building material for ecologically sustainable developments

8/6/2019 Building Material for Ecologically Sustainable Developments

1/47

Building material and Construction technologies

for

Ecological Sustainable Developments

SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth

SEMESTER, JAMIA MILLIA

ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI

1


2/47

SUSTAINABILITY IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IS GENERALLY

ACHIEVED BY :

Defining clear goals sympathetic to sustainability issues.

Concentrated effort at design stage to achieve these goals.

Focussing on decisions like site selection, building layout , design etc.

Choosing the right materials which are recyclable after their useful lives

Choosing the right methods of construction in terms of energy and resource

efficiency

Creating an efficient and integrated building envelope harnessing the gifts

of nature

Using HVFAC systems.

2

SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth SEMESTER,

JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI


3/47

3

In building construction industry Variety ofalternative building materials areavailable which provide better, efficient, durable and cost effective construction

and also ensurejudicious utilization of available limited resources with least

possible degradation of environment. Besides being ecofriendly, the other

advantages of using these materials for construction are;

1. Better functional efficiency

2. Cost effectiveness

3. Better durability

4. Ease of construction

5. Better finish

6. Minimum waste0

7. Less maintenance cost

8. Minimum defects

9. Less energy intensive



ALTERNATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS


4/47

1. Moderninnovations of concrete High Volume fly Ash Concrete (HVFAC)

All though the Indian code does not encourage a replacement of above 35% of flyash, it has been

adequately demonstrated in projects

spread out in different parts of the globe as well as in India ( no less prestigious than the Delhi Metro) thatconcrete mixes with 50% fly ash and cement contents lower than conventional have yielded far

more superior performance.

Such HVFAC consumes

nearly 40 % less cement

and hence save heavily on GHG emissions.

cost at par or less, are far more durable than conventional,

and hence have a lower life cycle cost.

4

BASIC BUILDING MATERIALS

2. Moderninnovations of brick CellularLightweight ConcreteBlocks (CLC)

CLC blocks are masonry blocks cast out of cement-flyash-sand slurry.

Foam produced separately is introduced during mixing so as to incorporate millions of tiny cells of air

in the mix thereby

reducing the block weight as well as

enhancing its insulative value-3.5 to 4 times that of burnt clay bricks

Due to the lighter weight of the blocks they are easier to handle and

consume masonry mortar far less than conventional brickwork.

Due to the reduced self weight of tall buildings the earthquakeforces get reduced and it is possible to economize on the structural design requirements.


5/47

5

MATERIALS REPLACING WOOD AND OTHER CONVENTIONAL

RECONSTITUTED WOOD PRODUCTS

1. Developed Bagasse-CementBoardsand Panels:

different natural and synthetic and man-made fibers have

been used for making

high density fiber-board using cement (inorganic) as binder.

The development is aimed to develop building boards and

door shutter using bagasse fiber. Building board is suitable for

partitioning, paneling etc.

2. Arhar Stalk CementBoard:

The work being carried out in CBRI, Roorkee, India is intended

to explore the possibilities of using fibrous biomass such as

Arhar Stalks, Groundnut Shells etc. for the production of

composite materials. Composite panels developed using Arhar

Stalks meets the requirements of ISO, BS, and BIS

specifications.


6/47

6

3. Coir CNSL (cashew nut shell liquid ) Board

The Coir-CNSL Board is a wood alternative which can be used

for surfacing, door and window shutters, partitioning, false

ceiling, panelling , furniture, cabinets, packaging etc. It is a

single layer flat pressed class Medium Density Fiber (MDF)

Board. It has low water absorption, negligible change in

dimensions due to water absorption, workable with normal wood

working tools, paintable, pre-laminable, nailable and screwable,

passes IS-3087. The board is eco-friendly and can replace wood

or re-constituted wood by 100%.

Salient features of Coir-CNSL Board are as under;

i) Both the starting materials i.e. coconut fibre and cashew nut shell liquid are available substantially in

coastal areas and are renewable agro-wastes.

ii) Technology is developed at pilot level and ready for transfer.

iii) The technology and product both are patented.

iv) Technology is techno-economically viable as per pre-estimates


7/47

7

4 Lightweight Sandwich Panels

The cellulosic refuse of paper industries are rich in small fibres and can be used to make value added

product, which can be used for acoustics, thermal insulation and false ceiling purposes in buildings.

Their end applications is in

partitioning,

paneling,

thermal insulation and

false ceiling with its unique aesthetics

product has been patented

most suitable for paper industries as a down stream process.



5. Coir-CNSL Thermal Insulation Boards

This is a composite material, which utilises the coconut fibres as reinforcing material and CNSL as the

natural binder. The density of the board is kept very low i.e. around 350-450 kgs/ mtr3. The product

can be given suitable shape to be fitted with equipment or surface to be insulated. The thermal

conductivity is 0.0745 kcal/hr.m2.C.


8/47


JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI 8

Variety of products made up of PVC

areavailable commercially for use inbuilding construction such as pipe,

sanitary wares, tiles, electric switches,

and wires etc. there is another product

made of PVC is board which is a wood

alternative. The product and technology

has been developed in CBRI at pilot

level using industrial PVC scrap. In this

developmental work emphasis has

been given to keep the dependency on

imported equipment and chemicals

lowest. This helped in keeping theoverhead expenditure at lower side

leading to lower product cost.

6. Rigid PVC Foamed and Un-foamed Boards


9/47


JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI 9

Other Alternative Building Materials Under Development at CBRI :

Some other new alternative building materials are being developed in

CBRI using other un-exploited natural resources as well. A few such

materials include;

1. Plywood/ Veneer waste lignin composite Boards

2. Bagasse-Plastic Composites Boards

3. Oil palm fiber cement boards

MATERIALS BEING DEVELOPED


10/47

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION

It is evaluated that:

about 1.7 billion people of theworld's population live in earthenhouses:

About 50 % of the population in

developing countries,

and at least 20% of urban andsuburban populations.

EARTH HOUSES

Down through the ages, people have beenusing raw earth for building their living spaces

. Every single continent, and nearly everycountry, possesses a rich heritage of earthenbuildings.

ALTERNATIVE BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES


11/47

The world's oldest earthen buildingstill standing is about 3,300 yearsold. The Ramasseum, made ofadobes, was built around 1,300 BC inthe old city ofThebes. It can still bevisited on the left shore of the Nile,opposite Luxor.

People from all

countries with so manydiverse cultures, social &constructional habits;have used this material

from our Mother Earth


12/47

BUILDING WITHEARTH..

The end of the 19thcentury, the skills of earthbuilders have beenprogressively lost.


13/47

At the dawn of this new millennium, our Mother Earth gave us two challenges:

How to build with earth on a large scale, while respecting Nature?

How to realize architecture full of light, suppleness, simplicity,imagination and beauty with a heavy and formless mud?

EARTHTECHNOLOGY :

This research aims to make extensive use of raw earth as the main buildingmaterial, thereby using a local resource, which can help developingtechnologies that are energy saving, eco-friendly and sustainable.

on minimising the use of steel, cement and reinforced cementconcrete (RCC).

alternative stabilizers to cement and alternative waterproofing withstabilized earth, composed of soil, sand, cement, lime, alum andtannin


14/47

The following technologies have been mastered and are disseminatedsince years:

Stabilised rammed earth foundations

Rammed earth walls, rammed manually

Composite plinth step plinth with CSEB and plinth beamcast in U shaped CSEB

Wide variety of compressed stabilised earth blocks (15modules available today)

Stabilized earth mortars and plasters

Composite columns Round hollow CSEB with reinforcedcement concrete

Composite beams and lintels U shaped CSEB withreinforced cement concrete


15/47

This type of foundations is usedsince 1990 for all kinds ofbuildings, up to 4 floors high.

The soil, excavated from thetrench foundation, is sieved andmeasured in the mean time.

Sand needs always to beadded.

T

he cement percentage willvary with the soil quality.

1.STABILISED RAMMED EARTH FOUNDATIONS


16/47


17/47


18/47

2.STABILISED RAMMED EARTHWALLS

This technique has been introduced in Aurovilleonly in 1995, for the construction of MirramukhiSchool, which has been renamedDeepanam

School.


19/47

PROCESS :

A slipping type formwork has been designed and developed.

The panels are lifted up and the walls are built like piers walls.

The process is similar to the modern rammed earth system practiced in USA orAustralia, but adapted to the local context of a developing country and, withlight peripheral equipment and manual ramming.

Some sand is always added: 25 to 30 % according to the soil quality, so asto reduce shrinkage.

Cement percentage will vary with the soil quality, but in Auroville, wealways use 5 % by weight of cement.

ROLE Of SAND :


20/47


21/47


22/47

THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF EARTHENWALLS

"Earthen buildings (rammed earth) are cool insummer and hot in winter.-HYDRO THERMAL

BEHAVIOUR.


23/47

The soil for a compressed earth block (CEB) is slightly moistened, poured into a steel press (with orwithout stabiliser) and then compressed either with a manual or motorized press. CEB can becompressed in many different shapes and sizes. For example, the Auram press 3000 proposes 16types of blocks.

3.COMPRESSED STABILISED EARTH BLOCKS

Many stabilizers can be used. Cement and lime are the most common ones. Others, likechemicals, resins or natural products can be used as well.

The selection of a stabilizer will depend upon the soil quality and the project requirements:

Cement will be preferable for sandy soils and to achieve quickly a higher strength.

Lime will be rather used for very clayey soil, but will take a longer time to harden and to givestrong blocks.

The input of soil stabilization allowed people to build higher with thinner walls, which have amuch better compressive strength and water resistance.

Soil Stabilization


24/47

A soil is an earth concrete and a good soil for CSEB ismore sandy than clayey. It has these proportions:

According to the percentage of these 4 components, a soil with more gravel will

be called gravely, another one with more, sand, sandy, others silty or clayey, etc.

The aim of the field tests is to identify in which of these four categories the soil is.

From the simple classification it will be easy to know what to do with this soil.

SOIL SUITABILITY FOR CSEB :


25/47

ADVANTAGES OF CSEB :A local material

A bio-degradable material

Limiting deforestation

Cost efficiency

Energy efficiency and eco friendliness

An adapted material

A transferable technology

A job creation opportunity

Market opportunity

Reducing imports

Flexible production scale


26/47

ENVIRONMENTAL

COST

MONETARY COST STRENGTH

CSEB and rammed earthare more eco-friendly:Pollution emission2.4 times less than wire cutbricks7.9 times less than country

fired bricksEnergy consumption4.9 times less than wire cutbricks15.1 times less than countryfired bricks

A finished m3 of CSEBwall is:25.9 % cheaper than countryfired bricks47.2 % cheaper than wirecut bricks

A finished m3 oframmed earth wall is:26.2 % cheaper than CSEBwall45.3 % cheaper than countryfired bricks bricks61.0 % cheaper than wirecut bricks

CSEB and rammed earthare:1.4 times the strength ofcountry fired bricks0.5 times the strength ofwire cut bricks


27/47

HOLLOWINTERLOCKING BLOCKS

. Its principle is to reinforce the masonry by grouting a concrete into theholes of the blocks where stands a steel rod at the critical locations (Corners,ends, near openings, etc,). Horizontal reinforcements are also cast in blockswith a U shape.

. The advantage of hollow interlocking CSEB, compared to hollow concreteblocks, is that they offer keys, which interlock in the other blocks.

Thus these walls offer more resistance to shear and buildings wouldbe even stronger. They would better resist earthquakes and withoutmajor damages.


28/47


29/47


30/47

This technique is extensively used since 1995.

Round hollow CSEB are reinforced with cementconcrete. Reinforcements vary with the heightand load, but the rod diameter cannot exceed 10mm for the blocks 290 and 12 mm for the blocks

240.

COMPOSITECOLUMNS


31/47


32/47


33/47


34/47


35/47

COMPOSITE BEAMS

This technique is extensively used since 1993. U-shaped CSEB are withreinforced cement concrete. Reinforcements vary with the span, but therod diameter cannot exceed 12 mm for the blocks 290 & 295 and 16 mmfor the blocks 240 & 245.

The bottom part of the beamis precast in a reversedposition on the ground.

Once cured, after 28 days, itis lifted and the middle andtop parts are built on it.

The blocks are used as lostshuttering, but they also helpthe compressive strength ofthe beam.

The double and triple height beams have onlytheir bottom part precast on the ground. Therest is done in situ.

The reinforced concrete part must be placeddownwards: to bear the tensile forces and the Ushaped block will react in compression.

The maximum span, with a triple height beam,will be limited to 3 m with reinforcement steelbars of 12 mm.

The main limitation of this technique ishandling long beams.


36/47


37/47


38/47


39/47

The aim of this research is to find alternative plasters to cement plasters forwaterproofing roofs. The earth is mixed with sand and stabilised with cementand a paste made of lime, tannin, alum (Ammonium sulphate) and water.

STABILISED EARTHWATERPROFING


40/47

Tannin is extracted by soaking into water broken seeds of an Indian tree,namedkaddukai in Tamil Nadu. Its botanical name is Terminelia Chebula.The lime paste is prepared by mixing powdered alum with lime and tannin

juice and extra water.

PROCEDURE:Three coats of plaster are done with different proportions of

these components. The last coat, which is the most waterproof, is done with a 5mm thick plaster composed of soil, sand and lime paste. No cement is added tothe latter.

Note that cement is giving strength to the plaster and also helping thewaterproofing, but the effectiveness of this waterproofing is given by the

combination of clay in the soil, lime, alum and tannin.

(The results obtained with this waterproofing are excellent: But this research isstill under way )


41/47


42/47

Appropriatebuilding

technologies

FerrocementFerrocement avariation of

reinforced concreteisanotherappropriatetechnology for

certaintypes of constructions. It

usesthecommonlyavailable,

energyintensivematerials like

cementand steel butinahighly

efficientmannerthussavingscarcematerialresources. With

anabilityto be castinto thin

shellelements, Ferrocement

opens possibilitieswhicharenot

possiblein conventional brick

and concrete.

Ferrocementcanbeusedin

excitingwaystomake

durable,lightweightbuildings

42

SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth SEMESTER,JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEW DEHI

SOME OTHER TECHNOLOGIES


43/47

Appropriatebuilding

technologies

Sandbaghelters/emergency

sheltersbyNadarKhaliliofiran

43



44/47

Appropriatebuilding

technologies

Rat-trap bondwall,brickarchesandfillerslab

44



45/47

Appropriatebuilding

technologies

Fillerslab

45



46/47

Appropriatebuilding

technologies

Brick arch and Brick corbelling

46SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth SEMESTER,



47/47

THANK YOU

SHAMA GUPTA, M.ARCH., IVth SEMESTER, JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA, NEWDEHI47

building material for ecologically sustainable developments

Documents