building foundations foundation walls. footings monolithic construction
TRANSCRIPT
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Building Foundations
Foundation Walls
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Footings
Monolithic construction
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Footings:
Independent Construction
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Foundation-Wall Footings
Spread footings
Undisturbed soil
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Footing Design
Prevent settling or cracks
Minimum of 12” below grade. Below frost line
Thickness = thickness of foundation wall
Width = 2x thickness of foundation wall
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Footing Reinforcement
Rebar embedded 2 lengths of ½”
diameter (#4) rebar
Positioned minimum of 3” above bottom
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Footing Forms
Form steel, lumber, or
combination of lumber & plywood.
Keyway
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Other Types of Footings
Pier and post
Stepped Footings
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Footing Drains 4” diameter pipes at
base of footing Carries water away
from house. Sloped at least 1/8” per
foot Landscaping Fabric
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Poured-Concrete Foundation Walls Durable & water
resistant Most building sites Support any type of
house 8 –10” thick Min. compressive
strength 2500 psi Most 8’ high
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Full Height Walls
Formwork
Reusable forms
Wales
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Standard Wall Forms
Wood or metal Built on site Prefabricated
forms Snap-ties 3 –7 days
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Insulating Wall Forms ICFs (Insulating
Concrete Forms) Permanent Basic
components planks, sheets, or
hollow blocks Standard wall Grid wall
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Placement
Poured continuously without interruption
Cold joint Water content Remove Air pockets Concrete vibrator
(stinger)
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Crawl-space Walls
Advantage – reduced cost
Soil cover Ventilated Insulated Piers support
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Reinforcing Concrete Walls
Rebar centered in wall
Lintel
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Sill Plate Anchors
Anchor bolts
Metal strap anchors
Sill sealer
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Foundation Wall Details
Special features:Brick-veneer
sidingUtility Sleeves
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Foundation Vents And Windows Metal vents Rust-resistant
steel frame windows
Wood framing (pressure treated)
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Beam Pockets Girder flush with
top of sill plate
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Stripping and Maintaining Forms
Wood wedges (no metal pry bars)
Stiff bristle (not wire) brush
Form-release agent – Bio-slick
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Moisture Protection
Bituminous (tar) coating
Top of footings to finished grade level
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Backfilling
Filling in excavation area
Too soon, push in foundation walls
First floor framing Temporary
bracing
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Concrete Block Walls
Popular for foundation walls
No formwork Blocks
inexpensive Work stopped
and started
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Concrete Block Basics
Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)
Head Joint Bed Joint Common bond Pilasters Protect from
freezing & moisture
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Cutting Block Brick hammer
and chisel
Portable masonry saw
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Mortar Mortar bond
strength depends on: Type & quantity Workability, or
plasticity Surface texture
bedding areas Rate at which
masonry units absorb moisture from mortar
Water retention Skill of person laying
block
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Mortar Mixtures
Portland cement, hydrated lime, sand, & water.
Prepackaged mortar mix Type N Type M Type S Type O
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Mixing and Placing Mortar
Evaporation Hydration 2 ½ hour when air
temp is 80ºF or higher
3 ½ hours when air temp is below 80ºF.
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Laying Block Foundation Walls Skilled masons
Corners built first
Story pole (course pole)
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Intersections
Control joint
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Tooling the Joints
Weather tight joints & neat block walls
“Thumbprint hard” Tooling compacts Head joints, then
bed joints
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Completing the Walls
Hollow block walls capped
Strengthened with rebar
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Moisture Protection
Damp proofed or waterproofed
Parging
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Radon
Colorless & odorless radioactive gas
Extremely toxic Lung cancer Soluble in water 9X heavier than air
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Radon-Resistant Construction
Gas-permeable layer
Soil-gas retarder Sealants Vent pipe Cap course
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Review1. What is the minimum depth required for an
exterior-wall footing?2. Describe the type and position of reinforcement
that is commonly added to strengthen a footing.3. What is a keyway and how is it formed?4. For nearly all poured-concrete foundation walls,
formwork must be constructed for each wall face. What holds the formwork together?
5. What creates a cold joint?6. Why are the joints in a concrete block wall
tooled?7. When using mortar, why is it helpful to know the
differences between hydration and evaporation?