building services
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SUSTAINABLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
ADAM WONG | CHLOE SIM | KOK KA SHING | PUI CHUN SHIAN | YEONG POH LING | ZACHARY OOI
![Page 2: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
WHAT IS WASTEWATER?• Liquid waste/sewage discharged into
water bodies
• Used water/liquid that contains impurities or pollutants in different forms
• Produced from different activities (Industrial, Commercial, Household etc)
• Waste from kitchen, toilet, laundry, swimming pools etc.
![Page 3: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
SOURCES OF WASTEWATER?
1 – Domestic Wastewater
Ø Wastewater from normal living areaØ Sanitary wastewaterØ Generated by home dwellings, public restrooms, hotels, hospitals
& other health centersØ Mostly residential and commercial areaØ 99.9% of water containing only 0.1% of organic & inorganic
solids & also microorganisms
2 – Industrial Wastewater
Ø Generated by large scales from industry areas Ø Contains conventional pollutantsØ Contains toxic pollutants
![Page 4: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
SUSTAINABLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT• Effective, simple to
operate & low cost
• Environmental-friendly
• Combination of physical, chemical & biological processes
• To remove solids, organic matter from
wastewater
• Partial reduction or complete removal
of excessive impurities in wastewater
Objectives of wastewater treatment :
• Protect the health of humans & environment
• Preserve & protect environmental
quality
• Need to be able to recover nutrients and energy from
wastewater
![Page 5: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS
• Application of physical forces to treat sewage
• No changes chemically or biologically
• Eg. Screening, mixing, sedimentation, filtration etc
• Involves using chemical reaction to improve water quality
• Removal or conversion of pollutants are done by addition of chemicals
• Eg. Precipitation, disinfection, chlorination etc.
• Removes pollutants by biological activity
• Microorganisms such as bacteria are used in biochemical decomposition
• Can be divided into aerobic/anaerobic methods based on availability of oxygen
![Page 6: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
TYPES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
INDIVIDUAL SEPTIC TANK
CONNECTED SEWAGE SYSTEM
![Page 7: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
INDIVIDUAL SEPTIC TANK - Commonly used in Msia
- Multi chamber storage tank thatseparates the liquid between thesolid waste
- Liquid is allowed to flow out of thestorage tank & be disposedseparately
- Can partially treat sewage
- Of low quality & bad smell
- Works by allowing raw sewage toflow into tank whereby the solidwaste/ sludge settles at the bottomof the tank
![Page 8: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CONNECTED SEWAGE SYSTEM- have sewage outlets that are
directly linked to a sewagetreatment plant
- Is a combined plant that convertsraw sewage into effluent and solidwaste
- Treats water by combining oxygenand organic waste to speed up anatural biological breakdown
- Comprises a network ofunderground sewer pipes, pumpstations, sewage treatment plants& sludge treatment facilities
- Generally operate by gravity
![Page 9: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
Wastewater undergoes several stages in its treatment process which can be classified into 3 different stages.
![Page 10: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
What is the purpose?
to protect the operation of the wastewater treatment
plant.
-Preliminary Treatment operations typically includes
screening, grit removal.
-.Remove or to reduce in size the large, entrained, suspended
or floating solids. Example: pieces of wood,
cloth, paper, plastics, garbage
-Remove heavy inorganic solids , called grit. Example:
sand and gravel, metal or glass.
-Remove excessive amounts of oils or
greases.
![Page 11: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
• Mainly involves removing solids & some organic
materials• Solids are removed or
separated from wastewater by sedimentation
• Purpose : reduce the velocity of wastewater sufficiently to permit solids to settle and
floatable materials to surface
• Biological treatment is used to remove organic & suspended solid waste
• Uses biological activity to catch dissolved organic matter
• Purpose : reduce BOD (biochemical oxygen demand). Wastewater is cleaned by microorganisms
• Water is thoroughly cleaned by using advance treatment systems
• Chemicals such as disinfection are poured to reduce nitrogen & phosphates
• Bacteria is used to denitrify nitrates in water to produce N02 which is then released into atmosphere
• Includes both biological & chemical treatments
CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PROCESS
![Page 12: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
SEDIMENTATION TANKS AND CLARIFIERS
Typical Sedimentation Tanks
Rectangular Horizontal Flow Tank
Circular, Radial-flow tank
Hopper bottomed, upward flow tank
![Page 13: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
APPROACHES TO SECONDARY TREATMENT
Fixed Film Systems
Suspended Film Systems
Lagoon Systems
![Page 14: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
LAGOON SYSTEM
![Page 16: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEM
![Page 17: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A PROCESS USED TO CONVERT WASTEWATER
• REUSE AND RECYCLING
• COLLECTION of WASTEWATER1) CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS2) DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS
• AWARENESS of WASTEWATER
• TREATMENT of WASTEWATER
![Page 18: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
1. REUSE & RECYCLING WASTEWATER• TREATED WASTEWATER OR IN SOME CASES
URBAN RUNOFF OR STORM WATER ( RAIN WATER HARVESTING ) COULD NE REUSED EFFICIENTLY.
• WATER RECYCLING IS REUSING TREATED WASTEWATER FOR BENEFICIAL PURPOSES - AGRICULTURAL AND LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION- DRINKING WATER- INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES- TOILET FLUSHING - REPLENISHING A GROUND WATER BASIN.
• ENSURE WATER QUALITY APPROPRIATE FOR THE USE
![Page 19: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
2. COLLECTION OF WASTE WATER
• GATHER THE USED WATER FROM OUR HOMES, BUSINESSES AND INDUSTRIES AND CONVEY IT TO A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
• TWO WAYS CAN BE USED TO COLLECT WASTEWATER :I) CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS
II) DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS
![Page 20: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
I) CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS• PUBLIC SEWER SYSTEMS • SERVE ESTABLISHED TOWNS AND
CITIES
• PROVIDE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SERVICES FOR NEIGHBORING SEWER DISTRICTS
• LARGE-SCALE SYSTEM• GATHER WASTEWATER FROM MANY
USERS FOR TREATMENT AT ONE OR FEW SITES
• ECONOMICAL, ALLOW FOR GREATER CONTROL, REQUIRE FEWER PEOPLE
• PRODUCE ONLY ONE DISCHARGE TO MONITOR INSTEAD OF SEVERAL.
![Page 21: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
II) DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS • DO NOT CONNECT TO A PUBLIC SEWER SYSTEM
• MAY BE TREATED ON SITE (MOST COMMON) OR DISCHARGED TO A PRIVATE TREATMENT PLANT
• REQUIRE WELL TRAINED STAFFS AND HIGH COST OF MAINTENANCE
q failure cases happenedq lack of improper
maintenanceq overcome by providing
the person in charge of maintaining the system with enough skills and practices
![Page 22: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
3. TREAMENT OF WASTEWATER• TO REDUCE THE LEVEL OF
POLLUTANTS IN THE WASTEWATER
• ALLOW HUMAN AND INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS TO BE DISPOSED OF WITHOUT DANGER TO HUMAN HEALTH
• UNACCEPTABLE DAMAGE TO THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
• CAN BE NATURALLY TREATED BY THE SUN, VEGETATION, SOILS AND MICROORGANISMS
![Page 23: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Can provide clean water that is potable
Maintain clean water for reuse
Filter out potential disease-causing microorganisms & destroys harmful organisms
Purifies water
Provides job opportunities for water treatment researches & maintenance
Saves time, energy & resources
Increased cost & financing
Maintenance troubles
Triggered health concerns among public
![Page 24: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
CASE STUDY 1 : MALAYSIA
- A SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRY WITH APOPULATION OF 30 MILLION PEOPLE.
- HAS 100% ACCESS TO IMPROVEDWATER SOURCE AND 96% ACCESS TOIMPROVED SANITATION.
![Page 25: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
WATER CATCHMENT AREAS
• ONE OF THE MAINS SOURCE OFWATER FOR MOST OF MALAYSIA.
• TOTAL OF 189 RIVER BASINS IN THEENTIRE MALAYSIA.
• BIGGEST WATER CATCHMENT AREAIN WEST MALAYSIA: BANJARANTITIWANGSA.
![Page 26: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
HOW DO THEY WORK?
![Page 27: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
DAMS
• ANOTHER MAIN SOURCE OF WATER FOR MALAYSIANS.
• TOTAL OF 34 DAMS IN MALAYSIA THAT SUPPLIES WATER.
• SG. SELANGOR DAM, BATU AND KLANG GATES DAM AND ETC SUPPLIES 98% OF WATER TO CITIES LIKE KUALA
LUMPUR & SELANGOR.
![Page 28: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
PROBLEMS WITH DAMS
• CANNOT REPLENISH FAST ENOUGH DURING THE DRY
SEASON.
• CAN ONLY STORE SO MUCH WATER THAT IS ENOUGH FOR
A PERIOD OF TIME.
• DESTROYS SURROUNDING ECOSYSTEM.
![Page 29: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
INDAH WATER KONSORTIUM
• A WHOLLY OWNED GOVERNMENTCOMPANY TASKED WITHDEVELOPING AND MAINTAININGAN EFFICIENT SEWERAGE SYSTEM INWEST MALAYSIA.
• FOUNDED IN 1994
• OPERATES IN EVERY STATE IN WESTMALAYSIA EXCEPT KELANTAN ANDJOHOR.
![Page 30: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
BIOEFFLUENT
• A GREEN INITIATIVE PROGRAM.
• REUSES FILTERED WASTEWATERTO BE USED IN OTHER SECTORS.
• USES PREVIOUS TECHNOLOGYLIKE REVERSE OSMOSIS, SANDFILTERING AND ETC.
![Page 31: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
BENEFIT OF BIOEFFLUENT
• EFFICIENT POLLUTION CONTROL
• ALLOWS FOR A MORE SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE
• REDUCE PRESSURE ON NATURAL WATER RESOURCES
![Page 32: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
PROCESS OF MAKING BIOEFFLUENT
![Page 33: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
POSSIBLE PROBLEMS TO THE SYSTEM
BAD ODOUR COMING FROM SEWAGE PLANTS
• ONE OF THE MOST NOTABLE PROBLEM.
• CAUSES AN UNHAPPY WORKING PLACE AND EFFECTS RESIDENCES NEARBY.
• HYDROGEN SULPHIDE IS THE CAUSE OF THE BAD SMELL.
![Page 34: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
INSUFFICIENT SPACE FOR NEW WATER TREATMENT PLANTS
• MORE NOTICEABLE IN PLACES LIKE SINGAPORE OR WHERE LAND IS
SCARCE.
• HARD TIME FOR OLD PLANTS TO DEAL WITH NEW LARGER VOLUME
OF WASTE.
• RETROFIT OLD PLANTS WITH NEWER TECHNOLOGY TO INCREASE
TREATMENT CAPACITY.
![Page 35: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
AGING INFRASTRUCTURE
• HAPPENS MORE FREQUENTLY IN STILL DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
• HIGHER AND HIGHER MAINTENANCE COST THUS CAUSING A WASTAGE OF
TAXPAYERS MONEY.
• RISK OF A TREATMENT PLANT SHUTTING DOWN.
![Page 36: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
CASE STUDY 2 : SINGAPORE
• Southeast Asian island country, with an estimated population of 5.5 million living on less than 750
square kilometers of land
• Singapore is known for its robust economy but is
insufficient in one of the world’s most important daily
resources, water
• Location of centre: 20 KohSek Lim Road, Singapore
![Page 37: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• WATER HAS ALWAYS BEEN SINGAPORE’S FIRST NATIONAL PRIORITY
• LEE KUAN YEW, SINGAPORE’S FIRST PRIME MINISTER, PUSHED TO DEVELOP A SELF-SUFFICIENT WATER SUPPLY OF SINGAPORE IN RESPONSE TO THE SHORTAGE OF WATER IN THE 1960S AND ‘70S
• OVER THE LAST 50 YEARS, SINGAPORE HAS BUILT A ROBUST AND DIVERSIFIED SUPPLY OF WATER KNOWN AS THE “FOUR NATIONAL TAPS”.
![Page 38: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
1. WATER FROM LOCAL CATCHMENT
• REPRESENTS ONE OF THE PILLARS OF SINGAPORE’S SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLY
• SINCE 2011, THE WATER CATCHMENT AREA HAS BEEN INCREASED FROM HALF TO TWO-THIRDS OF SINGAPORE’S LAND SURFACE
- THE MARINA, PUNGGOL AND SERANGOON RESERVOIR.
• IN THE LONG RUN, THE WATER CATCHMENT AREA WILL INCREASE TO 90% OF SINGAPORE’S LAND AREA
- MADE UP OF UNPROTECTED CATCHMENTS WHICH CONSISTS OF LAND SUCH AS RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL AND NON-POLLUTIVE INDUSTRIAL
![Page 40: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
2. IMPORTED WATER
• ONLY ABLE TO SUPPLY HALF THE NATION’S WATER SUPPLY.
• 50% MORE IS IMPORTED FROM, JOHOR, MALAYSIA
• THE CONTRACT DUE TO EXPIRE IN 2061
![Page 41: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
3. NEWATER• THE MAIN PILLAR OF SINGAPORE’S WATER
SUSTAINABILITY
• IS A HIGH-GRADE RECLAIMED WATER TREATMENT PLANT USING DOMESTIC WASTEWATER WHICH IS THEN FURTHER PURIFIED USING ADVANCED MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND ULTRA-VIOLET DISINFECTION
• CURRENTLY, SINGAPORE’S FOUR NEWATER PLANTS ARE ABLE TO CONTRIBUTE 30% OF THE NATION’S CURRENT WATER NEEDS
• IS FORESEEN THAT BY 2060, NEWATER WILL BE ABLE TO MEET UP TO 50% OF SINGAPORE’S FUTURE WATER NEEDS.
![Page 42: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
4. DESALINATED WATER• TREATING SEAWATER
• IS THE MOST ENERGY-INTENSIVE AND MOST EXPENSIVE SOURCE OF WATER TO PRODUCE
• TWO DESALINATION PLANTS WITH A COMBINED CAPACITY OF 100MGD CAN NOW MEET 25% OF WATER NEEDS IN SINGAPORE
• IS ANTICIPATED THAT DESALINATED WATER CAN MEET UP APPROXIMATELY 30% OF SINGAPORE’S FUTURE WATER NEEDS
![Page 43: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
NEWATER TECHNOLOGY TREATMENT PROCESS (4 STEPS)
![Page 45: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
STEP 1: MICROFILTRATION (MF)
• WHERE THE TREATED UTILIZED WATER IS PASSED THROUGH A MEMBRANE. SUSPENDED SOLIDS, COLLOIDAL PARTICLES, DISEASE-CAUSING MICROBES, AND PROTOZOAN CYSTS ARE FILTERED OUT AND RETAINED ON THE MEMBRANE SURFACE
• THE FILTRATE CONTAINS ONLY WATER, DISSOLVED SALTS AND ORGANIC MOLECULES.
Step 2: Reverse Osmosis (RO)• In which a semi-permeable membrane is used• has very small pores, allowing only very small molecules like water molecules
to pass through• undesirable contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, nitrate,
chloride, sulphate, disinfection by-products, aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides and others cannot pass through
• the processed water is free from viruses, bacteria and contains negligible amount of salts and organic matters.
![Page 46: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
STEP 3: UV DISINFECTION• THE WATER IS ALREADY OF A HIGH GRADE WATER QUALITY
• ACTS AS A FURTHER SAFETY BACK-UP TO THE RO
• ULTRAVIOLET OR UV DISINFECTION IS USED TO ENSURE THAT ALL MICROORGANISMS AREINACTIVATED AND THE PURITY OF THE PRODUCT WATER GUARANTEED.
Step 4: Before Storing• the pH value of the NEWater is to be are balanced with the addition
of some alkaline chemicals to restore the acid-alkali or pH balance• After the pH balance has been achieved, the NEWater is now ready to
be piped off to its wide range of applications.
![Page 47: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
WHY IS NEWATER THE MAIN PILLAR OF SINGAPORE’S WATER SUSTAINABILITY?
• BECAUSE NEWATER HAS MORE QUALITY THAN PUB WATER
![Page 48: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
1) COLOUR• 20,000 EXAMINATIONS IN THE COURSE OF
THE RECENT TWO YEARS HAVE BEEN DIRECTED
• HAVE DETERMINED THAT NEWATER IS CLEANER THAN (PUBLIC UTILITIES BOARD) PUB WATER
• PHYSICALLY, NEWATER IS CLEAR AND SHINING
• THE RIVER SOURCES AND RESERVOIR WATER HAS MORE COLOR AS THEY CONTAIN MORE MINERALS AND NATURAL SUBSTANCE
![Page 49: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
2) SUSPENDED PARTICLES
• THE RIVER SOURCES AND RESERVOIR WATER ALSO CONTAIN MORE SUSPENDED PARTICLES
• THESE PARTICLES ARE WASHED INTO RIVERS AND RESERVOIRS BY RAINFALL RUNNING OFF THE GROUND
• NEWATER THEN AGAIN IS CLEARER, MUCH CLEARER THAN PUB WATER.
![Page 50: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
3) LEVEL OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES • THE ORGANIC SUBSTANCE OF NEWATER IS
LESS THAN ONE-TENTH OF PUB WATER CAUSING INDUSTRY USERS TO FIND NEWATER TO BE APPEALING
• THE WAFER FABRICATION PLANTS TAKE THE PUB WATER AND PROCESS IT TO REDUCE THE ORGANIC SUBSTANCE TO A LEVEL THAT IS ACCEPTABLE FOR THEIR OPERATIONS.
• STARTING FROM NEXT YEAR, THE WAFER FABRICATION PLANTS IN SINGAPORE WILL UTILIZE NEWATER INSTEAD OF PUB WATER BECAUSE NEWATER IS CLEANER THAN PUB WATER, AND IS MORE APPROPRIATE FOR THEIR OPERATIONS.
![Page 51: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
4) BACTERIA COUNT• HARMFUL TO HEALTH AND ARE FOUND
IN ANIMAL WASTE AND SOIL
• RAIN THAT FALLS ONTO THE GROUND WILL CARRY THE BACTERIA INTO THE RIVERS AND THE RESERVOIRS
• BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF NEWATER IS AS GOOD AS PUB WATER DUE TO THE FACT THAT PRESENCE OF BACTERIA AND VIRUS IS NOT DETECTABLE, THEREBY MEETING THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION'S STANDARDS
![Page 52: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE
IMPROVEMENTS
![Page 53: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
1) MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR (MBR)
• MEMBRANE SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN CRITICAL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED WATER-RECLAMATION SYSTEMS
• PROVIDE EXCELLENT PRE-TREATMENT FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO), WHICH CAN REMOVE A VARIETY OF DISSOLVED CONSTITUENTS
![Page 54: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
2) NATURAL TREATMENT SYSTEM (NTSS)
• HAVE THE ADVANTAGE OF BEING ABLE TO REMOVE A WIDE ASSORTMENT OF CONTAMINANTS, INCLUDING NUTRIENTS, PATHOGENS, AND MICRO-CONSTITUENTS SUCH AS PHARMACEUTICALS AND ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS
• IS PROVEN EFFECTIVE FOR THE TREATMENT OF POTABLE WATER
![Page 55: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
3) NANOTECHNOLOGY
• INCLUDE IMPROVED MEMBRANES AND CONFIGURATIONS
• MORE EFFICIENT PUMPING AND ENERGY-RECOVERY SYSTEMS
• THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY, SUCH AS MEMBRANE DISTILLATION.
![Page 56: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
4) MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
• ELECTRICAL ENERGY CAN BE EXTRACTED DIRECTLY FROM ORGANIC MATTER PRESENT IN THE WASTE STREAM BY UTILIZING ELECTRON EXCHANGE TO CAPTURE THE ENERGY PRODUCED BY MICROORGANISMS FOR METABOLIC PROCESSES
• HAS THE POTENTIAL TO PRODUCE ELECTRICAL ENERGY DIRECTLY FROM ORGANIC MATTER IN THE WASTE STREAM
![Page 57: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
5) URINE-SEPARATING TOILET
• 3 DIFFERENT TANKS ARE CONSTRUCTED, WHICH MAKES THE PROCESS OF WASTE TREATMENT MUCH EASIER AND EFFICIENT
• KEY TO MANAGE NUTRIENTS WITH MINIMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR OUTSIDE RESOURCES, SUCH AS ADDITIONAL ENERGY.
![Page 58: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
REFERENCEShttp://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/wastewater/wwsystem-process.shtmlhttps://www-mwps.sws.iastate.edu/catalog/water-septic-systems/installation-wastewater-treatment-systemshttp://www.level.org.nz/water/wastewater/building-design-considerations/http://www.unwater.org/fileadmin/user_upload/unwater_new/docs/UN-Water_Analytical_Brief_Wastewater_Management.pdfhttp://muskegoncountywastewatertreatment.com/http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/process-of-wastewater-treatment.phphttp://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/wastewater/wwsystem-process.shtmlhttp://onepowerservices.com/index.php/products/activated-carbonhttp://defence.gov.au/jlc/Documents/DSCC/ADF%20Health%20Manual%20Vol%2020,%20part8,%20chp2.pdfhttp://midasutara.my/eng/water-treatment-systemhttp://www.wepa-db.net/pdf/1203forum/20.pdfhttp://www.ecomena.org/wastewater-treatment/http://homeguides.sfgate.com/benefits-wastewater-treatment-79609.htmlhttp://environmental-researcher.blogspot.my/2012/04/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-water.htmlhttp://www.pantai2stp.com.my/wp-content/uploads/downloads/P2STP%20Half%20Day%20Seminars%202013/5%20-%20P2STP%20Sustainable%20WWTP%20Project.pdfhttp://www.weareserious.co.uk/types-of-system/sewage-treatment-plantshttps://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/singaporewaterstoryhttps://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/newaterhttp://www.takepart.com/article/2015/11/05/singapores-solution-water-crisishttps://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/V38N2/NewApproachesandTechnologiesforWastewaterManagement.aspxhttp://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1533_2009-06-23.htmlhttp://mywatermalaysianwateremilyleow.blogspot.my/2011/05/more-news.htmlhttps://www.iwk.com.my/do-you-know/green-technologyhttp://www.wwf.org.my/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_main/freshwater_sustainable_water_use/projects_sustainability_of_malaysia_s_water_resources_utilisation/smwru_issues/
![Page 59: Building services](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022201/589f257b1a28ab7b208b6e29/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)