building materials timber

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Assist. Prof. Dr. Sokol Dervishi | Building Materials | Faculty of Architecture and Enginerering | Epoka University

Timber

Timber

Assist. Prof. Dr. Sokol Dervishi | Building Materials | Faculty of Architecture and Enginerering | Epoka University 2

Relative embodied CO2 of various materials by weight

Timber

Green Oak construction


Timber

• The growth rings in a tree: visible

• Summer wood darker than


• Summer wood darker than spring wood.

• number of rings- the age of the tree

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Timber-cell structures

Softwood (Scots pine) Diffuse-porous hardwood (B l P d l )

Ring porous hardwood


(Betula Pendula) (oak)

Timber construction


Timber

• Coniferous trees, narrow rings: better quality (spruce and pine)D id t id i b tt lit ti b• Deciduous trees wide rings: better quality timber


Timber

Timber Properties Areas of useScots pine (Pinussylvestris)

Soft, elastic, strong, durable, easy to cleave and work, denser and more

Structures, floors, cladding, windows, doors, roofing, foundations below

resin than in spruce, difficult to glue and paint,

ground level, plugs

Norway spruce (Piceaabies)

Soft, elastic and medium hardwearing, sensitive to moisture, easy to glue and paint, difficult to pressure impregnate

Structures, roofing, cladding, laminated timber, fibreboard

European larch (Larix decidua)

Tough, strong and durable, good moisture resistance, easy to work,

Structures, floor plate, doors, windows, roofing


(Larix decidua) moisture resistance, easy to work, cannot be painted

windows, roofing

Aspen (Populus tremula)

Moisture resistant but strongestwhen dry, does not twist

Floors, plywood, suspended ceiling, smaller structures, cladding, piping for water and gutters, piles

Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior)

Hard, dense, tough, elastic, low resistance to moisture, easy to bend under steam

Floors, veneer, internal panelling, stairs, internal structural details

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Structural elements in timber

• Materials in solid timber: different sizes (round logs or rectangular sections)

• The smaller the size of the element the more effective the use • The smaller the size of the element, the more effective the use of the timber available

• Use of small timber sections from certain deciduous – -not particularly large trees (timber jointing) – the length (timber plugs, bolts, nails or glue)– or cross-section (solid connections or I-beams)


Timber joints for increasing the length


Timber Structures

Assist. Prof. Dr. Sokol Dervishi | Building Materials | Faculty of Architecture and Enginerering | Epoka University

A roof joint bolted together, not glued

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Timber Structures

Toothed beam joint put together in three pieces


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Timber Structures


A lattice I-beam, all joints fixed by bolting; no glue

Timber Structures


Production of timber lattice beam on site

The use of timber in building


Modern demountable timber joints with metal components and plugs

The use of timber in building


Structural possibilities for laminated timber

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Foundations

• raft and pile foundations• bases for foundation walls and weaker ground stabilization

Ti b i ti i l ti t d l • Timbers varying properties in relation to damp low-oxygen environments

• Oak: 15 and 20 years


FoundationsFoundations


Raft foundation

Foundations


Structural walls

• Timber buildings-associated with load-bearing timber walls• light and heavy structures

li ht i ht b ildi i th f k• lightweight building is the framework– economic in the use of materials – advantage of the tensile and compressive strengths of timber


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Log construction

• A solid timber wall: good acoustic properties and fire resistance• The thermal insulation (for 700 to 800 years considered the

warmest alternative))• Pine: the timber most used in log construction


Vertical load-bearing panelling

• Timber buildings-associated with load-bearing timber walls• light and heavy structures

li ht i ht b ildi i th f k• lightweight building is the framework– economic in the use of materials – advantage of the tensile and compressive strengths of timber


Vertical load-bearing panelling


Timber framework


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Timber materialsMaterial Composition Areas of useTimber panelling Untreated timber Balancing of relative humidity

Woodchip Woodchip possibly with lime sand Thermal insulation balancing of relative Woodchip Woodchip, possibly with lime, sand, magnesium chloride, waterglass, borax, ammonia polyphosphate

Thermal insulation, balancing of relative humidity

Cork Cork oak which can also be mixed with bitumen or gelatine

Thermal insulation, balancing of relative humidity

Woodwool slabs Wood strands bound with cement or magnesite

Thermal insulation, thermal storage, balancing of relative humidity, sound absorption, sound insulation

Porous fibreboard Mass of wood fibres with paper with or Thermal insulation wind proofing


Porous fibreboard Mass of wood fibres with paper with or without bitumen

Thermal insulation, wind-proofing,balancing of relative humidity, soundabsorption

Hard fibreboard Mass of wood fibres, can havebitumen coating

Vapour barrier

Cellulose fibre loose or matting

Cellulose with borax or boric acid, and/or aluminium hydroxide

Thermal insulation, balancing ofrelative humidity, wind-proofing

Timber connectors


Timber products

• laminated timber• structural insulated panels

l i t d l b• laminated veneer lumber• Plywood• blockboard and laminboard• Particleboard• Fibreboard• wood wool slabs


• wood wool slabs• compressed straw slabs• Thatch• shingles;

Glued laminated-timber beams


building materials timber

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