building materials 1

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALSBUILDING MATERIALS

CONCRETE

Ingredient – cement, water, small stones

Strength – cheap, fireproof & weatherproof, molds any shape, strong in compression

Weaknesses – cracks with temperature changes weak intemperature changes, weak in tension

Applications – early arch bridges & domes

REINFORCED CONCRETE

Type – fine-grained concrete withType – fine-grained concrete with high-strength steel

Ingredient – steel bars hidden in concrete

Strength – low-cost, fireproof & th f ld hweatherproof, molds any shape,

strong in compression & tension

Weaknesses – can crack as it cools & hardens

Applications – bridges, dams, gdomes, buildings

BRICK

Type ordinary brickType – ordinary brick

Ingredient – burned clay

Strength – cheap, strong in compressionp

Weaknesses – heavy weak inWeaknesses – heavy, weak in tension

Applications – walls of early skyscrapers and tunnelsskyscrapers and tunnels, domes

CAST IRON

Type – cast ironType – cast iron

Ingredient – iron with lots of carbonIngredient iron with lots of carbon

Strength – molds to any shape,Strength molds to any shape, strong in compression

Weaknesses – weaker than steel in tension, breaks without warning

Applications – arch bridges, cannons domescannons, domes

STEEL

Type – high-strength steelType – high-strength steel

Ingredient – iron with a touch ofIngredient iron with a touch of carbon

Strength – one of the strongest materials used in construction, t i i & t istrong in compression & tension

Weaknesses rusts loses strengthWeaknesses – rusts, loses strength in extremely high temperature

Applications – cables in suspension bridges, buildingsg g

ALUMINUM

Type – aluminum alloyyp y

Ingredients – aluminum w/Ingredients – aluminum w/ magnesium & copper

Strength – lightweight, d ’t t t idoesn’t rust, strong in compression & tension

Weaknesses – expensive

Applications – airplane wings,Applications airplane wings, boats, skyscrapers “skin”

WOOD

Strength cheapStrength – cheap, lightweight, moderately strong in compression &strong in compression & tension

Weaknesses – rots, swells and burn easilyand burn easily

Applications – bridges, houses, 2 or 3-story bldbldgs

PLASTIC

Type – high-strength plastic yp g g pfabric

Ingredients – long chain of moleculesmolecules

St th fl ibl li ht i htStrength – flexible, lightweight, long lasting, strong in compression & tensioncompression & tension

Weaknesses – expensive

Applications – tent structures, inflatable roofs

Introduction to ConcreteIntroduction to Concrete

Concrete As A Material

• Concrete, literally, forms the basis of our modern life:modern life:

– Roadways/transportation systems– Infrastructure (bridges, dams, buildings)Infrastructure (bridges, dams, buildings)– Harbor protection (flood walls)– Water distribution (pipes & conduit)– Any type of buildingsAny type of buildings

G d C l DGrand Coulee Dam

ConcreteConcrete

• The word “concrete” originates from the Latin verb “concretus” which means toLatin verb concretus , which means to grow together.

• It is a mixture of portland cement, water, aggregates (Fine & Coarse) and in someaggregates (Fine & Coarse) and in some cases admixtures.

• The cement and water form a paste that hardens and bonds the aggregates togetherhardens and bonds the aggregates together.

• Concrete is often looked upon as “man pmade rock”.

REASONS WHY CONCRETE IS THE MOST WIDELY USED MATERIAL:

• Concrete is one ofthe cheapest andmost readilymost readilyavailable materialsConcrete can be• Concrete can beformed into avariety of shapesand sizes

• Concrete possessesexcellent resistanceto water

Advantage of Concreteg

• We ha e the abilit to cast desired shapes• We have the ability to cast desired shapes– Arches, piers, columns, shells, slabs, beams, etc…

• Properties can be tailored according to need(strength, durability, etc.)( g y )

• Ability to resist high temperatures– Will maintain structural integrity far longer thanWill maintain structural integrity far longer than

structural steel • Does not require protective coatings• Does not require protective coatings• Can be an architectural & structural member at the

tisame time

Properties of Quality Concrete

• Workability (ease of placement; resistance to segregation; homogenous mass)to segregation; homogenous mass)

• Consistency (ability to flow)• Durability

S h• Strength• Chloride Penetration ResistanceChloride Penetration Resistance• Abrasion Resistance

W k biliWorkability

• Workability is the property that determines the ease with hi h f hl i d b l d d fi i h dwhich freshly mixed concrete can be placed and finished

without segregation. • Workability is difficult to measure but redi-mix

companies usually have experience in determining thecompanies usually have experience in determining the proper mix.

• Therefore, it is important to accurately describe what the concrete is to be used for, and how it will be placed.

Durability

f bl i l d h i f

y

• If acceptable materials are used, the properties of concrete, such as durability, wear resistance, and strength depend on the cement mixture.

• A mixture with a sufficiently low ratio of water to• A mixture with a sufficiently low ratio of water to cement plus entrained air, if specified, is the most d i bldesirable.

• These properties--and thus the desired concrete quality--can only be fully achieved through proper placement and finishing, followed by prompt andplacement and finishing, followed by prompt and effective curing.

Th N f CThe Nature of Concrete

• It is a composite material

• Aggregates are 65% - 80% of the volumeAggregates are 65% - 80% of the volume – Fine aggregate: sand

Coarse aggregate: stone– Coarse aggregate: stone

C G l & li bi d• Cement: General term & applies to any binder– Portland cement– fly ash

W t• Water

Th P Of Th A tThe Purpose Of The Aggregates• Large aggregates:

– provide density (fill space: cheap filler)provide density (fill space: cheap filler)– provide strength (hard material)

• Fine aggregates:fill small voids between large– fill small voids between large aggregates (reduce volume changes)

– Increases strength of the cement binder

The Cement Matrix• Cement:Cement:

– produces a crystalline structurestructure

– binds aggregates together

Uses for cement:Mortar = cement + sand + waterPlaster = cement + lime + sand + waterPlaster cement + lime + sand + waterGrout = cement + sand + considerable amount of waterPaste = cement + water

Water• needed for two purposes:

– chemical reaction with cement– workabilityworkability

• only 1/3 of the water is needed for chemical reactioni i d h l• extra water remains in pores and holes

• results in porosity• Good for preventing plastic shrinkage cracking and

workabilityworkability• Bad for permeability, strength, durability.

CONSTRUCTION STONES

TOPICSTOPICS – Stone as a Construction MaterialStone as a Construction Material

– Classification of Stone

– Cutting and Dressing of Stones

– Construction of Stone Masonry– Construction of Stone Masonry

– Comparison between Brick and Stone masonrymasonry

StoneStone a natural, hard substance formed from minerals and earth material which are present in rocks.present in rocks.

Rockthe portion of the earth’s crust having no definite shape and structuredefinite shape and structure

To qualify as a construction material, stone To qualify as a construction material, stone should have the following qualities:should have the following qualities:should have the following qualities:should have the following qualities:

StrengthStrength:: MostMost typestypes ofofstonestone havehave moremore thanthanadequateadequate compressivecompressiveqq ppstrengthstrength.. TheThe shearshearstrengthstrength ofof stone,stone,st e gtst e gt oo sto e,sto e,however,however, isis usuallyusuallyaboutabout 11//1010 ofof itsitsaboutabout 11//1010 ofof itsitscompressivecompressive strengthstrength

HardnessHardness:: hardnesshardness isis importantimportant whenwhen stonestoneppisis usedused forfor flooring,flooring, paving,paving, andand stairstair treadstreads..

D bilitD bilit R i tR i tDurabilityDurability:: ResistanceResistancetoto thethe weatheringweatheringeffectseffects ofof rain,rain, wind,wind,heat,heat, andand frostfrostactionaction isis necessarynecessaryforfor exteriorexteriorstoneworkstonework

W k bilitW k bilit AA t ’t ’WorkabilityWorkability:: AA stone’sstone’shardnesshardness andand graingraintexturetexture mustmust allowallow itittoto bebe quarried,quarried, cutcutandand shapedshaped

D itD it AA t ’t ’DensityDensity:: AA stone’sstone’sporosityporosity affectsaffects itsitsabilityability toto withstandwithstandfrostfrost actionaction andandstainingstaining

AppearanceAppearance: Appearance factors include : Appearance factors include color, grain, and texturecolor, grain, and texture

CLASSIFICATION OF STONES CLASSIFICATION OF STONES (according to geological origin):(according to geological origin):

Igneous rockIgneous rock

Sedimentary rockSedimentary rockyy

Metamorphic rocksMetamorphic rocksMetamorphic rocksMetamorphic rocks

IgneousIgneous rockrock isis formedformed asas aa resultresult ofof coolingcooling ofof thethemoltenmolten rockrock toto solidsolid statestate -- ItIt isis nonporous,nonporous, hard,hard,strongstrong andand durabledurable

IgneousIgneous rockrock alsoalso knownknown asasprimary,primary, unun--stratifiedstratified oror eruptiveeruptiveprimary,primary, unun stratifiedstratified oror eruptiveeruptiverocksrocks

GraniteGranite:: Consists mainly of Consists mainly of quartz feldspar mica and otherquartz feldspar mica and otherquartz, feldspar, mica, and other quartz, feldspar, mica, and other colored minerals; colors include colored minerals; colors include black gray red pink brownblack gray red pink brownblack, gray, red, pink, brown, black, gray, red, pink, brown, buff, and green buff, and green

Serpentine:Serpentine: Main ingredient is Main ingredient is serpentine; color ranges from serpentine; color ranges from olive green to greenish black, is olive green to greenish black, is fine grained and dense fine grained and dense

BasaltBasalt:: Color ranges from gray Color ranges from gray t bl k d i l f it bl k d i l f ito black; used mainly for paving to black; used mainly for paving stones and retaining walls stones and retaining walls

GraniteGraniteGraniteGranite

NonNon--porous, hard, porous, hard, strong, durablestrong, durable

C l RC l RColor RangeColor Range

Surface TexturesSurface TexturesSurface TexturesSurface Textures

SourcesSourcesSourcesSources

Primary UsesPrimary Uses

3535

Polished Surface

Rough Texture

3636

ShShapeFlat to Round

3737

TYPES OF BUILDING STONESTYPES OF BUILDING STONES

SerpentineSerpentine –– igneous with igneous with pp ggmineral serpentine. mineral serpentine. Typically olive green to Typically olive green to yp y gyp y ggreenish black but greenish black but impurities may color the impurities may color the p yp yrock. rock.

Used only for interiors due to Used only for interiors due to weatheringweathering

Sedimentary rockSedimentary rock is formed by the deposition of is formed by the deposition of sediment by water, wind or glacier, results in sediment by water, wind or glacier, results in sandstone, limestone and shalesandstone, limestone and shale

Sedimentary rocksSedimentary rocks are also known as aqueous or are also known as aqueous or stratified rocksstratified rocks

Sandstone: Sedimentary rock composed of sand sized grainsSandstone: Sedimentary rock composed of sand sized grains made of silica, iron oxide and clay - Colors include gray, brown light brown buff russet red copper and purplebrown, light brown, buff, russet, red, copper, and purple

Limestone: Sedimentary rock composed of calcite andLimestone: Sedimentary rock composed of calcite and dolomite - Three types: oolitic, dolomitic and crystalline -Has high compressive strength - Used for building stones andHas high compressive strength Used for building stones and for paneling

Shale: Derived from clays and silts; weak along planes and is in thin laminations - High in limestone and color varies fromin thin laminations High in limestone and color varies from black to red, yellow, and blue


SandstoneSandstone –– class of rock class of rock of cemented silica grains of cemented silica grains with texture ranging from with texture ranging from

fifivery fine to very coarse. very fine to very coarse. Colors vary from buff, Colors vary from buff,

d d li h bd d li h bred and light brown. red and light brown. Porous where as 30% of Porous where as 30% of

l d fl d fvolume composed of poresvolume composed of pores


LimestoneLimestone –– sedimentary sedimentary rock like rock like dolomitedolomite, no , no cleavage lines, low in cleavage lines, low in absorption, smooth, uniform absorption, smooth, uniform in structure & composition. in structure & composition. High compressive & tensile High compressive & tensile strength strength

Used for: Used for: wall & floor surfaceswall & floor surfaces

Limestone with Granite

4343


TravertineTravertine –– sedimentarysedimentaryrockrock pleasingpleasing texturetexture withwithrock,rock, pleasingpleasing texturetexture withwithsmallsmall naturalnatural pocketspockets onon aacutcut surfacesurfacecutcut surfacesurface..

UsedUsed forfor::UsedUsed forfor::interiorinterior decorativedecorative

stonestone

Metamorphic rocksMetamorphic rocks has undergone a change in has undergone a change in structure, texture, or composition due to the structure, texture, or composition due to the natural agencies, as heat and pressure, natural agencies, as heat and pressure, ggespecially when the rock becomes harder especially when the rock becomes harder and more crystalline, as marble and slateand more crystalline, as marble and slatey ,y ,

Metamorphic RockMetamorphic RockMetamorphic RockMetamorphic Rock

MarbleMarble

SlSlate


MarbleMarble –– metamorphicmetamorphicrock,rock, aa rere crystallizedcrystallizedlimestonelimestone formingforming intointocarraracarrara,, parianparian,, onyxonyx andandvermontvermont..UsedUsed forfor::

flooringflooringllll && ll f if iwallwall && columncolumn facingfacing

Marble - Exterior Application

4848


Slate RockSlate Rock ––metamorphosis of claysmetamorphosis of claysmetamorphosis of clays metamorphosis of clays and shale's deposited in and shale's deposited in layers. May be separatedlayers. May be separatedlayers. May be separated layers. May be separated into thin, tough sheets into thin, tough sheets calledcalled slatesslates . Colors are. Colors arecalled called slatesslates . Colors are . Colors are black, green red, grey, or black, green red, grey, or purple.purple.purple. purple.

Used for: Used for: flooringflooringwindow sillswindow sillsstair treads & facingstair treads & facing

Slate Flooring

5050

Other Metamorphic Rocks Used InOther Metamorphic Rocks Used InOther Metamorphic Rocks Used In Other Metamorphic Rocks Used In Stone Masonry Stone Masonry

QuartziteQuartzite:: It is a variety of It is a variety of stone stone composed of composed of mainly granular quartz cemented by silica, color mainly granular quartz cemented by silica, color varies from brown, buff, tan, ivory, red through gray varies from brown, buff, tan, ivory, red through gray

SchistSchist:: Made of silica with smaller amounts of iron Made of silica with smaller amounts of iron oxide and magnesium oxideoxide and magnesium oxide -- Color varies fromColor varies fromoxide and magnesium oxide oxide and magnesium oxide Color varies from Color varies from blue, green, brown, gold, white, gray, and blue, green, brown, gold, white, gray, and redred

STONE CONSTRUCTIONSTONE CONSTRUCTIONLargely used as Largely used as facing facing for building material with steel and concrete frames. for building material with steel and concrete frames.

5252

Application Categories :Application Categories :Application Categories :Application Categories :

11 PanelingPaneling1.1. PanelingPaneling2.2. AshlarsAshlars3.3. RubbleworkRubblework4.4. TrimTrim4.4. TrimTrim

PanelingPaneling –– thinthin slabsslabs ofof stonestone cutcut toto dimensiondimensiondd thi kthi k tt b kb k llll ddandand thicknessthickness toto covercover backback upup wallswalls andand

provideprovide finishedfinished exteriorexterior

RunningRunning BondBond -- aa masonrymasonry bondbond formedformed whenwhen allall unitsunitsareare laidlaid inin stretcherstretcher positionposition withwith aa halfhalf--unitunit overlapoverlapareare laidlaid inin stretcherstretcher position,position, withwith aa halfhalf unitunit overlapoverlap

Stack BondStack Bond -- aa masonry bond formed when there is no masonry bond formed when there is no overlapping of all units and all horizontal & vertical overlapping of all units and all horizontal & vertical joints are alignedjoints are aligned

Ashlar MasonryAshlar MasonryAshlar MasonryAshlar Masonry

In this type properly dressed stones are In this type properly dressed stones are used.used.

1.1. Ashlar fine or course Ashlar fine or course ashlarashlar masonrymasonryR d dR d d hlhl2.2. Random coursed Random coursed ashlarashlar masonrymasonry

3.3. Rough tooledRough tooled ashlarashlar masonrymasonry3.3. Rough tooled Rough tooled ashlarashlar masonrymasonry4.4. Rock or quarry faced Rock or quarry faced ashlarashlar masonrymasonry5.5. Chamfered Chamfered ashlarashlar masonrymasonry66 Block in course masonryBlock in course masonry6.6. Block in course masonryBlock in course masonry7.7. Ashlar facingAshlar facing

AshlarsAshlars –– work requires the use of cut stone work requires the use of cut stone that includes broken ashlars regularly /that includes broken ashlars regularly /that includes broken ashlars, regularly / that includes broken ashlars, regularly / irregularly coursed.irregularly coursed.

CoursedCoursed AshlarAshlar --AshlarAshlar masonrymasonryyylaidlaid outout inin coursescoursesofof equalequal heightheight;;bl kbl k ff iiblocksblocks ofof variousvarioussizessizes maymay bebecombinedcombined toto makemakecombinedcombined toto makemakeupup thethe heightheight ofofthethe coursecourse

RandomRandom AshlarAshlar -- AshlarAshlarmasonrymasonry laidlaid withoutwithoutyyregularregular coursescourses butbut withwithanan overalloverall effecteffect ofofh i t lh i t l i t tii t tihorizontalhorizontal orientationorientation

DimensionDimension stonestone -- isis quarriedquarried andand squaredsquared stonestoneii ii dd ff ifi difi d thi kthi k ddinin properproper sizesize andand ofof specifiedspecified thickness,thickness, usedusedcommonlycommonly forfor wallwall panels,panels, cornices,cornices, copings,copings,lintelslintels andand flooringflooringlintelslintels andand flooringflooring..

Rubble MasonryRubble MasonryRubble MasonryRubble MasonryIn this type undressed or roughly dressed In this type undressed or roughly dressed t dt dstones are usedstones are used1.1. UnUn--coarsedcoarsed Rubble MasonryRubble Masonry2.2. Random Rubble MasonryRandom Rubble Masonry33 Coursed Rubble MasonryCoursed Rubble Masonry3.3. Coursed Rubble MasonryCoursed Rubble Masonry4.4. Dry Rubble MasonryDry Rubble Masonry

RubbleRubble consistsconsists ofofRubbleRubble -- consistsconsists ofofroughrough fragmentsfragments ofofbrokenbroken stonestone thatthatbrokenbroken stonestone thatthathavehave atat leastleast oneonegoodgood faceface forforgoodgood faceface forforexposureexposure inin aa wallwall..

RubbleworkRubblework –– randomrandom && nono attemptattempt totoproducedproduced anan orderlyorderly coursecourse eithereitherproducedproduced anan orderlyorderly coursecourse eithereitherhorizontalhorizontal oror verticalvertical.... SmallSmall spacesspaces arearefill dfill d ithith llll ttfilledfilled withwith smallersmaller stonesstones..

CoursedCoursed RubbleRubble -- FieldstoneFieldstone ororroughlyroughly dresseddressed stone,stone, withwith ororwithoutwithout mortar,mortar, assembledassembled toto givegiveaa effecteffect ofof coursescourses

FieldstoneFieldstone -- StoneStone foundfound onon thethe groundground (i(i..ee..,, notnotquarriedquarried)) thatthat isis aa suitablesuitable sizesize andand shapeshape forfor useuse asasquarriedquarried)) thatthat isis aa suitablesuitable sizesize andand shapeshape forfor useuse asasdrywalldrywall oror rubblerubble masonrymasonry

building materials 1

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