this elderly care centre, 2 type of fire extinguishers are mainly used. 1. Dry powder extinguishers and 2. AFFF Foam extinguishers. 2 types of variants of extinguisher are implemented as these are one of the 2 most commonly used extinguishers and has an easy method of operation.

UBBL 1984, Part 8, Section 227: Portable Extinguishers

Portable extinguishers shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be site in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

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AFFF Foam Extinguisher Dry Powder Extinguisher

Figure 7.1.1.20: Image above indicates the location of the 2 types of extinguishers that are implied onto the ground floor (left) and first floor (right)

The main extinguisher used throughout the premises is the AFFF Foam based extinguisher as it can combat against various amount of fire source and considered to be one of the excellent rounded base-type fire extinguisher. The only space within the elderly care centre which is not using the AFFF Foam based extinguisher is the kitchen/pantry. This is because kitchen is a space bound by the presence of oil and AFFF Foam based extinguisher are not suitable for putting out oil as when these two comes into contact thus will cause an explosion to occur. Hence, in order to overcome this issue, a dry powder based extinguisher is proposed to combat fire in the presence of oil within the kitchen space of the elderly care centre.

Overall, the AFFF Foam based extinguisher which is considered the general and main type of fire extinguisher used within the care centre, are strategically located at mostly (1) the corridor where is most accessible, (2) a few other compartmentalized and segregated spaces i.e. the meditation space and the office, (3) in the outdoor areas i.e. the outdoor deck and also (4) one at the fire escape stairs on each floor to ease convenience for the users in cases of an emergency.

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7.1.2 Active Fire Protection System

Proposal for Passive Fire Protection System Procedures in Elderly Care Centre

Passive fire protection provision is required in all buildings, whether domestic or non-domestic, with the purpose of containing, compartmentalizing or retarding the spread of fire.

This system should always be present and available within the building, placed and located evenly within every floor of the building for easy accessibility. The passive fire protection system do not rely on operational mechanical devices in order to be active or triggered.

Passive Fire Protection System

Fire Escape Fire Barrier

Emergency Exit Signage Compartmentation

Fire Exit Route

Fire Staircase

Fire Exit Doors

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Emergency Exit Signage

Fire escape signs are provided to show and direct escape routes for occupants to the nearest safe exit. The signs are green and white in color because the green colour scatters the least, therefore, easier to identify for users.

UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 172: Emergency exit signs

v) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.

vi) A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.

vii) Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimeters high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimeters wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background.

Figure 7.1.2.1: Image above indicates the location of the emergency exit signs that are implied onto the ground floor (left) and first floor (right)

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Exit Route

Two exit routes provided is a continuous and obstructed paths from any point within the floor plan towards a place of safety. The exit routes are permanent and separated by all fire resistant materials, with limited opening excess.

UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 169: Exit route

No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.

Figure 7.1.2.2: Image above indicates the emergency exit routes that are implied onto the ground floor (left) and first floor (right)

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Fire Staircase

Staircases are one of the main features in connecting and giving access from one floor to another in a building. The dimensions of the staircase are according to the UBBL to provide suitable means of escape and adequate space for emergencies.

UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 166: Exits to be accessible at all times

1. Except as permitted by By-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary.

2. The exits shall be sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times.

UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 168: Staircases

(1) Except as provided for in By-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases.

(2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-laws.

(3) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but the handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimeters.

(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.

(5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

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Figure 7.1.2.3: Image above indicates the location of the fire staircases that are implied onto the ground floor (left) and first floor (right)

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Exit Doors

The function of an exit door is to allow easy access through the building to allow occupants safe exit as well as acting as a defensive fire protection barrier when shut, preventing the spread of fire throughout a building.The purpose of the exit door is to improve security such as unauthorized from the outside and to allow a quick escape in fire situation. These doors open easily, and it is generally locked and only opens in the emergency situation. It is widely used for hospitals, libraries, shopping mall and large size buildings.

UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 173: Exit doors

i. All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort.

ii. Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door holders, shall release the

doors

upon

power failure or actuation of the fire alarm

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Figure 7.1.2.4: Image above indicates the location of the exit doors that are implied onto the ground floor (left) and first floor (right) Compartmentation

Compartmentalization or also known as separation of fire risk area is implemented in the building. By proposing the separation of fire rated walls, spreading of flames could be prevented in the building, therefore protecting the evacuating occupants during emergency.

UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 162: Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls

(1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.

(2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements fir that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws.

(3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour.

(4) Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour.

(5) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476: 1951.

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Figure 7.1.2.5: Image above indicates the location of the compartmentation that are implied onto the ground floor (left) and first floor (right)

Door Closer

Door closers are mainly used for fire safety and are most commonly installed on fire doors, which needs to be closed in case of fire, to help prevent the spread of fire and smoke.

UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 164: Door closers for fire doors

(1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors.

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Figure 7.1.2.6: Image above shows a typical door closer.

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7.2 PROPOSAL AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

7.2.1 Introduction

As this structure functions as an elderly centre, it is a public area that facilitates a large number of people. So, a proper air-conditioning system is designed to keep the building cool in appropriate spaces.

The type of system used is the split air-conditioning system. Firstly, it is chosen due to its versatility. Split systems are powered by an external compressor which is placed outdoors. These compressors are either placed on the ground or hung on the wall using brackets outdoors. Its outdoor unit are also placed high up on the exterior wall, away from a person’s line of sight. Aesthetically, it also has a sleek, design that blend easily with modern building designs. Split systems are also very quiet as the only air-blowing unit is located indoors, but its outdoor unit is very noisy.

Moreover, it is a very efficient system as compared to a central air-conditioning system where a duct seepage can occur. Split system is a ductless system which involves the lack of energy waste. In a central air-conditioning however, cool air can seep through gaps in ducts which increases energy wastage. In comparison with central air-conditioning system, expensive duct work has to be implemented onto the building while split systems do not use ducts. Central air-conditioning also uses a larger amount of energy because cool air is dispersed into spaces that do not need it. The elderly care centre contains many outdoor recreational spaces and spaces that are naturally ventilated. Thus, it is essential to control the dispersion of cool air into only the necessary spaces.

The split system is adopted because it provides individual control of room temperature settings. Individual settings can achieve greater efficiency at lower cost. Its indoor units have a modern design which is aesthetically appealing.

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Figure 7.2.1: Ground floor plan indicating the placement of indoor and outdoor unit.

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Figure 7.2.2: First floor plan indicating the placement of indoor and outdoor unit

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7.2.2 Operation of Split Air-conditioning system

Basic Refrigeration Cycle

The fundamental components of the Split unit air-conditioning system are the compressor, condenser coil and the expansion coil or the capillary tubing. This unit is positioned on the exterior of the building, close to the space which needs to be cooled.

A refrigerant gas is used in the compressor where it is pressurized which increases the temperature of the compressor. This causes the heat in the gas to rise. Then, pressurized gas goes through a succession of tubes that are meant to condense into a liquid. This pressurized liquid flows through condenser tubes until they come to an expansion valve. This valve functions to restrict the flow of the liquid to decrease its pressure as it leaves the valve.

After that, the low-pressure liquid moves to the evaporator, where heat from the interior is absorbed and transforms from a liquid to gas. The heated low-pressure gas is then moved to the compressor where the cycle is repeated.

Figure 7.2.3: Flow Chart of Split Unit Air Conditioning System

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7.2.3 Multi Split Systems

Similarly to split air-conditioning systems, multi-type air conditioning systems operates on the same principles. In this type of system, multiple evaporator units are connected to one external condensing unit. This system allows up to eight individual controlled indoor units to be connected directly to a single outdoor unit. Indoor units can be ceiling cassette, ducted, floor, wall or ceiling suspended types. It is mainly designed for small and medium commercial properties

One disadvantage from this system is that it does not provide individual control of temperature. Multi-split systems switches on or off from a single thermostat/control station. 

Figure 7.2.4: Multi Split System

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7.2.4 Variable Refrigerant Flow or VRF Systems

Similarly to multi-split systems which connect multiple evaporator units to one condenser, Variable Refrigerant Flow continually adjust the flow of refrigerant to each individual indoor evaporator whereas multi-split systems are controlled by one master controller. This is achieved by varying the flow of refrigerant though a pulse modulating valve (PMV) whose opening is determined by the microprocessor receiving information from thermistor sensors in each indoor unit. These indoor units are linked to the outdoor unit which responds to the demand of the indoor units and varies its compressor speed to match the cooling or heating requirements.

Besides, its small-bore refrigerant piping requires lower spaces and it is easier to install than metal ducting. Due to the fact that multiple indoor evaporator units can be connected to one large condenser can be energy efficient and eliminates the need for ductwork installation. This system also significantly reduces the number of outdoor units needed to be used. Doing this reduces the amount of noise produced from the exterior of the elder care centre as only one condenser would be used.

Figure 7.2.5: VRF with evaporator units

In comparison to Multi split air conditioning system, VRF is a better choice. This is because every room have individual control over the indoor unit. Also, cooled air will not be dispersed into unnecessary spaces. These factors increases the energy efficiency in the building.

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UBBL 1984, Part 3, Section 41: Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning

2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.

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7.2.5 Types of air-conditioners used

Ceiling Cassette Air Conditioning

This ceiling cassette air-conditioning type of units are mounted onto the ceiling and are able to cover a fairly large room. They can cool and heat up to 3 rooms from a single system. Cold are from the unit falls towards the floor and is dispersed throughout the room. It provides large coverage provided the fans are powerful enough. Ceiling cassette units are small in size but they require space on the ceiling on be installed.

Figure 7.2.6: Cassette Air Conditioners

Ductless Mini Split Air Conditioners

These types of air conditioner units are most often used in multifamily housing and offices. They are small in size and flexible for heating and cooling individual rooms. Many models may have as many as 4 indoor air handling units connected to one outdoor unit.

Figure 7.2.7: Mini Ductless split air conditioners

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7.2.6 Consideration of placement of outdoor unit of Split air-conditioning system

a) The outdoor unit should be located in an open space, i.e. a terrace, so that air can flow freely over the compressor and the condenser. Alternatively, it can be kept on the awning above the wall or it can be hung on the exterior wall supported by brackets.

b) The location of an outdoor unit should be easily accessible for carrying out maintenance works of the compressor, condenser and other components of the outdoor unit. The installation and gas charging should also be convenient.

c) There should not be any obstruction for the passage of fan air from passing to the open space. These blockages can seriously affect the performance of the air-conditioning system.

d) The surface on which the outdoor unit is to be should be rigid enough to avoid vibration. The vibration from the operation of the outdoor unit may raise excessive noise and lead to the breaking of the copper tubing and leakage of the refrigerant.

e) It is advisable to keep the outdoor unit at the height above the indoor unit. If the outdoor unit is kept at a level below the indoor unit, it will reduce the overall performance of the compressor. This is due to the fact that the compressor power is used in pumping the refrigerant against the gravity.

f) Distance between the indoor and outdoor unit should be kept as minimum as possible to reduce the loss of the cooling effect. The maximum distance between the indoor and outdoor units can be 15 meters as the refrigerant flows inside the tubing between the indoor and outdoor units.

Only one outdoor unit is used at the elderly centre. It is located at the exterior wall of the staircase at the hallway on the 1st floor.

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7.2.7 Consideration of placement of indoor unit of Split air-conditioning system

a) The indoor unit should be located inside the room at a position from where the air can be distributed evenly throughout the room.

b) When installed in a bedroom, the indoor unit should be installed above the bed so that the maximum cooling effect can be obtained from the unit. It should be placed directly above the bed.

c) Wall mounted indoor units should be located at a height of 8 to 10 feet from the floor so that cooled air can be dispersed effectively throughout the room.

d) The indoor unit should be easily accessible so that maintenance can be done conveniently.

e) If the indoor unit is installed above a certain window, it should be installed in symmetry with the window or else it may look shabby.

8 evaporator indoor units are used throughout the building. They are located in: -

1. Office2. Reception Foyer3. Dining and Kitchen room4. Communal reading room5. 1st floor Hallway6. Clinic and Healthcare7. Physiotherapy room8. Communal Playroom

These indoor units are connected to a single outdoor unit.

UBBL 1984, Third schedule, Section 41: Mechanical Ventilation and Air-conditioning

2) The air inlets should be at high level with extraction points at low level. Recirculation arrangements should not be provided. The incoming air should be filtered and air-conditioned (the theatre temperature being capable of adjustment with mechanical requirements within the range 20°C to 24.4°C). Control over humidity of the air in the rooms should be provided to ensure that in will be within the range of 55% to 65%.

5) Air inlet points shall be not lower than two-thirds of the height of the room and exhaust air openings shall be within 1 metre of the finished floor level of the enclosure.

6) Air shall not be recirculated nor combined with any other air-conditioning or ventilation system and all air introduced into the enclosure shall be exhausted to the atmosphere without recirculation.

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The use of split air-conditioning system in commercial buildings is rapidly increasing. It provides many advantages and contains only a few disadvantages:

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGESVersatilitySplit systems powered by an external compressor can be either placed on the ground or hung on the exterior wall using brackets.

Cost

Split systems cost more than a traditional air condoning system

Visual Aesthetics

Outdoor units are usually placed high up on an exterior wall, away from a person’s line of sight. It also has a modern design that blend easily with modern building designs.

Installation

Only a licensed professional is allowed to install a split system as it is not easy to install.

Noiseless

Split systems are very quiet as the only air-blowing unit is located indoors.

Outside noise

Outdoor units can be very noisy on the exterior of the building.

Efficiency

Split system is a ductless system which involves the lack of energy waste.

Easy control

Each individual indoor unit can be controlled manually by users using a thermostat.

Easy maintenance

Indoor units and outdoor units can be easily maintained as they are easily accessible.

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In conclusion, the elderly care centre uses the Split air-conditioning system and the Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) as its air-conditioning system. It complies with the UBBL by-laws stated in section 41 (Mechanicals ventilation and air-conditioning). Suitable air-conditioning systems and placement of indoor and outdoor units are chosen according to the necessary spaces and their functions so that thermal comfort can be achieved throughout the building.

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7.3 PROPOSAL MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

Supply Ventilation System

A basic supply ventilation system is used to supply air for the general spaces in the elderly centre such as the office, corridors, dining, physiotherapy rooms and clinic.

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Figure 7.3.1: Ground floor plan indicating the placement of air supply units.

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Figure 7.3.2: First floor plan indicating the placement of air supply units.

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The components used in the system:

Figure 7.3.3: Rectangular aluminium ductwork

Aluminium ductwork is used to channel/ supply the air to the common areas.

Figure 7.3.4: Square air diffuser and section

7.3.1 Consideration of placement of supply ventilation system

Supply ventilation systems allow better control of the air that enters the space than exhaust. By pressurizing the house, it discourages the entry of pollutants from the outside and prevent back drafting of combustion gases from appliances. For the general spaces, the only the supply ventilation system is provided as the spaces are designed with slit openings at most of the spaces, allowing natural air flow out of the building without the need of exhaust systems. It is relatively simple and inexpensive to install. It is suitable as it works best in hot/ mixed climates.

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UBBL 1984, Part 3, Section 41: Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning.

(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water closets, bathrooms and corridors.

  

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Exhaust Ventilation System

The type of exhaust ventilation used in the kitchen and the toilets are different as it serves different functions.

Figure 7.3.5: Ground floor plan indicating the placement of air exhaust units.

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Figure 7.3.6: First floor plan indicating the placement of air exhaust units.

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Commercial Cooking ventilation system:

Figure 7.3.7: Exhaust hood above stove

Figure 7.3.8 : Make up air unit

Figure 7.3.9 : Air flow in the kitchen

7.3.2 Consideration of placement of exhaust ventilation system for kitchen

The commercial cooking ventilation system is proposed due to the heavy cooking catered for 20 plus customers. The system consist of a large exhaust hood and a make-up air unit. The exhaust hood is placed directly on top of the stove. The close distance promotes the smoke from the cooking to be draw in effectively. The make-up air unit is placed directly in the ceiling of the kitchen. It channels air directly into the kitchen, replacing the huge lack of air due to the exhaust hood. A motorized fresh air damp is installed to synchronizing the make-up air unit and the exhaust hood, providing steady passive flow of replenishment air into the kitchen. However, the make-up air unit does not fully replenish the depressurization. Instead, openings from the kitchen supply some air in to balance the pressure.

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Wall Mounted Exhaust System

Figure 7.3.6: wall mounted exhaust fan

Figure 7.3.7: exploded wall mounted exhaust fan components

Figure 7.4: air flow in the water closet

7.3.3 Consideration of placement of exhaust ventilation system in toilets

Wall mounted exhaust fan is proposed due to the location of the washing closet being close to the outside of the building. The exhaust wall is installed on the wall of the washing closet, channeling the pollutants outwards effectively. The exhaust fan has shutters which opens when in used and closes when not. This prevents the pollutants from back-flowing into the washing closet. A mechanical counter weight is used to control the shutters which synchronizes with the motor of the fan.

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7.4 PROPOSAL MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

The hydraulic elevator system is proposed for the elderly centre.

Hydraulic elevator system can allow a capacity of very heavy loads. The accuracy in floor levelling provides safety for the elderly especially for those with stability problems. This system allows smooth rides which is comfortable for the users. Low level plant rooms is needed. There are no structural loads from winding gears which reduces the maintenance.

The lift car shall be driven by one of the following machine/drive system methods:

(a) Direct acting.(b) Indirect acting (suspended) hydraulic system in case of using Roped Hydraulic elevator.

In case of direct acting system, the hydraulic ram shall be located either at the side, or the back. Unless otherwise specified, direct acting underneath the lift car is not acceptable.

7.4.1 Openings in lift shafts

The locations of the lift shafts are provided with a protected lobby with convenient opening to be used by users. The lobby is not obstructed, therefore, having a clear and an easier accessible pathway towards the lift.

UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 152: Openings in lift shafts

(1) Every opening in an elevator shaft or elevator entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special building as may be approved by D.G.F.S.

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Figure 7.4.1: Ground floor plan indicating the placement of lift.

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Figure 7.4.2: First floor plan indicating the placement of lift.

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7.4.2 Door System

Elevator doors are one of the most important safety feature available in a lift. It serves as a barrier between the waiting lobby and the elevator shafts. This is to prevent people to fall into the elevator shafts and thus getting injured or falling to their deaths.

On top of each elevator cab is a door opening device. This device opens the inner door of the elevator cab and the outer door of the elevator shaft simultaneously at each floor. The controller interacts with the door opening device by sending signals to open or close the doors and by receiving signals when the doors have been completely opened or closed. The signals that the controller receives also indicate which cab they are coming from.

MS 2021-1, Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts - Part 1: Electric lifts.

5.2.2.2.1 Emergency doors shall be capable of being self-closing.

5.7.3.2 If there is an access door to the pit, other than the bottom terminal landing door, it shall comply with the requirements of 5.2.2.

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7.4.3 Emergency Ventilation

Ventilation holes are to allow and improve air flow in and out of the lift car. This could prevent suffocation when the lift is enclosed due to shut down of power or emergency.

UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 151: Ventilation to lift shafts

Lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square meter per lift located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air, the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct to the required FRP as for the lift shafts.

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7.4.4 Fire Service

Fire service code will vary depends on the location of the elevator. Fire service is usually split up into two modes: phase one and phase two. These are separate modes that the elevator can go into.

i. Phase One

Phase one mode is activated by a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor in the building. The elevator will automatically go into phase one when an alarm has been activated. The elevator will wait an amount

of time, then proceed to go into nudging mode to tell everyone the elevator is leaving the floor. Once the elevator has left the floor, depending on where the alarm was set off, the elevator will go to the fire-recall floor. However, the elevator will have an alternate floor to recall to if the alarm was activated on the fire- recall floor. When the elevator is recalled, it proceeds to the recall floor and stops with its doors open. The elevator will no longer respond to calls or move in any direction. There is a fire-service key switch located on the fire-recall floor. The fire-service key switch can turn fire service off, turn fire service on or to bypass fire service. The only way to return the elevator to normal service is to switch it to bypass after the alarms have reset.

ii. Phase Two

Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel. This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue people from a burning building. The phase-two key switch located on the COP has three positions: off, on, and hold. By turning phase two on, the firefighter enables the car to move. However, like independent-service mode, the car will not respond to a car call unless the firefighter manually pushes and holds the door close button. Once the elevator gets to the desired floor it will not open its doors unless the firefighter holds the door open button. This is in case the floor is burning and the firefighter can feel the heat and knows not to open the door. The firefighter must hold door open until the door is completely opened. If for any reason the firefighter wishes to leave

the elevator, they will use the hold position on the key switch to make sure the elevator remains at that floor. If the firefighter wishes to return to the recall floor, they simply turn the key off and close the doors.

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7.4.5 Smoke Detector

If fire happens, the fire indicators will illuminate and a buzz will ring. The elevators will then automatically get back to the ground floor to allow passengers to leave the building immediately.

UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies

(1) All elevator lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors

UBBL 1984, Part 7, Section 155: Fire mode of operation

(2) If mains power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open.

(3) The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman's switch.

(4) Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only operate in response to car calls but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.

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7.4.2 Components of the Hydraulic Elevator System Proposed

Plunger/piston/jack

The cylinder shall be constructed of steel pipe of a sufficient thickness and suitable safety margin. The top of the cylinder shall be equipped with a cylinder head with an internal guide ring and self-adjusting packing.

The plunger/Ram shall be constructed of a steel shaft of a proper diameter machined true and smooth. The plunger shall be provided with a stop electrically welded to the bottom to prevent the plunger from leaving the cylinder.

Hydraulic power unit 

The power unit shall be generously rated and shall operate with minimum noise and vibration. The unit shall be mounted on vibration insulators above the machine room floor. A silencer unit shall be fitted in the hydraulic system to minimize the transmission of pulsations from the pump to the car and the elimination of airborne noise.

The hydraulic power unit consists of the following components:

(a) The Tank.(b) Motor/Pump.(c) Valve.(d) Acutator.

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(a) The Tank

The tank should have sufficient capacity to provide an adequate reserve to prevent the entrance of air or other gas into the system. A sight glass tube shall be provided for checking the oil level and the minimum level mark shall be clearly indicated.

So, the main function of the tank is holding the liquid used in the system, this liquid is usually oil based because:

• Non compressible.• Self lubricating.

(b) Motor/ Pump

Figure 7.4.3: Components in a hydraulic power unit

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The main function of the pump used in hydraulic elevator is constantly pushing liquid into the cylinder to lift the elevator, the pump is Submersible type with Variable Speed Valve Leveling.

The pump motor shall be of the single speed squirrel cage or slip ring type and it shall run with minimum noise and vibration.

(c) Valve

The main functions of the Valve are:

• Let liquid out of the system. • Keeps the pressure low when open.• Increases pressure when closed.

This valve shall incorporate the following features:

• Up and down acceleration and deceleration speed adjustment for smooth start and stops. 

• Smooth stops at each landing shall be an inherent feature of the valve. • Adjustable pressure relief valve. • Manually operating 'DOWN' valve to lower elevator in an emergency. • Pressure gauge indicating in P.S.I. and Bars. • Gate valve to isolate cylinder from pump unit. 

(d) ActuatorAn actuator is the device that transfers fluid or electrical energy into mechanical energy. The actuator could be piston because it moves up and down.

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8.0 SUMMARY

The report comprises of the study of building service systems in a public building, which in

this case, an elderly centre. Through the understanding of the systems based on the

research and analysis, the suitable systems are proposed for the building. These systems

aid in the safety and design of the elderly centre which is to be complied with the uniform

building by- laws and restrictions by the local authorities.

The proposed systems include fire protection systems (active and passive), air conditioning

system, mechanical ventilation system and mechanical transportation system. The size and

function of the spaces are taken into consideration when selecting the best system for the

elderly centre. The right systems selected will increase the efficiency which will then save

the cost of installation and operation.

Overall, this project has helped us to develop the understanding and familiarity on the

drawing conventions and standards for different building services systems.

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9.0REFERENCES

9.1 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

Baldwin, R., & Thomas, P. H. (1973). Passive and active fire protection-the optimum combination. Fire Safety Science, 963, 1-1.

Chong, L. S. (2003). Audit of passive fire protection system by architect. Kuala Lumpur: Compiled by PAM Resource Centre.

Emergency Escape and Fire Fighting. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2016, from http://www.hsa.ie/eng/topics/fire/emergency_escape_and_fire_fighting/

Fire Exit Stairs. (n.d.). Retrieved November 23, 2016, from http://www.shadefab.com/fire_exit_stairs.php

Fire Fighting Water Tank Malaysia | Fire Equipment & Training. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2016, from https://www.firefightingequipment.my/fire-fighting-water-tank/

GRP Water Storage Tanks. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2016, from http://www.deweywaters.co.uk/water-tanks/

Heat Detector[Fire Equipment]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2016, from http://www.kumpulanprotection.com/catalog/heat-detector-p-82.html

Lataille, J. I., (Eds.). (2003). Fire protection engineering in building design. Massachusetts, Elsevier Science (USA). Retrieved November 22, 2016, from http://file.zums.ac.ir/ebook/097-Fire%20Protection%20Engineering%20in%20Building%20Design%20(Plant%20Engineering)-Jane%20Lataille-0750674970-E.pdf

Passive Fire Protection vs. Active Fire Protection. (2015). Retrieved November 23, 2016, from http://www.lifesafetyservices.com/active-vs-passive-fire-protection-2/

Three advantages of installing fire escape door - Fire Escape Doors. (n.d.). Retrieved November 23,2016, from https://sites.google.com/site/fireescapedoors/three-advantages-of-installing-fire-escape-door

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9.2 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Ag Power Web Enhanced Course Materials. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2016, from https://www.swtc.edu/ag_power/air_conditioning/lecture/basic_cycle.htm

Air Conditioning. (2016). Air –con-ch.blogspot.my. Retrieved 22 November 2016, from http://air-com-ch.blogspot.my/

Bhathia. A. (n.d.). HVAC Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems. Continuing Education and Development, Inc., 3-7.

Hoffman, P. (2006). Basic Refrigeration Cycle. Retrieved from Southwest Wisconsin Technical College Website: http://www.swtc.edu/ag_power/air_conditioning/lecture/basic_cycle.htm

Unknown (2016) Multi Split and Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems can help save electricity in offices. Retrieved November 22, 2016, from https://www.bijlibachao.com/air-conditioners/multi-split-and-variable-refrigerant-flow-systems-can-help-save-electricity-in-offices.html

Wall Mounted Indoor Unit: Ductless Split Air Conditioner Parts. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2016, from http://www/brighthubengineering.com/hvac/45046-parts-of-the-split-air-conditioner-wall-mountedindoor-unit/

What is Ductwork. (2016, November). Retrieved from wisegeel.com: http://www/wisegeek.com/what-is-ductwork.htm

Whitman, W, Johnson, W, & Tomyczyk, J. (2000). Refrigeration & air conditioning technology. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers.

9.3 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

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Hvac Aplication ,Commercial Kitchen. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2016, from http://www.iklimnet.com/expert_hvac/hvac_applications/hvac_applications_commercial_kitchen.html

Kitchen Ventilation System Volume 4 - Commercial Kitchen Exhaust Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2016, from http://www.hmsmodel.com/2016/11/12/kitchen-design/507/kitchen-ventilation-system-volume-4-commercial-kitchen-exhaust-systems/kitchen-ventilation-system/

Need to Know – TheGreenAge. Retrieved November 22, 2016, from http://www.thegreenage.co.uk/mechanical-ventilation-in-buildings-what-you-need-to-know/

Outdoor Air Unit | HVAC Systems for Restaurants | Trane Commercial. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2016, from http://www.trane.com/commercial/north-america/us/en/markets/retail-restaurants/restaurants/hvac-systems-for-restaurants.html

S. (2015). New Franco 150 Quiet Wall/Ceiling Exhaust Fan. Retrieved November 22, 2016, from https://www.pureventilation.com.au/2015/07/new-fanco-150-quiet-exhaust-fan/

Wall mounted motor driven metal exhaust fan. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2016, from http://www.fwventilators.com/sell-206338-wall-mounted-motor-driven-metal-exhaust-fan.html

Whole-House Ventilation. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2016, from http://energy.gov/energysaver/whole-house-ventilation

9.4 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

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Annett, F. A. (1960). Elevators: Electric and electrohydraulic elevators, escalators, moving sidewalks, and ramps. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Deborahamberansar Follow. (2014). Elevators & Escalators. Retrieved November 23, 2016, from http://www.slideshare.net/Deborahamberansar/elevators-escalators

H. (2015). Traction versus Hydraulic Lifts: Advantages and Disadvantages. Retrieved November 23, 2016, from http://platformliftco.co.uk/news-pr/traction-hydraulic-lifts-advantages-disadvantages/

Herdman, F. E. (1889). Thesis on hydraulic elevators.