building forms and features on hilly are

8/19/2019 Building Forms and Features on Hilly Are

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PRESENTED BY :-Sahana Biswas

B.Arch/1019/2009

Introductory Seminar On Thesis Project1


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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION General Description

Issues and Objectives

Methodology Flowchart

QUERIES WHILE CONSTUCTING ON HILLS

DETAILS

Inventory of building components

Concerns affecting buildings

INFERENCE

REFERENCE

- BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS - 2


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INTRODUCTION

GENERAL DESCRIPTION –

• Hill Architecture - different and typical architecture

• Proposed thesis topic – Mountaineering Training Institute

• Proposed site – Himachal Pradesh

• Himachals :

- is situated in the western Himalayas- falls under cold humid and temperate humid climate



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ISSUES -

Hill Architecture has its very unique features and the issues or concerns that

should be taken care of in hill architecture are as follows :-

Geological

Climatological

Geographical

Natural Hazard

Socio-cultural

OBJECTIVES –

To understand the various concerns that affects the building

Optimizing their effects on the building



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SCOPE -

- Limited within the literature reviews

- Climatological factors - rainfall, snowfall and wind flow

- Geological factors such as – landslide and earthquake

LIMITATIONS –

- Geographical factors - avalanche and water-logging

- Socio-cultural factors


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DECIDING OVER

PROBABLE THESISTOPIC

SELECTING

DISSERTATION TOPIC

IN ACCORDANCE TOTHESIS TOPIC

IDENTIFY

VARIOUSCONCERNS

COLLECTION OF

DATA

ANALYSIS OF

DATA

DRAWING

INFERENCE

STUDY OF

STANDARDS AND

BYE-LAWS

FINDING METHODS

TO OPTIMIZEEFFECTS OF

CONCERNS

IMPLEMENTATION

IN DESIGN

METHODOLOGY FLOWCHART -



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RAINFALL SNOWFALL LANDSLIDE EARTHQUAKE DAYLIGHT WINDFLOW

FOUNDATION

D.P.C

STRUCT. SYS.

BUILDINGORIENTATION

WINDOWS

ROOF

WALLS

BUILT FORM

The circles shows which all concerns are affecting which all building components.

CONCERNS AFFECTING BUILDING COMPONENTS -



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QUERIES WHILE CONSTRUCTING ON HILLS

What are the various concerns that are to be taken care of?

How these concerns affect the building?

How to reduce the ill effects caused by those concerns?

What are the conclusions that we infer from studying?



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DETAILS

INVENTORY OF BUILDING COMPONENTS –

Dissertation deals with :

- Various concerns that affect a building

- Slope Stabilization methods

- Foundation types

- Retaining walls

- Roofing types

- Roofing structures

- Fenestration types



CONCERNS AFFECTING BUILDING –

GEOLOGICAL FACTORS

- Slope Gradient

- Slope Stability

- Water Logging

CLIMATOLOGICAL FACTORS

- Rainfall

- Snowfall

NATURAL HAZARD FACTORS

- Earthquake

- Landslides

- Avalanche

BUILDING FEATURES DEPENDING ON CLIMATE

- Fenestrations

- Roofing

SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS



EARTHQUAKE -

Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes,

principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other

rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complexcombination of the earthquake magnitude, the distance from the epicenter, and

the local geological and geo-morphological conditions.

GENERAL PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS TO REDUCE THE

EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKES –

• symmetry

• regularity

• separation of blocks

• simplicity

• enclosed area


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SNOW-FALL :

Several factors affect the amount of snow

that can build up on a roof. They include:

• Roof pitch (snow is less likely to slide

off flatter roofs--3/12 pitch or less)

• Drifting (wind blowing snow around

other buildings and trees can create

huge snowdrifts and uneven snow loads)

• Lean-tos or other low roofs that receive

snow or ice sliding off roofs above them

• Shingles or other roof decks which donot shed snow as easily as metal roofs

• Roof valleys or other roof areas which

collect a lot of snow.



SLOPE STABILIZATION METHODS –

The principal categories of stabilization methods are:

1) Alteration of slope geometry

2) Improvement of soil strength

3) Provision of force systems to resist instability

Category 1 –

Techniques can involves :• Re-grading - is the process of raising and/or lowering the levels of land

• Toe weighting (e.g. berm)

• Digging out.

Category 2 –

Includes soil improvement through grouting, shallow and deep drainageschemes and the use of vegetation

Category 3 –

Systems include the use of piles,piers and retaining walls.



FOUNDATION TYPES –

1. Fill and Cut-Fill

2. Solid Filling

3. Stepped Foundation


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FENESTRATION TYPES –

1. Dormer window

- A structural element of a building that

protrudes from the plane of a sloping roof surface.

- Like skylights, dormer windows are a source

of light and ventilation for top floors

- Unlike skylights (which are parallel to the

roof surface) they also increase the amount of

headroom in the room and allow for more

usable space.

2. Skylight

- A flat or slope window used for daylighting,

built into a roof structure that is out of reach



3. Bay window

- A multi-panel window, with at least three

panels set at different angles to create a

protrusion from the wall line

4.Oriel

– A form of bay window most often seen in

Tudor-style houses and monasteries whichprojects from the wall and does not extend

to the ground.


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ROOF TYPES –

1. Gable

- A gable is the generally triangular portion

of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof.

2. Mansard

- with the pitch divided into a shallow slope

above a steeper slope, the steep slope may

be curved

3.Hip

- A hip roof is a type of roof where all sides

slope downwards to the walls, usually with a

fairly gentle slope.


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ROOF STRUCTURES –

1. COUPLE ROOF :

- pairs of rafters are attached on opposite

sides of a ridge and the feet are fixed tothe wall plate.

- no tie between the feet, allowing the

rafters to spread under load.

- restricted to small span gable roofs,

which may be simply coupled.

1. COUPLE CLOSE :

- same as the coupled roof except there is

a tie, such as a ceiling joist, placed

between the feet of the rafters

- This method is used for most roof

construction, especially for gables with a

wide span.


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3. COLLAR TIE :

- Gable or double-pitch roof rafters are

often reinforced by horizontal members

called collar ties. In a finished attic, theties may also function as ceiling joists.


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INFERENCE :

Firstly, the geological concern namely the slope gradient is needed to be

stabilized.

Secondly, the climatological concerns namely rainfall and snowfall is needed

to be optimized so that it causes the least possible harm to the building

structure.

Thirdly, the natural hazard concerns namely landslide and earthquake could

be dealt with by making some civil and architectural changes in the building.

A sloping site is both a problem and a gift. PROBLEM: it adds complexity and,

therefore, cost to the project. GIFT: when we have finished, we will have a

much more interesting building. If we optimize all the concerns than we willsurely make use of the slope to give an aesthetically beautiful and a

functional building.


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REFERENCES –

• BOOKS

1. Himalayan Architecture - by Ronald M. Bernier

2. Ernest and Peter Neufert – Architects Data

• WEBSITES

1. 1. http://himachal.nic.in/tcp/2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh

3. http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/681/vernacular-architecture-of-

himachal-pradesh-india

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormer

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_resistant_structures

6. http://www.nicee.org/iaee/E_Chapter3.pdf 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide

8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide_mitigation

9. http://www.bis.org.in/other/quake.htm

10.http://mikestrade.sydneyinstitute.wikispaces.net/file/view/Basic+Roof+Part

+1+pages+1+-+26.pdf


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BUILDING FORMS AND FEATURES OF HILLY AREAS 25

• JOURNALS :

1. Name of paper : Evaluation of Causes of Retaining Wall Failure

Name of journal : Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices andTechnologies

Name of author : Mu’azu Mohammed ABDULLAHI

Name of publisher : Civil Engineering, F.U.T., P.M.B. 65, Minna, Niger State,

Nigeria.

Year of publishing : Issue 14, January-June 2009

2. Name of paper : Soil Slope Stabilization Methods

Name of author : John Oliphant, Robert McCafferty & Mr Richard Apted

3. Name of paper : Earthquake considerations, Dharamshala – Kangra,

Himachal

Name of journal : Architecture – Time, Space and PeopleName of author :Vandana Sharma,Ankit Sharma

Year of publishing :September 2007

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