Building Integrated PVFP5 ENERGIE Info Day / Enerbuild RTD

Tony J.N. Schoen

Ecofys, Utrecht

Contents

Current Status

Outlook

European Research Issues

Background

• EU RTD projects

• EU demonstration projects

• IEA PVPS Task 7

Market description

• 3 main players: US, EU (Germany), Japan

• 4 - 5 main market segments

• 4 types of customers

• 3 marketing concepts

Market segments

Housingnew / existing

houses / apartment blocks

PV building surfaces / PV kits

Power stationsground based / rooftop systems / sound barriers

Commercial buildingspublic buildings / office buildings

large roofs / facades

Main customers

Private building owners

Housing associations

Commercial building owners

Public adminstration

Utilities

Financial concepts

Buying a subsidized PV system (-> buying a green

or low / zero-energy house)

Investing in a PV system (-> based on rate based

incentives)

(-> towards a contracting mix)

Buying green energy (-> the utility invests)

PV systems costsrelative cost reductions since 1990/1991

0

20

40

60

80

100

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Japan (1991 = 100)

USA (1990 = 100)

Germany (1991=100)

PV cost reductions breakdown

PV electricity generation costs

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

AUS

USA

E

A

JAP

S

Euro / kWh

MinimumRange

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

Electricity price (EURO/kWh, US$/kWh)

PV

co

sts

(E

UR

O/k

Wh

, U

S$

/kW

h)

USA

SE, FI,UK

JP

AU,NZ

DE, CH, AT

ES, IT

Cost-effectiveness!

R=4 R=3

R=2

R=1

Trends world-wide

Japan

• current world market leader (57 000 houses, 210

MWp installed PV capacity)

• successful matching of PV and building

industry (-> functional systems)

• shift expected from internal to external

market

• limited attention for architectural BIPV

Trends world-wide (2)

US

• "catching up"

• 1 000 000 Solar Roofs programme

• National Energy Plan

• added value of building integration and

architecture less perceived (-> functional

systems)

Trends world-wide (3)

Europe

• market segments vary from country to c.

• historically: focus on BIPV

• market leader in high-end BI PV modules

• strong in BIPV systems development (AC

modules, string inverters, connectors, rooftiles, ...)

• moving from architectural to functional

integration

Observations in EU countries

• Germany42 MWp installed in 2000, 20% large systemsfinancing through rate based incentives

• Switzerland1996 - 2000: 4 MWp installed in solar stock exchanges

• Netherlands2000: 2 MWp installed30 - 50% through green electricity40% small plug and play systems (PV kits)

General observations

1) continuous market increase

2) shift from innovators to early adopters

3) shift from architecturally integrated to

functional system

4) limited attention for optimized integration

into the building energy system (building

envelope, building energy system, building

economics)

Outlook

Assisted market expansion and transition

is required

Two main market directions perceived:

1) PV as part of a (green) energy portfolio

2) PV as part of a (green / low energy)

building concept

Required RTD and market developments (1)

For the green energy portfolio• Low cost PV systems• Understanding of grid-interaction of large systems• Installation and maintenance concepts and

companies • Standards and quality schemes• Green energy labels

Required RTD and market developments (2)

For the green / low-energy building concept• PV optimized for building integration and for the

building energy system• Energy in Buildings’ directives suitable for PV• Clear grid interconnection & PV systems guidelines • Integration into the building industries' traditions and

modus operandi• Reduced gaps between component industry and the

market (reducing transaction costs)

Summary

PV technology is available and accepted by

the innovators

Markets now need to transform to be able to

reach new customers with reliable, well-

perceived and affordable systems and

concepts