building services project 1 - summit mall

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

BUILDING SERVICES (ARC 2423)

Case Study and Documentation of Building Services Systems

SUMMIT MALL

Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.

Tutor: MR. SIVARAMAN

Group Members:

YAP ZHI JUN 0310738

YAP ZHONG LIN 0310557

KRISTINE YONG XI WEI 0311297

CHEW WOAN CHYIN 0310797

TOH CHEE CHENG 0311122

HOW PEI NGOH 0316929

ERIC KWAN ZHENG HAO 0300694

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction 1-2

1.1 Abstract

1.2 Acknowledgement

2.0 Water supply system 3-24

2.1 Introduction & Function

2.2 Literature Review

2.3 Case Study

2.4 Component of System

2.5 Analysis

2.6 Conclusion

3.0 Electrical supply system 25-41



3.3 Case Study


3.5 Analysis

3.6 Conclusion

4.0 Sewerage, sanitary & drainage system 42-63



4.3 Case Study


4.5 Analysis

4.6 Conclusion

5.0 Mechanical transportation system 64-82



5.3 Case Study


5.5 Analysis

5.6 Conclusion

6.0 Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning system 83-104



6.3 Case Study


6.5 Analysis

6.6 Conclusion

7.0 Fire protection system 105-143



7.3 Passive Fire System

7.4 Active Fire System

7.5 Conclusion

8.0 Conclusion 144

9.0 References 145-148

1 Page

Figure 1.1 The Summit Source:http://www.molon.de/galleries/Malaysia/KL/Malls/images01/03%20The%20Summit%20mall%20in%20Subang%20Jaya.jpg

1.0 Introduction

The Summit is one of the oldest development

in USJ, which was completed in 1998. The

development is strategically located in the

vibrant commercial area of USJ.

The Summit is a mixed development located

in USJ 1. It is situated beside SEGi College

and Da Men, with enighbouring high-rise

development which are MenaraHeltechVillage,

Impian Meridian, Casa Subang and USJ

Sentral.

The shopping mall has a retail space of

599,474 sf. On the other hand, Menara

Summit is a 13-storey office buildings which

consists of units available from 620 sf. It

provides facilities such as free centralized air-

conditioning during office hours, 24-hour security, CCTV, covered basement parking

bays and cafeterias. It offers rental of office units at the rate of approximately RM3

psf. The Summit Hotel is a 17-storey three star hotel which consists of 332 rooms.

Both of the office buildings are hotel are located atop the 6-storey shopping mall.As it

is surrounded by plenty of shopping malls and commercial areas, people working in

Menara Summit can have a lot of choices for food during lunch hours. Many new

development on going in USJ, but the most outgoing development is a LRT station

situated within walking distance. It is estimated to complete by 2015.

2 Page

1.1 Abstract

We were assigned to investigate and analyze the building services and its

mechanisms such as water supply system, sewerage system, fire protection system,

mechanical transportation system, mechanical ventilation and air conditioning of a

shopping mall, Summit Mall. We are able to know about the basic principles, process

and equipment of a commercial building in a practical way. Apart from that, we are

able to understand and familiarize with the drawing conventions and standard for

different building services systems which is following to Uniform Building by Law

(UBBL)

We had the opportunity to discover in a detail way toward the systems. From this

assignment, we were able to illustrate our understanding into accommodating

spaces and components required for installation building services.

1.2 Acknowledgement

We would like to thank Summit Mall to allow our team to visit the building services.

We are also grateful that the person in charge has provided us with all of the

necessary information throughout the building including mechanical and electrical

drawings. Without their help, we won’t be able to finish the project with the required

information.

We would also like to thank the technicians for bringing us for a tour around the

building through the prominent service rooms. We are grateful that they relentlessly

explaining the systems of each room and the machines within. If it weren’t for his

team, we would only know the building on a surface level.

We would like to extend our gratitude to each individual that has helped and assisted

us to complete this research report which without your involvement, this report would

be insufficient and unsatisfactory. A special thanks to our tutor, Mr. Siva for guiding

us through each tutorial and providing us with an aim to accomplish.

3 Page

Chapter 2

2.0 Water Supply System

2.1 Introduction


2.2.1 Water Distribution System

2.3 Case Study

2.3.1 Water Supply System

2.3.2 Floor Plan


2.4.1 Bulk Meter

2.4.2 Suction Tank

2.4.3 Booster Pump

2.4.4 Storage Tank

2.4.5 Sump Pump

2.4.6 Valve & Pipework

2.5 Analysis

2.6 Conclusion

4 Page

2.1 Introduction

This chapter is about the basic and general study of water supply system. This case

study that we conducted is Summit Mall. The information mentioned is associated with

the case study upon how the water supply is available and being distributed throughout

the entire building.

According to the Laws of Malaysia ACT 655, the Water Services Industry Act 2006,

page 18, says that the term “water supply systems” means. ‘The whole of a system

incorporating public mains, pipes, chambers, treatment plants, pumping stations,

service of balancing reservoirs or any combination thereof and all other structures,

installations, buildings, equipment and appurtenances used and the lands where the

same are located for the storage, abstraction, collection, conveyance, treatment,

distribution and supply of water’.

In Malaysia, Jabatan Bekalan Air (JBA) distributes water throughout the whole country

and in each state, water is received by its on private company. For Selangor, the private

corporation that received the water supply from JBA is Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor

Sdn. Bhd. (SYABAS). SYABAS then distributed water to the whole of Selangor which

has been processed and treated before distribution. Rain falls and river flows will be

pumped to the water treatment plant and from there, raw water is treated by going

through the process of aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration,

disinfection and conditioning. Then from service reservoirs, water is supplies to Summit

Mall.

As for Summit Mall, the water tank is located at the Level 6 of the mall. Water from the

source is pumped to the reservoir by using a pumped distribution system. From there, it

uses gravity distribution system to transport water to Summit Mall. Once the water

supply has reached the building, it flows into water suction tanks that are located at the

basement. It then uses a pump to transport water up to the storage tanks located at the

level 6 of the building. Water is the stored and well distributed to the other parts of the

building. And due to that, gravity distribution system is introduced.

5 Page

2.2. Literature Review

2.2.1 Water distribution System

Treated water is use for daily activities such as cleansing, washing, and plumbing.

However, water needs extra treatment for drinking. A proper water distribution system is

needed to ensure a constant flow of water supply. The types of distribution system

largely depend on the topography of the area. There are three types of distribution

systems which are gravity distribution system, pumped distribution system, and gravity

& pumped combination system.

Gravity and pumped combination distribution system

The gravity and pumped combination system is the most commonly used system. It is

economical, efficient and reliable system. It uses a pumped system to get the water

from the source to the treatment plants and the service reservoir, and then changes to a

gravity distribution system to supply water to the service area. The excess water during

low demand periods get stored in reservoir and get supplied during high demand period.

Figure 2.1 shows Gravity and pumped combination distribution system

(Source: Engineering Science, UMT. Redrawn by: Yap Zhi Jun)

6 Page

Cold Water Storage and Distribution

There are two types of water distributions which are Direct and Indirect distribution

system. For direct water system, water distributed to the building is sourced directly

from the water main, whereas indirect water system, water going to overhead tank and

then the water is supplied to different floors by gravity (Siddharth, 11).

Cold Water Distribution: Indirect Water System

The indirect water system has many advantages. Firstly, because of the presence of a

storage tank, the supply of water would not be disrupted in the event of a failure at the

main water supply. Secondly, water that enters the building fills up the tank slowly, due

to the low pressure in the pipe work, smaller pipes can be used and there is no

tendency of pipe bursting.Besides, there is no risk of back siphon age with this system.

For disadvantages, longer pipe runs are required for the water to distribute to the all

services area and a larger storage cistern is necessary (Siddharth, 11).

Figure 2.2 shows Indirect Water System

(Source: Association of Plumbing & Heating Contractors. Redrawn by: Yap Zhi Jun)

7 Page

2.3. Case Study

2.3.1 Water Supply System

Water is distributed to Summit Mall through gravity and pumped combination distribution

system. The water is supplied by SYABAS and it is transported to Summit Mall,

whereby it is stored in suction tanks located at the basement. Electrical booster pump

pumps up the water to the water storage tanks on the roof of the building. Stored water

is then distributed to various parts of the building.

Figure 2.3 Water Distribution System Diagram of Summit Mall

(Drawn by: Yap Zhi Jun)

The water supply from SYABAS is transported to the water mains via communication

pipes. The communication pipes end at the bulk meter, where it is then transported into

the building via service pipes. It then transfers water and stores water into a suction

tank that is located at the basement. Then, electrical booster pump pumps up water into

the storage tank, located on the Level 6 and distributed to parts of the building.

Communication pipe: Pipe connect with the water main, to a point where the pipe

crosses the boundary between the street and private land (Bristol Water, 2010).

Service Pipe: The pipe from the water main supply to the water distribution system of

the building served.

8 Page

2.3.2 Floor Plan

The following plan drawings shows the locations of the bulk meter, sump pump, suction

tank, booster pump and water storage tank respectively.

System and location: -

1. Bulk Meter – Site Plan

2. Suction Tank – Basement 2 Floor Plan

3. Booster Pump – Basement 2 Floor Plan

4. Storage Tank – Level 6 Floor Plan

Figure 2.4 Site Plan shows location of Bulk Meter

(Picture source: LYE Manufacturing S/B. Plan source: Taken from Summit Mall)

9 Page

Figure 2.5 Basement 2 Floor Plan shows location of Suction Tank& Booster Pump

(Picture source: Taken by Yap Zhi Jun. Plan source: Taken from Summit Mall)

Figure 2.6 Level 6 Floor Plan shows location of Storage Tank

(Picture source: Taken by Yap Zhi Jun. Plan source: Taken from Summit Mall)

Booster Pump

Suction Tank

Storage Tank

Storage Tank

10 Page

2.4. Component of System

2.4.1 Bulk Meter

Figure 2.7 shows the requirements and connection of installing bulk meter

(Source: Water Corporation. Edited by: Yap Zhi Jun)

From SYABAS, water transfer to the bulk meter then only to Summit Mall. Water meters

are used to monitor the large flow of water in especially commercial buildings. As the

water travels under high pressure, it has to be continually monitored. The water meter is

measured in cubic meters (m3). There are few types of bulk meters in common use. The

choice depends on the flow measurement method, the type of end user, the required

flow rates, and accuracy requirement (Cooquitlam, 8) Summit Mall use Displacement

Water Meter.

Benefits of using Bulk Meter:

In conjunction with volumetric pricing it provides an incentive for water

conservation, it helps to detect water leaks in the distribution network.

Providing a basis for reducing the amount of non-revenue water.

A precondition for quality-targeting of water subsidies to the poor.

11 Page

2.4.2 Suction Tank

Figure 2.8 shows the arrangement and sizes of Suction Tank at Basement 2 Summit Mall


UBBL 1984 Section 84:

Suitable measures should be taken to prevent penetration of dampness and moisture

into the building.

Suction Tank is a tank installed in combination with a pump. The required energy for the

system is provided by the pump. To store a supply of water on the premises to provide

against shortage, water be temporarily shut off from the street mains, suction tanks are

used to provide water to the buildings. Water from SYABAS store water in Suction Tank

then is connected to the Booster Pump to pump the water to Level 6 Water Storage

Tank. In Suction Tank, the cleanout or emptying pipe is valves and connected to the

overflow pipe. Below the valve that controls the water supply is connected a vent pipe to

admit air. The pump pipe enter the tank through the bottom and be controlled by a

balanced float valve. A drip pan, under the tank and extending a few inches on all sides

of it, catches the water of condensation and discharges it through the waste pipe

(StasoSphere.com).

12 Page

Figure 2.9, 2.10& 2.11 shows the Suction Tank pictures taken at Basement 2 of Summit Mall.

Specification of Suction tank in Summit Mall Basement 2:

Types: Sectional Panel Tanks

Materials: Galvanized steel (exterior), PVC linings (interior)

Sizes: Different sizes (3 x 1m, 3 x 2m, 3 x 3m, 3 x 6m, 3 x 8m & 8 x 6m)

Panel size: 1 x 1m, Thickness 8mm

Numbers: There are 3 different sizes of Storage tank in total.

Storage Area: Suction Tank storage area estimated size is 12m x 25m

Suction Tank Connection Pipe

Overflow Pipe

Gate Valve

Connection Pipe

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.9 shows the Suction Tank with the connection pipe which transfer water straight to the services area when there is shortage of water.

Figure 2.10 shows the overflow pipe of Suction Tank which use to discharge surplus liquid from tank.

Figure 2.11 shows connection pipe that connected with the Bulk Meter. Gate Valve is used to control the flow of water.

13 Page

2.4.3 Booster Pump

Figure 2.12 shows the main Booster Pump located at Summit Mall Basement 2

Figure 2.13 shows the second Booster Pump located at Summit Mall Basement 2

Figure 2.14 shows the Control Panel for Booster Pumps which located at Summit Mall Basement 2

UBBL 1984 Section 226: Automatic System for Hazardous Occupancy

Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require

automatic system sprinkles or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type

and standard appropriate or handled or for the safety of the occupants.

In Summit Mall, Hydro pneumatic System is applied to pump the water to services area.

There are different types of pump in Hydro pneumatic System. Selection of pump is

depends on several factors, including the yield of the rate of well, the daily flow of water

needed by the users, the size of the storage or pressure tank used, total operating

pressure tank used and etc (Peerless Pump Company, 8). Beside, cost, maintenance,

and reliability are also factors to decide the types of pump use.

Among these factors, two main factors to determine the selection are the flow rate

(volume per minute or per hour to be delivered) and the total pressure. The flow rate

depends upon the number of fixtures to be served. The total pressure includes the

suction lift, static head, and friction loss plus the pressure head (Multiquip Inc, 3).

Figure 2.13 Figure 2.12 Figure 2.14

14 Page

Figure 2.15 shows the flow of water from Suction Tank to Storage Tank through Booster Pump


The booster pump is use in Summit Mall to pump water from the suction tank all the

way to the water storage tank on the Level 6. In hydro pneumatic System, there are

pressure vessel and a pressure pump. The pressure vessel contains water with a

pressurized sir space to provide the pressure for the system. The pump meets the

demand with the excess volume backing up in the pressure vessel. The decreases in

the air space and increases the pressure. When the upper level is reached, the pumps

shut off. The newer pressure vessels have a neoprene bladder to separate the air

space from the water (Global Engineering & Contracting Inc.). The booster pumps are

electricity powered and can consume a lot of electricity. There are two booster pumps in

Summit Mall that effectively work together to pump the water up the building.

Figure 2.16 shows the component of Hydro Pneumatic System of Summit Mall

Suction Tank

Booster Pump

Gate Valve

Pressure Gauge

Service Pipe (Connect to Storage Tank)

15 Page

2.4.4 Storage Tank

Figure 2.17 shows the arrangement and sizes ofWater Storage Tank located at Summit Mall Level 6


UBBL 1984 section 247: Water storage

1. Water storage capacity and water flow for firefighting systems and installation shall

be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the tenth schedule to these by

laws.

2. Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall

be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet

connections accessible to fire appliances.

3. Storage tanks for automatic sprinkle installation where full capacity is provided

without the need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their

location.

16 Page

To install water storage tank, there are a few requirements for installation and protection

of water storage tank:-

Tanks are installed on bases above ground level, platforms where the tank is

being located at is designed to bear the weight of the tank when it is filled wo

maximum capacity, without unnecessary alteration taking place.

Tanks must be supported in a certain manner, so that no load is transmitted to

any of the attached pipes.

Tanks are located in places where accessible for inspection, repairs,

maintenance and replacement.

Tanks must be provided with a cover to prevent the entry of surface water, roof

water, animals or insects.

Insulation from heat and cold should also be specified.

Tanks storing potable water should not be located directly beneath any sanitary

plumbing or any other pipes conveying non-portable water.

Specification of water storage tank in Summit Mall Level 6:

Types: Sectional Panel Tanks

Outer part of the water tank is made up of identical modular square

panels which are molded from the composite material Glass Reinforced

Plastic (GRP). GRP’s formation provides a strong, solid and reliable

material in the manufacture of water storage tanks (Dewey waters).

Advantages: Long term life expectancy, Inherent strength and durability of

material, highly economical transportation, ability to be installed in areas

with restricted access (Braithwaite).

Materials: Galvanized steel (exterior), PVC linings (interior)

Sizes: Different sizes (3 x 1m, 3 x 2m, 3 x 3m, 3 x 6m, 3 x 8m & 8 x 6m)

Panel size: 1 x 1m, Thickness 8mm

Numbers: There are 8 different sizes of Storage tank in total.

Storage Area: Water Storage area estimated size is 36m x 18m

17 Page

Figure 2.18, 2.19 & 2.20 shows the Storage tank pictures taken at Level 6 of Summit Mall.

Figure 2.18

Overflow Pipe

Pipe connected from Booster Pump

Butterfly Valve

Figure 2.19

Figure 2.20

Ladder

Level Gauge

Concrete Dwarf Wall

Figure 2.18 shows the overflow pipe of Storage Tank and the pipe that connecting Booster Pump from Basement 2 to Level 6 Storage Tank Area. The overflow pipe which directs water out of the tank in case the inward water flow exceeds the water tank capacity.

Figure 2.19 shows the butterfly valve and the concrete dwarf wall of the Storage Tank. The butterfly valve use to control the flow of water to the services are. The concreate dwarf wall make space for pipe system under the tank.

Figure 2.20 shows the ladder and the level gauge which located at every Storage tank. Ladder is use for maintenance check and Level gauge is to measure the level of the water inside the storage tank to make sure all the tank are filled with water equally.

18 Page

The

Figure 2.21 shows pictures of storage tank at Summit Mall Level 6 with different sizes.

Figure 2.22 shows the connection pipes that transfer water from storage tank to services areas with the

control of gate valves.

Water tank has several inspection holes that are used for regular inspections of the

water. The inspection holes are of 600mm in its opening diameter. They are accessed

through ladders from the side of the tanks. At the top part of the tank, a screened vet is

used for tank ventilation. All buildings requiring un-interrupted water supply should

install a divider in the tank. The divider allows one side of the tank to be drained down

for maintenance, while water supply is maintained from the second segment of the tank

(Deweywaters).

-

Figure 2.21 Figure 2.22

19 Page

2.4.5. Sump Pump

Figure 2.23 shows the function of Sump Pump

(Source: Air Mechanical. Redrawn by: Yap Zhi Jun)

The function of a sump pump is to remove water when flooding or water pipe bursting or

leakage happens. It directs water away and out of the building and sends the water to a

drain or a dry well. A sump pump has to be installed in a building with basements. A

sump pump is installed in a sump basement or also known as a sump pit. Water flows

into the sump pit through drains or by natural water migration through the soil (Murray

Anderson). The sump pump is also electricity powered just as the booster pumps. The

sump pump must be kept clam and free of debris. The inlet screen prevents the

passage of dirt and other solid material from entering the pump, but it can become

overwhelmed. Cleanings should occur often for pumps that run constantly (InterNACHI).

20 Page

2.4.6 Valve, Piping & Fittings

2.4.6.1 Valve

Butterfly Valve

Figure 2.24 shows the Butterfly Valve at Summit Mall Level 6 Storage Tank Area.

Figure 2.25 shows the component of a Butterfly Valve.

In Summit Mall, butterfly valve is used for water supply system. It connect and control

the flow of water from the Booster Pump to Storage Tank. A butterfly valve is a quarter-

turn valve used to regulate flow. A metal disc in the body of the valve is positioned

perpendicular to the flow in the closed position, and rotated one quarter of a turn to be

parallel to the flow in the fully opened position. Intermediate rotations allow regulation of

liquid flow (PIF, 2010).

Symbol:

Advantages: They are small, when actuated pneumatically, open and close very

quickly. The disc is lighter than a ball, and the valve requires less structural support than

a ball valve of comparable diameter. They are quite reliable and require very little

maintenance.

Disadvantage: Some portion of the disc is always presented to the flow, even when

fully opened. The use of a butterfly valve therefore always results in a pressure switch

across the valve, regardless of the setting.

Figure 2.24 Figure 2.25

(Source: Amazon Supply)

Hand Lever

Stem

Ring

Disc

Body

21 Page

Gate Valve

Figure 2.26 shows the Gate Valve located at Level 6 Storage Area.

Figure 2.27 shows the Gate Valve located at Basement 2 Summit Mall.

Figure 2.28 shows the component of a Gate Valve.

In Summit Mall, Gate Valve is used commonly to connect the pipes which located at the

Basement 2 and Level 6 Storage Area. Gate Valve is designed to operate fully open or

fully closed. It is not usually used to regulate flow because the valve element can be

damages when in the partially open position (TLV). Not recommended as a throttling

valve. Solid wedge gate is free from chatter and jamming. Testing of the valve is done

by filling up with water and then air should be given from the other side. The presence

of air bubbles would indicate bad sealing and must be rectified (Bright Hub Engineering).

Symbol:

Figure 2.26

Figure 2.27

Figure 2.28 (Source: TLV)

Gate Valve Closed

Gate Valve Opened

Hand wheel Stem

Gate

Body

Bonnet

22 Page

2.4.6.2 Pipework

MS 1525 code 8.5:

“All piping installed to serve buildings and within buildings should be adequately

insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapor barriers

may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.”

Copper

In Summit Mall, Copper pipe is used. Copper consist of three types which are Type M

(red) thinnest, Type L (blue) thick and Type K (green) thickest.

Specification of Copper pipe in Summit Mall:

Type: Type K (green), use for plumbing, heating, gas lines and underground

Thickness: 0.049”

Joints:

- Manipulative compression joint, the end of the pipe is manipulated to fit into the

coupling fitting by means of a special tools. No jointing material is required and

the joint offers great resistance to being withdrawn.

- Non-manipulative compression joint, no manipulation is required to the cut of the

pipe, the holding power of the joints relies on the grip of a copper cone wedge

within the joint fitting.

- Capillary joint, the application of heat makes the soft solder contained in a groove

in the fitting flow around the end of the pipe (Jordon.B, 331).

UPVC Pipe

Beside copper, UPVC pipe is also widely use in pipe system. UPVC is made of

Polyvinylchloride which is a polymer that can be heated and molded to create very hard,

strong compounds such as piping. UPVC has excellent chemical resistance across

its operating temperature range, with a broad band of operating pressures. UPVC is lost

lasting, high stiffness and cost effectiveness.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_temperature

23 Page

2.5 Analysis

Cold water supply system used in Summit Mall is the main water supply where they use

water from Suction Tank (Basement 2) and Storage Tank (Level 6) that distributed

throughout the entire building. The benefit of using this system is the water tanks

reserves the water supply, there is no worry with shortage of water. Besides that,

Summit Mall has sufficient number of storage tank to provide water supply to the whole

building and as preparation for shortage of water.

The main storage tank located at Level 6 of Summit Mall which do not required any

water pump to push up the pressure for water supply. The water from Storage tank

distributed to the services area by using gravitational force. This save up a lot of cost on

installing water pump. Moreover, the location and design of Water Storage Tank in

Summit Mall is a success which had fulfill the requirements of the UBBL by-Law and MS

1525. This not only allow the smooth flow of water but also easier for cleaning and

maintenance which are very important to sustain the usage and quality of water for the

entire Summit Mall.

24 Page

2.6 Conclusion

Based on the study and research conducted in this chapter, the flow of water

distribution in Summit Mall is from SYABAS to Suction Tank (Basement 2) then use

Booster Pump (Hydro pneumatic System) to pump the water up to the Main Water

Storage Tank (Level 6).

Water service in Summit Mall are efficient and suitable to distribute water for the entire

building. The number of storage tanks are enough usage for the people occupying the

building and also extra tanks for water shortage. Only two booster pumps are use,

easier to maintenance and also reducing the cost and energy used.

As recommended, Summit Mall should have a rainwater harvesting system to have

storage tank for collection of rainwater. Rainwater can be used for sanitary services and

gardening. This would reduce the usage of water and it is a more sustainable way.

As conclusion, water supply system is very important for any building because our daily

activities need water. Through this case study, we have identified and understood

information related to water supply system. We also understood how each components

and systems functions respectively as well as the space implications.

25 Page

Chapter 3

3.0 Electrical Supply System

3.1 Introduction


3.2.1 Electrical Power Supply System

3.3 Case Study

2.3.1 Electrical Supply System

2.3.2 Floor Plan


3.4.1 High Voltage/Tension Room: TNB Substation

3.4.2 High Voltage Room: Consumer Room

3.4.3 High Tension Switch Gear

3.4.4 Transformer Room

3.4.5 Main Switchboard Room

3.4.6 Gen-Set Room

3.5 Analysis

3.6 Conclusion

26 Page

3.1 Introduction

In Malaysia, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) is the largest electricity utility and a

leading utility company in Asia. The Company serve an estimated 8.3 million

customers in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Labuan. TNB has been keeping the

Lights On in Malaysia ever since it was set up as the Central Electricity Board in 1949,

powering national development via the provision of reliable and efficient electricity.

Malaysia uses various kind of sources to produce energy such as hydro powered,

natural gas, coal, solar power and etc. Nonetheless, about 75% of energy used is

generated by natural gas, which is not sustainable, therefore we encourage new

buildings to be energy efficiency at the same time, encouraging the usage of

renewable energy such as wind and solar energy.


Generation nowadays demand highly on energy. The rapid growth of energy use

endangers the world's supply of energy. Petroleum may become the first fuel to give

out. Electricity upgraded the standard and quality of daily living, making our life better

and easier, almost everything automated require electricity supply. Therefore the

relationship of human and electricity is almost impossible to be separated. Electric

power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit. The SI

unit of power is the watt, one joule per second. Nevertheless, as the world is

advancing, more and more electricity power will be generated to fulfill the needs of

everything. Energy use creates serious problems. They include the depletion of fuel

reserves and environmental effects. Electric starts to take over many other energy

contributors such as fossil fuel, coal, oil and etc. because burning fossil fuel and coal

are expensive yet will produce harmful byproducts that will cause harm to mother

earth.

27 Page

Figure 3.1 Electrical Power Supply System Schematic Diagram

Diagram above shows the power supply system, electric generated will first pass

through the step-up transmission station which current will be raised by using step-up

transformer and transfer through HV transmission Lines. Then it will go through step-

down transmission substation before it starts to distribute for customer usage. In

Malaysia, there are three main types of consumer, industrial, commercial and

residential. Each of everyone will be charged in different rate according to the amount

of consumption.

28 Page

3.3 Case Study 3.3.1 The Electricity Supply System In Summit Mall

Figure 3.2 Summit Mall Sub-Basement Floor Plan Highlighting Location Of Electrical Rooms

Figure 3.3 Zoom In Floor Plan Highlighting Electrical Rooms

29 Page

TNB Substation

Consumer Room

Transformer 1

Transformer 2

Main Switch Board 1

Main Switch Board 2

Distribution Boards

TNB H.T Panel

Consumer's H.T Panel

2 TNB Incoming 11kv

High Voltage

Low Voltage

630A TP VCB (11kW) Vacuum Circuit Breaker

VC

Figure 3.4 Schematic Diagram Showing The Main Electrical Routing

30 Page


3.4.1 High Voltage/Tension Room: TNB Substation

The TNB Substation Room is the direct

link from the transmission cables

receiving electricity. First of all, there are

2 main high voltage incoming powers

from TNB into Summit Mall's TNB

substation, both are 11kV. Then, they’ll

be transferred to the consumer room,

which is located beside TNB room.

Electrical rooms are located next to each

other to reduce the amount of voltage

drop when transferring. The longer the

cable, the higher the voltage drop. One

cannot simply enter the room without the

permission of TNB.

Figure 3.6 Zoom In Floor Plan Highlighting TNB Room

Figure 3.5 HT Room in Summit Mall

31 Page

3.4.2 High Voltage Room: Consumer Room

The Consumer Room is located directly next to

the TNB Sub-station room mainly to reduce the

voltage drop because the further current has to

travel; the reduction in current is higher due to

resistance in the wires. Hence the rooms are

located side by side. In the consumer room, a

transformer is installed to step down the

electricity from 11KV to 415 V which are much

more suitable for usage. The step down is done

by the transformer by the means of a primary

coil and a secondary coil, as electricity pass

through a coil of wire, a magnetic field is created,

and any other coil or wires nearby will be

induced of electricity, hence a step down transformer usually have more coils in the

primary coil and half or less coils in the secondary coil as to step down the electricity.

(Electric Power Transmission and Distribution, 2008)

Figure 3.7 Consumer Room with Danger Sign

Figure 3.8 Zoom In Floor Plan Highlighting Consumer Room

32 Page

3.4.3 High Tension Switch Gear

These high tension switch gear are located inside the consumer room, showing the

incoming voltage from TNB Substation. The meters is to ensure the incoming Voltage

of TNB is stable, provide protection against overload current and short circuit.

i. Rubber Mats

Figure 3.9 High Tension Switch Gear Figure 3.10 High Tension Switch Gears Metering

Based on Electricity Supply Act 1990 and

Electricity Regulation 1994, rubber mats

should be placed on the floor beside

electrical boards in every electrical rooms

as a safety equipment for the maintenance

users. These rubber mats act as electric

insulator to prevent electric shocks when

there is a high voltage current

leakage. (Act 447)

Figure 3.11 Rubber Mats Flooring

33 Page

3.4.4 Transformer Room

A device used to change the voltage of an

alternating current in one circuit to a different

voltage in a second circuit, or to partially

isolate two circuits from each other.

Transformer Room is where the step-down

transformers are placed. A transformer is a

machine used step down high voltage current

from 11kV to low voltage 415V. The 415V

current will then be transferred to Main Switch

Board for distribution. In Summit Mall, the

transformers are placed inside the HT room.

Figure 3.12 Transformer Room With Danger Sign

Figure 3.13 Floor Plan showing Transformer in HT Room

34 Page

Transformers

There are two types of transformers used in Summit Mall：

Oil-Insulated Transformer

Dry Type Transformer

i. Oil-insulated Transformer

An oil type transformer use transformer oil to

cool down the temperature. It is a highly

refined mineral oil that is stable at high

temperatures and has excellent electrical

insulating properties. Advantages of oil-

insulated transformer are small size, low first

cost, low losses, long life, low noise level and

etc.

Figure 3.14 Oil-insulated Transformer

Source: Direct Industry

ii. Dry Type Transformer

Dry type transformer is the newer generation

of transformer which did not use oil as coolant

anymore, simplifying the maintenance

process, it uses digital temperature controller

to cool down the transformer. Despite having

shorter life, higher losses, higher noise level

and larger size, this type of transformer are

still preferable by many users due to its

simplicity of installation and maintenance. Figure 3.15 Dry Type Transformer

Source: Transformer Switch Gear Industry

http://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-mg/distribution-transformer-oil-insulated-16461-2262265.jpg

http://www.transpowerswitchgear.com/dry-type-transformer.html

35 Page

3.4.5 Main Switchboard Room (Low Voltage Room)

Starting from Main Switchboard Room, the

current is transferred from transformers. It

is consider low voltage as the current has

been stepped down to 415V. Main

switchboards are electric boards used to

redirect electricity from transformer to

more source of supply to smaller usage.

Current supplied into smaller division

currents for further distribution. At the same

time, those current can be controlled in the

main switchboards, current can be turned off when maintenance need to be done in

certain part of the building. Protection is also provided, when current over loads or

short circuit, breakers will trip. The switch boards control all devices by using buttons

and insulated handles on the front panel. (Electric Power Transmission and

Distribution, 2008)

Figure 3.17 Floor Plan Showing Location of LV Room

Figure 3.14 Picture showing inside of LV Room

36 Page

Figure 3.18 Main Switchboard

i. Main Switch Board

These meters on main switchboard are

used to monitor the electricity supply from

transformer, ensuring the incoming

current is 415V +- 1%, if any current is

different more than 1% of 415V, the

breaker in main switch board will trip. The

type of breaker used in main switchboard

is air circuit breaker (ACB).

Figure 3.19 Schematic Diagram of Low Voltage Routing

Schematic diagram above shows a part of electricity distribution route from main

switch board, there are distribution boards in every floor, and it acts as an electrical

power supply system which divide electrical into subsidiary circuits. The distribution

boards are protected by Main Circuit Breaker (MCB) and Miniature Current Circuit

Breaker (MCCB), which Main Circuit Breaker is only used for three phase, current

more than 100A; while Miniature Current Circuit Breaker is used for single phase, for

very small voltage below 100A. (Electric Power Transmission and Distribution, 2008)

37 Page

ii. Distribution Board

A distribution board is a smaller panel board compared to main switchboard, it has

similar function as a main switch board, but it is a smaller sub division, it just control a

specific level or specific part of a building electricity distribution. (Electric Power

Transmission and Distribution, 2008)

Figure 3.20 Distribution Board

38 Page

3.4.6 Gen-Set Room

Gen-set room is located just beside the Main switch boards’ room, generators set will

run automatically when it detected there is an electrical failure, as a backup electrical

supply for the building. The backup electricity supply system is very important for

Summit Mall because it is a shopping mall, a lot of live maintaining devices are

electrical powered which cannot be cut off during power failure.

A generator set included 3 basic components: the generator, fuel system and exhaust

facilities. The generators are powered by using the diesel. A full tank of diesel in Gen-

set room can run and supply the electricity for the whole building for approximately 24

hours. (Electric Power Transmission and Distribution, 2008)

Under UBBL Section 253(1):

Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power

automatically in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the event of accident to

elements of the system supplying power and illumination essential for safety to life

and property.

Figure 3.21 Floor Plan Showing Location of Gen-set Room

39 Page

3.5 Summit Mall Electrical Supply Analysis

1. Under MS 1525: 7. Electric power and distribution

This clause applies to the energy efficiency requirements of electric motors,

transformers and distribution systems of buildings except those required for

emergency purposes.

All electrical power distribution equipment should be selected for their energy

efficiency and to minimize cost of ownership. Cost of ownership includes the

capital cost and the cost of energy over the equipment life time.

Supply system voltage has significant impact on losses. Hence, the supply

voltage should be maintained as close as possible to the design/optimum

voltage of the equipment installed.

In Summit Mall , the Gen-set room is located just beside transformer room, the

strategic location minimized the current travel distance, reducing the voltage drop

which is very efficient. At the same time, the Gen-set room is using the same

transformer with consumer room, unlike some other building, the Gen-set room have

another specialized transformer for backup usage only. By sharing the same

transformer, it achieved to minimize cost of ownership.

Figure 3.22 Floor Plan Showing Location of LV Room and Gen-set Room

40 Page

2. Under UBBL Section 253(1)

Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power

automatically in the event of failure of the normal supply or in the event of

accident to elements of the system supplying power and illumination essential

for safety to life and property.

In Summit Mall, the emergency power supply

system meets all the requirement stated in

UBBL section 253(1). Diesel generator set is

used as standby power supply system to

provide electricity power during power failure,

the diesel fuel beside the generator can be

used to run the generator for up to 24 hours or

more. Hence, Uninterruptible Power Supply is

also provided to back up the warm up period

of generators.

Figure 3.23 Gen-set Room

Figure 3.24 Diesel Tank inside Gen-set Room

41 Page

TNB Room

Consumer/High Tension

Room

Transformer Main Switch Boards

Gen-set Room

Sub-switch Borads

Distribution Boards

Power Plants

3.6 Conclusion

According to Universal Building By Law (UBBL, every element in electricity supply

system are built accordingly in the correct place and each of the electricity component

play their roles. In conclusion, we can conclude that the electricity supply system at

Summit Mall follow the necessary requirements set by the governments for operating

the building in terms of electricity, the voltage supplied is adequate. Above is the sum

up of the flow electricity supply system. From all the above it is for the safety of the

workers and the peoples in the building and to aware the flow of the electricity.

In Summit Mall, the building services is not what we expected as it is a huge building

which will occupied high density. I observed that most of the safety system are not

functioning and are poorly maintained. For examples, the emergency phone and the

fire escape door which is allocated near the stairs. Besides, some of the lifts in the

Summit Mall are also not functioning. Forcing the users to use both the stairs and

escalator only. Moreover, the population in Summit Mall is lesser compared to other

shopping complex like Mid Valley Megamall, Subang Parade or 1 Utama. This could

because the environment in Summit Mall are not user comfortable. My first

impression of the building is that it is dull and dark almost like an abandoned building.

Summit Mall have to take serious manner about this issue and improve its lighting to

be more brighter.

42 Page

Chapter 4

4.0 Sanitary, Sewerage and Drainage System

4.1 Introduction


4.3 Case Study


4.4.1 Sanitary System

4.4.1.1 Water Closet

4.4.1.2 Basin

4.4.1.3 Traps

4.4.2 Stacks

4.4.2.1 Waste Pipe

4.4.2.2 Plumbing

4.4.3 Septic Tank

4.4.4 Manhole

4.4.5 Drainage System

4.4.5.1 Gutter

4.4.5.2 Downspout

4.5 Analysis

4.6 Conclusion

43 Page

4.1 Introduction

Sanitary and sewerage system is an underground carriage of wastewater system

which collect and transport sewage from buildings through pipes, drains, manholes

and inlet to treatment plant or disposal. Wastewater is drained and separated into

black water and grey water. Black water consist of the product from sanitary

usagesfor instancefaeces, urine and flushwater from WC, whereas grey water is the

waste water generated from washing food, clothes, dishware, and bathing. Grey

water has been legalized to be used for watering plants or recycled for flushing toilet.

There are two types of sewer systems which is separate sewer system and

combined sewer system. Separate sewerage carried domestic and waste water and

surface runoff separately. Waste water needs treatment whereas storm water does

not. Combined sewerageare large networks of underground pipes that carry

domestic sewage, waste water and storm water runoff in a single pipe system to

centralised treatment facility. There is a network of underground sewer pipes, pump

station, regulator and waste water treatment plant.This system does not need on-site

treatment or storage, therefore, it must be designed to maintain self-cleansing

velocity with a minimal flow of 0.6 to 0.75m/s. There are many advantages such as

low operation and maintenance costs compare to separate system. Besides that, it

minimised intervention by users which is convenience and no problem occurs while

storm water and waste water discharged simultaneously. Underground piping can be

distinguished into three types which are service line, mainline and access point.

44 Page


The main features of sewerage system consist of collection, carriage, treatment and

disposal which known as waste water treatment plant. (Figure 2.5.2.0)

Figure4.1 Waste Water Treatment Plant

Source: Mancl, K. (2015).

Preliminary Treatment

Screening

It was use to remove only large solid material in order to protect downstream

operations. There is also special equipment used to remove grit that gets washed

into the sewer.

Primary Treatment

Wastewater still contains someorganic solid matter or human waste. Most of the

solids settle to the bottom of the tanks and form a watery sludge, known as ‘settled

sewage’, which will removed for separate treatment.

Secondary Treatment

Settled sewage will flows to an aerobic biological treatment stage where comes into

contact with micro-organisms which remove and oxidise most of the remaining

organic pollutants. Air is pumped into the water to encourage good bacteria to break

down tiny bits.

Tertiary Treatment

45 Page

The treated wastewateris then passed through a final settlement tank, where the

good bacteria sink to the bottom. Sludges is forms at the bottom of the tank from

settling of the bacteria action. Besides that, the water is allowed over where the

filtered through a bed of sand.

Sludge Treatment

All methods of sewage treatment generate organic sludges as by products and these

must be managed separately from the liquid sewage. It can be recycled for

agricultural, use as fertiliser and also generate energy. There are three ways to do it,

combined heat and power, gas to grid and thermal destruction.

4.3 Case study

Operation of system

There are several scattered washroom units in one single floor, the layout of the

washrooms are arranged in same layout with each floor as Summit Mall uses the

sewerage stack system which eased the installation of the sewer required

components, keep the pipes vertical and straight to optimize soil and odor disposal

efficiency, meanwhile, minimizing the number of stack pipes for space-saving, where

the ducts provide adequate spacing for the piping system according to the UBBL By

Laws – Section 123.

UBBL by Law – Section 123

(1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate

pipes, cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosure shall

be –

(a) Adequate for the accommodation od the pipes, cables or conduits and

the crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing;

and

(b) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stop cocks and

other controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to

be made to each or all of the services accommodated.

46 Page

(2) The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and

suitable places to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.

Figure 4.2 Positions of public washrooms in Summit Mall on each floor.

47 Page

4.4 Component of system

4.4.1 Sanitary system

4.4.1.1 Water Closet

a. Water Closet (WC)

Figure 4.3 Wall hung water closet

Summit Mall uses wall mounted WC with hidden water tank. Blockage of WC rarely

happens. Valve-closet system is used as waterway design systems to allow valve

open and water pan flows rapidly out of the bowl into the drains. Plastic connectors

are used for joining the outlet to the soil branch pipe. Soil waste dispense from WC

outlet is connected to the soil stack. The flush pipe joint is made with a rubber cone

connector that fits tightly between WC and pipe.

48 Page

b. Squat toilet

Figure 4.4 Squat toilet with internal cistern

Squatting slabs made of porcelain with concrete covered by tiles. Squats toilet

essentially named for toilet pan or bowel at floor level. It may use a water seal to be

a flush toilet or it can be without a water seal and therefore be a dry toilet. It has the

same system as WC. This will then connected to a nearby septic tank then

connected to sewerage pipe system. Wastewater treatment plant will be carried out.

c. Urinal

Figure 4.5 Bowl urinal

Source: Waterlessurinals.co.uk, (2015).

49 Page

Electronic automatic flushes are commonly used to save water consumption.

Urinals are washed an intervals by means of an automatic flushing cistern

discharging 4.5L of water per bowl. It is directly connected to waste pipe. The

advantages of this system consist of save water, cut cost and well maintenance.

4.4.1.2 Basin

d. Basin

Figure 4.6 Sinks

This is a wall-mounted sinks which the plumbing lines will run directly to the

piping in the wall which provide aesthetics to the building. Maintenance are

easy as the design of wall-mounted is cantilevered and opened space

underneath the sink. The used water goes through the basin waste, into the

drainage pipe and then sewer.

4.4.1.3 Traps

Figure 4.7 Bottle trap sink

Source: Products, O., Us, C., & Sinks, L. (2015).

50 Page

The bottle trap is an essential element of basins plumbing that keeps the bath

room hygienic and clean. It helps to prevents bad smell, gases and pest which

may cause harmful to health. Traps are the devices which contain a water-

seal of about 50mm to 75mm to prevent gases escaping into sanitary fittings.

It was placed below the washbasin and sink to prevent entry of foul gases.

When more water gushes in the water inside the bottle trap goes into the

drain and fills with the new water that comes from the waste. Thus the trap

always remains with certain amount of water and the pipe from the basin

remains into this water the bottle trap. The advantages of using bottle traps

features with long and thin shape which does not take up much space

compare to P/S trap.

e. Trap water seal

Figure 4.8 Trap water seal

Nearly all sewer pipes and fixtures in a building will install a trap water seal.

This seals play an important role as they stop the gases which form in sewer

pipes from coming into the building. Some may have inspection opening (I.O.)

at the base of the seal pipe to prevent blockages and to trap solid object or

substances from entering the rest of the waste water pipe.

inlet

outlet

51 Page

f. Floor trap

Figure 4.9 Floor trap

Source: Imgsoup.com. (2015).

The function of floor trap is the collect waste water from bathroom, wash basin,

shower and sink etc. These are available in UPVC or cast iron material and

provide removable grating (JALI) on the top of the trap. The advantage of using

trap is it provide convenience for cleaning. An efficient trap should maintain the

water seal for all the conditions of flow. The minimum depth of water seal should

be 50mm.

g. Gully trap

Gully traps receive discharge from wastewater fixtures. One gully trap may

receive discharge pipes from several outlets. If a drainage system blocked, gully

trap provides the point where sewerage can overflow outside the building. It must

have an overflow rim at least 150mm below the overflow level of the lowest

fixture served by the system, located within the legal boundary of the land on

which the building stands, to prevent surface water from entering the trap. A floor

gully acts as a floor drain as to receive the discharge from wastewater fixtures.

The advantage of using this is to reduce the number of connections to the drain

and the length of pipe.

52 Page

UBBL By-Law, Section 43:

In all buildings, the size of latrines, water closets and bathrooms shall be-

(a) In the case of latrines or water-closets with pedestal-type closet

fittings, not less than 1.5 metres by 0.75 metre;

(b) In the case of water closets with fittings other than pedestal-type

closet fittings, not less than 1.25 metres by 0,75 metre;

(c) In the case of bathrooms, not less than 1.5 square metres with a

width of not less than 0.75 metre; and

(d) In the case of bathrooms with closet fittings, not less than 2

square metres with a width of not less than 0.75 metre.

4.4.2 Stack

4.4.2.1 Waste pipe

Figure 4.10 Connection to the stack

Source: Waybuilder.net,. (2015).

53 Page

The system of pipes that transfer water and waste to a sewer line or septic tank is

call the drain-waste-vent (DWV) system. It has three components:

Drain lines collect water from sinks, showers, and tubs.

Waste lines carry waste from toilets.

Vent lines exhaust sewer gases and allow wastes to flow freely.

All drain and waste line slope slightly downward from the fixture toward the sewer or

septic system.

Pipes are large in diameter. Traditionally 32mm to 100mm to minimize the possibility

of blockages. The main soil stack for toilets is normally a 100mm pipe whereas

shower usually will have a 50mm pipe. Sink, bathtubs, lavatories and laundry tubs

may be served by 30mm to 50mm pipes. As long as there is no drain at the

connection point, several vents may be connected together and joined to one large

soil stack.

4.4.2.2 Plumbing

Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains, fittings, vavles, and fixtures installed for

the distribution of potable water for drinking, heating and washing, and

waterborne waste removal.

Figure 4.11 Three types of pipe with different carries

54 Page

Plastic

Plastic pipe is widely used for domestic water supply and drain-waste-vent

(DWV) pipe. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the most common material for

drainage system nowadays. The main supply divides into one system of pipes

for cold water and hot water. Parallel hot and cold water pipes slope slightly to

the lowest point so the pipes can be drained through a valve or faucet.

(Vandervort, D. 2015.) It is more often used to carry high pressure water. In

Summit Mall, white pipe used for water supply whereas the grey pipe is used

for drains and vents. The diameter usually is 30mm-50mm for waste pipe

horizontally whereas 75mm for vertical position.

Copper

Copper resists corrosion very well, and is ideal for carrying hot and cold water,

as well as gas. Copper pipe comes in three sizes: M (a very thin wall), L

(medium thickness) and K (thickest walls). Types M and L are usually used for

interior hot and cold supply lines. Type K serves for underground service line.

4.4.3 Septic tank

A septic tank consists of 1,000 and 2,000 gallons that connected to an inlet

waste water pipe at the end and a septic drain field at the other side. It is

made up by a T-pipe which allows liquid to enter and exit without disturbing

any crust on the surface. The design of the tank incorporates two chambers

which are separated by means of dividing wall that has openings located

about midway between the floor and roof of the tank.

Figure 4.12Details of septic tank

55 Page

Source: Turf2max.com,. (2015).

Waste water enters the first chamber of the tank, allow solids to settle and

scum to float. The settled solids will be digested by itself to reduce the volume

of solids. The liquid component will flows through the dividing wall into the

second chamber, where further settlement takes place, with excess liquid

then draining in a relatively clear condition from the outlet into the leach field

also known as a drain field. The remaining impurities will trapped and

eliminated in the soil. The entire septic system can operate by gravity alone or,

where topographic consideration require, with inclusive of a lift pump. Certain

septic tank designs include siphons or methods of increasing the volume and

velocity of outflow to the drainage field.

According to Malaysian Water Association (MWA)/(BS5572:1994),

Make sure all proposed design calculations and drawings documentation to

be prepared earlier and need to be endorsed & sign by the Clients before

doing any final Building Submissions to the authorities. (e.g.

MajlisPerbandaranSelayang, MajlisPerbandaran Kelang, MajlisPerbandaran

Shah Alam, DewanBandaraya Kuala Lumpur and etc.). Those approval

processes would take around three(3) to four(4) months from the date of

submission.

According to UBBL Act 113,

No water pipe, stack pipe or down spout used for converting surfacing water

from and premises shall be used or permitted to serve or act as ventilating

shaft to any drain or sewer.

According to UBBL Act 503, Section 31.(1)

No person shall construct any sewerage system or septic tank without the

prior written permission of the Director General approving the plans and

specifications of the proposed sewerage system or septic tank.

56 Page

4.4.4 Manholes

Figure 4.13 Manholes

Manhole acts as a tube that connects underground utilities like a sewer or

cable system to the surface. It has to be large enough to fit in a size of a

human in order for the utility worker to enter for some maintenance and

repairing purposes. The minimum internal dimensions of a manhole are

600mmx900mm and can be any depth, although most modern manholes tend

to be at least 1 meter deep with inspection chambers used for shallower

depths. The thickness of the wall also part of the manhole to be considered.

Manholes are usually outfitted with metal, polypropylene, or fiberglass steps

installed in the inner side of the wall to allow easy descent into the utility

space. The design of manhole should be flexible enough in case there will be

pipe-size changes or any alterations during and after construction. There are

two main design criteria for manholes which is:

Manholes must be large enough to house the highest intersecting pipe size.

The minimum structural length between adjacent pipe openings in a manhole

should be maintained frequently.

57 Page

UBBL

82. (1) wherever the dampness or position of the site of a building renders it

necessary, the subsoil of the site shall be effectively drained or such other

steps shall be taken as will effectively protect the building against damage

from moisture.

83. (1) all air-wells and open spaces in end around buildings shall be suitable

protected against soil erosion.

Schematic drawing of sewage system

Figure 4.14 Lower ground floor plan showing location of manholes on site.

There is a centralized manhole on site to collect the waste, after which this

leads to public manhole. There are PVC pipes direct the sewerage to the

public manhole.

58 Page

UBBL

84. (1) suitable measures shall be taken to prevent the penetration of

dampness and moisture into a building

(2) damp proof courses where provide shall comply with BS 743

(materials for horizontal D.P.C)

4.4.5 Drainage system

Figure 4.15 Drainage (Summit Mall)

The drainage system is an essential for all types of building to drain off excess

water from streets, sidewalk, roofs and other areas of the building. Storm

water drainage is used to drain storm water which also known as storm drains,

storm sewer or drainage wells. Storm drains are separated from sewer

system for sanitary purposes. Drainage system is to prevent flood, making

unsafe for human activities around the building and also human health.

59 Page

4.4.5.1 Gutter

Figure 4.16 Gutter (Summit Mall)

Source: Guttersupply.com,. (2015).

The main function of gutter is to collect and divert the rainwater from the roof

to protect the building’s foundation. Gutter helps to prevent leakage and

reduces erosion of the building. Rain gutter are usually made of materials

such as cast iron, lead, zinc, galvanized steel, painted aluminium and PVC.

Rainwater will be diverted from the gutter to downspout or downpipe and

lastly to drain.

4.4.5.2 Downspout

Figure 4.17 Downspout (Summit Mall)

Downspouts are drainage pipes that direct rainwater from roof to ground. This

is where rainwater is lead away from the buildings foundation so no rainwater

60 Page

is able to pool around the building. Downspouts are most commonly seen

attached to the corners of home or building. The working of downspout is very

important. If it is not installed perfectly, rainwater will fall off the roofs edge

and may cause flooding and damage to the building. Rainwater will pass

through the cracks in the walls, windows and into the building foundation. The

disadvantage of downspouts is that they clog very easily when twigs, leaves,

and other debris accumulate within the downspout itself. This will affect

rainwater to drain properly throughout the downspout. Any debris that found in

the gutters should be removed. Running a hose through the gutters will reveal

if there are any clogs in the downspouts.

Law of Malaysia Act 133, Street, Drainage and building Act 1974

Under laws of Malaysia Act 133, no water-pipe, stack pipe or down spout for

conveying surface water from any premises shall be used or be permitted to

serve or act as a ventilating shaft to any drain or sewer.

Street Drainage and Building Act 1974, Section 56(1)

Rain water pipes not to be used as soil pipe. No pipe used for the carrying off

rain water from any roof shall be used for the purpose of carrying off the soil

or drainage from any privy or water closet or any sullage water.

Street Drainage and Building Act 1974, Section 57

No water pipe, stack pipes or downspout used for conveying surface water

from any premises shall be used or permitted to serve or to act as ventilating

shaft to any drain or sewer.

- Under JKR20800-23:1.3.1, Storage tank shall be watertight and properly

supported, provided with dust and mosquito-proof cover. The cover shall

be constructed that it shall not be airtight. The storage shall be provided

with a high pressure ball valve on the inlet and of the same size as inlet

pipe, overflow / warning pipe shall discharge outside the building.

61 Page

UBBL by Law – Section 115

All roof of buildings shall be constructed as to drain effectively to suitable

and sufficient channels, gutters, chutes or troughs which shall be provided

in accordance with the requirements of these By-Laws for receiving and

conveying all water which may fall on and from the roof.

62 Page

4.5Analysis

In Summit Mall, liquid waste are being release in sanitary appliances and being flush

into the vertical waste pipe also called as stacks. From stacks will then travel to

septic tank in the basement of the building and through a soil pipe, wastewater is

being pumped into the public sewer line. Wastewater travel alone the public sewer

line to a wastewater treatment plant nearby for treatment before clean water being

send to the nearby water sources.

Most of the sewerage pipes and vents, including the storm drains and sewer are

hidden and cannot be seen. Most sewage pipes and vents, including the storm

drains and sewer are hidden and cannot be seen. Most sewage pipes run across

above ceiling panels, and behind walls. Therefore, this is a good thing for the

aesthetics of the building interior and exterior. Even the pipes beneath washroom

sinks are hidden by a concrete surface. The smell and odour around the building is

fresh, as every plumbing fixture and sewage inlet such as water closet and floor

traps are connected to a stack vent, and every stack vent has a vent pipe till the roof

to allow the smell of the sewage to escape the building, rather than trapping it inside

the building. So, the hygiene is maintained quite well.

63 Page

4.6Conclusion

Summit Mall may consider the use of separate sewerage systems. In a two-pipe

separated system, storm water can be collected through storm drains. Despite the

initial high cost, separating storm water from wastewater is much more

advantageous because it helps to eliminate combined sewer overflow and prevents

flooding by increasing the capacity. In terms of sustainability, it enable storm water to

be used as a resource, to collect and for the use of toilet cleaning and flushing

purpose. Summit Mall, for several cases to do follow the accordance of the UBBL.

However, presently it does not face any issues regarding its sewerage and drainage

system. It would therefore be better if separate sewerage system is implemented,

increasing the efficiency of out the building’s handling of waste output. For long term,

it would help in saving cost as a separate system would mean rainwater can be

recycled. Maintenance is easier as pipes are separated and can be individually

repaired and fixed.

64 Page

Chapter 5

5.0 Mechanical Transportation System



5.2.1 Elevators

5.2.2 Escalators

5.3 Case Study

2.3.1 Control System & Location of elevators and escalators

2.3. Control System & Location of elevators


5.4.1 Geared Traction Lift

5.4.2 Parallel Escalator

5.5 Analysis

5.6 Conclusion

65 Page

Mechanical Transportation System

5.1 Introduction

This chapter is to investigate the transport system in Summit Mall, which is divided

into escalators and elevators. Each component in both elevator and escalator is

explained and analyzed the system operation with the aid of diagram and pictures.

Thus, an explanation on highlighting the functions and the specifications of these

components. The entire system and specifications will be analyzed in accordance to

the Uniform Building By-Law requirements as well as other requirements to identify

the efficiency in its design. Finally, a summary of the lift system will be provided to

clarify the dimensions as well as specifications.


Vertical transportation has been a very important component especially in the

present construction industry. The vertical transportation devices are included

elevators, escalators and other mechanical devices in a building for transporting

people or goods from floors to floors.

5.2.1 Elevators

With the advances in technology, different types of vertical transportation have been

invented and one of the most recent one is the machine room-less (MRL) elevators

which do not require the use of a machine room.

Some of the advantages of using a machine room-less traction elevators are:

The availability of extra space to be used in the building

Reduction costs, time materials and coordination issues

Easier installation

Reduces the carbon footprint of the building while using up to 75% less

energy

An elevator is a transport device used to move goods or people vertically which

considered a requirement in all buildings which are over three storeys. Geared

traction lifts are being used in this building. Geared traction lift is connected to the

66 Page

sheave by gears in a gear box. Geared traction systems are designed to operate in

the range of 100 to 500fpm, which restricts their use to mid rise buildings. A traction

elevator works like a pulley system in which the car is balanced by a counterweight

on the other end. These two components are linked together by steel belts or steel

wire ropes that is lopped over the machine. The counterweight functions as a

counterbalance to the weight of the car thus reducing the energy required to raise

and lower the elevator.

5.2.2 Escalators

An escalator is a conveyor transport device for transporting people, consisting of a

staircase whose steps move up or down on tracks that keep the surfaces of the

individual steps horizontal. The angle of inclination is normally 30', but may increase

to 35' if the vertical rise does not exceed 6m and the speed is limited to 0.5ms-1.

The moving stairway, also referred to as an escalator or an electric stairway, was

first operated at the Paris Exposition in 1900. Its modern successors deliver

passengers comfortably. rapidly, safely. and continuously at constant speed and

usually with no delay at the boarding level. The annoyance of waiting for elevators is

eliminated. Also, no time is lost by acceleration, retardation, levelling, and door

operation, or by passenger interference in getting in or out of the cars. Instead of

formal lobbies and hallways leading to a bank of elevators on each floor and a ride in

a small, enclosed box, the electric stairway is always in motion. inviting passengers

to ride on an open. airy. observation type conveyance that can never trap them due

to equipment or power failure.

Automatic Escalator System is a very useful project and help in reducing the use of

energy and providing efficient system. This project has variety of applications. The

main part of this project are Human sensor, Micro-controller unit, driver unit and

escalator motor. The whole system is automatic and when someone steps on the

escalator, it senses it and according go up or down.In a building, where the top

occupied floor is over 18.5metres above the fire appliance access level fire lifts shall

be provided. Fire lifts shall be provided as the rate of on lift in every group of lifts

which discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the

rising main.

67 Page

5.3 Case Study

5.3.1 Elevators

5.3.1.1 Control System

3.1.2 Location of elevators and escalators

Fig 5.1 Location of elevators, escalators, control room and fire lifts in Basement 2 plan

68 Page

Fig 5.2 Location of elevators, escalators, control room and fire lifts in Floor 1 plan

Fig 5.3 Location of elevators, escalators, control room and fire lifts in Floor 6 plan

69 Page

5.4 Components of System

In Summit Mall lift system, electric lift system have been applied. They are

exclusively driven by geared traction lift. the designation "traction" means that the

power from an electric motor is transmitted to the multiple rope suspension of the car

and a counterweight by friction between the specially shaped grooves of the driving

of traction sheave of the machine and the ropes.

5.4.1 Geared Traction Lift

Machine room-less elevator employs a smaller shaft than conventional geared and

gearless elevators. They do not have dedicated machine room above the elevator

shaft. The shaft size is reduced together with a redesigned machine, allows the

machine to be mounted within the hoist way and eliminating the space needed for a

bulky machine room on the elevator cab. Machine-room-less elevators are becoming

more common. However, many maintenance departments do not like them due to

the hassle of working on a ladder as opposed to within a room.

Fig 5.4 Components of elevator (Source: International Labor Organization, Geneva, 2011.)

70 Page

Section 153

1. All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

2. Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

The major components are machine room, cabs and hoist way. Machine rooms for traction elevators generally located directly above the hoist way.

5.4.1.1 Machine room

5.4.1.1.1 Traction machine

Fig 5.5 Traction machine (Source: EveryChina, 2011.)

It is powered by AC-DC electrical motor. It functions to turn the sheave which then

moves the elevator car. Compared with gearless traction, it uses less energy to turn

the motor and help to save energy cost. It used in high-rise applications whereby the

drive motor and drive sheave are connected in line on a common shaft. It requires

minimal space requirement by eliminating the traction machine gearbox. Unlike

traditional induction motors that lose efficiency at lower speeds, this machine is

equipped with a highly efficient permanent magnet synchronous motor. It moves the

car by ropes and incorporates a motor and a brake. The traction sheave is

connected directly to the motor shaft and the motor rotation (speed) directly

regulated the traction sheave. The brand of elevator that Summit Mall uses is

Schindler and according to the building service manager, the geared machine is

check and maintained every month by compatible person.

71 Page

5.4.1.1.2 Governor

Fig 5.6 Governor (Source: International Labor Organization, Geneva, 2011.)

A governor is an elevator device acting as a stop device in case the elevator runs

beyond the rated speed, an over speed governor must be installed in the traction

elevators which function as activates the safety gears by the governor ropes when

the car speed has exceeded its limit. When an elevator reaches a predetermined

over speed, the switch located in a governor opens and power is removed fromt he

machine motor and brake. The braking mechanism that operates in response to

movement of the elevator remains disable until the switch is manually re-set. In

machine room-less elevators, the governor is located in the hoist way, therefore

accessing the resetting a governor overspeed switch is time consuming, complicated

and costly.

72 Page

5.4.1.2 Hoist way

5.4.1.2.1 Polyurethane-coated steel belt

Fig 5.7 Polyurethane-coated steel belt (Source: United Technologies, 2015.)

Machine room-less system uses flat polyurethane-coated steel belts that replace the

heavy woven steel cables. There are several advantages to using these belts which

are make sheave possible, they are only 3mm thick, yet they are as strong as woven

steel cables and far more durable, flexible and space-saving. In terms of space

saving, the flexible flat belt enables a more compact, energy-efficient machine, which

can be contained in the hoist way. Besides, the polyurethane coating avoids metal-

to-metal contact that reduces noise and vibration. Moreover, flat polyurethane-

coated steel belts last longer compared to conventional steel ropes, two to three

times longer life span.

73 Page

5.4.1.2.2 Counterweight

Fig 5.8 Counterweight (Source: Visualphotos, 2013.)

The ropes that lift the car are also connected to a counterweight, which hangs on the

other side of the sheave. The counterweight weighs about the same as the car filled

to 40-percent capacity. In other words, when the car is 40 percent full (an average

amount), the counterweight and the car are perfectly balanced.The purpose of this

balance is to conserve energy. With equal loads on each side of the sheave, it only

takes a little bit of force to tip the balance one way or the other. Basically, the motor

only has to overcome friction -- the weight on the other side does most of the work.

To put it another way, the balance maintains a near constant potential energy level in

the system as a whole. Using up the potential energy in the elevator car (letting it

descend to the ground) builds up the potential energy in the weight (the weight rises

to the top of the shaft). The same thing happens in reverse when the elevator goes

up. The system is just like a see-saw that has an equally heavy kid on each end.Both

the elevator car and the counterweight ride on guide rails along the sides of the

elevator shaft. The rails keep the car and counterweight from swaying back and forth,

and they also work with the safety system to stop the car in an emergency.Roped

elevators are much more versatile than hydraulic elevators, as well as more efficient.

Typically, they also have more safety systems. In the next section, we'll see how

these elements work to keep you from plummeting to the ground if something goes

wrong .Balances the weight of the car.

74 Page

5.4.1.3 Cabs

5.4.1.3.1 Cabin ceiling

Fig 5.9 Cabin ceiling which showing the ventilation

Car ceiling is designed to be able to support two persons during maintenance

operation without permanent deformation. Car ceiling is prepared also to mount

emergency trap door, blower fan and balustrade. False ceiling is the main source of

lighting in the elevator car, there are many different designs for elevator lighting.

5.4.1.3.2 Car operating panel

Fig 5.10 Car operating panel

A panel mounted in the car containing the car operating controls, such as register

buttons, door open and close, alarm emergency stop and whatever other buttons or

key switches are required for operation. The smart elevator alarming system needs

to automatically to regional control center. This allow the company to dispatch local

service personnel to each problem location, cutting response times and aiding the

company in manpower allocation.

75 Page

5.4.1.3.3 Door sensor

Fig 5.11 Door sensor

Infra red door sensors or beams are now common in modern days elevator. The

beam detects objects on the doorway when opening and closing. If the sensors

triggers a person or an object, it will cause the doors to reopen and does not close

until the person moved away or the object is removed from the doorway.

Section 151 Ventilation in lift shafts

Where openings to light shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift

shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre lift located at

the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air lift

shafts be vented to the exterior through duct of required FPR as for the lift shaft.

76 Page

5.4.1.3.4 Fire Lift

Fig 5.12 Fire switch

When fire happens, all the elevators will be sent back to the ground floor and

electricity is cut off. Fire lift will be powered by generator for fireman to access.

However, the fire switch must be activated to switch to manual mode. When in

manual mode, the fire lift can only be control from the inside by firemen. Fire lift

functions as normal passenger lift when not in use.

77 Page

5.4.1.4 How the geared elevator works

Fig 5.13 The working elevator (Source: HowStuffsWork, 2013.)

78 Page

5.4.2 Escalator

Fig 5.14 Components of escalator (Source: Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, 2015)

Fig 5.15 Eescalator in Summit Mall

79 Page

5.4.2.1 Balustrade

Fig 5.16 Components of balustrade (Source: Behance by Aobo Zhou, 2014)

The Balustrade consists of the handrail and the exterior supporting structure of the

escalator. It is the escalator exterior components extending above the steps and it

supports the handrail. It is either designed as Interior Low-deck or Interior High-

deck.

The balustrade may also refer to the individual interior panels, skirt panels, and deck

covers of the escalator. Each interior balustrade panel section is individually

removable to allow easy access to the escalator interior for cleaning, maintenance,

and component replacement.

Fig 5.17 Components of escalator (Source: Behance by Aobo Zhou, 2014)

The moving handrail provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are

riding the escalator. In an escalator, the handrail is pulled along its track by a chain

that is connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys.

80 Page

5.4.2.2 Truss

Fig 5.18 Truss section (Source: Behance by Aobo Zhou, 2014)

The escalator truss is the structural frame of the escalator and consists of three

major areas:

The lower section,

Incline section,

Upper section.

It is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings. It is

composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom

and just below the top.

The ends of the truss are attached to the top and bottom landing platforms via steel

or concrete supports. The truss carries all the straight track sections connecting the

upper and lower sections. The structural steel truss members are designed to carry

the entire load of the escalator equipment and the steel covering without shifting

more than specified by the contract requirements. The entire structure is rigid

enough to maintain close operating tolerances but will allow for building shift and

vibration because of a built-in system of shift- plates and Teflon pads.

81 Page

5.4.2.3 Steps

Fig 5.19 Steps of escalator (Source: Behance by Aobo Zhou, 2014)

The steps are solid, one piece, die-cast aluminium or steel. Yellow demarcation lines

may be added to clearly indicate their edges.

The steps are linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a closed loop. The front

and back edges of the steps are each connected to two wheels. The rear wheels are

set further apart to fit into the back track and the front wheels have shorter axles to fit

into the narrower front track. As described above, the position of the tracks controls

the orientation of the steps.

The Step Plate (Tread) is the surface area of the step people step on. The

step plate is usually made of an aluminium plate with longitudinal cleats or grooves

that run through the combs and provide secure footing.

The Step Riser is the vertical cleat cast into the front of a step, designed to

pass between the cleats of adjacent step, thus creating a combing action with

minimum clearance for safety.

The Demarcations are yellow strips or may be in bold color around the step

tread but mostly located at the front and at the rear ends of the tread. They are used

to visually locate the step separation and visual contrast between the steps and the

combs.

Frame/Yoke - main support for riser, step tread, and step wheels

Trail Wheels are used to guide the step and support its load on the track and

prevent it from being out of plane.

Step Hook normally attached to the end of the yoke by the step wheel used to

activate the step up thrust safety device when the steps are not on their plane of

travel at the top and bottom inclines.

82 Page

5.5 Analysis

For a mid-rise building, Summit Mall has successfully provided enough

elevators which exceeds far more than the requirement stated by UBBL

where non-residential is not a problem. Summit Mall has met the

requirement of UBBL to install a smoke detector at every lift lobbies in

the building. Smoke detectors installed instead of fire detector, this is

because smoke is to detected first for lift occupants to exit lift before fire

actually happens. However, the number of escalators are not enough.

The distance between one to one is too far. This makes users difficult to

find the way.

We noticed there is an exhaust fan in life motor room. It is installed at

the lift motor room to enhance the air circulation and reduce the heat

stored in the room as the motor release heat due the continuous

operation for the lift. Mainly, is to avoid the motor from over heating as it

is always in operation.

5.6 Conclusion

As a conclusion, the mechanical transportation system in Summit Mall is applicable

for the function of the building as a shopping centre. It is designed and projected

accordingly to provide an optimum experience for its customers. However, Summit

Mall is renovating which all escalators would change to room-less elevators. The use

of the motor room-less elevator consume comparative fewer amounts of the building

energy and space.

83 Page

Chapter 6

6.0 Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning System

6.1 Introduction


6.3 Case Study


6.4.1 Cooling Tower

6.4.2 Chiller Plant Room

6.4.2.1 Evaporator

6.4.2.2 Compressor

6.4.2.3 Condenser

6.4.2.4 Refrigerant

6.4.2.5 Condenser Chilled Water Pump

6.4.2.6 Control Panel

6.4.3 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

6.4.4 Air Handling Unit (AHU)

6.4.4.1 Air Filter

6.4.4.2 Fan

6.4.4.3 Cooling Coil

6.4.4.4 Mixer

6.4.4.5 Humidifier

6.4.4.6 Enthalpy Wheel

6.4.5 Diffuser

6.4.6 Duct System

6.4.7 Pipe System

6.5 Analysis

6.6 Conclusion

84 Page

6.1 Introduction

This part of research discuss about the Thermal Comfort of our chosen case study

building, Summit Mall. Throughout this research, we are able to know the air-

conditioning system of the building and have a better understanding to function of air

conditioning system.

Thermal comfort is easily to be achieved when the building ventilation design rules

and regulations are followed. Guidelines to be follows are Malaysian Standard

(MS1525) and Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL). Mechanical ventilation basically

function to redraw in the natural air from outside and expel the state air to create

better ventilation within the building, improving the air circulation within the building.

It also help to control the temperature and the air purity within the building.

There is only one mechanical ventilation system has been used in Summit Mall,

which is centralized air-conditioning system. Centralised air-conditioning system is a

process of removing heat content from multiple sources in the building through a

series of heat exchange equipment which ultimately remove the heat to the outdoor

atmosphere. This process involves the application of chiller, water pump units and

cooling tower as shown below.

Figure 6.1: Centralized Air- Conditioning System (Source:https://talkintrashwithuhn.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/a-simple-chilled-water-system.jpg)

85 Page


This literature review is based on the related topic studied and has been given a

complete explanation on how the system work out. The stated review below is

essential hint in the study of air- conditioning system.

Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air, primarily temperature

and humidity to more favourable conditions in Summit Mall. The control of these

conditions may be desirable to maintain the health and comfort of the occupants, or

to meet the requirements of industrial processes irrespective of the external climatic

condition. In the process of carrying out this project, researches and observations

needed to complete air-condition system reports.

Principles of air - conditioning is to keep it more comfortable inside the house than it

is outside.However, another important aspect within the disciplines is the control of

air temperature, control air humidity, air-circulation and air quality. It pervades the

entire air- condition field determining how the systems operate to meet the design

goals of comfort, safety and cost-effective operation.

Air-conditioning refers to the sensible and latent cooling of air. Sensible cooling

involves the control of air temperature while latent cooling involves the control of air

humidity. Room air is cooled by transferring heat between spaces, such as with a

water loop heat pump system, or by rejecting it to the outside air via air-cooled or

water-cooled equipment.

86 Page

The components of the air-conditioning will be studied based on the following

sequences:

Chilled Water System

Chilled Water System also known as Water-Cooled System. Chilled wAter System

uses chiller plant to produce water that is pumped into fan coil units found in AHU

rooms. Then the heat rejected from room to water is then pumped back into chiller

unit where it is rejected by a condenser where water directed from cooling tower.

Water is then chilled again and pumped back to the rooms.

Air-Handling Unit (AHU)

The AHU functions to supply constant airflow, draw air in form outside, filter any

pollutants, control temperature, and deliver fresh air into the distribution system.

Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

Fan coil units are also found in the air-conditioning system, which act similar to an

induction system but replacing the induction unit.

87 Page

6.3 Case Study

As Summit Mall is a huge shopping mall located at USJ area. Due to its building

size, it utilized a centralized air-conditioning system. This system is suitable for huge

buildings as it requires efficiency of high cooling loads, which needs to be cool at all

times. Centralised system uses chilled water as a cooling medium. This system

comes with water-cooled chillers as well as systems with cooling towers for heat

rejection. The system is broken down into three major subsystems: the air-handling

unit, the chilled water plant and the boiler plant, duct system and diffusers.

Air is taken by the unit either from outside or from the space itself through a return air

system. When the temperature of outdoor air is lower than that of the return air, it is

more economical to use the outdoor air for cooling of the building than to circulate

return air which utilized economizing. When the outdoor air is warmer than the

return air, or when the outdoor temperature is very low, a minimum amount of

outdoor air will be mixed with the return air in order to provide fresh air ventilation for

removal of indoor contaminants such as carbon dioxide.

Preheating and cooling are done with the heat exchanger coils which are supplied

with a heat exchange medium, typically steam or hot water for heating, and chilled

water for cooling. Air flow to the conditioned space may be controlled, as in the case

of a variable air volume system, with a terminal box containing a valve for modulating

air flow. The air is finally delivered to the space through a diffuser, whose purpose is

to mix the supply air and the room air. The terminal box may or may not have a

reheat coil, which provides additional heat when the space does not need to be

cooled or needs less cooling than would be delivered by supply air at the terminal

box’s minimum air quantity setting.

The air leaves the conditioned space either through the return system, or through the

exhaust system. In many installations, the ceilings plenum space is used as part of

the return ducting in order to save the cost of return ductwork.

The chilled water system supplies chilled water for the cooling needs of all the building’s air-handling units. For a water-cooled chiller, the condenser water pump circulates the condenser water through the chiller’s condenser, to the cooling tower,

and back.

88 Page

6.4 Components of System

6.4.1 Cooling Tower

Cooling tower with chillers must have a way to reject the heat that is removed from

the recirculating chilled water system. Reject heat is handled by the condensing

water system, which serves the condensing process within refrigeration cycles.

Cooling tower are usually used as condensing water equipment in larger building.

The cooling tower placed within the overall equipment layout was shown in the figure

6.2.

Cooling tower functions to maximize the surface area contact between outdoor air

and the heat condensing water. Counter flow applies in Summit Shopping Mall, fans

move the air up as the water moves down. Cooling towers create a special and

usually unpleasant microclimate. The demand huge qualities of outdoor air,

approximately 300cfm (142 L/s per ton), which considerably more humid. While the

water that escapes as vapour from the tower is between 1.6 to 2 gph, which is about

1.7 and 2.1 mL/s.

The water is replaced automatically. The steady evaporation and exposure to the

outdoors under hot and humid conditions spells trouble for the condensing water.

Such as, controls for scaling, corrosion and bacteria and algae growth. A special

ozone treatment system which has the advantage of reliable biological control has to

be done with no chemical residue.

The floor space requirements can be approximated by estimation. For towers up to

2.4m high, the average 1

500 of the building gross floor area will be used to allocate

cooling tower. While 1

400of the gross floor area taken for the higher towers.

Clearance of objects near cooling towers must be consulted before tower is enclosed

in any way. Thus, roof is a favourable location for cooling towers, as it allows the

wind to disperse the vapour, and the noise and odour can be remote from the street.

(Pages.drexel.edu, 2015)

89 Page

Figure 6.2: Cooling Tower Placed Within the Overall Equipment Layout

Source: (Grondzik, 2010)

Figure 6.3: Cooling Tower Located at Roof Top

According to MS 1525 code 8.8:

“The system design should avoid

provide means for balancing the

air and water system such as but

not limited to dampers,

temperature and pressure test

connections and balancing

valves.”

90 Page

6.4.2 Chiller

Heat gathered by the recirculating chilled water system is removed by chiller as it

cools the building. The selection of chillers depends largely on the fuel source and

the total cooling load. Chillers include both absorption and compression refrigeration

processes in a wide range of sizes. The compressive refrigeration cycle is in chillers,

as shown in figure 6.4. Larger units are centrifugal chillers whose compressors

either can be driven by an electric motor or can utilize a turbine driven steam or gas.

Exhaust steam is often used to run an auxiliary absorption cycle machine when

steam driven turbine is used. These two devices make an efficient combination, and

the steam plant

A centrifugal chiller is a machine of large capacity using the compressive

refrigeration cycle. The low pressure unit of centrifugal chiller typically produces 100

to 400 tons (350-1400kW) of cooling. Typical dimensions are: 4.3 x 1.5 x 2.4m, at

7260 kg. Centrifugal chillers usually require about 1hp/ ton, which equal to 0.57kW,

or 10ft3 gas, or about 15Ib of steam per ton.

These large chiller usually require cooling tower.

Figure 6.4: Schematic Arrangement of the Compressive Refrigeration Cycle

Source: (Grondzik, 2010)

91 Page

6.4.2.1 Evaporator

Chillers produce chilled water in the evaporator where cold refrigerant flows over the

evaporator tube bundle and evaporates. The evaporator is the heat exchanger

where the heat energy is removed from the water by the boiling of the refrigerant in

the evaporator, thus the chilled water is then pumped, via the chilled-water

distribution system to the building’s air handling units. The chilled water passes

through coils in the air-handler to remove heat from air used to condition spaces

throughout the building. However, this process causes the refrigerant to evaporate

into vapour as it gains heat from the air. The refrigerant vapour is drawn out of the

evaporator by a compressor that “pumps” the vapour to the condenser. The warm

water, which warmed by the heat transferred from the building ventilation air returns

to the evaporator and the cycle starts over.

6.4.2.2 Compressor

The vaporized refrigerant will then leave the evaporator and then be drawn into the

compressor where it is mechanically compressed. The compressor is needed to

converse this low pressure and low temperature gaseous refrigerant into high

pressure, high temperature gas. Then the vapour will be compressed by increasing

the pressure and the temperature of the vapour to a level that is required which is

typically 98 degree F and then flows into the condenser up. Upon leaving the

compressor, the refrigerant enters the condenser side of the chiller.

6.4.2.3 Condenser

The condenser is also the heat exchanger where the refrigerant gas condenses,

giving its heat to the atmosphere. The cold water that cooled in cooling towers is

transferred to condenser to absorb heat from the hot refrigerant gas. This caused

the hot gas in the condenser to be condensed and turned back into liquid form and

being transferred to the evaporator. Meanwhile, the heat transferred the cold water

becomes hot water and is circulated back to the cooling tower to be cooled.


92 Page

Figure 6.5: Centrifugal Chiller Component Source: (Grondzik, 2010)

Figure 6.7: Centrifugal Chiller

Figure 6.6: Evaporator

93 Page

6.4.2.4 Refrigerant

The type of refrigerant used in the chiller is R-134a or HFC-134a or 1,1,1,2-

Tetrafluoroethane as replacement for the more environmentally harmful R-12 and

retrofit kits are available to convert units that were originally R-12 equipped as it is

less damaging compared to CFC and R-12 dichlorodifluoromethane which has ozone

depleting properties. With the discovery of the damaging effect of CFCs and HCFCs

refrigerants to the ozone layer, the HFH family of refrigerant has been widely used

as their replacement. 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is also being considered as

an organic solvent suitable for extraction of flavour and fragrance compounds, as a

possible alternative to other organic solvents and supercritical carbon dioxide. It is

safe for normal handling as it is non-toxic, non-flammable and non-corrosive.


Figure 6.8: Refrigerant Type R134a

Figure 6.9: Refrigerant Type R134a, 60kg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solvent

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragrance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide

94 Page

6.4.2.5 Condenser and Chilled Water Pump

There is two types of pump can be found in the chilled water system, which are

condenser pump and chilled water pump. It is a set of device by using mechanical

forces to move the condenser water. Condenser pump is used to channels the hot

condensed water to the cooling tower and then returns back the cold condensed

water into the condenser. The chilled water pump pumps the chilled water to every

Air Handling Unit (AHU) and it also returns the warm chilled water to the chiller so

that it can be chilled. (Pages.drexel.edu, 2015)

6.4.2.6 Control Panel

The control panels controls all the processes and can adjust manually by the

technicians in the chiller plant room. The control panels also indicate the

temperatures and pressure of each of the chiller. Chiller control systems include

safety and operating controls. If the equipmentmal functions, the safety control shuts

the chiller down to prevent serious damage to the machine. Operating controls allow

adjustment to some chiller operating parameter. To better monitor chiller

performance, the chiller control system should communicate the facility’s direct

digital control(DDC).

Figure 6.10: Condenser and Chilled Water Pump

95 Page

Diagram 6.12: Location of Chiller Plant Room at Summit Mall 6th Floor

Figure 6.11: Control Panels Located at Chiller Plant Room

According to MS 1525 code 8.11.1:

“Chiller water pumps circulating chilled water through the piping system

external to the package, and cooling tower pumps and fans circulating water

or air trough the condenser and cooling tower are not to be included in the

consideration of the COP for the component.

96 Page

6.4.3 Fan Coil Unit (FCU)

Fan Coil Unit is a system similar to AHU but in a smaller scale and the fan speed can

be controlled. It serves the purpose of cooling using chilled water with air flow to the

room ensured by one or more electrically driven fans. It is not connected to the duct

work, but is used to control the temperature in the space where it is installed.

FCU is similar to inducting system with the inducting unit replaced by the fan coil.

FCU are normally used for small spaces. For example, the computer server room is

the only room within the building that uses FCU. This is because the server of the

room needs continuous cooling for 24 hours.

Fan Coil Units may be of the cabinet style, within a room, for free air delivery, or of

the chassis style, concealed within the building structure with minimal ducting

appropriately connected to the inlet and/or outlet of the unit.

Diagram 6.13: Fan Coil Unit(FCU) in Air Handling Unit (AHU)

97 Page

6.4.4Air Handling Unit (AHU)

The AHU room is a room that can be found in every floor of the mall, many AHU are

needed due to the building’s size and complexity as well as the air flow requirements.

There are approximately 3 to 9 AHU at each floor of Summit Mall.

There are many variations of air condition system. In some variations, all the air

passed through one central equipment room. In others, air handling may be done in

many separate and smaller rooms, whereas central heating and cooling require only

one equipment room.

The main function of AHU is to handle the airflow within the entire building. The air

is draw back from the space, let it pass through the cooling coils, mix with fresh air

and then channel back to the office units.

The system for this is called the constant airflow system. This remains the

temperature of airflow will not vary and the AHU is able to provide cool air at the

specific temperature. The temperature can be adjusted with a controlled panel found

in AHU. Since it is a central air conditioning system, the temperature is constant

throughout the entire building; hence different temperature for each room cannot be

adjusted.

The AHU are all enclosed in rooms specifically designed for AHU only. In order to

protect AHU and other components in it from external forces or pressure, it is

electrically charged air and removes the dirt, impurities placed inside a room, in a

form of enclosure. This room of enclosure ensures compactness and it protects the

components within it. (Pages.drexel.edu, 2015)

6.4.4.1 Air filter

Air returning from the rooms enters the air grillers and then

transfer to air ionizer before to the air filter. Ionizer use

charged electrical surfaces to generate electrically charged

air and removes the dirt, impurities and unwanted

contaminations in the air. This helps to improve the air

quality. After air passes the air ionizer, it then moves to air

filter before the cooling coil as to ensure the cleanliness of air Diagram 6.14: Air Filter

98 Page

as well as a protection for the downstream components.

Most air handlers will at least have a set of filters that catch stuff in the air like lint,

bugs, paper, or other things so that these objects don’t damage the coils and fan.

The filters also prevent objects from being launched out in the air being supplied to

the space. These basic filters are usually 2” to 4” thick sometimes exist alone and

are simply called “filters”, but in larger AHUs they are usually followed by a thicker

set of filters that have the job of actually cleaning the air to a certain degree. When

the two sets of filters exist together they are called the Pre Filters and the Final

Filters.

6.4.4.2 Fan

There are 2 fans in an AHU, fan that blow air to go through cooling coil and supply

fan that blow air into the supply duct. Some common fan types include: Panel, Fixed

pitch van axial, Centrifugal, Vane axial adjustable pitch and Vane axial controllable

pitch.

The types of fan that is used in this building is Centrifugal fan. Centrifugal fan is with

an air foil bladed wheel, it has high efficiency over a wide operating range and is

quieter than the previous two. Major changes in pressure result in only minor

changes in volume of air delivered.

6.4.4.3 Cooling Coil

Cooling coil is made with copper pipes; it is coiled up to

increase its surface area to maximize the heat transfer

within the air. Heat is taken away from the mixed air upon

contact with cooling coil. The cooling coil is attached to

chilled water pipe transferred from the chiller plant via blue

pipe as to cool down the mixed air.

6.4.4.4 Mixer

Mixer functions to mix the cool air with fresh air, when there is large amount of

outside air coming in. Thus, it will be mixed with the return air before making it to the

coils so that the air entering the coil is the same temperature all over the entire face

Diagram 6.15: Cooling Coil (Source: http://img1.tradeget.com/101048/711561703.jpg)

99 Page

of the coil. When more than 500pm of carbon dioxide is detected, the system will

automatically activate and intake the fresh air from the rood and surroundings to

refresh the air in the building.

100 Page

6.4.4.5 Humidifier

Humidifier is usually found in larger AHU. They are dispersed into the air stream to

help in maintain a healthy and comfortable amount of humidity in the areas of the

building that it serves.

6.4.4.6 Enthalpy Wheel

There are some of the Air Handling Unit with Enthalpy Wheel. This monstrous wheel

recover heat and humidity from air that is being exhausted out into the outdoors and

putting it into the Outside Air that has entered into the AHU.

According to MS 1525 code 8.6, Air handling duct system insulation:

“All ducts, plenums and enclosures installed in or on buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapour barriers may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.”

Diagram 6.16: Floor Plan Showing Location of total 7 AHU at 4th Floor, Summit

Mall

101 Page

6.4.5 Diffuser

Diffusers are designed to distribute equal amount of air into the spaces of Summit

Mall. Diffusers do not require power generation at the same time improves the

efficiency of entire air-conditioning system by dividing the distribution of air from AHU.

Diffusers give the users a comfortable environment constantly by removing any

areas with heat and providing uniform distribution of heat.

6.4.6 Duct System

Cooled air is carried by duct system from AHU into the rooms of the building via a

diffuser. Galvanized steel duct is used for this building because this material provide

good insulation which can remain the cool air while being transferred into the diffuser.

A blower fan also installed within the duct to help circulate the movement of air.

6.4.7 Pipe System

The pipes in AHU room is connected to the chiller plant room. The pipe brings in

cool water for the cooling coil to cool the air, which will later on be distributed to the

users via the diffuser.

According to MS1525 code 8.5, Piping Insulation:

“All piping installed to serve buildings and within building should be

adequately insulated to prevent excessive energy loses. Additional insulation

with vapour berries may be required to prevent condensation under some

condition.”

Figure 6.17: Air Duct System with Diffusers

102 Page

6.5 Analysis - According to MS1525: 2007

Indoor Design Section 13a

“At normal comfort room temperature (23 to 26 °C), the acceptable air velocity would be in the region of 0.15 to 0.5 m/s. The indoor design conditions of an air- conditioned space for comfort cooling is recommended to have dry bulb of 23 to 26 °C. The recommended design relative humidity is 55- 70%. The recommended air movement is 0.15 to 0.5 m/s. According to Department of Malaysia Standards, the maximum air movement is 0.7 m/s.”

From the analysis of our case study, Summit Mall complies with thermal control requirements stated in MS 1525. Dry bulb temperature is constantly set at 23 °C to fulfil the requirement and providing thermal comfort for mall user and workers.

Separate air distribution system

“Zones which are expected to operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year shall be served by independent air conditioning systems.” According to the Department of Malaysia Standards, zones, which are expected to operate, should be served by separate air distribution system. The offices operate non-simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year by using the air distribution system.

Off-hour Control

“ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of

accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or alternative use of the spaces served by the system.”

The Summit Mall schedules to open during office hours only. The ACMV system turn off automatically after office hours to prevent waste of energy.

Temperature Control

“Each system should be provided with at least one thermostat for the regulation of temperature. Each thermostat should be capable of being set by adjustment or selection of sensors over a minimum range between 22°C to 27 °C.”

Thermostat can be found situated in AHU. The temperature always at average of 23 °C.

103 Page

6.6 Conclusion

As a conclusion, Summit Mall chosen the right chosen of using the centralized air-

conditioning system as the large scale of the commercial shopping space required a

systematic air circulation system. Thus, it is appropriate. However the air

conditioning system in the shopping mall is already quite run down, as the system

practices are the old system have been used since 1999.

The components of the air-conditioning system such as AHU, Chiller Plant Room

and Cooling Tower were placed at the appropriate area. And this allows the system

to run smoothly and do energy saving at the same time concerning bout the

environment benefit.

The building complies with the by-law in terms of air distribution, off- hour control and

temperature control, which is maintain about 23 °C. Last but not least, the air

conditioning system has provide sufficient of thermal control for the interior spaces of

the building especially the high density area. But there are minimal of air movement

at the low density area, which do not comfort users at all.

105 Page

Chapter 7

7.0 Fire Protection System

7.1 Introduction


7.2.1 Passive Fire Protection

7.2.2 Active Fire Protection

7.3 Passive Fire Protection

7.4 Active Fire Protection

7.4.1 Smoke Detector

7.4.2 Fire control Room

7.4.3 Fire Alarm System

7.4.4 Fireman intercom system

7.4.5 Water Based System

7.4.5.1 External Fire Hydrant System

7.4.5.2 Fire Pump and Water Tank Room

7.4.5.3 Sprinkler System

7.4.5.4 Wet Riser System

7.4.5.5 Fire Hose Reel System

7.4.6 Non-water Based System

7.4.6.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression System

7.4.6.2 Portable Fire Extinguisher

7.5 Conclusion

106 Page

Fig 7.1Chemical Reaction

(Self-Drawn)

7.1 Introduction

Fire is a chemical reaction process in which substances combine with oxygen

from the air, heat from the surrounding and fuel. It releases smoke, heat and light

energy and can cause combustion or burning. The basic factors of a fire triangle

are fuel, heat and oxygen, together with the chemical reaction between one

another. Fire is a visible, tangible side effect of matter changing form. It starts in

three main ways, by accidents due to the misuse of appliances, dropping a

cigarette or match on a sofa or mattress, the deliberate ignition or arson by

certain people within the space and lastly, the failure of equipment including

electrical malfunctions and overheating in certain rooms. The temperatures

achieved in fires are usually beyond the ability of building cooling system to

control. Thus, special water system is fixed in the form of sprinklers to deprive

fire of high temperatures. Another design responses are to install fire

suppression system to cover the fuel, or displace oxygen, O2 with carbon dioxide,

CO2 that inhibits the chemical action to flame itself.

107 Page


7.2.1 Passive Fire Protection System

Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is one of the components of structural fire

protection which provide present fire safety to the building and do not depend on

the operation of any form of mechanical device. It’s to keep the origin

requirements of building fire separation, structural stability, building compartment

and safety escape. For instance, passive systems in the form of fire rated doors,

barrier, ceilings and structural fire protection. PFP system provided another

method to slow down the fire spread when incident happen by make use of fire

protection tools on site. Passive design are always designed with the building

which included the fire, water, fire walls, escape route, emergency access and

opening protection. PFP is effective for short duration exposure about 1 to 2

hours only.

7.2.2 Active Fire Protection

Active fire protection is the process of protecting a building from fire with methods

that use the action of moving parts. These systems can be automatic, or

operated manually, but they require some sort of action in order to work.

Active means of fire protection and fire engineering is a specialized area of

building services and the following will be considered :

Control the movement of smoke and fire

Alerting emergency services at an early stage of the fire

Detecting the fire early and evacuate the building

Suppress and starve the fire of oxygen and fuel

108 Page

Fig 7.2 Emergency “Keluar” [Exit] Signage

7.3 Passive Fire Protection

7.3.1 Emergency Exit Signage

Exit emergency signage indicate the way to safety outdoor area or assembly

point. It is a clear and effective guidance tool, helping to reduce panic and

confusion by providing a clear directional system. Fire escape doors are provide

neon green exit signs above it. There is emergency lights within it so that when

the main electrical supply has been cut off, the exit sign is still function. These

signs are ever ready when the emergency happen. The signage in Malaysia is

ritten in Malay “Keluar” which mean Exit. Figure 7.2 is shown the example of exit

signage in the building. The letters are written in block letters sufficiently big

enough to be seen and bright green to attract attention when the lights are out. It

is located above the fire doors which is to directing the user towards the fire

escape staircases or outside the building. It is a stand-alone sign and located at

specific positions with no surrounding disturbance.

Analysis

Under UBBL 1984 Section 172: Emergency Exit [KELUAR] Signs

- A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be

placed in every location where the direction of the travel to reach the nearest

exit is not immediately apparent.

- Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs

and shall not covered by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.

- All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

- Illuminated signs be provided with two electric lamps.

109 Page

Fig 7.3 Summit Mall Ground Floor Location Plan

7.3.2 Fire Escape

Fire exit and emergency staircase must be located strategically and provides the

shortest route to safety place. It bring from a protected or isolated passageway,

staircase or refuge areas which is within a building and lead to outside building.

Referring to UBBL, generally commercial building shall have minimum of 2 fire

staircase with two separated exit doors leading to corridors and different direction

and the fire staircases travelling distance shall not more than 30 meters for a

safety purpose. It is also provide direct access to the street passage-way or open

steps sited to enable the evacuation of persons from the vicinity of a building so

that they are safe from fire or smoke. Figure 7.3 had highlighted the location of

the staircase in red colour which is the safety distance between the staircases.

110 Page

Fig 7.4 Ground Floor Emergency Exit Point

Analysis

Under UBBL 1984 Section 169: Exit Route

- No Exit route may reduce in width along its path to travel from the storey to

the final exit.

7.3.3 Escape Routes / Emergency Floor Plan

An emergency floor plan is located in the life area mostly. When the fire

happened in the building, it will direct people with the shortest route to get out

from the building.

Analysis

Under UBBL 1984 Section 178: Exists for Institutional and Other Places of

Assembly

- Emergency Exit Point had illustrated the location of the user in the building

and leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid

any undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire

originating in the other occupancy or smoke thereform.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 188: Travel distance in place of assembly.

- Exits in any place of assembly shall be arranged that the distance travelled

from any point to reach an exit.

111 Page

Fig 7.5 Fire Escape Staircase

7.3.4 Fire Emergency Staircase

Fire escape staircase allow the occupants of the building to escape from the

building to a safer area or assembly point when there is fire event or any

emergency event happen. According to the law, the building should not have at

least two means of exits consists of separate exits or doors that leads to a

corridor or other space giving access to separate exits in different directions.

In figure 7.4, the picture shows the dimension of the thread and riser of the

emergency staircase. For the riser, the dimension is 175mm, the thread

dimension is 275 and the railing dimension is 910mm. According to standard, the

riser should not more than 180mm and the thread minimum is 255mm.

Analysis

Under UBBL 1984 Section 168: Staircases

- Except as provided for in By-Law 194 every uppoer floor shall have means of

egress via at least two separate staircases.

- Staircase shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not

being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall

accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it

calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-

Laws.

112 Page

Fig 7.6 Window opening Fig 7.7 Exhaust fan

- The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but

handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75

millimeters.

- The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length

including at landings.

- Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall

at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

Under UBBL 1984 Section198: Ventilation of Staircase Enclosures

- All staircase enclosure shall be ventilated at each floor by either permanent

openings or open-able windows to open air having a minimum free area of

1m2 per floor.

7.3.5 Fire Door

Fire door has provided a fire-resistance rating. It is used as part of passive fire

protection system to delay the spreading of the fire or smoke between

compartments and to enable safe egress from a building or structure. Magnetic

switch at the door will automatically close the door if there is fire being detected

through fire detectors.

113 Page

Fig 7.8 Double Leaf Fire Door

Fig 7.9 Magnetic switch

Fig 7.10 Road Width of the Summit Mall

Analysis

Under UBBL 1984 Section 162: Fire Doors in Compartment Walls and

Separating Walls.

- Fire doors of the appropriate Fire-Rated Protection (FRP) shall be provided.

- Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a

fire door having a FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall

specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-Laws.

- Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be

protected by fire doors having FRP of half hour.

- Fire doors including frames sill be constructed to be specification which can

be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in

accordance with section 3 of BS 476: 1951.

114 Page

Fig 7.11 Fire Appliances Access Road

7.3.6 Fire Appliances Access

Access for fire appliance vehicle is located at the each side of the building.

According to UBBL, the access roadway should be positioned with its nearest

edge a maximum of 2 meters from the face of the building and its furthest edge a

minimum of 7.5 meters from the building. This will enable the appliances to

operate at its optimum height.

Analysis

Under UBBL Section 140: Fire Appliance Access

- All building more than 7000 cubic meter shall attach to access road or open

area not minimum than 12 meter.

- Road or access width which is minimum 6m and maximum width of appliance

is 2.5m and can withstand load of fire engines which maximum weight 26

tonnes

- Maximum gradient to access is 1:12

- Minimum overhead clearance for access is 4 meter height.

- Fire appliances turn-around requirements area T-turn, shunt or circle.

115 Page

Fig 7.12 Effect of aggregate type and testing conditions on fire resistance

( Abrams, M.S., Temperature and Concrete, ACI SP-25, pp. 33-58, 1973.)

7.3.7 Material

The material mainly used in Summit Mall is concrete. Concrete has a good

service record in this respect. Unlike wood and plastics, concrete is

incombustible and does not emit toxic fumes on exposure to high temperature.

Unlike steel, when subjected to temperatures of the order of 700oC to 800oC,

concrete is able to retain sufficient strength for reasonable long periods, thus

permitting rescue operations by reducing the risk of structural collapse.

In Figure 7.12, Abrams’ data illustrate the effect of short-duration, 870oC,

exposure on the compressive strength of concrete specimens. The variables

included aggregate type and testing conditions

Analysis

Under UBBL 1984 Section 217: Fire Resistance of Structural Member

- Any Structural member or overloading wall shall have fire resistance of not

less than the minimum period required by these By-Laws for any element

which it carries

116 Page

7.4 Active Fire Protection

7.4.1 Smoke Detector

Figure 7.13 Photoelectric smoke detectors found in the mechanical room

Smoke detector is as known as an indicator of fire and a device that senses

smoke, it is one of the important safety tools to detect heat and smoke in a

building when fire disaster occurs. It is commonly use at commercial and

residential buildings such as The Summit Mall. When the room temperature

reaches 47 degree Celsius, a signal from smoke detector will be issued to a

central fire alarm control panel and activated the system.

Ionization smoke detector and photoelectric smoke detector are the two most

common smoke detector been used by contractors. However, photoelectric

smoke detector (Figure 7.13)is the only type of smoke detector installed in the

Summit Mall. Photoelectric smoke detectors are more responsive fires that begin

with a long period of smoldering. Figure 7.13 shown the compartment of

photoelectric smoke detector, the smoke will enter the chamber, reflecting light

onto the light sensor and triggering the alarm.

117 Page

According to the UBBL 1984 section 153: smoke detectors for lift lobbies

a)All lift lobby shall be provided with smoke detectors.

b)Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door.

c) Reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo detectors unless

incorporated with a force close features which after thirty second of any

unless incorporated with a force close feature which are thirty seconds of

any interruption of the beam cause the door to close within a preset-time.

Figure 7.14 Sensing chamber in a photoelectric smoke detector. Smoke particles deflect the light

beam and trigger the alarm

118 Page

7.4.2 Fire control Room

Figure 7.15 Site plan of Summit Mall

According to the guidelines, the fire control room has to meet the requirement of

the building that has an effective height of more than 50m and shall be separated

from the rest of the building by two-hour fire rated elements of structure.

According to UBBL 1984 section 238: Command and control center

Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be

provided with a command and control center located on the designated floor and

shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire bridge communication,

sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct

telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the switchboard

Fire Control Room

119 Page

The general requirements for Fire Control Room are:

a) Have a minimum floor area of 10 ², can be larger depending on the

equipment required.

b) Be sited near the main entrance to the building’s main lobby in a

designated room.

c) Preferably be adjacent to a fire lift lobby or any other location as

designated by the relevant authority.

d) Be accessible via 2 paths of travel. One form the front entrance and the

other form a public place or fire-isolated passageway, which leads to a

public space and has a two-hour fire rated door.

e) Have an independent air handing system if mechanical ventilation is

provided throughout the building.

f) Be adequately illuminated to not less than 400 lux.

g) Provide the ability to communicate (e.g. via telephones and loudspeakers)

with all parts of the building, and with fire and other emergency services.

h) Be provided with insulation from ambient building noise.

i) Be under the control of the Chief Fire Warden (or similar appointed

person).

A Fire Control Room must contain the following facilities :

a) Automatic fire alarm and sprinkler indicator boards with facilities for

sounding and switching off alarms and visual status indication for all

relevant fire pumps, smoke control fans, air-handling systems, generators

and other required fire safety equipment installed in the building

depending on the circumstances and the system present in each building

b) A telephone connected directly to the external exchange.

c) The control console of the Emergency Warning and Intercommunication

System (EWIS)

d) A blackboard or whiteboard not less than 1200mm.

e) A pin board not less than 1200mm wide x 1000mm high.

120 Page

f) A raked plan layout table of a size suitable for laying out the building plans.

g) A repeater panel of the lifts position indicator board.

As the site plan (Figure 7.15) shown, the Summit Mall has full fill the condition of

UBBL as the fire control room is located at basement 1 car parkof podium block.

It is depicted on the floor plan and is painted with red color.

Figure 7.16 Example of a fire control room

(Source:https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2568/4079605077_214445b863.jpg)

There are 2 security guards are sitting in the control room observing the system

continuously and begin to manage an appropriate action when there are any

signal form the detectors come directly to the control unit. Figure 7.16 shown an

example of fire control room in Summit Mall (as we are not allowed to take photo

inside).

https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2568/4079605077_214445b863.jpg

121 Page

7.4.3 Fire Alarm System

Figure 7.17 Simplified schematic diagram of a conventional fire alarm system. alarm-initiating

devices are connected together on detector circuits. The control panel receives identical signal

from all detectors, manual stations and alarm-initiating circuits

122 Page

Figure 7.18 the fire emergency light, alarm bell, control panel box and emergency break glass

found in Summit Mall

In order to notify and evacuated the people from building immediately, there are

two important fire alarm mechanisms(Figure 7.18) need to be activated when the

fire disaster occurs. There are fire emergency light and fire alarm bell.

Emergency light

The purpose of fire emergency light(Figure

7.19)is to notify people through the changing

color of light and sound when the evacuation

from building is needed immediately. In

considering the people whom are dead or

poor hearing, the mechanism is effective

that they could notice the fire emergency

light and evacuate from the building if the

mechanism is activated. The emergency

light will always show in green color for normal situation, but when evacuation is

needed, the red light will be illuminated in order to alert people to be evacuated.

The emergency light usually installed in a common area for immediate and

effective way for people to evacuate or to escape.

Figure 7.19 Emergency light above of electrical room

123 Page

Manual call point

A manual call point (Figure 7.19)is an

emergency break glass device that enables the

users to active the alarm by breaking the

frangible element on the fascia. Most of the

manual call points are installed where people

can be easily seen by people especially at the

exits to open air and on the floor landing of

stairways. It is always mounted 1.4m from the

floor. Therefore, it should be installed on the

floor side of an access door to a staircase so

the floor of origin is indicated at the control panel. Extra points should be installed,

which necessary. So that the greatest travel distance from any point in the

building to the nearest call point does not exceed 30meters. A greater number of

call points may be needed in high risk area if there has some difficulties to

evacuating people from the building due to slow movement.

Alarm bell

Alarm bell (Figure 7.21) will emit loud noise

continuously when it has been activated. It can

be activated either by manual or automatic way,

such as break the glass of manual call point

manually or operated from fire control room.

Besides that, if a smoke detector detects

smoke or heat, the alarm bell will be emitted to

alert others in building in order to evacuate

from the building if there may be a fire occurs.

It also incorporates remote signaling

equipment, which would alert the fire brigade via a central station.

Figure 7.20 Manual call point in summit mall

Figure 7.21 Alarm bell

124 Page

In the Summit mall, the fire detection and alarm system installed is an analogue

addressable system. The fire alarm panel is an Autronica BS-100 Addressable

control panel house in mild steel console. The fire alarm panel also houses a

mimic diagram showing the floor plans and layout of the building for quick and

easy location of the alarm zone.

- PODIUM BLOCK (B3-5TH FLOOR)

The master fire alarm panel is located inside fire control room at

Basement

According to UBBL 1984, section 237:

- Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to

these by-laws

- All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and

storage area exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5m in height

shall be

- Provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous

signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises

while an alert

- (Intermittent signal) be given adjoining section

- Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by

action of a master control

125 Page

7.4.4 Fireman intercom system

Figure 7.22 Fire Intercom system in Summit Mall

All the fire intercom system (Figure 7.22) in the building are connected to the Master Console,

as known as Fire Command Centre and the remote Handset Station. Typically, fire control room

has equipped with a Master control panel and a remote handset to the system. In Summit mall,

the fire intercom system are located at every facilities room and staircases of each floor. When

there is an incoming call, a call alert lamp shall flash with audible signal at the Master control

panel. The audible signal will be silenced

upon lifting the handset. A fault

indicator unit is to indicate the type of

fault by master control panel.

Figure 7.22A remote station system

transmits alarm, supervisory, and trouble

signals to a remote location that is

continuously attended. The required

actions will be taken by those attending

the remote stations. (Grondzik, 2010)

126 Page

7.4.5 Water Based System

7.4.5.1 External Fire Hydrant System

Figure 7.23 Typical double public pillar

hydrant detail

External fire hydrant system consists of hydrants connected to same pipeline; the

pumps and water supply tank of the firefighting room are connected to the other

end of the pipeline. The firefighting hydrant line is close loop pipe system to

maintain the pressure in the water hydrant firefighting system. The networks of

pipes are running underground. The hydrants are needed to provide more water

Figure 7.24 Schematic layout of hydrant main in the Summit Mall

127 Page

to the emergency case. The fireman connects their equipment to the outlets of

the hydrant, forcing water into the system. the system experiences a drop in

water pressure when hydrant valve is opened,. The drop in water pressure is

detected by a pressure switch which is turn starts booster pump, drawing water

from the water supply to increase the water pressure of the system.

According to UBBL 1984 section 225 : detecting and extinguishing fire

Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than

91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access

As the (Figure 7.24) shown, the Summit Mall has meets the requirements. There

are 9 units of pillar hydrant are found surrounding nearby every fire brigade

access of Summit Mall to protect the building. The pillar hydrant is of sluice valve

type secured by chain and cap to prevent misuse of the hydrant. Each hydrant is

complete with a cabinet to house the rubber line canvas hose and diffuser nozzle.

And the water directly connected from JabatanBekalan Air (JBA) main.

128 Page

7.4.5.2 Fire Pump And Water Tank Room

Figure 7.25 fire pump room in basement 1

Figure 7.26 water tank room at 5th floor

Figure 7.27 site plan of Summit Mall, red box marked the fire pump room at basement 1, yellow

box marked the water tank room at 5th floor

Fire pump room at B1

Water tank room at 5th floor

129 Page

Jockey pump

The device works together with a fire-

pump (Figure 7.28) as a part of the fire

protection system. It is applied to control

and maintain the pressure in the system

elevated to a specific level when the

system is not in use, so the system does

not go off randomly and the fire pump

does not have to run all the time. When

a fire happens and water rushes into the

pipes, it helps prevent the system from

drainage

Duty pump

Duty pump (Figure 7.29)takes the lead and

supply enough pressure of water to

maintain the system in running order when

pressure in pipe goes down. However, the

standby pump will be activated

automatically by the system if duty pump

fails to run due to some defaults.

Standby pump

Basically, standby pump has the same function as duty pump. When the duty

pump does not working or under repair, the standby pump will replace the duty

pump. Standby pump is controlling by a control panel which can switch off

manually.

Figure7. 28 jockey pump

Figure7. 29 Duty Pump

130 Page

According to UBBL 1984 section 247:

1. Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting systems and

installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in

the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

2. Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel

systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with

fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.

3. Storage tank for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is

provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the

restrictions in their location

According (Figure 7.27), the red box shown the locations of the fire pump and

water tank room. The fire pump room and firefighting water tank room are located

at Basement1 carpark level and is accessible from street level, fire control room

is right beside of it. Besides that, yellow box shown the location of another water

tank room where located at the 5th floor level which is larger.

Basement 1 water tank consists of two separate tank system:

a. Sprinkler transfer tank

(16 ft x 4ft x 8ft (H))

Nett capacity = 2560 gallons

b. Sprinkler suction tank (20ft x 52ft x 8ft(H)) Nett capacity = 44200 gallons

131 Page

7.4.5.3 Sprinkler System

Figure 7.30 Example of wet-pipe sprinkler system that being used in Summit Mall

Operation of automatic sprinkler system :

An automatic water sprinkler system is used to control the outbreak of fire. It is a

systematic water supply system which pumps the water from water tank room

and distribute to all the connected fire sprinklers through a piping system.

Sprinkler system provide early fire control or extinguishment, which helping to

mitigate the hazards for users and firemen alike.

Stop ValveValve

MonitorAlarm Valve

Sprinkler Head

Alarm Test Valve

Alarm Bell (going)

Pressure switch

Flow Switch

Jacking Pump

132 Page

In the Summit Mall, the sprinkler system is running constantly to every floor level

and the dimension between two sprinkler head is 4.2 meters and 3 meters high.

Thus, the Summit Mall has full fill the requirement of the UBBL law.

Based on site investigation and analysis, the type of sprinkler system is applied

in Summit Mall is known as wet sprinkler system(Figure 7.30).It is suited to

building interiors that remain above freezing and do not exceed 70 degree

culsios.Water tank in the fire pump room, located at the basement 1, supply the

water to all the sprinkler piping system. The sprinkler pumpsets pump the water

from the water tank and distribute the water to the sprinklers. This rises as water

flows to a fractured sprinkler head, simultaneously realseing a small quantity of

high-velocity water into a small pipe to physically rotate the alarm gong and to

active an electrical alarm flow switch. Small orifices in the valve clapper aloow

variations in mains pressure without activation of the alarm. (Grondzik, 2010)

According to UBBL 1984Section 226: automatic system for hazardous

occupancy

Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to

require automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be

of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fires in the hazardous material

stored or handles or for the safety of the occupants.

Section 228 : sprinkler valves

1. Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the

exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority

2. All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire

station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when

activated.

There are two type of sprinkler head are being used in the Summit mall, there are

133 Page

Upright sprinkler

Figure 7.31 Upright sprinkler system Figure 7.32 Compartment of upright sprinkle

Upright sprinkler heads(Figure 7.31) project up into a space and have deflectors

that spray the water downward. They are commonly used in mechanical rooms

or other inaccessible area to provided better coverage between obstructions like

beams or ducts. They are working in a circle spray pattern when activated.

Pendant sprinkler

Figure 7.33 Pendant sprinkler system Figure 7.34 Compartment of pendant sprinkler

Pendant sprinkler heads(Figure 7.33 ) project downward from the ceiling and

spray water in a circle pattern. Typically, the piping system of pendant sprinkler

will be hide above the ceiling and it generally will be used in office or accessible

area, where the aesthetic value needs to be considered.

134 Page

7.4.5.4 Wet Riser System

Figure 7.35 Wet riser system located beside of the basement fire pump room

In the Summit mall, the wet riser system(Figure7.35) consists of a 6’’ dia riser

main installed in the lift lobby area and staircase area. The inlet located at

Basement 1 is a 4 way breeching inlet through which fire brigade can pump

water into the wet riser tank in case there is a water supply.

Figure 7.36 Wet riser

system diagram

135 Page

Figure 7.36, the wet riser pump sets consists of a Jockey pump, Duty pump and

Standby pump. Essential power supply for these pump sets are provided from

the generator set which will automatically take over the water storage tank

capacity is provided with 10000 gallon landing valve is connected to the riser

main on every floor and is complete the length of 2 ½ inch dia x 100ft canvas

hose and diffuser nozzle.

As the result, the installation of wet riser system of the Summit Mall has obeyed

the laws.

According to UBBL 1984Section 231 : installation and resting of wet rising

system

1) Wei rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost

floor is more than 30.5 meters above fire appliance access level.

2) A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.

3) Wet risers shall be of minimum 152.4 millimeters diameter and shall be

hydrostatically tested at a pressure 50% above the working pressure

required and not less than 14 bars fir at least 24hours.

4) Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5 millimeters

instantaneous coupling fitted with a hose of not less than 38.1 millimeters

diameter equipped with an approved typed cradle and a variable fog

nozzle

5) A wet riser shall be provided in every staircase which extends from the

ground floor level to the roof and shall be equipped with a three-way 63.5

millimetress outlet above the roof line.

According to UBBL 1984 section 248 : marking on wet riser. Etc

Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be

painted red. All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire

installation and extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the

Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified. (Greeno, 1997)

136 Page

7.4.5.5 Fire Hose Reel System

Figure 7.37Fire Hose Reel Room Figure 7.38 Fire hose reel in the room

Figure 7.39 drain valves

Fire hose reel (Figure 7.38) is an important device to the fire fighting which

intended for use by the building occupants. Each hose reel delivers more water

than several portable extinguishers, and with continued replenishment can be

important fire resource capable of saving lives and the buildings. They are

located in recesses along corridors and provided a minimum 45 meter of

reinforced rubber hose. A minimum delivery of 241/min is recommended at the

reel most distant from the source of water, when the two most remote reels are

operating simultaneously. (Greeno, 1997)

137 Page

Figure 7.40 Fire hose reel diagram

Figure 7.41 Fire hose reel installation drawing

138 Page

7.4.6 Non-water Based System

7.4.6.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Suppression System

Figure 7.42 Carbon Dioxide fire suppression system in mechanical room of Summit Mall

Figure 7.43 component of fire suppression system

139 Page

Operation of fire suppression system

Carbon dioxide fire suppression system(Figure 7.42 ) is an extinguishing agent

which has been notably in portable extinguishers for years. Pressurized halon

and carbon dioxide gas is stored in cylinders. It is activated by smoke or heat

detectors to effectively smother fires and substitute where water may be

considered too damaging. They are colorless, odorless gases, halon being more

effective with five times the density of air, while carbon dioxide has only 1.5times

air density

Carbon dioxide fire suppression system is installed in every facilities control room

such as electrical room, fire control room and mechanical room which consists of

various electrical equipment that will be hazardous to the occupants in the

building. Carbon dioxide is more effective than water because the extinguishing

effect can displacing oxygen from the fire immediately, causing it to asphyxiate.

(Greeno, 1997)

Smoke Detector

Detector Fire Alarm

Activated CO2

System

Fresh Air Grill

Closed

CO2 released in room

Reopen the Fresh Air Grill

140 Page

7.4.6.2 Portable Fire Extinguisher

Figure 7.44 portable fire extinguisher on site

Buckets of water and sand are no longer accepted as adequate provision for first

aid fire control. However, fire extinguisher (Figure 7.44 ) is another type of

extinguishing agent which is portable. It used to control and extinguish small fires

when emergency case occurs. A correctly used portable extinguisher will cool a

small fire to remove the heat or smother it to prevent access for oxygen. A fire

extinguisher commonly consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel

Figure 7.45 fire extinguisher detail

141 Page

containing an agent, which can be discharged to extinguish a fire. Portable fire

extinguisher can be found at all the floors in Summit Mall. (Greeno, 1997)

According to UBBL 1984 section 227: portable extinguishers

Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of

practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from

all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method

of operation

Figure 7.46 ground floor plan

Based on the investigation on site(Figure 7.46), the Summit Mall has met the

requirement, all the directions and similar extinguishers in Summit Mall have the

same method of operation and placement.

Operation of fire extinguisher

142 Page

Figure 7.47 How extinguisher works

(Source: http://www.barrierefire.com/bfd/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Fire-Ex-5.jpg)

Classification and use of fire extinguisher

Fire

Class

Symbol Type use Properties Travel

Distance

A

Vapurising

liquids

BCF/Halon

Common

combustibles

Wood,

paper, cloth

etc

75ft

(22.9m)

B

Water Flammable

liquids and

gases

Gasoline,

propane and

solvents

50ft

(15.2m)

C

Dry

powder

Live electrical

equipment

Computers,

machines

Based on A

or B

Hazard

D

AFFF

foam

Combustible

metals

Magnesium,

lithium,

titanium

75ft

K

Carbon

dioxide

Cooking media Cooking oils

and fats

-

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that employers

select and distribute fire extinguishers based on the classes of anticipated

workplace fires and also on the size and degree of the hazards, which would

affect their use. The above chart contains OSHA requirements for classes of fires

and travel distance to an extinguisher. There is no distance requirement for Class

K extinguishers. They are commonly placed at the point of possible cooking fire

ignition.

http://www.barrierefire.com/bfd/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Fire-Ex-5.jpg

143 Page

7.5 Conclusion

In summary, both active and passive fire protection system plays an important

role in protecting the building and humans against an eventual fire failure. It is to

terminate or delay the spread of smoke and fire in the building when there is fire

happening. It is also to prevent and reduce the percentage of damage to the

building structure or neighboring structure. Along with its functional aspect, the

passive systems also trait in aesthetic features. In practical way, Summit Mall is

doing very well in fire protection system. They have been following the Uniform

building by law (UBBL) in term of spaces requirement and every components in it.

In future, there will be more technologically advanced system for the fire

protection system so that it is more responsive and more efficient.

144 Page

8.0 Conclusion

From this case study on Summit Mall, we have gained more knowledge regarding

building services. We understand the importance of providing proper services and

facilities in maintaining the comfort and safety of the occupants. Besides, the

architects and engineers have taken careful considerations to ensure that

mechanical and engineering services in the building comply with the UBBL. Despite

having flaws, each system functions suitably to suit the purpose of the building.

However, this sets the pace for future developments in the sector. Summit Mall is an

example of how services and design can come together to form a cohesive whole.

We have no doubt concerning this task, it has definitely benefit us in our studies and

experience as an architecture student as well as for our future.

145 Page

9.0 Reference

Alex Burke, eHow, How Does a Hydropneumatic Water Tank Work? From

http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5041211_hydropneumatic-water-tank-work.html

Retrieved 7th May 2015

Barney, G.C., ed. Elevator Technology. Ellis Horwood, 1986.

Chest of Book, Suction Tank (2014), from http://chestofbooks.com/home-

improvement/construction/plumbing/Principle-Practice/Suction-

Tanks.html#.VVAbb_mqqkp . Retrieved 9th May 2015

Choo, B., & Newman, J. (2003).Advanced concrete technology. Oxford:

Butterworth-Heinemann.

Co.thurston.wa.us,.(2015). Septic System Basics. Retrieved 10 May 2015, from

http://www.co.thurston.wa.us/health/ehoss/septic_basics.html

Dewey Waters Ltd, GRP Sectional Storage Tank (2015), from

http://www.deweywaters.co.uk/wp-

content/uploads/2013/08/Sectional%20water%20tank%20brochure.pdf .Retrieve

d 10th May 2015

EnggPedia - The Engineering Encyclopedia. (2013, April 6).

fromhttp://www.enggpedia.com/electrical-engineering-

encyclopedia/dictionary/electrical-equipment/1827-escalators-components-

design,Retrieved May 11, 2015.

Enlighten Me,. (2013). Types of Plumbing Pipes | Enlighten Me. from

http://enlightenme.com/types-of-plumbing-pipes/ Retrieved 9 May 2015,

"Escalator." How Products Are Made. 1998. from Encyclopedia.com:

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2896700036.html,Retrieved May 10, 2015

http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5041211_hydropneumatic-water-tank-work.html%20%20Retrieved%207th%20May%202015

http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5041211_hydropneumatic-water-tank-work.html%20%20Retrieved%207th%20May%202015

http://chestofbooks.com/home-improvement/construction/plumbing/Principle-Practice/Suction-Tanks.html#.VVAbb_mqqkp



http://www.co.thurston.wa.us/health/ehoss/septic_basics.html

http://www.deweywaters.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Sectional%20water%20tank%20brochure.pdf

http://www.deweywaters.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Sectional%20water%20tank%20brochure.pdf

http://www.enggpedia.com/electrical-engineering-encyclopedia/dictionary/electrical-equipment/1827-escalators-components-design



http://enlightenme.com/types-of-plumbing-pipes/

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2896700036.html

146 Page

Fire fightingppt final, http://www.slideshare.net/RafayAhmad/fire-fighting-ppt-final.

Retrieved may,10th,2015

Gordon.B, Piping Handbook 7th edition (2011), Joints, from

http://www.slideshare.net/donalsyahrial/piping-handbook-7th-edition-mayk . Retrieved

7th May 2015

Greeno, R. 2000. Building Services Equipment. 5 th Edition. Longman.

Guttersupply.com,. (2015). K Style Aluminum Gutters - Gutter Supply.

fromhttp://www.guttersupply.com/m-aluminum-gutters-k-style.gstmlRetrieved 10

May 2015,

Hase, Y. (2007). Handbook of power system engineering.Chichester: John Wiley

& Sons.

Imgsoup.com,. (2015). Excellent Images For - Gully Trap Diagram.

fromhttp://imgsoup.com/1/gully-trap-diagram/Retrieved 9 May 2015,

Littlefield, D. (2008). Metric handbook. London: Architectural.

Mancl, K. (2015). Wastewater Treatment Principles and Regulations, AEX-768-

96. Ohioline.osu.edu. Retrieved 30 April 2015, from http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-

fact/0768.html

MultiquipInc, Pump Selection Handbook (2011), from

http://www.multiquip.com/multiquip/pdfs/pump_selection_handbook_0411_DataI

d_24686_Version_1.pdf . Retrieved 8th May

Murray.A, How stuff works (2012), How Sump Pumps Work, from

http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/plumbing/sump-pump.htm .

Retrieved 8th May 2015

Nick.G&Kenton.S, InterNACHI, Sump Pump operation and Inspection Guide

(2015), from http://www.nachi.org/sump-pumps.htm . Retrieved 9th May 2015

http://www.slideshare.net/RafayAhmad/fire-fighting-ppt-final

http://www.slideshare.net/donalsyahrial/piping-handbook-7th-edition-mayk

http://www.guttersupply.com/m-aluminum-gutters-k-style.gstml

http://imgsoup.com/1/gully-trap-diagram/

http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0768.html

http://ohioline.osu.edu/aex-fact/0768.html

http://www.multiquip.com/multiquip/pdfs/pump_selection_handbook_0411_DataId_24686_Version_1.pdf

http://www.multiquip.com/multiquip/pdfs/pump_selection_handbook_0411_DataId_24686_Version_1.pdf

http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/plumbing/sump-pump.htm

http://www.nachi.org/sump-pumps.htm

147 Page

Pansini, A. (2005). Power transmission and distribution (2nd ed.). Lilburn, GA:

Fairmont Press

Patterson, T. (2007).Illustrated 2006 building code handbook. New York:

McGraw-Hill.

Powering The Nation | TenagaNasionalBerhad (200866-W). (n.d.). Retrieved

May 2, 2015, from http://tnb.com.my/

Products, O., Us, C., & Sinks, L. (2015). Laboratory Sinks - PP Rectangle Sink,

PP Rectangle Sink Size: 560mm X 355mm Sketch, PP Rectangle Sink Size:

600mm X 450mm Sketch and Square Sink Manufacturer & Exporter from

Ahmedabad, India. Premierpolymers.net. Retrieved 9 May 2015, from

http://www.premierpolymers.net/pp-sink-outletnipple.html

Roger Greeno. 1997. Building Services, Technology and Design. England.

Longman.

Stein, Benjamin & Reynolds, John S. 2000.Mechanical and Electrical Equipment

for Buildings. New York, John Wiley.

Tilley, E. (2015). Pour-flush Toilet | SSWM. Sswm.info. from

http://www.sswm.info/content/pour-flush-toilet,Retrieved 30 April 2015,

TLV, Types of Manual Valve (2015), from http://www.tlv.com/global/TI/steam-

theory/types-of-valves.html. Retrieved 8th May 2015

Turf2max.com,. (2015). Septic Tank Design.,

fromhttp://www.turf2max.com/Sep2Max/septic-tank-design.html,Retrieved 10

May 2015.

Uniform Building by Law.(n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2015, from

https://www.scribd.com/doc/45485234/Uniform-Building-by-Law

http://tnb.com.my/

http://www.premierpolymers.net/pp-sink-outletnipple.html

http://www.sswm.info/content/pour-flush-toilet

http://www.tlv.com/global/TI/steam-theory/types-of-valves.html

http://www.tlv.com/global/TI/steam-theory/types-of-valves.html

http://www.turf2max.com/Sep2Max/septic-tank-design.html

https://www.scribd.com/doc/45485234/Uniform-Building-by-Law

148 Page

Vandervort, D. (2015). Types of Plumbing Pipes | HomeTips.Hometips.com.,

from http://www.hometips.com/how-it-works/pipes-water-supply.html,Retrieved 9

May 2015

Waterlessurinals.co.uk,. (2015). Uridan CADET Ceramic Waterless Urinal Bowl.

fromhttp://www.waterlessurinals.co.uk/Uridan-CADET-Waterless-Urinal-Bowl-for-

vertical-waste-Ceramic.html,Retrieved 9 May 2015,

Waybuilder.net,.(2015).

Plumbing.fromhttp://www.waybuilder.net/sweethaven/BldgConst/Plumbing01/less

onmain.asp?iNum=fra0308,Retrieved 9 May 2015.

Wet risers high-rise fire fighting, http://highrisefirefighting.co.uk/wr.html. Retrieved

may,9th,2015

"What if you were on an elevator and the cable broke?" 28 April 2005.

HowStuffWorks.com. http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-

myth/everyday-myths/question730.htm 10 May 2015.

What Is a Genset? (n.d.).from http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-genset.htm,

Retrieved May 1, 2015

13282147 Uniform building by law,

http://www.scribd.com/doc/30457115/13282147-Uniform-Building-by-

Laws#scribd .retrieved April 30th,2015

http://www.hometips.com/how-it-works/pipes-water-supply.html

http://www.waterlessurinals.co.uk/Uridan-CADET-Waterless-Urinal-Bowl-for-vertical-waste-Ceramic.html

http://www.waterlessurinals.co.uk/Uridan-CADET-Waterless-Urinal-Bowl-for-vertical-waste-Ceramic.html

http://www.waybuilder.net/sweethaven/BldgConst/Plumbing01/lessonmain.asp?iNum=fra0308

http://www.waybuilder.net/sweethaven/BldgConst/Plumbing01/lessonmain.asp?iNum=fra0308

http://highrisefirefighting.co.uk/wr.html

http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/question730.htm

http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/question730.htm

http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-genset.htm

http://www.scribd.com/doc/30457115/13282147-Uniform-Building-by-Laws#scribd

http://www.scribd.com/doc/30457115/13282147-Uniform-Building-by-Laws#scribd

building services project 1 - summit mall

Documents

component of system

sewerage system

protection system

water supply system

electrical supply system

introduction function

sanitary drainage system

case study